Diversity and distribution of floral scent

Botanical Review

Volumn 72, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 1-120

  Knudsen, Jette T ^a   Eriksson, Roger ^b   Gershenzon, Jonathan ^c   Ståhl, Bertil ^d  

^a LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG   (Sweden)

^c MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR CHEMICAL ECOLOGY   (Germany)

^d GOTLAND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARACEAE; ARECACEAE; BETA (ANGIOSPERM); GYMNOSPERMAE; MAGNOLIACEAE; MAGNOLIOPHYTA; ORCHIDACEAE; ROSACEAE; SPERMATOPHYTA;

EID: 33645802601     PISSN: 00068101     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1663/0006-8101(2006)72[1:DADOFS]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Review

References (271)

1. Altenburger, R. & P. Matile. 1988. Circadian rhythmicity of fragrance emission in flowers of Hoya carnosa R. Br. Planta 174: 248-252.
2. _ & _. 1990. Further observations on rhythmic emission of fragrance in flowers. Planta 180: 194-197.
3. Andersen, J. F. & R. L. Metcalf. 1986. Identification of a volatile attractant for Diabrotica and Acalymma spp. from blossoms of Cucurbita maxima Duchesne. J. Chem. Ecol. 12: 687-699.
4. _ & _. 1987. Factors influencing distribution of Diabrotica spp. in blossoms of cultivated Cucurbita spp. J. Chem. Ecol. 13: 681-699.
5. Andersson, S., L. A. Nilsson, I. Groth & G. Bergström. 2002. Floral scents in butterfly-pollinated plants: possible convergence in chemical composition. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 140: 129-153.
6. Arai, T. 1994. Volatile compounds of Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis flowers. Nippon Koryo Kyokai 184: 105-111.
7. Armbruster, W. S., S. Keller, M. Matsuki & T. P. Clausen. 1989. Pollination of Dalechampia magnoliifolia (Euphorbiaceae) by male euglossine bees. Amer. J. Bot. 76: 1279-1285.
8. Awano, K., T. Honda, T. Ogawa, S. Suzuki & Y. Matsunaga. 1997. Volatile components of Phalaenopsis schilleriana Rchb. f. Flav. Fragr. J. 12: 341-344.
9. Azuma, H., M. Toyota & Y. Asakawa. 2001. Intraspecific variation of floral scent chemistry in Magnolia kobus DC. (Magnoliaceae). J. Pl. Res. 114: 411-422.
10. _, T. Takaso & H. Tobe. 2002. Floral scent chemistry of mangrove plants. J. Pl. Res. 115: 47-53.
11. _, R. Yamaoka, J. G. Garcia-Franco, G. Dieringer, L. B. Thien & S. Kawano. 1997. Chemical divergence in floral scents of Magnolia and allied genera (Magnoliaceae). Pl. Spec. Biol. 12: 69-83.
12. Baraldi, R., F. Rapparini, F. Rossi, A. Latella & P. Ciccioli. 1999. Volatile organic compound emission from flowers of the most occurring and economically important species of fruit trees. Phys. Chem. Earth 24: 729-732.
13. Barkman, T. J., J. H. Beaman & D. A. Gage. 1997. Floral fragrance variation in Cypripedium: implications for evolutionary and ecological studies. Phytochemistry 44: 875-882.
14. Bartsch, A. 1997. Botanische Kuriositäten aus der Urwald. Der Kanonkugelbaum und die Königliche Wasserlilie. Dragoco Rep. 44: 63-71.
15. Bennett, D. E. Jr. & E. A. Christenson. 1994. New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae II. Brittonia 46: 228-259.
16. Bergström, G. 1973. Use of a pre-column tube for the quantitative isolation of natural, volatile compounds for gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Chem. Scripta 4: 135-138.
17. _, G. Birgersson, I. Groth & A. Nilsson. 1992. Floral fragrance disparity between three taxa of lady's slipper Cypripedium calceolus L. (Orchidaceae). Phytochemistry 31: 2315-2319.
18. _, Groth, I., Pellmyr, O., Endress, P. K., Thien, L. B., Hübener, A. & W. Francke. 1991. Chemical basis of a highly specific mutualism: chiral esters attract pollinating beetles in Eupomatiaceae. Phytochemistry 30: 3221-3225.
19. _, H. E. M. Dodson & I. Groth. 1995. Spatial fragrance patterns within the flowers of Ranunculus acris (Ranunculaceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 195: 221-242.
20. Bergström, J. & G. Bergström. 1989. Floral scents of Bartsia alpina (Scrophulariaceae): chemical composition and variation between individual plants. Nordic J. Bot. 9: 363-365.
21. Bestmann, H. G., L. Winkler, & O. von Helversen. 1997. Headspace analysis of volatile flower scent constituents of bat-pollinated plants. Phytochemistry 46: 1169-1172.
22. Blight, M. M., M. Métayer, M.-H. Pham-Delegue, J. A. Pickett, F. Marion-Poll & L. J. Wadhams. 1997. Identification of floral volatiles involved in recognition of oilseed rape flowers, Brassica napus by honeybees, Apis mellifera. J. Chem. Ecol. 23: 1715-1727.
23. Borg-Karlson, A.-K. 1987. Chemical basis for the relationship between Ophrys orchids and their pollinators. III. Volatile compounds of species in the Ophrys sections Fuciflorae and Bombyliflorae as insect mimetic attractants/excitants. Chem. Scripta 27: 313-325.
24. _, C. K. Unelius, I. Valterova & A. Nilsson. 1996. Floral fragrance chemistry in the early flowering shrub Daphne mezereum. Phytochemistry 41: 1477-1483.
25. _, H. H. Eidmann, M. Lindström, T. Norin & N. Wiersma. 1985. Odoriferous compounds from the flowers of the conifers Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris and Larix sibirica. Phytochemistry 24: 455-456.
26. _, F. O. Englund & C. R. Unelius. 1994. Dimethyl oligosulphides, major volatiles released from Sauromatum guttatum and Phallus impudicus. Phytochemistry 35: 321-323.
27. _, G. Bergström & B. Kullenberg. 1987. Chemical basis for the relationship between Ophrys orchids and their pollinators. II Volatile compounds of O. insectifera and O. speculum as insect mimetic attractants/excitants. Chem. Scripta 27: 303-311.
28. _ & I. Groth. 1985. Chemical basis for the relationship between Ophrys orchids and their pollinators. I. Volatile compounds of Ophrys lutea and O. fusca as insect mimetic attractants/excitants. Chem. Scripta 25: 283-294.
29. _ & I. Groth. 1986. Volatiles from the flowers of four species in the sections Arachnitiformes and Araneiferae of the genus Ophrys as insect mimetic attractants. Phytochemistry 25: 1297-1299.
