메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 77, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 1043-1060

Generalization in pollination systems, and why it matters

Author keywords

Behavior; Behavioral constraints of pollinators; Evolution; Foraging theory; Generalization in pollination systems; Interaction web connectance; Mutualism; Plant animal interaction; Pollination syndromes; Solitary bees; Specialization; Surveys of local floras

Indexed keywords

GENERALIZATION; POLLINATION SYSTEM; SPECIALIZATION;

EID: 0030422502     PISSN: 00129658     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2265575     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (1505)

References (198)
  • 1
    • 0000449123 scopus 로고
    • Espécies de plantas visitadas por Meliponinae (Hymenoptera: Apoidea), para coleta de pólen na região do médio Amazonas
    • Absy, M. L., J. M. F. Camargo, W. E. Kerr, and I. P. De Andrade Miranda. 1984. Espécies de plantas visitadas por Meliponinae (Hymenoptera: Apoidea), para coleta de pólen na região do médio Amazonas. Revista Brasileira de Biologia 44:227-273.
    • (1984) Revista Brasileira de Biologia , vol.44 , pp. 227-273
    • Absy, M.L.1    Camargo, J.M.F.2    Kerr, W.E.3    De Andrade Miranda, I.P.4
  • 2
    • 2342588339 scopus 로고
    • Euglossine bees and their nectar hosts
    • W. G. D'Arcy and M. D. Correa A., editors. Missouri Botanical Garden, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
    • Ackerman, J. D. 1985. Euglossine bees and their nectar hosts. Pages225-234 in W. G. D'Arcy and M. D. Correa A., editors. The botany and natural history of Panama. Missouri Botanical Garden, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA.
    • (1985) The Botany and Natural History of Panama , pp. 225-234
    • Ackerman, J.D.1
  • 3
    • 0001145432 scopus 로고
    • Pollination systems in Paspalum dilatatum Poir. (Poaceae): An example of insect pollination in a temperate grass
    • Adams, D. E., W. E. Perkins, and J. R. Estes. 1981. Pollination systems in Paspalum dilatatum Poir. (Poaceae): an example of insect pollination in a temperate grass. American Journal of Botany 68:389-394.
    • (1981) American Journal of Botany , vol.68 , pp. 389-394
    • Adams, D.E.1    Perkins, W.E.2    Estes, J.R.3
  • 4
    • 0028181209 scopus 로고
    • Habitat fragmentation, native insect pollinators, and feral honey bees in Argentine "Chaco Serrano"
    • Aizen, M. A., and P. Feinsinger. 1994. Habitat fragmentation, native insect pollinators, and feral honey bees in Argentine "Chaco Serrano." Ecological Applications 4: 378-392.
    • (1994) Ecological Applications , vol.4 , pp. 378-392
    • Aizen, M.A.1    Feinsinger, P.2
  • 5
    • 0020461436 scopus 로고
    • Spatial and temporal dispersion patterns of pollinators and their relationship to the flowering strategy of Yucca whipplei (Agavaceae)
    • Aker, C. L. 1982. Spatial and temporal dispersion patterns of pollinators and their relationship to the flowering strategy of Yucca whipplei (Agavaceae). Oecologia 54:243-252.
    • (1982) Oecologia , vol.54 , pp. 243-252
    • Aker, C.L.1
  • 6
    • 0024266051 scopus 로고
    • Pollination ecology of a forest-dominant palm (Orbignya phalerata Mart.) in northern Brazil
    • Anderson, A. B., W. L. Overal, and A. Henderson. 1988. Pollination ecology of a forest-dominant palm (Orbignya phalerata Mart.) in northern Brazil. Biotropica 20:192-205.
    • (1988) Biotropica , vol.20 , pp. 192-205
    • Anderson, A.B.1    Overal, W.L.2    Henderson, A.3
  • 7
    • 0003146236 scopus 로고
    • Estimating and testing the shapes of adaptive surfaces: The morphology and pollination of Dalechampia blossoms
    • Armbruster, W. S. 1990. Estimating and testing the shapes of adaptive surfaces: the morphology and pollination of Dalechampia blossoms. American Naturalist 135:14-31.
    • (1990) American Naturalist , vol.135 , pp. 14-31
    • Armbruster, W.S.1
  • 8
    • 0021538983 scopus 로고
    • Partitioning and sharing of pollinators by four sympatric species of Dalechampia (Euphorbiaceae) in Panama
    • Armbruster, W. S., and A. L. Herzig. 1984. Partitioning and sharing of pollinators by four sympatric species of Dalechampia (Euphorbiaceae) in Panama. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 71:1-16.
    • (1984) Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , vol.71 , pp. 1-16
    • Armbruster, W.S.1    Herzig, A.L.2
  • 9
    • 0000134232 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary mechanisms in pollination biology
    • Baker, H. G. 1963. Evolutionary mechanisms in pollination biology. Science 139:877-883.
    • (1963) Science , vol.139 , pp. 877-883
    • Baker, H.G.1
  • 13
    • 84981625655 scopus 로고
    • Pollination mechanisms in Viola
    • Beattie, A. J. 1971. Pollination mechanisms in Viola. New Phytologist 70:343-360.
    • (1971) New Phytologist , vol.70 , pp. 343-360
    • Beattie, A.J.1
  • 14
    • 0028231804 scopus 로고
    • Ultraviolet vision in birds: What is its function?
    • Bennett, A. T. D., and I. C. Cuthill. 1994. Ultraviolet vision in birds: what is its function? Vision Research 34:1471-1478.
    • (1994) Vision Research , vol.34 , pp. 1471-1478
    • Bennett, A.T.D.1    Cuthill, I.C.2
  • 15
    • 0005228188 scopus 로고
    • Spectral sensitivities of retinular cells measured in intact, living flies by an optical method
    • Bernard, G. D., and D. G. Stavenga. 1979. Spectral sensitivities of retinular cells measured in intact, living flies by an optical method. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 134:95-107.
    • (1979) Journal of Comparative Physiology A , vol.134 , pp. 95-107
    • Bernard, G.D.1    Stavenga, D.G.2
  • 16
    • 0002267439 scopus 로고
    • Ecology of nectar and pollen feeding in Lepidoptera
    • F. J. Slansky and J. G. Rodriguez, editors. John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York, USA
    • Boggs, C. L. 1987. Ecology of nectar and pollen feeding in Lepidoptera. Pages369-391 in F. J. Slansky and J. G. Rodriguez, editors. Nutritional ecology of insects, mites and spiders. John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1987) Nutritional Ecology of Insects, Mites and Spiders , pp. 369-391
    • Boggs, C.L.1
  • 17
    • 0009714046 scopus 로고
    • The biology and behavior of Evyleus galpinsiae
    • Bohart, G. E., and N. N. Youssef. 1976. The biology and behavior of Evyleus galpinsiae. Wasmann Journal of Biology 34:185-234.
    • (1976) Wasmann Journal of Biology , vol.34 , pp. 185-234
    • Bohart, G.E.1    Youssef, N.N.2
  • 18
    • 0028794872 scopus 로고
    • The plant-pollinator landscape
    • L. Hansson, L. Fahrig, and G. Merriam, editors. Chapman & Hall, London, England
    • Bronstein, J. L. 1995. The plant-pollinator landscape. Pages257-288 in L. Hansson, L. Fahrig, and G. Merriam, editors. Mosaic landscapes and ecological processes. Chapman & Hall, London, England.
    • (1995) Mosaic Landscapes and Ecological Processes , pp. 257-288
    • Bronstein, J.L.1
  • 19
    • 0025626993 scopus 로고
    • The ecological consequences of flowering asynchrony in monoecious figs: A simulation study
    • Bronstein, J. L., P.-H. Gouyon, C. Gliddon, F. Kjellberg, and G. Michaloud. 1990. The ecological consequences of flowering asynchrony in monoecious figs: a simulation study. Ecology 71:2145-2156.
    • (1990) Ecology , vol.71 , pp. 2145-2156
    • Bronstein, J.L.1    Gouyon, P.-H.2    Gliddon, C.3    Kjellberg, F.4    Michaloud, G.5
  • 20
    • 0024931104 scopus 로고
    • Bee visitation rates to trees of Prockia crucis differing in flower number
    • Bullock, S. H., C. Martínez del Rio, and R. Ayala. 1989. Bee visitation rates to trees of Prockia crucis differing in flower number. Oecologia 78:389-393.
    • (1989) Oecologia , vol.78 , pp. 389-393
    • Bullock, S.H.1    Martínez del Rio, C.2    Ayala, R.3
  • 21
    • 0021050666 scopus 로고
    • Site-fidelity, longevity, and population dynamics of broad-tailed hummingbirds: A ten-year study
    • Calder, W. A., N. M. Waser, S. M. Hiebert, D. W. Inouye, and S. Miller. 1983. Site-fidelity, longevity, and population dynamics of broad-tailed hummingbirds: a ten-year study. Oecologia 56:359-364.
