Epichloe species: Fungal symbionts of grasses

Annual Review of Phytopathology

Volumn 34, Issue , 1996, Pages 109-130

  Schardl, Christopher L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

Author keywords

Acremonium endophyte; biological protection; evolution; molecular genetics; mutualism

Indexed keywords

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); EPICHLOE; FUNGI; INSECTA; POACEAE; VERTEBRATA; ACREMONIUM; CLAVICIPITACEAE;

ANTAGONISM; BIOLOGICAL PROTECTION; FUNGAL SYMBIONT; MUTUALISM;

EID: 0029661739     PISSN: 00664286     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.34.1.109     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. Agee CS, Hill NS. 1994. Ergovaline variability in Acremonium-infected tall fescue due to environment and plant genotype. Crop Sci. 34:221-26
2. An Z-q, Lia J-S, Siegel MR, Bunge G, Schardl CL. 1992. Diversity and origins of endophytic fungal symbionts of the North American grass Festuca arizonica. Theor. Appl. Genet. 85:366-71
3. An Z-q, Siegel MR, Hollin W, Tsai H-F, Schmidt D, Schardl CL. 19. Relationships among non-Acremonium sp. fungal endophytes in five grass species. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:1540-48
4. Arechavaleta M, Bacon CW, Hoveland CS, Radcliffe DE. 1989. Effect of the tall fescue endophyte on plant response to environmental stress. Agron. J. 81:83-90
5. Azevedo MD, Welty RE. 1995. A study of the fungal endophyte Acremonium coenophialum in the roots of tall fescue seedlings. Mycologia 87:289-97
6. Bacon CW, Hinton DM. 1991. Microcyclic conidiation cycles in Epichloë typhina. Mycologia 83:743-51
7. Bacon CW, Porter JK, Robbins JD, Luttrell ES. 1977. Epichloë typkina from toxic tall fescue grasses. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 34:576-81
8. Bacon CW, White JF Jr, eds. 1994. Biotechnology of Endophytic Fungi of Grasses. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 214 pp.
9. Ball DM, Pedersen JF, Lacefield GD. 1993. The tall-fescue endophyte. Am. Sci. 81:370-79
10. Ball O-P, Prestidge RA, Sprosen JM. 1995. Interrelationships between Acremonium lolii, peramine, and lolitrem B in perennial ryegrass. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:1527-33
11. Bucheli E, Leuchtmann A. 1996. Evidence for genetic differentiation between choke-inducing and asymptomatic strains of the Epichloë grass endophyte from Brachypodium sylvaticum. Evolution.
12. Bultman TL, White JF Jr, Bowdish TI, Welch AM, Johnston J. 1995. Mutualistic transfer of Epichloë spermatia by Phorbia flies. Mycologia 87:182-89
13. Chandrasekharan P, Lewis EJ, Borrill M. 1972. Studies in Festuca. II. Fertility relationships between species of sections Bovinae and Scariosae, and their affinities with Lolium. Genetica 43:375-86
14. Chanway CP, Turkington R, Holl FB. 1991. Ecological implications of specificity between plants and rhizosphere micro-organisms. Adv. Ecol. Res. 21:121-69
15. Christensen MJ. 1995. Variation in the ability of Acremonium endophytes of perennial rye-grass (Lolium perenne), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and meadow fescue (F. pratensis) to form compatible associations in three grasses. Mycol Res. 99:466-70
16. Christensen MJ, Leuchtmann A, Rowan DD, Tapper BA. 1993. Taxonomy of Acremonium endophytes of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), meadow fescue (F. pratensis), and perennial rye-grass (Lolium perenne). Mycol. Res. 97:1083-92
17. Chung K-R, Leuchtmann A, Schardl CL. 1996. Inheritance of mitochondrial DNA and plasmids in the ascomycetous fungus, Epichloë typhina. Genetics. 142:259-65
18. Clay K. 1990. Fungal endophytes of grasses. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 21:275-95
19. Clay K. 1994. Hereditary symbiosis in the grass genus Danthonia. New Phytol. 126:223-31