30. _, L. Ågren & B. Kullenberg. 1993. Form-specific fragrances from Ophrys insectifera L. (Orchidaceae) attract species of different pollinator genera. Evidence of sympatric speciation. Chemoecology 4: 39-45.
31. _, I. Valterová & L. A. Nilsson. 1994. Volatile compounds from flowers of six species in the family Apiaceae: bouquets for different pollinators. Phytochemistry 35: 111-119.
32. Bozan, B., T. Ozek, M. Kurkcuoglu, N. Kirimer & K. H. C. Baser. 1999. The analysis of essential oil and headspace volatiles of the flowers of Pelargonium endlicherianum used as an anthelmintic in folk medicine. Pl. Med. 65: 781-782.
33. Brunke, E.-J., F.-J. Hammerschmidt & G. Schmaus. 1992. L'analyse headspace des fragrances de fleurs. Dragoco Rep. 39: 3-31.
34. _ & _. 1992. L'huile essentielle de Santolina chamaecyparissus L. Dragoco Rep. 39: 151-167.
35. _ & _. 1992. Scent of roses - recent results. Flav. Fragr. J. 7: 195-198.
36. _ & _. 1993. Analyses "headspace" de plantes médicinales. Parfums Cosmet. Aromes 110: 45-56.
37. _ & _. 1993. Flower scent of some traditional medical plants. Pp. 282-295 in R. Teranishi, Buttery, R. G. & Sugisawa, H. (eds.), Bioactive volatile compounds from plants. American Chemical Soc. Symp. Ser. 525, Washington, DC.
38. _ & _. 1994. Headspace analysis of hyacinth flowers. Flav. Fragr. J. 9: 59-69.
39. Bu, X., A. Huang & Y. Sun. 1987. Analysis of headspace volatile constituents jasmine (Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton) flower. Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Pekin. 6: 53-60.
40. _, Z. Wu & M. Liu. 1987. Essence constituents of Rosa chinensis flower. Acta Bot. Sin. 29: 297-301.
41. Buchbauer, G., B. Remberg & L. Jirovetz. 1995. Comparative headspace analysis of living and fresh cut lime tree flowers (Tiliae flores). Flav. Fragr. J. 10: 221-224.
42. _, L. Jirovetz, M. Wasicky, A. Herlitschka & A. Nikiforov. 1994. Aroma von Weissweinblüten: Korrelation sensorischer Daten mit Headspace-Inhaltsstoffen. Z. Lebensm. Untersuch. Forsch. 199: 1-4.
43. _ & A. Nikiforov. 1993. Headspace and essential oil analysis of apple flowers. J. Agric. Food Chem. 41: 116-118.
44. _ & _. 1994. Headspace analysis of Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae) flowers. J. Essential Oil Res. 6: 313-314.
45. _ & _. 1994. Volatile constituents of Exacum affine Balf. f. flowers obtained by dynamic headspace sampling and as the essential oil. Flav. Fragr. J. 9: 55-58.
46. _ & _. 1994. Volatiles of common Horsechestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) (Hippocastanaceae) blossoms. J. Essential Oil Res. 6: 93-95.
47. _ & _. 1995. Aroma von Rotweinblüten: Korrelation sensorischer daten mit Headspace-Inhaltsstoffen. Z. Lebensm. Untersuch. Forsch. 200: 443-446.
48. Burger, B. V., Z. M. Munro & J. H. Visser. 1988. Determination of plant volatiles I: analysis of the insect-attracting allomone of the parasitic plant Hydnora africana using Grob-Habich activated charcoal traps. J. High Resolution Chromatogr. Commun. 11: 496-499.
49. Buttery, R. G., J. A. Kamm & L. C. Ling. 1982. Volatile components of alfalfa flowers and pods. J. Agric. Food Chem. 30: 739-742.
50. _ & _. 1984. Volatile components of red clover leaves, flowers, and seed pods: possible insect attractants. J. Agric. Food Chem. 32: 254-256.
51. Chen, Y., Z. Li & H. Li. 1987. Analysis of fragrance volatiles of fresh flowers by pre-column absorption and GC/MS. Chromatographia 23: 502-506.
52. Christensen, L. P., H. B. Jakobsen, K. Kristiansen & J. Møller. 1997. Volatiles emitted from flowers of gamma-radiated and nonradiated Jaminum polyanthum Franch. in situ. J. Agric. Food Chem. 45: 2199-2203.
53. Christenson, E. A. & M. W. Whitten. 1995. Phalaenopsis bellina (Rchb.f) Christenson, a segregate from P. violacea Witte (Orchidaceae: Aeridinae). Brittonia 47: 57-60.
54. Clery, R. A., N. E. Owen & S. F. Chambers. 1999. An investigation into the scents of carnations. J. Essential Oil Res. 11: 355-359.
55. Connick, W. J. & R. C. French. 1991. Volatiles emitted during the sexual stage of the Canada thistle rust fungus and by thistle flowers. J. Agric. Food Chem. 39: 185-188.
56. Dahl, Å. E., A.-B. Wassgren & B. Bergström. 1990. Floral scents in Hypecoum sect. Hypecoum (Papaveraceae): chemical composition and relevance to taxonomy and mating system. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 18: 157-168.
57. Ding, D., M. Zhu, Z. Huang, Z. Song & J. Zhao. 1989. Aroma constituents of different varieties of Osmanthus fragrans flowers. Pp. 27-35 in C. Bhattacharygas, N. Sen & K. L. Sethi (eds.), 11th Int. Congr. Essential Oils F & F Proceedings. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi.
58. _ & _. 1989. Headspace analysis of Osmanthus fragrans Lour. J. Essential Oil Res. 1: 295-297.
59. Dobson, H. E. M. 1991. Pollen and flower fragrances in pollination. Pp. 313-320 in van Heemert, C. & A. de Ruijter (eds.), The sixth international symposium on pollination. Acta Hort. 288.
60. _, G. Bergström & I. Groth. 1990. Differences in floral fragrance chemistry between different parts of Rosa rugosa Thunb. (Rosaceae). Israel J. Bot. 39: 143-156.
61. _, J. Bergström, G. Bergström & I. Groth. 1987. Pollen and flower volatiles in two Rosa species. Phytochemistry 26: 3171-3173.
62. _, I. Groth & G. Bergström. 1996. Pollen advertisement: chemical contrasts between whole-flower and pollen odors. Amer. J. Bot. 83: 877-885.
63. _, J. Arroyo, G. Bergström & I. Groth. 1997. Interspecific variation in floral fragrances within the genus Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 25: 685-706.
64. Dudareva, N., L. M. Murfitt, C. J. Mann, N. Gorenstein, N. Kolosova, C. M. Kish, C. Bonham & K. Wood. 2000. Developmental regulation of methyl benzoate biosynthesis and emission in snapdragon flowers. Pl. Cell 12: 949-961.