    • (1983) Oecologia , vol.56 , pp. 359-364
    • Calder, W.A.1    Waser, N.M.2    Hiebert, S.M.3    Inouye, D.W.4    Miller, S.5
  • 22
    • 0000546753 scopus 로고
    • Predicting plant reproductive success from models of competition for pollination
    • Campbell, D. R. 1986. Predicting plant reproductive success from models of competition for pollination. Oikos 47:257-266.
    • (1986) Oikos , vol.47 , pp. 257-266
    • Campbell, D.R.1
  • 23
    • 0026595457 scopus 로고
    • The spatial scale of genetic differentiation in a hummingbird-pollinated plant: Comparison with models of isolation-by-distance
    • Campbell, D. R., and J. L. Dooley. 1992. The spatial scale of genetic differentiation in a hummingbird-pollinated plant: comparison with models of isolation-by-distance. American Naturalist 139:735-748.
    • (1992) American Naturalist , vol.139 , pp. 735-748
    • Campbell, D.R.1    Dooley, J.L.2
  • 24
    • 0026277102 scopus 로고
    • A mechanistic analysis of phenotypic selection: Pollen export and flower corolla width in Ipomopsis aggregata
    • Campbell, D. R., N. M. Waser, M. V. Price, E. A. Lynch, and R. J. Mitchell. 1991. A mechanistic analysis of phenotypic selection: pollen export and flower corolla width in Ipomopsis aggregata. Evolution 45:1458-1467.
    • (1991) Evolution , vol.45 , pp. 1458-1467
    • Campbell, D.R.1    Waser, N.M.2    Price, M.V.3    Lynch, E.A.4    Mitchell, R.J.5
  • 25
    • 0024189277 scopus 로고
    • Foraging ecology of the bee Habropoda laboriosa (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae), an oligolege of blueberries (Ericaceae: Vaccinium) in the southeastern United States
    • Cane, J. H., and J. A. Payne. 1988. Foraging ecology of the bee Habropoda laboriosa (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae), an oligolege of blueberries (Ericaceae: Vaccinium) in the southeastern United States. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 81:419-427.
    • (1988) Annals of the Entomological Society of America , vol.81 , pp. 419-427
    • Cane, J.H.1    Payne, J.A.2
  • 26
    • 0001286371 scopus 로고
    • Regional, annual, and seasonal variation in pollinator guilds: Intrinsic traits of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) underlie their patterns of abundance at Vaccinium ashei (Ericaceae)
    • Cane, J. H., and J. A. Payne. 1993. Regional, annual, and seasonal variation in pollinator guilds: intrinsic traits of bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) underlie their patterns of abundance at Vaccinium ashei (Ericaceae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 86:577-588.
    • (1993) Annals of the Entomological Society of America , vol.86 , pp. 577-588
    • Cane, J.H.1    Payne, J.A.2
  • 27
    • 0000855657 scopus 로고
    • Pollen-transfer efficiency compensates for pollinator crashes in a specialized bird-pollinated plant
    • H. Ouellet, editor.
    • Carpenter, F. L. 1989. Pollen-transfer efficiency compensates for pollinator crashes in a specialized bird-pollinated plant. In H. Ouellet, editor. Proceedings International Ornithological Congress XIX:537-548.
    • (1989) Proceedings International Ornithological Congress , vol.19 , pp. 537-548
    • Carpenter, F.L.1
  • 28
    • 0000297476 scopus 로고
    • The colour hexagon: A chromaticity diagram based on photoreceptor excitations as a generalized representation of colour opponency
    • Chittka, L. 1992. The colour hexagon: a chromaticity diagram based on photoreceptor excitations as a generalized representation of colour opponency. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 170:533-543.
    • (1992) Journal of Comparative Physiology A , vol.170 , pp. 533-543
    • Chittka, L.1
  • 30
    • 0345301563 scopus 로고
    • Discrim ination of UV-green patterns in honey bees
    • N. Elsner and F. G. Barth, editors. Sense organs. Georg Thieme, Stuttgart, Germany
    • Chittka, L., M. Hoffmann, and R. Menzel. 1988. Discrim ination of UV-green patterns in honey bees. Page 218 in N. Elsner and F. G. Barth, editors. Sense organs. Proceedings of the 18th Göttingen neurobiology conference. Georg Thieme, Stuttgart, Germany.
    • (1988) Proceedings of the 18th Göttingen Neurobiology Conference , pp. 218
    • Chittka, L.1    Hoffmann, M.2    Menzel, R.3
  • 31
    • 3042929369 scopus 로고
    • Color coding and innate preferences for flower color patterns in bumblebees
    • N. Elsner and D. W. Richter, editors. Rhythmogenesis in neurons and networks. Georg Thieme, Stuttgart, Germany
    • Chittka, L., and K. Lunau. 1992. Color coding and innate preferences for flower color patterns in bumblebees. Page 298 in N. Elsner and D. W. Richter, editors. Rhythmogenesis in neurons and networks. Proceedings of the 20th Göttingen neurobiology conference. Georg Thieme, Stuttgart, Germany.
    • (1992) Proceedings of the 20th Göttingen Neurobiology Conference , pp. 298
    • Chittka, L.1    Lunau, K.2
  • 32
    • 0000454378 scopus 로고
    • The evolutionary adaptation of flower colours and the insect pollinator's colour vision
    • Chittka, L., and R. Menzel. 1992. The evolutionary adaptation of flower colours and the insect pollinator's colour vision. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 170:171-181.
    • (1992) Journal of Comparative Physiology A , vol.170 , pp. 171-181
    • Chittka, L.1    Menzel, R.2
  • 33
    • 0028298102 scopus 로고
    • Ultraviolet as a component of flower reflections, and the colour perception of hymenoptera
    • Chittka, L., A. Shmida, N. Troje, and R. Menzel. 1994. Ultraviolet as a component of flower reflections, and the colour perception of hymenoptera. Vision Research 34: 1489-1508.
    • (1994) Vision Research , vol.34 , pp. 1489-1508
    • Chittka, L.1    Shmida, A.2    Troje, N.3    Menzel, R.4
  • 34
    • 0001778956 scopus 로고
    • Bee colour vision - The optimal system for the discrimination of flower colours?
    • K. Wiese, S. G. Gribakin, A. V. Popov, and G. Renninger, editors. Birkhäuser, Berlin, Germany
    • Chittka, L., A. Shmida, M. Vorobyev, and R. Menzel. 1993. Bee colour vision - the optimal system for the discrimination of flower colours? Pages 211-218 in K. Wiese, S. G. Gribakin, A. V. Popov, and G. Renninger, editors. Sensory systems of arthropods. Birkhäuser, Berlin, Germany.
    • (1993) Sensory Systems of Arthropods , pp. 211-218
    • Chittka, L.1    Shmida, A.2    Vorobyev, M.3    Menzel, R.4
  • 36
    • 0024939674 scopus 로고
    • Consequences of differences in body mass, wing length and leg morphology for nectar-feeding birds
    • Collins, B. G., and D. C. Paton. 1989. Consequences of differences in body mass, wing length and leg morphology for nectar-feeding birds. Australian Journal of Ecology 14: 269-289.
    • (1989) Australian Journal of Ecology , vol.14 , pp. 269-289
    • Collins, B.G.1    Paton, D.C.2
  • 37
    • 0021084265 scopus 로고
    • Extinction of the Hawaiian avifauna resulted in a change of pollinators for the ieie, Freycinetia arborea
    • Cox, P. A. 1983. Extinction of the Hawaiian avifauna resulted in a change of pollinators for the ieie, Freycinetia arborea. Oikos 41:195-199.
    • (1983) Oikos , vol.41 , pp. 195-199
    • Cox, P.A.1
  • 38
    • 0001768406 scopus 로고
    • The role of insect pollination in the evolution of the angiosperms
    • L. Real, editor. Academic Press, Orlando, Florida, USA
    • Crepet, W. L. 1983. The role of insect pollination in the evolution of the angiosperms. Pages29-50 in L. Real, editor. Pollination biology. Academic Press, Orlando, Florida, USA.
    • (1983) Pollination Biology , pp. 29-50
    • Crepet, W.L.1
  • 39
    • 0000279280 scopus 로고
    • Advanced (constant) insect pollination mechanisms: Pattern of evolution and implications vis-à-vis angiosperm diversity
    • _. 1984. Advanced (constant) insect pollination mechanisms: pattern of evolution and implications vis-à-vis angiosperm diversity. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 71:607-630.