20. Clay K, Cheplick GP. 1989. Effect of ergot alkaloids from fungal endophyte-infected grasses on fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). J. Chem. Ecol. 15:169-82
21. Collett MA, Bradshaw RE, Scott DB. 1995. A mutualistic fungal symbiont of perennial ryegrass contains two different pyr4 genes, both expressing orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarboxylase. Gene 158:31-39
22. Dahlman DL, Eichenseer H, Siegel MR. 1991. Chemical perspectives on endophyte-grass interactions and their implications to insect herbivory. In Microbial Mediation of Plant-Herbivore Interactions, ed. P Barbosa, L Kirschik, E Jones, pp. 227-52. New York: Wiley
23. Davidson AW, Potter DA. 1995. Response of plant-feeding, predatory, and soil-inhabiting invertebrates to Acremonium endophyte and nitrogen fertilization in tall fescue turf. J. Econ. Entomol. 88:367-79
24. Dawkins R. 1989. The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. 352 pp. 2nd ed.
25. Diehl WW. 1950. Balansia and the Balansiae in America, Agric. Monogr. Vol. 4. Washington, DC: USDA
26. Dougherty CT, Lauriault LM, Bradley NW, Gay N, Cornelius PL. 1991. Induction of tall fescue toxicosis in heat-stressed cattle and its alleviation with thiamin. J. Anim. Sci. 69:1008-18
27. Dyer DC. 1993. Evidence that ergovaline acts on serotonin receptors. Life Sci. 53:PL223-28
28. Gebler JC, Poulter CD. 1992. Purification and characterization of dimethylallyltryptophan synthase from Claviceps purpurea. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 296:308-13
29. Grewal SK, Grewal PS, Gaugler R. 1995. Endophytes of fescue grasses enhance susceptibility of Popillia japonica larvae to an entomopathogenic nematode. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 74:219-24
30. Gwinn KD, Gavin AM. 1992. Relationship between endophyte infestation level of tall fescue seed lots and Rhizoctonia zeae seedling disease. Plant Dis. 76:911-14
31. Heath MC. 1991. Evolution of resistance to fungal parasitism in natural ecosystems. New Phytol. 119:331-43
32. Hill NS, Belesky DP, Stringer WC. 1991. Competitiveness of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) as influenced by endophyte (Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones and Gams). Crop Sci. 31:185-90
33. Hill NS, Thompson FN, Dawe DL, Stuedemann JA. 1994. Antibody binding of circulating ergot alkaloids in cattle grazing tall fescue. Am. J. Vet. Res. 55:419-24
34. Humphreys MW, Thomas HM, Morgan WG, Meredith MR, Harper JA, et al. 1995. Discriminating the ancestral progenitors of hexaploid Festuca arundinacea using genomic in situ hybridization. Heredity 75:171-74
35. Itoh Y, Johnson R, Scott B. 1994. Integrative transformation of the mycotoxin-producing fungus, Penicillium paxilli. Curr. Genet. 25:508-13
36. Kimmons CA, Gwinn KD, Bernard EC. 1990. Nematode reproduction on endophyte-infected and endophyte-free tall fescue. Plant Dis. 74:757-61
37. Knaus HG, McManus OB, Lee SH, Schmalhofer WA, Garcia-Calvo M, et al. 1994. Tremorgenic indole alkaloids potently inhibit smooth muscle high-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. Biochemistry 33:5819-28
38. Koga H, Christensen MJ, Bennett RJ. 1993. Cellular interactions of some grass/Acremonium endophyte associations. Mycol. Res. 97:1237-44
39. Kohlmeyer J, Kohlmeyer E. 1974. Distribution of Epichloë typhina (Ascomycetes) and its parasitic fly. Mycologia 66:77-86
40. Kohn LM. 1994. The clonal dynamic in wild and agricultural plant-pathogen populations. Can. J. Bot. 73:S1231-40
41. Kulkarni RK, Nielsen BD. 1986. Nutritional requirements for growth of a fungal endophyte of tall fescue grass. Mycologia 78:781-86
42. Lam CK, Belanger FC, White JF Jr, Daie J. 1994. Mechanism and rate of sugar uptake by Acremonium typhinum, an endophytic fungus infecting Festuca rubra: evidence for presence of a cell wall invertase in endophytic fungi. Mycologia 86:311-460