65. Erhardt, A. 1993. Pollination of edelweiss, Leontopodium alpinum. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 111: 229-240.
66. Erhardt, A. & B. Jäggi. 1995. From pollination by Lepidoptera to selfing: the case of Dianthus glacialis (Caryophyllaceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 195: 67-76.
67. Erickson, B. J., A. M. Young, M. A. Strand & E. H. Erickson. 1987. Pollination biology of Theobroma and Herrania (Sterculiaceae). Insect Sci. Applic. 8: 301-310.
68. Ervik, F., L. Tollsten & J. T. Knudsen. 1999. Floral scent chemistry and pollination ecology in phytelephantoid palms (Arecaceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 217: 279-297.
69. Euler, M. & I. T. Baldwin. 1996. The chemistry of defense and apparency in the corollas of Nicotiana attenuata. Oecologia 107: 102-112.
70. Evans, K. A. & L. J. Allen-Williams. 1992. Electroantennogram responses of the cabbage seed weevil, Ceutorhynchus assimilis, to oilseed rape, Brassica napus ssp. oleifera, volatiles. J. Chem. Ecol. 18: 1641-1659.
71. Fernando, L. N. & I. U. Grün. 2001. Headspace-SPME analysis of volatiles of the ridge gourd (Luffa acutangula) and bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) flowers. Flav. Fragr. J. 16: 289-293.
72. Flament, I., C. Debonneville & A. Furrer. 1993. Volatile constituents of roses. Characterization of cultivars based on the headspace analysis of living flower emissions. Pp. 269-281 in R. Teranishi, R. G. Buttery & H. Sugisawa (eds.), Bioactive volatile compounds from plants. American Chemical Soc. Symp. Ser. 525, Washington, DC.
73. Flamini, G., P. L. Cioni & I. Morelli. 2002. Analysis of the essential oil of the aerial parts of Viola etrusca from Monte Labbro (South Tuscany, Italy) and in vivo analysis of flower volatiles using SPME. Flav. Fragr. J. 17: 147-149.
74. _ & _. 2002. Differences in the fragrances of pollen and different floral parts of male and female flowers of Laurus nobilis. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50: 4641-4652.
75. Flath, R. A. & K. Ohinata. 1982. Volatile components of the orchid Dendrobium superbum Rchb. f. J. Agric. Food Chem. 30: 841-842.
76. Gerlach, G. & R. Schill. 1989. Fragrance analysis, an aid to taxonomic relationships of the genus Coryanthes (Orchidaceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 168: 159-165.
77. _ & _. 1991. Composition of orchid scents attracting euglossine bees. Bot. Acta 104: 379-391.
78. _ & _. 1993. Die Gattung Coryanthes Hook. (Orchidaceae). Eine monographische Bearbeitung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Blütenduftstoffe. Tropische und subtropische Pflanzenwelt 83.
79. Gracie, C. 1993. Pollination of Cyphomandra endopogon var. endopogon (Solanaceae) by Eufriesea spp. (Euglossini) in French Guiana. Brittonia 45: 39-46.
80. Gregg, K. B. 1983. Variation in floral fragrances and morphology: incipient speciation in Cycnoches? Bot. Gaz. 144: 566-576.
81. Griffiths, D. W., G. W. Robertson, T. Shepherd & G. Ramsay. 1999. Epicuticular waxes and volatiles from faba bean (Vicia faba) flowers. Phytochemistry 52: 607-612.
82. Grison, L., A. A. Edwards & M. Hossaert-McKey. 1999. Interspecies variation in floral fragrances emitted by tropical Ficus species. Phytochemistry 52: 1293-1299.
83. Grison-Pigé, L., J.-M. Bessière & M. Hossaert-McKey. 2002. Specific attraction of fig-pollinating wasps: role of volatile compounds released by tropical figs. J. Chem. Ecol. 28: 283-295.
84. _, T. C. J. Turlings, F. Kjellberg, J. Roy & M. M. Hossaert-McKey. 2001. Limited intersex mimicry of floral odour in Ficus carica. Funct. Ecol. 15: 551-558.
85. Groth, I., G. Bergström & O. Pellmyr. 1987. Floral fragrances in Cimicifuga: chemical polymorphism and incipient speciation in Cimicifuga simplex. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 15: 441-444.
86. Hadacek, F. & M. Weber. 2002. Club-shaped organs as additional osmophores within the Sauromatum inflorescence: odour analysis, ultrastructural changes and pollination aspects. Pl. Biol. 4: 367-383.
87. Hamilton-Kemp, T. R., J. H. Loughrin, R. A. Andersen & J. G. Rodriguez. 1993. Volatile compounds from strawberry foliage and flowers. Air versus nitrogen entrainment; quantitative changes and plant development. Pp. 229-239 in R. Teranishi, R. G. Buttery & H. Sugisawa (eds.), Bioactive volatile compounds from plants. American Chemical Soc. Symp. Ser. 525, Washington, DC.
88. _ & _. 1990. Identification of some volatile compounds from strawberry flowers. Phytochemistry 29: 2847-2848.
89. Hansted, L., H. B. Jakobsen & C. E. Olsen. 1994. Influence of temperature on the rhythmic emission of volatiles from Ribes nigrum flowers in situ. Pl. Cell Environm. 17: 1069-1072.
90. Haynes, K. F., J. Z. Zhao & A. Latif. 1991. Identification of floral compounds from Abelia grandiflora that stimulate upwind flight in cabbage looper moths. J. Chem. Ecol. 17: 637-646.
91. Heath, R. R., P. J. Landolt, B. Dueben & B. Lenczewski. 1992. Identification of floral compounds of night-blooming jessamine attractive to cabbage looper moths. Environm. Entomol. 21: 854-859.
92. Hedström, I. 1983. Kungsängsliljans pollinationsekologi. Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 77: 313-325.
93. Helsper, J. P. F. G., J. A. Davies, H. J. Bouwmeester, A. F. Krol & M. H. van Kampen. 1998. Orcadian rhythmicity in emission of volatile compounds by the flowers of Rosa hybrida L. cv. Honesty. Planta 207: 88-95.
94. Helversen, O. van, L. Winkler & H. J. Bestman. 2000. Sulphur containing "perfumes" attract flower-visiting bats. J. Comp. Physiol. A 186: 143-153.
95. Hills, H. G. 1989. Fragrance cycling in Stanhopea pulla (Orchidaceae, Stanhopeinae) and identification of trans-limonene oxide as a major fragrance components. Lindleyana 4: 61-67.
96. _ & N. H. Williams. 1990. Fragrance cycle of Clowesia rosea. Orquídea (Méx.) 12: 19-22.
97. _ & C. H. Dodson. 1968. Identification of some orchid fragrance components. Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 37: 967-971.