    • (1984) Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , vol.71 , pp. 607-630
  • 40
    • 0002045061 scopus 로고
    • The biology of Nomia (Epinomia) triangulifera with comparative notes on other species of Nomia
    • Cross, E. A., and G. E. Bohart. 1960. The biology of Nomia (Epinomia) triangulifera with comparative notes on other species of Nomia. University of Kansas Science Bulletin 41:761-792.
    • (1960) University of Kansas Science Bulletin , vol.41 , pp. 761-792
    • Cross, E.A.1    Bohart, G.E.2
  • 41
    • 0000109796 scopus 로고
    • Pollination biology of Nemophila menzeisii (Hydrophyllaceae) with comments on the evolution of oligolectic bees
    • Cruden, R. W. 1972. Pollination biology of Nemophila menzeisii (Hydrophyllaceae) with comments on the evolution of oligolectic bees. Evolution 26:373-389.
    • (1972) Evolution , vol.26 , pp. 373-389
    • Cruden, R.W.1
  • 43
    • 0023471766 scopus 로고
    • Role of flower and pollen aromas in host-plant recognition by solitary bees
    • Dobson, H. E. M. 1987. Role of flower and pollen aromas in host-plant recognition by solitary bees. Oecologia 72: 618-623.
    • (1987) Oecologia , vol.72 , pp. 618-623
    • Dobson, H.E.M.1
  • 44
    • 0028161681 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive consequences of interactions between Yucca glauca (Agavaceae) and Tegeticula yuccasella (Lepidoptera) in Colorado
    • Dodd, R. J., and Y. B. Linhart. 1994. Reproductive consequences of interactions between Yucca glauca (Agavaceae) and Tegeticula yuccasella (Lepidoptera) in Colorado. American Journal of Botany 81:815-825.
    • (1994) American Journal of Botany , vol.81 , pp. 815-825
    • Dodd, R.J.1    Linhart, Y.B.2
  • 45
    • 0028977504 scopus 로고
    • Ideal free distributions of nectar foraging bumblebees
    • Dreisig, H. 1995. Ideal free distributions of nectar foraging bumblebees. Oikos 72:161-172.
    • (1995) Oikos , vol.72 , pp. 161-172
    • Dreisig, H.1
  • 47
    • 0026311947 scopus 로고
    • Learning foraging tasks by bees: A comparison between social and solitary species
    • Dukas, R., and L. A. Real. 1991. Learning foraging tasks by bees: a comparison between social and solitary species. Animal Behaviour 42:269-276.
    • (1991) Animal Behaviour , vol.42 , pp. 269-276
    • Dukas, R.1    Real, L.A.2
  • 48
    • 0027870237 scopus 로고
    • Learning constraints and floral choice behaviour in bumble bees
    • Dukas, R., and L. A. Real. 1993. Learning constraints and floral choice behaviour in bumble bees. Animal Behaviour 46:637-644.
    • (1993) Animal Behaviour , vol.46 , pp. 637-644
    • Dukas, R.1    Real, L.A.2
  • 49
    • 0024581254 scopus 로고
    • Correlation between the color, size and shape of Israeli crucifer flowers and relationships to pollinators
    • Dukas, R., and A. Shmida. 1989. Correlation between the color, size and shape of Israeli crucifer flowers and relationships to pollinators. Oikos 54:281-286.
    • (1989) Oikos , vol.54 , pp. 281-286
    • Dukas, R.1    Shmida, A.2
  • 50
    • 0028163445 scopus 로고
    • Categorization of food types enhances foraging performance of bumble bees
    • Dukas, R., and N. M. Waser. 1994. Categorization of food types enhances foraging performance of bumble bees. Animal Behaviour 48:1001-1006.
    • (1994) Animal Behaviour , vol.48 , pp. 1001-1006
    • Dukas, R.1    Waser, N.M.2
  • 51
    • 0010439689 scopus 로고
    • Aspects of the biology of Costa Rican halictid bees. I. Agapostemon nasutus (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)
    • Eickwort, G. C., and K. R. Eickwort. 1969. Aspects of the biology of Costa Rican halictid bees. I. Agapostemon nasutus (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 42:421-452.
    • (1969) Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society , vol.42 , pp. 421-452
    • Eickwort, G.C.1    Eickwort, K.R.2
  • 52
    • 0026574887 scopus 로고
    • Gene flow by pollen: Implications for plant conservation genetics
    • Ellstrand, N. C. 1992. Gene flow by pollen: implications for plant conservation genetics. Oikos 63:77-86.
    • (1992) Oikos , vol.63 , pp. 77-86
    • Ellstrand, N.C.1
  • 53
    • 0001189663 scopus 로고
    • Pollination of the edelweiss, Leontopodium alpinum
    • Erhardt, A. 1993. Pollination of the edelweiss, Leontopodium alpinum. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 111:229-240.
    • (1993) Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , vol.111 , pp. 229-240
    • Erhardt, A.1
  • 54
    • 0001153231 scopus 로고
    • Pollination systems, dispersal modes, life forms, and diversification rates in angiosperm families
    • Eriksson, O., and B. Bremer. 1992. Pollination systems, dispersal modes, life forms, and diversification rates in angiosperm families. Evolution 46:258-266.
    • (1992) Evolution , vol.46 , pp. 258-266
    • Eriksson, O.1    Bremer, B.2
  • 55
    • 0000985940 scopus 로고
    • Pollination ecology of Pyrrhopappus carolinianus (Compositae)
    • Estes, J. R., and R. W. Thorp. 1975. Pollination ecology of Pyrrhopappus carolinianus (Compositae). American Journal of Botany 62:148-159.
    • (1975) American Journal of Botany , vol.62 , pp. 148-159
    • Estes, J.R.1    Thorp, R.W.2
  • 57
    • 0000744989 scopus 로고
    • Ecological interactions between plants and hummingbirds in a successional tropical community
    • Feinsinger, P. 1978. Ecological interactions between plants and hummingbirds in a successional tropical community. Ecological Monographs 48:269-287.
    • (1978) Ecological Monographs , vol.48 , pp. 269-287
    • Feinsinger, P.1
  • 58
    • 0001935274 scopus 로고
    • Coevolution and pollination
    • Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA
    • _. 1983. Coevolution and pollination. Pages 285-319 in D. J. Futuyma and M. Slatkin, editors. Coevolution. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.
    • (1983) Coevolution , pp. 285-319
    • Futuyma, D.J.1    Slatkin, M.2
  • 59
    • 0000170813 scopus 로고
    • Approaches to nectarivore-plant interactions in the new world
    • _. 1987. Approaches to nectarivore-plant interactions in the new world. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 60: 285-319.
    • (1987) Revista Chilena de Historia Natural , vol.60 , pp. 285-319
  • 61
    • 77957213635 scopus 로고
    • Community organization among neotropical nectar-feeding birds
    • Feinsinger, P., and R. K. Colwell. 1978. Community organization among neotropical nectar-feeding birds. American Zoologist 18:779-795.
    • (1978) American Zoologist , vol.18 , pp. 779-795
    • Feinsinger, P.1    Colwell, R.K.2
  • 62
    • 0030411325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diversity and temporal change in the effective pollinators of Asclepias tuberosa
    • Fishbein, M., and D. L. Venable. 1996. Diversity and temporal change in the effective pollinators of Asclepias tuberosa. Ecology 77:1061-1073.
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 1061-1073
    • Fishbein, M.1    Venable, D.L.2
  • 63
    • 0002773626 scopus 로고
    • Food plants of some adult sphinx moths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)
    • Fleming, R. C. 1970. Food plants of some adult sphinx moths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Michigan Entomologist 3:17-23.
    • (1970) Michigan Entomologist , vol.3 , pp. 17-23
    • Fleming, R.C.1
  • 65
    • 0008106826 scopus 로고
    • Diurnal insects associated with the flowers of Gomphocarpus physocarpus E. Mey. (Asclepiadaceae), an introduced weed in Australia
    • Forster, P. I. 1994. Diurnal insects associated with the flowers of Gomphocarpus physocarpus E. Mey. (Asclepiadaceae), an introduced weed in Australia. Biotropica 26: 214-217.
    • (1994) Biotropica , vol.26 , pp. 214-217
    • Forster, P.I.1
  • 67
    • 0028005161 scopus 로고
    • Colour perception of single and mixed monochromatic lights in the blowfly Lucilia cuprina
    • Fukushi, T. 1994. Colour perception of single and mixed monochromatic lights in the blowfly Lucilia cuprina. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 175:15-22.
    • (1994) Journal of Comparative Physiology A , vol.175 , pp. 15-22
    • Fukushi, T.1
  • 69
    • 0028177156 scopus 로고
    • Trapnesting bees and wasps colonizing set-aside fields: Succession and body size, management by cutting and sowing
    • Gathmann, A., H. J. Greiler, and T. Tscharntke. 1994. Trapnesting bees and wasps colonizing set-aside fields: succession and body size, management by cutting and sowing. Oecologia 98:8-14.