43. Latch GCM, Christensen MJ, Samuels GJ. 1984. Five endophytes of Lolium and Festuca in New Zealand. Mycotaxon 20:535-50
44. Law R, Lewis DH. 1983. Biotic environments and the maintenance of sex: some evidence from mutualistic symbioses. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 20:249-76
45. Leuchtmann A. 1994. Isozyme characterization, persistence, and compatibility of fungal and grass mutualists. See Ref. 7a, pp. 21-33
46. Leuchtmann A, Clay K. 1990. Isozyme variation in the Acremonium/Epichloë fungal endophyte complex. Phytopathology 80:1133-39
47. Leuchtmann A, Clay K. 1993. Nonreciprocal compatibility between Epichloë and four host grasses. Mycologia 85:157-63
48. Leuchtmann A, Schardl CL, Siegel MR. 1994. Sexual compatibility and taxonomy of a new species of Epichloë symbiotic with fine fescue grasses. Mycologia 86:802-12
49. Lindstrom JT, Belanger FC. 1994. Purification and characterization of an endophytic fungal proteinase that is abundantly expressed in the infected host grass. Plant Physiol. 106:7-16
50. Madej CW, Clay K. 1991. Avian seed preference and weight loss experiments: the role of fungal endophyte-infected tall fescue seeds. Oecologia 88:296-302
51. Mahmood T, Gergerich RC, Milus EA, West CP, D'Arcy CJ. 1993. Barley yellow dwarf viruses in wheat, endophyte-infected and endophyte-free tall fescue, and other hosts in Arkansas. Plant Dis. 77:225-28
52. Mantle PG, Weedon CM. 1994. Biosynthesis and transformation of tremorgenic indole-diterpenoids by Penicillium paxilli and Acremonium lolii. Phytochemistry 36:1209-17
53. Michalakis Y, Olivieri I, Renaud F, Raymond M. 1992. Pleiotropic action of parasites: how to be good for the host. Trends Ecol. Evol. 7:59-62
54. Muller HJ. 1964. The relation of recombination to mutational advance. Mutat. Res. 1:2-9
55. Murray FR, Latch GCM, Scott DB. 1992. Surrogate transformation of perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne, using genetically modified Acremonium endophyte. Mol. Gen. Genet. 233:1-9
56. Petroski R, Powell RG, Clay K. 1992. Alkaloids of Stipa robusta (sleepygrass) infected with an Acremonium endophyte. Nat. Toxins 1:84-88
57. Philipson MN. 1991. Ultrastructure of the Gliocladium-like endophyte of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) I. Vegetative phase and leaf blade sporulation. New Phytol. 117:271-80
58. Philipson MN, Christey MC. 1986. The relationship of host and endophyte during flowering, seed formation, and germination of Lolium perenne. NZ J. Bot. 24:125-34
59. Popay AJ, Rowan DD. 1994. Endophytic fungi as mediators of plant insect interactions. In Insect-Plant Interactions, ed. EA Bernays, 5:83-103. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
60. Powell RG, Plattner RD, Yates SG, Clay K, Leuchtmann A. 1990. Ergobalansine, a new ergot-type peptide alkaloid isolated from Cenchrus echinatus (sandbur grass) infected with Balansia obtecta, and produced in liquid cultures of B. obtecta and Balansia cyperi. J. Nat. Prod.-Lloydia 53:1272-79
61. Prestidge RA, Lauren DR, van der Zujpp SG, di Menna ME. 1985. Isolation of feeding deterrents to Argentine stem weevil in cultures of endophytes of perennial ryegrass and tall fescue. NZ J. Agric. Res. 28:87-92
62. Raisbeck MF, Rottinghaus GE, Kendall JD. 1991. Effects of naturally occurring mycotoxins on ruminants. In Mycotoxins and Animal Foods, ed. JE Smith, RS Henderson, pp. 647-77. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
63. Rehner SA, Samuels GJ. 1995. Molecular systematics of Hypocreales: a teleomorph gene phylogeny and the status of their anamorphs. Can. J. Bot. 73:S816-23
64. Rice WR. 1994. Degeneration of a nonrecombining chromosome. Science 263:230-32