98. _ & _. 1972. Floral fragrances and isolating mechanisms in the genus Catasetum (Orchidaceae). Biotropica 4: 61-76.
99. Hiltunen, R., I. Laakso & J. J. C. Scheffer. 1983. Application of headspace gas chromatography in essential oil analysis. Acta Pharm. Fennica 92: 209-214.
100. Holman, R. T. & W. H. Heimermann. 1973. Identification of components of orchid fragrances by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 42: 678-682.
101. Hooper, A. M., J. A. Bennison, M. C. Luszniak, J. A. Pickett, E. M. Pow & L. J. Wadhams. 1999. Verbena x hybrida flower volatiles attractive to western flower thrips. Frankliniella occidentalis, Pestic. Sci. 55: 660-662.
102. Ikeda, N., M. Ishihara, T. Tseneya, M. Kawakita, M. Yoshihara, Y. Suzuki, R. Komaki & M. Inui. 1994. Volatile components of honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica Thunb.) flowers. Flav. Fragr. J. 9: 325-331.
103. Ishizaka, H., H. Yamada & K. Sasaki. 2002. Volatile compounds in the flowers of Cyclamen persicum, C. purpurascens and their hybrids. Sci. Hort. 94: 125-135.
104. Jakobsen, H. B. & C. E. Olsen. 1994. Influence of climatic factors on emission of flower volatiles in situ. Planta 192: 365-371.
105. _, P. Friis, J. K. Nielsen & C. A Olsen. 1994. Emission of volatiles from flowers and leaves of Brassica napus in situ. Phytochemistry 37: 695-699.
106. Jirovetz, L., J. E. Gonzalez, G. Silvera, A. Nikiforov & A. Woidich. 1992. Volatile constituents of Peristeria elata (Orchidaceae). J. Essential Oil Res. 4: 435-438.
107. Joulain, D. 1986. Study of the fragrance given off by certain springtime flowers. Pp. 57-67 in E.-J. Brunke (ed.), Progress in essential oil research. Walter de Gruyter & Co, Berlin.
108. _ 1987. The composition of the headspace from fragrant flowers: further results. Flav. Fragr. J. 2: 149-155.
109. _ & R. Laurent. 1988. The absolute from Karo-Karounde flowers. Pp. 607-625 in B. M. Lawrence, B. D. Mookherjee & R. Laurent (eds.), Flavors and fragrances: a world perspective. Proc. 10th Int. Congr. Essential Oils, F & F, Washington, DC, 16-20 November 1986. Elsevier Science Publ., Amsterdam.
110. _ & R. Tabacchi. 1994. Two volatile β-chromenes from Wistaria sinensis flowers. Phytochemistry 37: 1769-1770.
111. Jürgens, A., A. C. Webber & G. Gottsberger. 2000. Floral scent compounds of Amazonian Annonaceae species pollinated by small beetles and thrips. Phytochemistry 55: 551-558.
112. _, T. Witt & G. Gottsberger. 2002. Flower scent composition in night-flowering Silene species (Caryophyllaceae). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 30: 383-397.
113. Kaiser, R. 1987. Night-scented flowers, not only attractive to moths. Oral presentation at Euchem 1987 meeting on "Semiochemicals in the plant and animal kingdoms," Angers (mimeographed).
114. _. 1988. New volatile constituents of Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton. Pp. 669-684 in B. M. Lawrence, B. D. Mookherjee & B. J. Willis (eds.), Flavors and fragrances: a world perspective. Proc. 10th Int. Congr. Essential Oils (Wash. DC. 1986). Elsevier Sci. Publ., Amsterdam.
115. _. 1991. Trapping, investigation and reconstitution of flower scents. Pp. 213-250 in P. M. Müller & D. Lamparsky (eds.), Perfumes: art, science and technology. Elsevier Applied Science, London and New York.
116. _. 1993. On the scents of orchids. Pp. 240-268 in R. Teranishi, R. G. Buttery & H. Sugisawa (eds.), Bioactive volatile compounds from plants, American Chemical Soc. Symp. Ser. 525, Washington, DC.
117. _. 1993. The scents of orchids. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
118. _. 1995. New and uncommon volatile compounds in floral scents. Pp. 135-168 in K. H. C. Baser (ed.), Flavours, fragrances and essential oils. Proc. 13th Int. Congr. Flavours, Fragrances and Essential Oils, Istanbul, Turkey, 15-19 Oct 1995, vol. 2.
119. _. 1997. Environmental scents at the Ligurian coast. Perfumer Flavorist 22: 7-18.
120. _. 1997. New or uncommon volatile compounds in the most diverse natural scents. Revista Ital. Eppos 18: 18-47.
121. _. 2000. Scents from rain forests. Chimia 54: 346-363.
122. _ & C. Nussbaumer. 1990. Dehydrogeosmin, a novel compound occurring in the flower scent of various species of Cactaceae. Helv. Chim. Acta 73: 133-139.
123. _ & D. Lamparsky. 1977. Noveaux constituants del'absolue de jacinthe et leur compartement olfactif. Parfumes Cosmet. Aromes 17: 71-79.
124. _ & D. Lamparsky. 1982. Constituants azotés en trace de quelques absolues de fleurs et leurs headspaces correspondants. Pp. 287-294 in Proc. 8th Int. Congr. of Essential Oils, Cannes 1980. FEDAROM, Grasse.
125. _ & L. Tollsten. 1995. An introduction to the scent of Cacti. Flav. Fragr. J. 10: 153-164.
126. Kamdem, D. P., K. Gruber, T. Barkman & D. A. Gage. 1994. Characterization of black locust floral fragrance. J. Essential Oil Res. 6: 199-200.
127. Kawano, S., M. Odaki, R. Yamaoka, M. Oda-Tanabe, M. Takeuchi & N. Kawano. 1995. Pollination biology of Oenothera (Onagraceae). The interplay between floral UV-absorbancy patterns and floral volatiles as signals to nocturnal insects. Pl. Spec. Biol. 10: 31-38.
128. Kim, H.-J., K. Kim, N.-S. Kim & D.-S. Lee. 2000. Determination of floral fragrances of Rosa hybrida using solid-phase trapping-solvent extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 902: 389-404.
129. Kite, G. C. 1995. The floral odour of Arum maculatum. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 23: 343-354.
130. _. 2000. Inflorescence odour of the foul-smelling aroid Helicodiceros muscivorus. Kew Bull. 55: 237-240.
131. _ & C. Leon. 1995. Volatile compounds emitted from flowers and leaves of Brugmansia x Candida (Solanaceae). Phytochemistry 40: 1093-1095.
132. _ & S. A. L. Smith. 1997. Inflorescence odour of Senecio articulatus: temporal variation in isovaleric acid levels. Phytochemistry 45: 1135-1138.