    • (1994) Oecologia , vol.98 , pp. 8-14
    • Gathmann, A.1    Greiler, H.J.2    Tscharntke, T.3
  • 70
    • 84984485385 scopus 로고
    • Foraging ecology of hoverflies: Morphology of the mouthparts in relation to feeding on nectar and pollen in some common urban species
    • Gilbert, F. S. 1981. Foraging ecology of hoverflies: morphology of the mouthparts in relation to feeding on nectar and pollen in some common urban species. Ecological Entomology 6:245-262.
    • (1981) Ecological Entomology , vol.6 , pp. 245-262
    • Gilbert, F.S.1
  • 73
    • 0000897885 scopus 로고
    • Discrimination of colors by the Black-chinned Hummingbird (Archilochus alexandri)
    • Goldsmith, T. H., and K. M. Goldsmith. 1979. Discrimination of colors by the Black-chinned Hummingbird (Archilochus alexandri). Journal of Comparative Physiology A 130:209-220.
    • (1979) Journal of Comparative Physiology A , vol.130 , pp. 209-220
    • Goldsmith, T.H.1    Goldsmith, K.M.2
  • 74
    • 78651018960 scopus 로고
    • Pollination systems as isolating mechanisms in angiosperms
    • Grant, V. 1949. Pollination systems as isolating mechanisms in angiosperms. Evolution 3:82-97.
    • (1949) Evolution , vol.3 , pp. 82-97
    • Grant, V.1
  • 75
    • 0028091221 scopus 로고
    • Modes and origins of mechanical and ethological isolation in angiosperms
    • _. 1994. Modes and origins of mechanical and ethological isolation in angiosperms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 91:3-10.
    • (1994) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) , vol.91 , pp. 3-10
  • 77
    • 0026754680 scopus 로고
    • Foraging ability of Rufous Hummingbirds on hummingbird flowers and hawkmoth flowers
    • Grant, V., and E. J. Temeles. 1992. Foraging ability of Rufous Hummingbirds on hummingbird flowers and hawkmoth flowers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 89:9400-9404.
    • (1992) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) , vol.89 , pp. 9400-9404
    • Grant, V.1    Temeles, E.J.2
  • 79
    • 0005618334 scopus 로고
    • Hawkmoth pollination in the genus Oenothera
    • Gregory, D. P. 1963. Hawkmoth pollination in the genus Oenothera. Aliso 5:357-384.
    • (1963) Aliso , vol.5 , pp. 357-384
    • Gregory, D.P.1
  • 80
    • 0012763210 scopus 로고
    • Power for hovering flight in relation to body size in hummingbirds
    • Hainsworth, F. R., and L. L. Wolf. 1972. Power for hovering flight in relation to body size in hummingbirds. American Naturalist 106:589-596.
    • (1972) American Naturalist , vol.106 , pp. 589-596
    • Hainsworth, F.R.1    Wolf, L.L.2
  • 81
    • 0001929795 scopus 로고
    • Nectar characteristics and food selection by hummingbirds
    • Hainsworth, F. R., and L. L. Wolf. 1976. Nectar characteristics and food selection by hummingbirds. Oecologia 25: 101-113.
    • (1976) Oecologia , vol.25 , pp. 101-113
    • Hainsworth, F.R.1    Wolf, L.L.2
  • 82
    • 0025595983 scopus 로고
    • Behavioral responses by bumble bees to variation in pollen availability
    • Harder, L. D. 1990. Behavioral responses by bumble bees to variation in pollen availability. Oecologia 85:41-47.
    • (1990) Oecologia , vol.85 , pp. 41-47
    • Harder, L.D.1
  • 83
    • 0024944509 scopus 로고
    • Adult feeding by holometabolous insects: Pollen and nectar as complementary nutrient sources for Rhingia campestris (Diptera: Syrphidae)
    • Haslett, J. R. 1989. Adult feeding by holometabolous insects: pollen and nectar as complementary nutrient sources for Rhingia campestris (Diptera: Syrphidae). Oecologia 81:361-363.
    • (1989) Oecologia , vol.81 , pp. 361-363
    • Haslett, J.R.1
  • 84
    • 0001550264 scopus 로고
    • The foraging specializations of individual bumblebees
    • Heinrich, B. 1976. The foraging specializations of individual bumblebees. Ecological Monographs 46:105-128.
    • (1976) Ecological Monographs , vol.46 , pp. 105-128
    • Heinrich, B.1
  • 85
    • 0004196215 scopus 로고
    • Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
    • _. 1979. Bumblebee economics. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
    • (1979) Bumblebee Economics
  • 86
    • 0002636348 scopus 로고
    • Laboratory analysis of flower constancy in foraging bumblebees: Bombus ternarius and B. terricola
    • Heinrich, B., P. R. Mudge, and P. G. Deringis. 1977. Laboratory analysis of flower constancy in foraging bumblebees: Bombus ternarius and B. terricola. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 2:247-265.
    • (1977) Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology , vol.2 , pp. 247-265
    • Heinrich, B.1    Mudge, P.R.2    Deringis, P.G.3
  • 87
    • 0001169555 scopus 로고
    • Community structure of neotropical flower-visiting bees and wasps: Diversity and phenology
    • Heithaus, E. R. 1979. Community structure of neotropical flower-visiting bees and wasps: diversity and phenology. Ecology 60:190-202.
    • (1979) Ecology , vol.60 , pp. 190-202
    • Heithaus, E.R.1
  • 88
    • 0023504201 scopus 로고
    • Components of pollinator "quality": Comparative analysis of a diverse insect assemblage
    • Herrera, C. M. 1987. Components of pollinator "quality": comparative analysis of a diverse insect assemblage. Oikos 50:79-90.
    • (1987) Oikos , vol.50 , pp. 79-90
    • Herrera, C.M.1
  • 89
    • 0024193619 scopus 로고
    • Variation in mutualisms: The spatiotemporal mosaic of a pollinator assemblage
    • _. 1988. Variation in mutualisms: the spatiotemporal mosaic of a pollinator assemblage. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 35:95-125.
    • (1988) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , vol.35 , pp. 95-125
  • 90
    • 0028975192 scopus 로고
    • Microclimate and individual variation in pol linators: Flowering plants are more than their flowers
    • _. 1995. Microclimate and individual variation in pol linators: flowering plants are more than their flowers. Ecology 76:1516-1524.
    • (1995) Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 1516-1524
  • 91
    • 0002876207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Floral traits and plant adaptation to insect pollinators: A devil's advocate approach
    • Chapman & Hall, New York, New York, USA, in press
    • _. 1996. Floral traits and plant adaptation to insect pollinators: a devil's advocate approach. In S. C. H. Barrett and D. G. Lloyd, editors. Floral biology. Chapman & Hall, New York, New York, USA, in press.
    • (1996) Floral Biology
    • Barrett, S.C.H.1    Lloyd, D.G.2
  • 92
    • 0020448183 scopus 로고
    • On inference in ecology and evolutionary biology: The problem of multiple causes
    • Hilborn, R., and S. C. Stearns. 1982. On inference in ecology and evolutionary biology: the problem of multiple causes. Acta Biotheoretica 31:145-164.
    • (1982) Acta Biotheoretica , vol.31 , pp. 145-164
    • Hilborn, R.1    Stearns, S.C.2
  • 94
    • 0025225205 scopus 로고
    • Spatiotemporal variation in insect mutualists of a neotropical herb
    • Horvitz, C. C., and D. W. Schemske. 1990. Spatiotemporal variation in insect mutualists of a neotropical herb. Ecology 71:1085-1097.
    • (1990) Ecology , vol.71 , pp. 1085-1097
    • Horvitz, C.C.1    Schemske, D.W.2
  • 95
    • 0021577744 scopus 로고
    • Constraints on the evolution of mutualism
    • Howe, H. F. 1984. Constraints on the evolution of mutualism. American Naturalist 123:764-777.
    • (1984) American Naturalist , vol.123 , pp. 764-777
    • Howe, H.F.1
  • 96
    • 0002523381 scopus 로고
    • Flock foraging in nectar-feeding bats: Advantages to the bats and to the host plants
    • Howell, D. J. 1979. Flock foraging in nectar-feeding bats: advantages to the bats and to the host plants. American Naturalist 114:23-49.
    • (1979) American Naturalist , vol.114 , pp. 23-49
    • Howell, D.J.1
  • 97
    • 0000511146 scopus 로고
    • The effect of proboscis and corolla tube lengths on patterns and rates of flower visitation by bumblebees
    • Inouye, D. W. 1980. The effect of proboscis and corolla tube lengths on patterns and rates of flower visitation by bumblebees. Oecologia 45:197-201.
    • (1980) Oecologia , vol.45 , pp. 197-201
    • Inouye, D.W.1
  • 98
    • 0000371962 scopus 로고
    • When is it coevolution?