133. _, W. L. A. Hetterscheid, M. J. Lewis, P. C. Boyce, J. Ollerton, E. Cocklin, A. Diaz & M. S. J. Simmonds. 1998. Inflorescence odours and pollinators of Arum and Amorphophallus (Araceae). Pp. 295-315 in S. J. Owens & P. J. Rudall (eds.), Reproductive biology. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
134. _ & _. 1997. Inflorescence odours of Amorphophallus and Pseudodracontium (Araceae). Phytochemistry 46: 71-75.
135. _, T. Reynolds & G. T. Prance. 1991. Potential pollinator-attracting chemicals from Victoria (Nymphaeaceae). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 19: 535-540.
136. Knudsen, J. T. 1994. Floral scent variation in the Pyrola rotundifolia complex in Scandinavia and western Greenland. Nordic J. Bot. 14: 277-282.
137. _. 1999. Floral scent chemistry in geonomoid palms (Palmae: Geonomeae) and its importance in maintaining reproductive isolation. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 83: 141-168.
138. _ & B. B. Klitgaard. 1998. Floral scent and pollination in Browneopsis disepala (Caesalpinaceae). Brittonia 50: 174-182.
139. _ & B. Ståhl. 1994. Floral scent in the Theophrastaceae. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 22: 259-268.
140. _ & L. Tollsten. 1991. Floral scent and intrafloral scent differentiation in Moneses and Pyrola (Pyrolaceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 177: 81-91.
141. _ & _. 1993. Trends in floral scent chemistry in pollination syndromes: floral scent composition in moth-pollinated taxa. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 113: 263-284.
142. _ & _. 1995. Floral scent in bat-pollinated plants: a case of convergent evolution. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 119: 45-57.
143. _ & F. Ervik. 2001. Flower scent and pollination in selected neotropical palms. Pl. Biol. 3: 642-653.
144. _ & S. A. Mori. 1996. Floral scents and pollination in neotropical Lecythidaceae. Biotropica 28: 42-60.
145. _, S. Andersson & P. Bergman. 1999. Floral scent attraction in Geonoma macrostachys, an understorey palm of the Amazonian rain forest. Oikos 85: 409-418.
146. Kuanprasert, N., A. R. Kuehnle & C. S. Tang. 1998. Floral fragrance compounds of Anthurium (Araceae) species and hybrids. Phytochemistry 49: 521-528.
147. Kullenberg, B., A.-K. Borg-Karlson & A.-L. Kullenberg. 1984. Field studies on the behaviour of the Eucera nigrilabris male in the odour flow from flower labellum extract of Ophrys tenthredinifera. Nova Acta Regiae Soc. Sci. Upsal., Ser. V:C 3: 79-110.
148. _ & G. Bergström. 1974. The pollination of Ophrys orchids. Pp. 253-258 in G. Bendz & J. Santesson (eds.), Chemistry in botanical classification. Academic Press, New York and London.
149. _ & _. 1975. Chemical communication between living organisms. Endeavor 34: 59-66.
150. Lamparsky, D. 1985. Headspace technique as a versatile complementary tool to increase knowledge about constituents of domestic or exotic flowers and fruits. Pp. 79-92 in A. B. Svendsen & J. J. C. Scheffer (eds.), Essential oils and aromatic plants. Martinus Nijhoff/ Dr W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
151. Levin, R. A., R. A. Raguso & L. A. McDade. 2001. Fragrance chemistry and pollinator affinities in Nyctaginaceae. Phytochemistry 58: 429-440.
152. Lewis, J. A., Moore, C. J., Fletcher, M. T., Drew, R. A. & W. Kitching. 1988. Volatile compounds from flowers of Spathiphyllum cannaefolium. Phytochemistry 27: 2755-2757.
153. Li, C., Y. Zheng, Y. Sun, Z. Wu & M. Liu. 1988. Volatile constituents of the flower of Albizia julibrissin Durazz. Fenxi Huaxue 16: 585-589.
154. CA. 110:92059s (1989).
155. _ & _. 1988. Studies on the odoriferous volatile constituents of the flower of Cestrum nocturnum L. Youji Huaxue 8: 357-361.
156. Li, Z., F. Zhao, N. Chen, D. Xue & Y. Chen. 1988. Chemical constituents of fragrance volatiles and essential oil of Lanzhou rose (Rosa rugosa Thunb.). Sepu 6: 18-23.
157. CA. 109: 61290k (1988).
158. Light, D. M., J. A. Kamm & R. G. Buttery. 1992. Electroantennogram response of alfalfa seed chalcid, Bruchophagus roddi (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) to host- and nonhost-plant volatiles. J. Chem. Ecol. 18: 333-352.
159. Lindberg, A. B., J. T. Knudsen & J. M. Olesen. 2000. Independence of floral morphology and scent chemistry as trait groups in a set of Passiflora species. Pp. 91-111 in Ö. Totland (ed.), The Scandinavian Association for Pollination Ecology honours Knut Fægri. Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi. I. Mat.-Naturv. Klasse, Ny Ser., 39.
160. Lindquist, N., M. A. Battiste, W. M. Whitten, N. H. Williams & L. Strekowski. 1985. trans-Carvone oxide, a monoterpene epoxide from the fragrance of Catasetum. Phytochemistry 24: 863-865.
161. Loper, G. M. 1972. Medicago sativa and Citrus depressa flower volatiles. Phytochemistry 11: 1865.
162. _. 1976. Differences in alfalfa flower volatiles among parent and F1 plants. Crop Sci. 16: 107-110.
163. _ & A. M. Lapiolo. 1971. Photoperiodic effects on the emanation of volatiles from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) florets. Pl. Physiol. 49: 729-732.
164. _ & J. L. Webster. 1971. Gas sampling technique for the chromatography of alfalfa flower volatiles. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 9: 466-469.
165. _, R. A. Flath & J. L. Webster. 1971. Identification of ocimene in alfalfa flower aroma by combined GC-mass spectrometry. Crop Sci. 11: 61-63.
166. _ & R. L. Berdel. 1978. Seasonal emanation of ocimene from alfalfa flowers with three irrigation treatments. Crop Sci. 18: 447-452.
167. Loughrin, J. H., T. R. Hamilton-Kemp, R. A. Andersen & D. F. Hildebrand. 1990. Headspace compounds from flowers of Nicotiana tabacum and related species. J. Agric. Food Chem. 38: 455-460.
168. _ & _. 1990. Volatiles from flowers of Nicotiana sylvestris, N. otophora, and Malus x domestica: headspace components and day/night changes in their relative concentrations. Phytochemistry 29: 2473-2477.
169. _, H. R. Burton & R. A. Andersen. 1993. Effect of diurnal sampling on the head-space composition of detached Nicotiana suaveolens flowers. Phytochemistry 32: 1417-1419.