    • Janzen, D. H. 1980. When is it coevolution? Evolution 34: 611-612.
    • (1980) Evolution , vol.34 , pp. 611-612
    • Janzen, D.H.1
  • 99
    • 0023467129 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of mutualistic interactions in pollination and seed dispersal: Connectance, dependence asymmetries, and coevolution
    • Jordano, P. 1987. Patterns of mutualistic interactions in pollination and seed dispersal: connectance, dependence asymmetries, and coevolution. American Naturalist 129: 657-677.
    • (1987) American Naturalist , vol.129 , pp. 657-677
    • Jordano, P.1
  • 101
    • 0021026431 scopus 로고
    • The partitioning of pollinators among three species of Asclepias
    • Kephart, S. R. 1983. The partitioning of pollinators among three species of Asclepias. Ecology 64:120-133.
    • (1983) Ecology , vol.64 , pp. 120-133
    • Kephart, S.R.1
  • 102
    • 0001808338 scopus 로고
    • Floral coloration, its colorimetric analysis and significance in anthecology
    • A. J. Richards, editor. Academic Press, London, England
    • Kevan, P. G. 1978. Floral coloration, its colorimetric analysis and significance in anthecology. Pages51-78 in A. J. Richards, editor. The pollination of flowers by insects. Academic Press, London, England.
    • (1978) The Pollination of Flowers by Insects , pp. 51-78
    • Kevan, P.G.1
  • 103
    • 0001212868 scopus 로고
    • Pollination: Keystone process in sustainable global productivity
    • _. 1991. Pollination: keystone process in sustainable global productivity. Acta Horticulturae 288:103-109.
    • (1991) Acta Horticulturae , vol.288 , pp. 103-109
  • 104
    • 0021064169 scopus 로고
    • Insects as flower visitors and pollinators
    • Kevan, P. G., and H. G. Baker. 1983. Insects as flower visitors and pollinators. Annual Review of Entomology 28:407-453.
    • (1983) Annual Review of Entomology , vol.28 , pp. 407-453
    • Kevan, P.G.1    Baker, H.G.2
  • 105
    • 0021584385 scopus 로고
    • Models of coevolution and speciation in plants and their pollinators
    • Kiester, A. R., R. Lande, and D. W. Schemske. 1984. Models of coevolution and speciation in plants and their pollinators. American Naturalist 124:220-243.
    • (1984) American Naturalist , vol.124 , pp. 220-243
    • Kiester, A.R.1    Lande, R.2    Schemske, D.W.3
  • 106
    • 0001785377 scopus 로고
    • A study of hawkmoth pollination by a palynological analysis of the proboscis
    • Kislev, M. E., Z. Kraviz, and J. Lorch. 1972. A study of hawkmoth pollination by a palynological analysis of the proboscis. Israel Journal of Botany 21:57-75.
    • (1972) Israel Journal of Botany , vol.21 , pp. 57-75
    • Kislev, M.E.1    Kraviz, Z.2    Lorch, J.3
  • 107
    • 0027028407 scopus 로고
    • Cropweed hybridization in radish (Raphanus sativus): Effects of distance and population size
    • Klinger, T., P. E. Arriola, and N. C. Ellstrand. 1992. Cropweed hybridization in radish (Raphanus sativus): effects of distance and population size. American Journal of Botany 79:1431-1435.
    • (1992) American Journal of Botany , vol.79 , pp. 1431-1435
    • Klinger, T.1    Arriola, P.E.2    Ellstrand, N.C.3
  • 108
    • 0003892454 scopus 로고
    • Observations on flower pollination made in Europe and the Arctic regions on species belonging to the natural orders Ranunculaccae to Stylidieae. Clarendon Press, Oxford, England
    • Knuth, P. 1908. Handbook of flower pollination. Volume II. Observations on flower pollination made in Europe and the Arctic regions on species belonging to the natural orders Ranunculaccae to Stylidieae. Clarendon Press, Oxford, England.
    • (1908) Handbook of Flower Pollination , vol.2
    • Knuth, P.1
  • 109
    • 0003892454 scopus 로고
    • Observations on flower pollination made in Europe and the Arctic regions on species belonging to the natural orders Goodenovieae to Cycadeae. Clarendon Press, Oxford, England
    • _. 1909. Handbook of flower pollination. Volume III. Observations on flower pollination made in Europe and the Arctic regions on species belonging to the natural orders Goodenovieae to Cycadeae. Clarendon Press, Oxford, England.
    • (1909) Handbook of Flower Pollination , vol.3
  • 110
    • 0027866161 scopus 로고
    • Sex and the single mustard: Population density and pollinator behavior effects on seed-set
    • Kunin, W. E. 1993. Sex and the single mustard: population density and pollinator behavior effects on seed-set. Ecology 74:2145-2160.
    • (1993) Ecology , vol.74 , pp. 2145-2160
    • Kunin, W.E.1
  • 111
    • 0344151188 scopus 로고
    • Duifkruid en haar bezoekers
    • Kwak, M. M. 1994. Duifkruid en haar bezoekers. Natura 91:5-8.
    • (1994) Natura , vol.91 , pp. 5-8
    • Kwak, M.M.1
  • 112
    • 0000573059 scopus 로고
    • Visitation, flight distances and seed set in populations of the rare species Phyteuma nigrum (Campanulaceae)
    • Kwak, M. M., C. van den Brand, P. Kremer, and E. Boerrichter. 1991. Visitation, flight distances and seed set in populations of the rare species Phyteuma nigrum (Campanulaceae). Acta Horticulturae 288:303-307.
    • (1991) Acta Horticulturae , vol.288 , pp. 303-307
    • Kwak, M.M.1    Van den Brand, C.2    Kremer, P.3    Boerrichter, E.4
  • 114
    • 0000635320 scopus 로고
    • Oxygen consumption of torpid, resting, active, and flying hummingbirds
    • Lasiewski, R. C. 1963. Oxygen consumption of torpid, resting, active, and flying hummingbirds. Physiological Zoology 36:122-140.
    • (1963) Physiological Zoology , vol.36 , pp. 122-140
    • Lasiewski, R.C.1
  • 116
    • 0013400458 scopus 로고
    • Allgemeine Sinnesphysiologie. Orientierung im Raum
    • Lindauer, M. 1963. Allgemeine Sinnesphysiologie. Orientierung im Raum. Fortschritte der Zoologie 16:58-140.
    • (1963) Fortschritte der Zoologie , vol.16 , pp. 58-140
    • Lindauer, M.1
  • 117
    • 0026268291 scopus 로고
    • Pollination and seed dispersal in Freycinetia baueriana, a dioecious liane that has lost its bat pollinator
    • Lord, J. M. 1991. Pollination and seed dispersal in Freycinetia baueriana, a dioecious liane that has lost its bat pollinator. New Zealand Journal of Botany 29:83-86.
    • (1991) New Zealand Journal of Botany , vol.29 , pp. 83-86
    • Lord, J.M.1
  • 118
    • 0345013684 scopus 로고
    • Angeborene und erlernte Blütenerkennung bei Insekten - Ein entdecktes Geheimnis der Natur
    • Lunau, K. 1993. Angeborene und erlernte Blütenerkennung bei Insekten - ein entdecktes Geheimnis der Natur. Biologie in unserer Zeit 23:48-54.
    • (1993) Biologie in Unserer Zeit , vol.23 , pp. 48-54
    • Lunau, K.1
  • 119
    • 0026591972 scopus 로고
    • Constant connectance in community food webs
    • Martinez, N. D. 1992. Constant connectance in community food webs. American Naturalist 139:1208-1218.
    • (1992) American Naturalist , vol.139 , pp. 1208-1218
    • Martinez, N.D.1
  • 120
    • 0001039064 scopus 로고
    • Sugar preferences of hummingbirds: The influence of subtle chemical differences on food choice
    • Martínez del Rio, C. 1990. Sugar preferences of hummingbirds: the influence of subtle chemical differences on food choice. Condor 92:1022-1030.
    • (1990) Condor , vol.92 , pp. 1022-1030
    • Martínez del Rio, C.1
  • 121
    • 0023557599 scopus 로고
    • Bird visitation to Agave salmiana: Comparisons among hummingbirds and perching birds
    • Martínez del Rio, C., and L. E. Eguiarte. 1987. Bird visitation to Agave salmiana: comparisons among hummingbirds and perching birds. Condor 89:357-363.
    • (1987) Condor , vol.89 , pp. 357-363
    • Martínez del Rio, C.1    Eguiarte, L.E.2
  • 122
    • 0021723642 scopus 로고
    • A study of color vision in flies by classical conditioning, Protophormia terrae-novae taken as an example
    • Mazokhin-Porshnyakov, G. A., O. G. Volkov, and S. A. Semenova. 1984. A study of color vision in flies by classical conditioning, Protophormia terrae-novae taken as an example. Journal of General Biology (Moscow) 45:653-659.