170. _, R. A. Andersen & D. F. Hildebrand. 1991. Circadian rhythm of volatile emission from flowers of Nicotiana sylvestris and N. suaveolens. Physiol. Pl. 83: 492-496.
171. Luyt, R. & S. D. Johnson. 2001. Hawkmoth pollination of the African epiphytic orchid Mystacidium venosum, with special reference to flower and pollen longevity. Pl. Syst. Evol. 228: 49-62.
172. Ma, L., Y. Zeng, Y. Sun, Z. Wu & M. Liu. 1988. Studies on the aroma volatile constituents of ylang-ylang flowers by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Sepu 6: 11-18.
173. CA. 109:98527u (1988).
174. Mack, H. & M. Köpsel. 1973. Die Blütenöle des Maiglöckchens und des Flieders. Parfüm. Kosmetik 54: 233-237.
175. MacTavish, H. S., N. W. Davies & R. C. Menary. 2000. Emission of volatiles from brown Boronia flowers: some comparative observations. Ann. Bot. 86: 347-354.
176. Matile, P. & R. Altenburger. 1988. Rhythms of fragrance emission in flowers. Planta 174: 242-247.
177. Matsumoto, F., H. Idetsuki, K. Harada, I. Nohara & T. Toyoda. 1993. Volatile components of Hedychium coronarium Koenig flowers. J. Essential Oil Res. 5: 123-133.
178. Miyake, T., R. Yamaoka & T. Yahara. 1998. Floral scents of hawkmoth-pollinated flowers in Japan. J. Pl. Res. 111: 199-205.
179. Mookherjee, B. D., R. W. Trenkle & R. A. Wilson. 1989. New Technology: IFF's Living flowers' technique. Aerosol Age, May 1989, pp. 20-23, 44-45.
180. _ & _. 1989. Live vs. dead part II. A comparative analysis of the headspace volatiles of some important fragrance and flavour raw materials. J. Essential Oil Res. 2: 85-90.
181. _ & _. 1990. The chemistry of flowers, fruits and spices: live vs. dead a new dimension in fragrance research. Pure Appl. Chem. 62: 1357-1364.
182. Mottram, H. R. & I. A. Flament. 1996. The volatile constituents of the flowers of the 'silk tree', Albizzia julibrissin. Cambridge Roy. Soc. Special Publ. Roy. Soc. Chemistry (0260-6292) 197: 74-77.
183. Moya, S. & J. D. Ackerman. 1993. Variation in the floral fragrance of Epidendrum ciliare (Orchidaceae). Nordic J. Bot. 13: 41-47.
184. Murrell, J. T., N. H. Williams, A. M. Pridgeon & C. H. Dodson. 1981. Floral fragrances in Angraecum (Orchidaceae). Selbyana 5: 286-290.
185. Naef, A., B. A. Roy, R. Kaiser & R. Honegger. 2002. Insect-mediated reproduction of systemic infections by Puccinia arrhenatheri on Berberis vulgaris. New Phytol. 154: 717-730.
186. Nakamura, S. 1987. Scent and component analysis of the hybrid tea rose. Perfumer Flavorist 12: 43-45.
187. Nakanishi, H. & K. Yomogida. 1999. The scent of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) flower. Nippon Koryo Kyokai 201: 101-110.
188. Naumann, C. M., P. Ockenfels, J. Schmitz, F. Schmidt & W. Francke. 1991. Reactions of Zygaena moths to volatile compounds of Knautia arvensis (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae). Entomol. Gen. 15: 255-264.
189. Nielsen, J. K., B. Jakobsen, P. Friis, K. Hansen, J. Møller & C. A. Olsen. 1995. Asynchronous rhythms in the emission of volatiles from Hesperis matronalis flowers. Phytochemistry 38: 847-851.
190. Nilsson, L. A. 1978. Pollination ecology and adaptation in Platanthera chlorantha (Orchidaceae). Bot. Not. 131: 35-51.
191. _. 1979. Anthecological studies on the Lady's Slipper, Cypripedium calceolus (Orchidaceae). Bot. Not. 132: 329-347.
192. _. 1979. The pollination ecology of Herminium monorchis (Orchidaceae). Bot. Not. 132: 537-549.
193. _. 1980. The pollination ecology of Dactylorhiza sambucina (Orchidaceae). Bot. Not. 133: 367-385.
194. _. 1981. The pollination ecology of Listera ovata (Orchidaceae). Nordic J. Bot. 1: 461-480.
195. _. 1983. Anthecology of Orchis mascula (Orchidaceae). Nordic J. Bot. 3: 157-179.
196. _. 1983. Anthecology of Orchis morio (Orchidaceae) at its outpost in the north. Nov. Acta Reg. Soc. Scient. Upsaliensis, Ser. V:C, 3: 167-179.
197. _. 1983. Processes of isolation and introgressive interplay between Platanthera bifolia (L.) Rich. and P. chlorantha (Custer) Reichb. (Orchidaceae). Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 87: 325-350.
198. _. 1985. Characteristics and distribution of intermediate between Platanthera bifolia and P. chlorantha (Orchidaceae) in the Nordic countries. Nordic J. Bot. 5: 407-419.
199. Oka, N., H. Ohishi, T. Hatano, M. Hornberger, K. Sakata & N.
200. Olesen, J. M. & J. T. Knudsen. 1994. Scent profiles of flower colour morphs of Corydalis cava (Fumariaceae) in relation to foraging behaviour of bumblebee queens (Bombus terrestris). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 22: 231-237.
201. Omata, A., K. Yomogida, S. Nakamura, T. Ohta, Y. Izawa & S. Watanabe. 1989. The odour of Lotus (Nelumbonaceae) flower. Pp. 43-48 in C. Bhattacharygas, N. Sen & K. L. Sethi (eds.), 11th Int. Congr. Essential Oils F & F Proceedings. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co, New Delhi.
202. _ & _. 1991. The scent of Lotus flowers. J. Essential Oil Res. 3: 221-227.
203. _ & _. 1989. Volatile compounds of Camellia flowers. J. Jap. Soc. Hort. Sci. 58: 429-434.
204. _, S. Nakamura, K. Yomogida, K. Moriai, Y. Ichikawa & I. Watanabe. 1990. Volatile components of TO-YO-RAN flowers (Cymbidium faberi and Cymbidium virescens). Agric. Biol. Chem. 54: 1029-1033.
205. Ômura, H., K. Honda & N. Hayashi. 1999. Chemical and chromatic bases for preferential visiting by the cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae, to rape flowers. J. Chem. Ecol. 25: 1895-1906.
206. Ono, T. & M. Miyazawa. 1999. Headspace constituents of flowers of Neofinetia falcata. Nat. Prod. Lett. 13: 53-57.
207. Patt, J. M., D. F. Rhoades & J. A. Corkill. 1988. Analysis of the floral fragrance of Platanthera stricta. Phytochemistry 27: 91-95.
208. _, J. C. French, C. Schal, J. Lech & T. G. Hartman. 1995. The pollination biology of Tuckahoe. Peltandra virginica (Araceae). Amer. J. Bot. 82: 1230-1240.
209. _, T. G. Hartman, R. W. Creekmore, J. J. Elliott, C. Schal, J. Lech & R. T. Rosen. 1992. The floral odour of Peltandra virginica contains novel trimethyl-2,5-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]nonanes. Phytochemistry 31: 487-491.
210. Pellmyr, O. 1985. The pollination biology of Actaea pachypoda and A. rubra (including A. erythrocarpa) in northern Michigan and Finland. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 112: 265-273.
211. _, G. Bergström & I. Groth. 1987. Floral fragrances in Actaea, using differential chromatograms to discern between floral and vegetative volatiles. Phytochemistry 26: 1603-1606.
212. _, I. Groth & G. Bergström. 1984. Comparative analysis of the floral odors of Actaea spicata and A. erythrocarpa (Ranunculaceae). Nova Acta Regiae Soc. Sci. Upsal. Ser. V:C, 3: 157-160.
213. _, L. B. Thien, G. Bergström & I. Groth. 1990. Pollination of New Caledonian Winteraceae: opportunistic shifts or parallel radiation with their pollinators. Pl. Syst. Evol. 173: 143-157.
214. _, W. Tang, I. Groth, G. Bergström & L. B. Thien. 1991. Cycad cone and angiosperm floral volatiles: inferences for the evolution of insect pollination. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 19: 623-627.
215. Pettersson, S. & J. T. Knudsen. 2001. Floral scent and nectar production in Parkia biglobosa Jacq. (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae). Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 135: 97-106.
216. Pham-Delegue, M. H., P. Etievant, E. Guichard & C. Masson. 1989. Sunflower volatiles involved in honeybee discrimination among genotypes and flowering stages. J. Chem. Ecol. 15: 329-343.
217. _, R. Marilleau, P. Douault, J. Chauffaille & C. Masson. 1990. Chemicals involved in honeybee-sunflower relationship. J. Chem. Ecol. 16: 3053-3065.
218. Picone, J. M., H. S. MacTavish & R. A. Clery. 2002. Emission of floral volatiles from Mahonia japonica (Berberidaceae). Phytochemistry 60: 611-617.
219. Porter, A. E. A., D. W. Griffiths, G. W. Robertson & R. Sexton. 1999. Floral volatiles of sweet pea Lathyrus odoratus. Phytochemistry 51: 211-214.
220. Raguso, R. A. & B. A. Roy. 1998. "Floral" scent production by Puccinia rust fungi that mimic flowers. Molec. Ecol. 7: 1127-1136.
221. _ & E. Pichersky. 1995. Floral volatiles from Clarkia breweri and C. concinna (Onagraceae): recent evolution of floral scent and moth pollination. Pl. Syst. Evol. 194: 55-67.
222. Robertson, G. W., D. W. Griffiths, J. A. T. Woodford & A. N. E. Birch. 1995. Changes in the chemical composition of volatiles released by the flowers and fruits of the red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) cultivar glen prosen. Phytochemistry 38: 1175-1179.
223. _, J. A. Picket & L. J. Wadhams. 1993. A comparison of the flower volatiles from hawthorn and four raspberry cultivars. Phytochemistry 33: 1047-1053.
224. _, W. M. Smith & R. D. Butcher. 1993. The application of thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to the analyses of flower volatiles from five varieties of oilseed rape (Brassica napus spp. oleifera). Phytochem. Analysis 4: 152-157.
225. Sazima, M., S. Vogel, A. Cocucci & G. Hausner. 1993. The perfume flowers of Cyphomandra (Solanaceae): pollination by euglossine bees, bellows mechanism, osmophores, and volatiles. Pl. Syst. Evol. 187: 51-88.
226. Schiestl, F. P. & M. Ayasse. 2001. Post-pollination emission of a repellent compound in a sexually deceptive orchid: a new mechanism for maximising reproductive success. Oecologia 126: 531-534.
227. _, H. F. Paulus, D. Erdmann & W. Francke. 1997. Variation of floral scent emission and postpollination changes in individual flowers of Ophrys sphegodes subsp. sphegodes. J. Chem. Ecol. 23: 2881-2895.
228. Schultz, K., R. Kaiser & J. T. Knudsen. 1999. Cyclanthone and derivatives, new natural products in the flower scent of Cyclanthus bipartitus Poit. Flav. Fragr. J. 14: 185-190.
229. Schulz, S., W. Francke, J. Edgar & D. Schneider. 1988. Volatile compounds from androconial organs of Danaine and Ithomiine butterflies. Z. Naturf. 43c: 99-104.
230. Silva, U. F. da, E. L. Borba, J. Semir & A. J. Marsaioli. 1999. A simple solid injection device for the analyses of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) volatiles. Phytochemistry 50: 31-34.
231. Sirikulvadhana, S., W. G. Jennings & G. Vogel. 1975. Collection of flower aroma concentrates for gas chromatographic analysis. Flav. Food Addit. 6: 126-128.
232. Skubatz, H., D. D. Kunkel, W. N. Howald, R. Trenkle & B. Mookherjee. 1996. The Sauromatum guttatum appendix as an osmophore: excretory pathways, composition of volatiles and attractiveness to insects. New Phytol. 134: 631-640.
233. Smith, B. N. & B. J. D. Meeuse. 1966. Production of volatile amines and skatole at anthesis in some Arum lily species. Pl. Physiol. 41: 343-347.
234. Stránsky, K. & I. Valterová. 1999. Release of volatiles during the flowering period of Hydrosme riviera. Phytochemistry 52: 1387-1390.
235. Surburg, H., M. Guentert & H. Harder. 1993. Investigation of volatiles from flowers. Analytical and olfactory aspects. Pp. 103-121 in R. Hopp, K. Mori & H. Surburg (eds.), Recent development in flavor and fragrance chemistry VCH. Proceedings of the International Haarmann and Reimer Symposium, Kyoto.
236. _ & _. 1993. Volatile compounds from flowers: analytical and olfactory aspects. Pp. 168-186 in R. Teranishi, R. G. Buttery & H. Sugisawa (eds.), Bioactive volatile compounds from plants. American Chemical Soc. Symp. Ser. 525, Washington, DC.
237. _ & B. Schwarze. 1990. Volatile constituents of European bird cherry flowers (Padus avium Mill.). J. Essential Oil Res. 2: 307-316.
238. Sutton, C. J., S. J. Keegans, W. D. J. Kirk & E. D. Morgan. 1992. Floral volatiles of Vicia faba. Phytochemistry 31: 3427-3428.