    • (1984) Journal of General Biology (Moscow) , vol.45 , pp. 653-659
    • Mazokhin-Porshnyakov, G.A.1    Volkov, O.G.2    Semenova, S.A.3
  • 123
    • 34250504983 scopus 로고
    • Untersuchungen zum Erlernen von Spektralfarben durch die Honigbiene (Apis mellifica)
    • Menzel, R. 1967. Untersuchungen zum Erlernen von Spektralfarben durch die Honigbiene (Apis mellifica). Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie 56:22-62.
    • (1967) Zeitschrift Für Vergleichende Physiologie , vol.56 , pp. 22-62
    • Menzel, R.1
  • 124
    • 0001944221 scopus 로고
    • Learning in honey bees in an ecological and behavioral context
    • 55-74 Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA
    • _. 1985. Learning in honey bees in an ecological and behavioral context. Pages 55-74 in B. Hölldobler and M. Lindauer, editors. Experimental behavioral ecology and sociobiology. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.
    • (1985) Experimental Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
    • Hölldobler, B.1    Lindauer, M.2
  • 125
    • 0002296133 scopus 로고
    • Colour vision in insects
    • P. Gouras, editor. The perception of colour. MacMillan, Houndsmills, England
    • Menzel, R., and W. Backhaus. 1991. Colour vision in insects. Pages262-293 in P. Gouras, editor. Vision and visual dysfunction. Volume 6. The perception of colour. MacMillan, Houndsmills, England.
    • (1991) Vision and Visual Dysfunction , vol.6 , pp. 262-293
    • Menzel, R.1    Backhaus, W.2
  • 127
    • 0000828786 scopus 로고
    • The ethology of Andrena erythromii with comparative data on other species (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)
    • Michener, C. D., and C. W. Rettenmeyer. 1956. The ethology of Andrena erythromii with comparative data on other species (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae). University of Kansas Science Bulletin 37:147-178.
    • (1956) University of Kansas Science Bulletin , vol.37 , pp. 147-178
    • Michener, C.D.1    Rettenmeyer, C.W.2
  • 128
    • 0028181298 scopus 로고
    • Behavior and phenology of a specialist bee (Dieunomia) and sunflower (Helianthus) pollen availability
    • Minckley, R. L., W. T. Wcislo, D. Yanega, and S. L. Buchmann. 1994. Behavior and phenology of a specialist bee (Dieunomia) and sunflower (Helianthus) pollen availability. Ecology 75:1406-1419.
    • (1994) Ecology , vol.75 , pp. 1406-1419
    • Minckley, R.L.1    Wcislo, W.T.2    Yanega, D.3    Buchmann, S.L.4
  • 129
    • 0024939229 scopus 로고
    • Informational constraints on optimally foraging hummingbirds
    • Mitchell, W. A. 1989. Informational constraints on optimally foraging hummingbirds. Oikos 55:145-154.
    • (1989) Oikos , vol.55 , pp. 145-154
    • Mitchell, W.A.1
  • 130
    • 0002991197 scopus 로고
    • The role of host-plant selection in bee speciation processes
    • Moldenke, A. R. 1979. The role of host-plant selection in bee speciation processes. Phytologia 43:433-460.
    • (1979) Phytologia , vol.43 , pp. 433-460
    • Moldenke, A.R.1
  • 131
    • 0000449263 scopus 로고
    • Pollination effectiveness of specialist and generalist visitors to a North Carolina population of Claytonia virginica
    • Motten, A. F., D. R. Campbell, D. E. Alexander, and H. L. Miller. 1981. Pollination effectiveness of specialist and generalist visitors to a North Carolina population of Claytonia virginica. Ecology 62:1278-1287.
    • (1981) Ecology , vol.62 , pp. 1278-1287
    • Motten, A.F.1    Campbell, D.R.2    Alexander, D.E.3    Miller, H.L.4
  • 132
    • 0030390253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Host-plant specialization in western pa-learctic anthidiine bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae)
    • Müller, A. 1996. Host-plant specialization in western pa-learctic anthidiine bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae). Ecological Monographs 66:235-257.
    • (1996) Ecological Monographs , vol.66 , pp. 235-257
    • Müller, A.1
  • 133
    • 0002034637 scopus 로고
    • The conservation of new world mutualisms
    • Nabhan, G. P., and T. Fleming. 1993. The conservation of new world mutualisms. Conservation Biology 7:457-459.
    • (1993) Conservation Biology , vol.7 , pp. 457-459
    • Nabhan, G.P.1    Fleming, T.2
  • 134
    • 0000374169 scopus 로고
    • Angraecoid orchids and hawkmoths in central Madagascar: Specialized pollination systems and generalist foragers
    • Nilsson, L. A., L. Jonsson, L. Talison, and E. Randrianjohany. 1987. Angraecoid orchids and hawkmoths in central Madagascar: specialized pollination systems and generalist foragers. Biotropica 19:310-318.
    • (1987) Biotropica , vol.19 , pp. 310-318
    • Nilsson, L.A.1    Jonsson, L.2    Talison, L.3    Randrianjohany, E.4
  • 136
    • 0000311640 scopus 로고
    • Ficus-pollinator research in India: Past, present and future
    • Patel, A., M. Hossaert-McKey, and D. McKey. 1993. Ficus-pollinator research in India: past, present and future. Current Science 65:243-253.
    • (1993) Current Science , vol.65 , pp. 243-253
    • Patel, A.1    Hossaert-McKey, M.2    McKey, D.3
  • 137
    • 0022843892 scopus 로고
    • Food supply, population structure, and behavior of New Holland Honeyeaters Phylidonyris novaehollandiae in woodland near Horsham, Victoria
    • A. Keast, H. F. Recher, H. Ford and D. Saunders, editors. Surrey Beatty & Sons, Sydney, Australia
    • Paton, D. C. 1985. Food supply, population structure, and behavior of New Holland Honeyeaters Phylidonyris novaehollandiae in woodland near Horsham, Victoria. Pages219-230 in A. Keast, H. F. Recher, H. Ford and D. Saunders, editors. Birds of eucalypt forests and woodlands: ecology, conservation, management. Surrey Beatty & Sons, Sydney, Australia.
    • (1985) Birds of Eucalypt Forests and Woodlands: Ecology, Conservation, Management , pp. 219-230
    • Paton, D.C.1
  • 138
    • 0002175522 scopus 로고
    • Honeybees in the Australian environment
    • _. 1993. Honeybees in the Australian environment. BioScience 43:95-103.
    • (1993) BioScience , vol.43 , pp. 95-103
  • 139
    • 0024870710 scopus 로고
    • Bills and tongues of nectar-feeding birds: A review of morphology, function and performance, with intercontinental comparisons
    • Paton, D. C., and B. G. Collins. 1989. Bills and tongues of nectar-feeding birds: a review of morphology, function and performance, with intercontinental comparisons. Australian Journal of Ecology 14:473-506.
    • (1989) Australian Journal of Ecology , vol.14 , pp. 473-506
    • Paton, D.C.1    Collins, B.G.2
  • 143
    • 0028993688 scopus 로고
    • Pollination ecology and constraints on seed set of the rare perennial Gentiana cruciata L. in the Netherlands
    • Petanidou, T., J. C. M. den Nijs, and J. G. B. Oostermeijer. 1995. Pollination ecology and constraints on seed set of the rare perennial Gentiana cruciata L. in the Netherlands. Acta Botanica Neerlandica 44:55-74.
    • (1995) Acta Botanica Neerlandica , vol.44 , pp. 55-74
    • Petanidou, T.1    Den Nijs, J.C.M.2    Oostermeijer, J.G.B.3
  • 144
    • 0027838055 scopus 로고
    • Pollinating fauna of a phryganic ecosystem: Composition and diversity
    • Petanidou, T., and W. N. Ellis. 1993. Pollinating fauna of a phryganic ecosystem: composition and diversity. Biodiversity Letters 1:9-22.
    • (1993) Biodiversity Letters , vol.1 , pp. 9-22
    • Petanidou, T.1    Ellis, W.N.2
  • 145
    • 0026305680 scopus 로고
    • Pollination by a guild of fluctuating moth populations: Option for unspecialization in the bladder campion, Silene vulgaris
    • Pettersson, M. W. 1991. Pollination by a guild of fluctuating moth populations: option for unspecialization in the bladder campion, Silene vulgaris. Journal of Ecology 79:591-604.
    • (1991) Journal of Ecology , vol.79 , pp. 591-604
    • Pettersson, M.W.1
  • 146
    • 0019736307 scopus 로고
    • Bumblebee responses to variation in nectar availability
    • Pleasants, J. M. 1981. Bumblebee responses to variation in nectar availability. Ecology 62:1648-1661.