239. Tatsuka, K., M. Kohama & S. Suekane. 1988. Floral fragrance of Zygopetalum mackayi (Orchidaceae). Agric. Biol. Chem. 52: 1599-1600.
240. _, S. Suekane, S. Sakai & H. Sumitani. 1990. Volatile constituents of kiwi fruit flowers: simultaneous distillation and extraction versus headspace sampling. J. Agric. Food Chem. 38: 2176-2180.
241. _ & M. Kohama. 1986. Volatile components of the flower of Michelia figo Spreng. Nippon Nogei Kagaku kaishi 60: 457-461.
242. Thien, L. B., P. Bernhardt, G. W. Gibbs, O. Pellmyr, G. Bergström, I. Groth & G. McPherson. 1985. The pollination of Zygogynum (Winteraceae) by a moth, Sabatinca (Micropterigidae): an ancient association? Science 227: 540-543.
243. _, W. H. Heimermann & R. T. Holman. 1975. Floral odors and quantitative taxonomy of Magnolia and Liriodendron. Taxon 24: 557-568.
244. Tollsten, L. 1993. A multivariate approach to post-pollination changes in the floral scent of Platanthera bifolia (Orchidaceae). Nordic J. Bot. 13: 495-499.
245. _ & D. O. Øvstedal. 1994. Differentiation in floral scent chemistry among populations of Conopodium majus (Apiaceae). Nordic J. Bot. 14: 361-367.
246. _ & G. Bergström. 1993. Fragrance chemotypes of Platanthera (Orchidaceae) - the result of adaptation to pollinating moths? Nordic J. Bot. 13: 607-613.
247. _ & J. Bergström. 1989. Variation and post-pollination changes in floral odours released by Platanthera bifolia (Orchidaceae). Nordic J. Bot. 9: 359-362.
248. _ & J. T. Knudsen. 1992. Floral scent in dioecious Salix (Salicaceae) - a cue determining the pollination system? Pl. Syst. Evol. 182: 229-237.
249. _, J. T. Knudsen & L. G. Bergström. 1994. Floral scent in generalistic Angelica (Apiaceae) - an adaptive character? Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 22: 161-169.
250. Toyoda, T., I. Nohara & T. Sato. 1993. Headspace analysis of volatile compounds from various Citrus blossoms. Pp. 205-220 in R. Teranishi, R. G. Buttery & H. Sugisawa (eds.), Bioactive volatile compounds from plants, American Chemical Soc. Symp. Ser. 525, Washington, DC.
251. Tsuji, H. & K. Yomogida. 1997. The scent of Violo odorata L. flowers. Nippon Koryo Kyokai 193: 91-99.
252. Tsuneya, T., N. Ikeda, M. Shiga & N. Ichikawa. 1979. GC-MS analysis of Gardenia flower volatiles. Pp. 454-457 in Proc. VII Int. Congr. Essential Oils (Kyoto 1977).
253. Wang, T., A. Huang, Y. Sun, Z. Wu & M. Liu. 1986. Isolation and identification of the constituents of volatiles of dry flowers of Aglaia odorata Lour. Acta Bot. Sin. 28: 504-510.
254. _ & _. 1987. Isolation and identification of the constituents of volatiles of flowers of Chloranthus spicatus (Tunb.) Makino. Acta Bot. Sin. 29: 184-188.
255. Whitten, W. M., H. G. Hills & N. H. Williams. 1988. Occurrence of ipsdienol in floral fragrances. Phytochemistry 27: 2759-2760.
256. _ & N. H. Williams. 1992. Floral fragrances of Stanhopea (Orchidaceae). Lindleyana 7: 130-153.
257. _, W. S. Armbuster, M. A. Battiste, L. Strekowski & N. Lindquist. 1986. Carvone oxide: an example of convergent evolution in euglossine pollinated plants. Syst. Bot. 11: 222-228.
258. Williams, N. H. 1981. Floral fragrance components of Brassavola (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae). Selbyana 5: 279-285.
259. _, J. T. Atwood & C. H. Dodson. 1981. Floral fragrance analysis in Anguloa, Lycaste and Mendoncella (Orchidaceae). Selbyana 5: 291-295.
260. _ & W. M. Whitten. 1982. Identification of floral fragrance components of Stanhopea embreei and attraction of its pollinators to synthetic fragrance compounds. Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 51: 1262-1266.
261. _ & _. 1983. Orchid floral fragrances and male euglossine bees: methods and advances in the last sesquidecade. Biol. Bull. 164: 355-395.
262. _ & C. H. Dodson. 1984. Preliminary analyses of the floral fragrances of species of Acineta, Houlettia, Luddemannia, Lycomormium, Paphinia, and Sievekingia (Orchidaceae). Selbyana 7: 315-317.
263. _ & L. F. Pedrosa. 1985. Crystalline production of fragrance in Gongora quinquenervis. Amer. Orchid Soc. Bull. 54: 598-603.
264. Wilson, L. A., N. P. Senechal & M. P. Widrlechner. 1992. Headspace analysis of the volatile oils of Agastache. J. Agric. Food Chem. 40: 1362-1366.
265. Vogel, S. & J. Martens. 2000. A survey of the function of the lethal kettle traps of Arisaema (Araceae), with records of pollinating fungus gnats from Nepal. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 133: 61-100.
266. Wong, K. C. & Y. E. Teng. 1994. Volatile components of Mimusops elengi L. flowers. J. Essential Oil Res. 6: 453-458.
267. Yasukawa, S., H. Kato, R. Yamaoka, H. Tanaka, H. Arai & S. Kawano. 1992. Reproductive and poll, biology of Magnolia and its allied genera (Magnoliaceae) 1. Floral volatiles of several Magnolia and Michelia species and their roles in attracting insects. Pl. Spec. Biol. 7: 121-140.
268. Zheng, Y., H. Xu, Y. Sun, Z. Wu & M. Liu. 1989. The analysis of aroma components for Oenothera odorata Jacq. fresh flowers. Acta Bot. Sin. 31: 69-72.
269. _, Y. Zhu, R. Zhang, Y. Sun, Z. Wu & M. Liu. 1990. Studies on the natural flavor components of Chimonanthus praecox L. flower. Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Pekin. 26: 667-673.
270. Zhu, L.-F., B.-Y. Lu & Y.-J. Luo. 1984. A preliminary study on the chemical constituents of head space of Jasminium sambac (L.) Ait. Acta Bot. Sin. 26: 189-194.
271. _, C.-S. Tang, K. Jiang & Z.-Q. Kang. 1983. Application of XAD-4 hydrophobic resin and GC/MS/DS to study the head space of Hedychium coronarium Koen. Pp. 127-129 in IXth Int. Congr. Essential Oils, 13-17 March 1983, Singapore. Essential Oil Technical Paper Book 1-5.