    • (1981) Ecology , vol.62 , pp. 1648-1661
    • Pleasants, J.M.1
  • 147
    • 0022232314 scopus 로고
    • Bumblebee foraging at a "hummingbird" flower: Reward economics and floral choice
    • Pleasants, J. M., and N. M. Waser. 1985. Bumblebee foraging at a "hummingbird" flower: reward economics and floral choice. American Midland Naturalist 114:283-291.
    • (1985) American Midland Naturalist , vol.114 , pp. 283-291
    • Pleasants, J.M.1    Waser, N.M.2
  • 150
    • 0006122954 scopus 로고
    • Apiarists versus scientists: A bittersweet case
    • _. 1990. Apiarists versus scientists: a bittersweet case. Australian Natural History 23:386-392.
    • (1990) Australian Natural History , vol.23 , pp. 386-392
  • 151
    • 0000469989 scopus 로고
    • Host specificity of fig wasps (Agaonidae)
    • Ramírez, W. B. 1970. Host specificity of fig wasps (Agaonidae). Evolution 24:680-691.
    • (1970) Evolution , vol.24 , pp. 680-691
    • Ramírez, W.B.1
  • 152
    • 0010815588 scopus 로고
    • On uncertainty and the law of diminishing returns in evolution and behavior
    • J. E. R. Staddon, editor. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA
    • Real, L. A. 1980. On uncertainty and the law of diminishing returns in evolution and behavior. Pages37-64 in J. E. R. Staddon, editor. Limits to action. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1980) Limits to Action , pp. 37-64
    • Real, L.A.1
  • 153
    • 0026498766 scopus 로고
    • Risk and reproductive effort
    • Real, L. A., and S. Ellner. 1992. Risk and reproductive effort. Ecology 73:1227-1236.
    • (1992) Ecology , vol.73 , pp. 1227-1236
    • Real, L.A.1    Ellner, S.2
  • 154
    • 0027704596 scopus 로고
    • Pollinators of tropical dioecious angiosperms
    • Renner, S. S., and J. P. Feil. 1993. Pollinators of tropical dioecious angiosperms. American Journal of Botany 80: 1100-1107.
    • (1993) American Journal of Botany , vol.80 , pp. 1100-1107
    • Renner, S.S.1    Feil, J.P.2
  • 156
    • 34247163759 scopus 로고
    • Competitive interactions between neotropical pollinators and Africanized honey bees
    • Roubik, D. W. 1978. Competitive interactions between neotropical pollinators and Africanized honey bees. Science 201:1030-1032.
    • (1978) Science , vol.201 , pp. 1030-1032
    • Roubik, D.W.1
  • 157
    • 0002531541 scopus 로고
    • Loose niches in tropical communities: Why are there so few bees and so many trees?
    • Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA
    • _. 1992. Loose niches in tropical communities: why are there so few bees and so many trees? Pages 327-354 in M. D. Hunter, T. Ohgushi, and P. W. Price, editors. Effects of resource distribution on animal-plant interactions. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
    • (1992) Effects of Resource Distribution on Animal-plant Interactions , pp. 327-354
    • Hunter, M.D.1    Ohgushi, T.2    Price, P.W.3
  • 158
    • 0037998702 scopus 로고
    • Monographic study of the genus Nomadopsis Ashmead
    • University of California Publications
    • Rozen, J. G. 1958. Monographic study of the genus Nomadopsis Ashmead. University of California Publications in Entomology 15:1-202.
    • (1958) Entomology , vol.15 , pp. 1-202
    • Rozen, J.G.1
  • 159
    • 0001937081 scopus 로고
    • Limits to specialization and coevolution in plant-animal mutualisms
    • M. H. Nitecki, editor. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA
    • Schemske, D. W. 1983. Limits to specialization and coevolution in plant-animal mutualisms. Pages67-110 in M. H. Nitecki, editor. Coevolution. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
    • (1983) Coevolution , pp. 67-110
    • Schemske, D.W.1
  • 161
    • 3042962007 scopus 로고
    • Blütenbiologische Beobachtungen an Labiaten. Nektar- Und Pollendiebstahl
    • Schremmer, F. 1953. Blütenbiologische Beobachtungen an Labiaten. Nektar- und Pollendiebstahl. Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 100:8-24.
    • (1953) Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift , vol.100 , pp. 8-24
    • Schremmer, F.1
  • 162
    • 0027801261 scopus 로고
    • Evidence for mutualism between a flower-piercing carpenter bee and ocotillo: Use of pollen and nectar by nesting bees
    • Scott, P. E., S. L. Buchmann, and M. K. O'Rourke. 1993. Evidence for mutualism between a flower-piercing carpenter bee and ocotillo: use of pollen and nectar by nesting bees. Ecological Entomology 18:234-240.
    • (1993) Ecological Entomology , vol.18 , pp. 234-240
    • Scott, P.E.1    Buchmann, S.L.2    O'Rourke, M.K.3
  • 163
    • 0002595821 scopus 로고
    • A comparative study of foraging behaviour and pollen resources of various stingless bees (Hymenoptera, Meliponinae) and honeybees (Hymenoptera, Apidae) in Trinidad, West Indies
    • Sommeijer, M. J., G. A. DeRooy, W. Punt, and L. L. M. Bruijn. 1983. A comparative study of foraging behaviour and pollen resources of various stingless bees (Hymenoptera, Meliponinae) and honeybees (Hymenoptera, Apidae) in Trinidad, West Indies. Apidologie 14:205-224.
    • (1983) Apidologie , vol.14 , pp. 205-224
    • Sommeijer, M.J.1    DeRooy, G.A.2    Punt, W.3    Bruijn, L.L.M.4
  • 164
    • 0001363143 scopus 로고
    • Adaptive radiation of reproductive characteristics in angiosperms. I: Pollination mechanisms
    • Stebbins, G. L. 1970. Adaptive radiation of reproductive characteristics in angiosperms. I: Pollination mechanisms. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1:307-326.
    • (1970) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , vol.1 , pp. 307-326
    • Stebbins, G.L.1
  • 165
    • 0003703161 scopus 로고
    • Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
    • _. 1974. Flowering plants: evolution above the species level. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
    • (1974) Flowering Plants: Evolution above the Species Level
  • 166
    • 0004287950 scopus 로고
    • Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
    • Stephens, D. W., and J. R. Krebs. 1986. Foraging theory. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
    • (1986) Foraging Theory
    • Stephens, D.W.1    Krebs, J.R.2
  • 167
    • 0000736384 scopus 로고
    • Specialization and foraging efficiency of solitary bees
    • Strickler, K. 1979. Specialization and foraging efficiency of solitary bees. Ecology 60:988-1009.
    • (1979) Ecology , vol.60 , pp. 988-1009
    • Strickler, K.1
  • 168
    • 0027925676 scopus 로고
    • Temporal, spatial, sex-ratio, and body-size heterogeneity of prey species taken by the beewolf Philanthus sanbornii (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)
    • Stubblefield, J. W., J. Seger, J. W. Wenzel, and M. M. Heisler. 1993. Temporal, spatial, sex-ratio, and body-size heterogeneity of prey species taken by the beewolf Philanthus sanbornii (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B 339:397-423.
    • (1993) Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B , vol.339 , pp. 397-423
    • Stubblefield, J.W.1    Seger, J.2    Wenzel, J.W.3    Heisler, M.M.4
  • 169
    • 0041698896 scopus 로고
    • Forager attraction by sympatric Ipomoea hederacea and I. purpurea (Convolvulaceae) and corresponding forager behavior and energetics
    • Stucky, J. M. 1984. Forager attraction by sympatric Ipomoea hederacea and I. purpurea (Convolvulaceae) and corresponding forager behavior and energetics. American Journal of Botany 71:1237-1244.
    • (1984) American Journal of Botany , vol.71 , pp. 1237-1244
    • Stucky, J.M.1
  • 170
    • 0026077027 scopus 로고
    • Effects of honey bees on colonies of Exoneura asimillima, an Australian native bee
    • Sugden, E. A., and G. H. Pyke. 1991. Effects of honey bees on colonies of Exoneura asimillima, an Australian native bee. Australian Journal of Ecology 16:171-181.
    • (1991) Australian Journal of Ecology , vol.16 , pp. 171-181
    • Sugden, E.A.1    Pyke, G.H.2
  • 171
    • 0000414792 scopus 로고
    • The pollination efficiency of the squash bee (Peponapis pruinosa) and the honey bee (Apis mellifera) on summer squash (Cucurbita pepo)
    • Tepedino, V. J. 1981a. The pollination efficiency of the squash bee (Peponapis pruinosa) and the honey bee (Apis mellifera) on summer squash (Cucurbita pepo). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 54:359-377.
    • (1981) Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society , vol.54 , pp. 359-377
    • Tepedino, V.J.1
  • 172
    • 0037660820 scopus 로고
    • Notes on the reproductive biology of Zigadenus paniculatus, a toxic range plant
    • _. 1981b. Notes on the reproductive biology of Zigadenus paniculatus, a toxic range plant. Great Basin Naturalist 41:427-430.
    • (1981) Great Basin Naturalist , vol.41 , pp. 427-430
  • 173
    • 0001402404 scopus 로고
    • Spatiotemporal variation in phenology and abundance of floral resources on shortgrass prairie
    • Tepedino, V. J., and N. L. Stanton. 1980. Spatiotemporal variation in phenology and abundance of floral resources on shortgrass prairie. Great Basin Naturalist 40:197-215.
    • (1980) Great Basin Naturalist , vol.40 , pp. 197-215
    • Tepedino, V.J.1    Stanton, N.L.2
  • 174
    • 0004230549 scopus 로고
    • University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA
    • Thompson, J. N. 1994. The revolutionary process. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
    • (1994) The Revolutionary Process
    • Thompson, J.N.1
  • 175
    • 0242476288 scopus 로고
    • Systematics and ecology of bees of the subgenus Diandrena (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)
    • Thorp, R. W. 1969. Systematics and ecology of bees of the subgenus Diandrena (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae). University of California Publications in Entmology 52: 1-146.
    • (1969) University of California Publications in Entmology , vol.52 , pp. 1-146
    • Thorp, R.W.1
  • 176
    • 0001022918 scopus 로고
    • Structural, behavioral and physiological adaptations of bees (Apoidea) for collecting pollen
    • _. 1979. Structural, behavioral and physiological adaptations of bees (Apoidea) for collecting pollen. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 66:788-812.
    • (1979) Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , vol.66 , pp. 788-812
  • 177
    • 0242428992 scopus 로고
    • The fertilization of Salvia splendens by birds
    • Trelease, W. 1881. The fertilization of Salvia splendens by birds. American Naturalist 15:265-269.
    • (1881) American Naturalist , vol.15 , pp. 265-269
    • Trelease, W.1
  • 178
    • 1842290717 scopus 로고
    • Spectral categories in the learning behaviour of blowflies
    • Troje, N. 1993. Spectral categories in the learning behaviour of blowflies. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung 48C:96-104.
    • (1993) Zeitschrift Für Naturforschung , vol.48 C , pp. 96-104
    • Troje, N.1
  • 179
    • 0003161421 scopus 로고
    • Ecological aspects of flower evolution. II. Zoophilous flower classes
    • van der Pijl, L. 1961. Ecological aspects of flower evolution. II. Zoophilous flower classes. Evolution 15:44-59.
    • (1961) Evolution , vol.15 , pp. 44-59
    • Van der Pijl, L.1
  • 180
    • 0001406140 scopus 로고
    • Zur spektralen Unterschiedsempfindlichkeit der Honigbiene
    • von Helversen, O. 1972. Zur spektralen Unterschiedsempfindlichkeit der Honigbiene. Journal of Comparative Physiology 80:439-472.
    • (1972) Journal of Comparative Physiology , vol.80 , pp. 439-472
    • Von Helversen, O.1
  • 181
    • 0027089264 scopus 로고
    • Biodiversity and ecological redundancy
    • Walker, B. H. 1992. Biodiversity and ecological redundancy. Conservation Biology 6:18-23.
    • (1992) Conservation Biology , vol.6 , pp. 18-23
    • Walker, B.H.1
  • 182
    • 0027704426 scopus 로고
    • Flower visitors to Saxifraga hirculus in Switzerland and Denmark, a comparative study
    • Warnke, E., U. Terndrup, V. Michelsen, and A. Erhardt. 1993. Flower visitors to Saxifraga hirculus in Switzerland and Denmark, a comparative study. Botanica Helvetica 103:141-147.
    • (1993) Botanica Helvetica , vol.103 , pp. 141-147
    • Warnke, E.1    Terndrup, U.2    Michelsen, V.3    Erhardt, A.4
  • 183
    • 0000660734 scopus 로고
    • Interspecific pollen transfer and competition between co-occuring plant species
    • Waser, N. M. 1978. Interspecific pollen transfer and competition between co-occuring plant species. Oecologia 36: 223-236.
    • (1978) Oecologia , vol.36 , pp. 223-236
    • Waser, N.M.1
  • 184
    • 0001362272 scopus 로고
    • Pollinator availability as a determinant of flowering time in ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens)
    • _. 1979. Pollinator availability as a determinant of flowering time in ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens). Oecologia 39:107-121.
    • (1979) Oecologia , vol.39 , pp. 107-121
  • 185
    • 0020363647 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of distances flown by different visitors to flowers of the same species
    • _. 1982. A comparison of distances flown by different visitors to flowers of the same species. Oecologia 55:251-257.
    • (1982) Oecologia , vol.55 , pp. 251-257
  • 186
    • 0002886631 scopus 로고
    • The adaptive nature of floral traits: Ideas and evidence
    • Academic Press, New York, New York, USA
    • _. 1983. The adaptive nature of floral traits: ideas and evidence. Pages 241-285 in L. A. Real, editor. Pollination biology. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1983) Pollination Biology , pp. 241-285
    • Real, L.A.1
  • 187
    • 84966156280 scopus 로고
    • Spatial genetic heterogeneity in a population of the montane perennial plant Delphinium nelsonii
    • _. 1987. Spatial genetic heterogeneity in a population of the montane perennial plant Delphinium nelsonii. Heredity 58:249-256.
    • (1987) Heredity , vol.58 , pp. 249-256
  • 188
    • 0002515701 scopus 로고
    • Population structure, optimal outbreeding, and assortative mating in angiosperms
    • University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA
    • _. 1993. Population structure, optimal outbreeding, and assortative mating in angiosperms. Pages 173-199 in N. W. Thornhill, editor. The natural history of inbreeding and outbreeding. Theoretical and empirical perspectives. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
    • (1993) The Natural History of Inbreeding and Outbreeding. Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives , pp. 173-199
    • Thornhill, N.W.1
  • 189
    • 0022235861 scopus 로고
    • The effect of nectar guides on pollinator preference. Experimental studies with a montane herb
    • Waser, N. M., and M. V. Price. 1985. The effect of nectar guides on pollinator preference. Experimental studies with a montane herb. Oecologia 67:121-126.
    • (1985) Oecologia , vol.67 , pp. 121-126
    • Waser, N.M.1    Price, M.V.2
  • 190
    • 0002619907 scopus 로고
    • Pollination efficiency and effectiveness of bumble bees and hummingbirds visiting Delphinium nelsonii
    • Waser, N. M., and M. V. Price. 1990. Pollination efficiency and effectiveness of bumble bees and hummingbirds visiting Delphinium nelsonii. Collectanea Botanica (Barcelona) 19:9-20.
    • (1990) Collectanea Botanica (Barcelona) , vol.19 , pp. 9-20
    • Waser, N.M.1    Price, M.V.2
  • 191
    • 3042929366 scopus 로고
    • Specialisation and generalisation in pollination systems
    • G. K. Veeresh, R. Uma Shaanker, and K. N. Ganeshaiah, editors. International Union for the Study of Social Insects, Bangalore, India
    • Waser, N. M., and M. V. Price. 1993. Specialisation and generalisation in pollination systems. Pages165-169 in G. K. Veeresh, R. Uma Shaanker, and K. N. Ganeshaiah, editors. Pollination in Tropics. International Union for the Study of Social Insects, Bangalore, India.
    • (1993) Pollination in Tropics , pp. 165-169
    • Waser, N.M.1    Price, M.V.2
  • 192
    • 0001138432 scopus 로고
    • Effective mutualism between sequentially flowering plant species
    • Waser, N. M., and U. A. Real. 1979. Effective mutualism between sequentially flowering plant species. Nature 281: 670-672.
    • (1979) Nature , vol.281 , pp. 670-672
    • Waser, N.M.1    Real, U.A.2
  • 193
    • 0026282637 scopus 로고
    • Floral colour changes as cues for pollinators
    • Weiss, M. R. 1991. Floral colour changes as cues for pollinators. Nature 354:227-229.
    • (1991) Nature , vol.354 , pp. 227-229
    • Weiss, M.R.1
  • 197
    • 0000124758 scopus 로고
    • Energetics of foraging: Rate and efficiency of nectar extraction by hummingbirds
    • Wolf, L. L., and F. R. Hainsworth. 1972. Energetics of foraging: rate and efficiency of nectar extraction by hummingbirds. Science 176:1351-1352.
    • (1972) Science , vol.176 , pp. 1351-1352
    • Wolf, L.L.1    Hainsworth, F.R.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.