65. Riedell WE, Kieckhefer RE, Petroski RJ, Powell RG. 1991. Naturally occurring and synthetic loline alkaloid derivatives: insect feeding behavior modification and toxicity. J. Entomol. Sci. 26:122-29
66. Rowan DD, Gaynor DL. 1986. Isolation of feeding deterrents against Argentine stem weevil from ryegrass infected with the endophyte Acremonium loliae. J. Chem. Ecol. 12:647-58
67. Rowan DD, Latch GCM. 1994. Utilization of endophyte-infected perennial ryegrasses for increased insect resistance. See Ref. 7a, pp. 169-83
68. Roylance JT, Hill NS, Agee CS. 1994. Ergovaline and peramine production in endophyte-infected tall fescue: independent regulation and effects of plant and endophyte genotype. J. Chem. Ecol. 20:2171-83
69. Saha DC, Johnson-Cicalese JM, Halisky PM, van Heemstra MI, Funk CR. 1987. Occurrence and significance of endophytic fungi in fine fescues. Plant Dis. 71:1021-24
70. Sampson K. 1933. The systemic infection of grasses by Epichloë typhina (Pers.) Tul. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 18:30-47
71. Schardl CL, Leuchtmann A, Tsai H-F, Collett MA, Watt DM, Scott DB. 1994. Origin of a fungal symbiont of perennial ryegrass by interspecific hybridization of a mutualist with the ryegrass choke pathogen, Epichloë typhina. Genetics 136:1307-17
72. Schardl CL, Liu J-S, White JF, Finkel RA, An Z, Siegel MR. 1991. Molecular phylogenetic relationships of nonpathogenic grass mycosymbionts and clavicipitaceous plant pathogens. Plant Syst. Evol. 178:27-41
73. Schardl CL, Tsai H-F. 1992. Molecular biology and evolution of the grass endophytes. Nat. Toxins 1:171-84
74. Shibuya M, Chou H-M, Fountoulakis M, Hassam S, Kim S-U, et al. 1990. Stereochemistry of the isoprenylation of tryptophan catalyzed by 4-(γ,γ-dimethylallyl)tryptophan synthase from Claviceps, the 1st pathway-specific enzyme in ergot alkaloid biosynthesis. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 112:297-304
75. Siegel MR, Johnson MC, Varney DR, Nesmith WC, Buckner RC, et al. 1984. A fungal endophyte in tall fescue: incidence and dissemination. Phytopathology 74:932-37
76. Siegel MR, Latch GCM, Bush LP, Fannin FF, Rowan DD, et al. 1990. Fungal endophyte-infected grasses: alkaloid accumulation and aphid response. J. Chem. Ecol. 16:3301-15
77. Siegel MR, Schardl CL, Phillips TD. 1995. Incidence and compatibility of non-clavicipitaceous fungal endophytes in Festuca and Lolium grass species. Mycologia 87:196-202
78. Spatafora JW, Blackwell M. 1993. Molecular systematics of unitunicate perithecial ascomycetes: the Clavicipitales-Hypocreales connection. Mycologia 85:912-22
79. TePaske MR, Powell RG, Clement SL. 1993. Analyses of selected endophyte-infected grasses for the presence of loline-type and ergot-type alkaloids. J. Agric. Food Chem. 41:2299-303
80. Thompson JN, Burdon JJ. 1992. Gene-for-gene coevolution between plants and parasites. Nature 360:121-25
81. Tsai H-F, Liu J-S, Staben C, Christensen MJ, Latch GCM, et al. 1994. Evolutionary diversification of fungal endophytes of tall fescue grass by hybridization with Epichloë species. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:2542-46
82. Tsai H-F, Siegel MR, Schardl CL. 1992. Transformation of Acremonium coenophiatutn, a protective fungal symbiont of the grass Festuca arundinacea. Curr. Genet. 22:399-406
83. Tsai H-F, Wang H, Gebler JC, Poulter CD, Schardl CL. 1995. The Claviceps purpurea gene encoding dimethylallyltryptophan synthase, the committed step for ergot alkaloid biosynthesis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 216:119-25
84. Tudzynski P, Esser K, Gröshel H. 1982. Genetics of the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea. Part 2. Exchange of genetic material via meiotic recombination. Theor. Appl. Genet. 61:97-100
85. White JF Jr. 1993. Endophyte-host associations in grasses. XIX. A systematic study of some sympatric species of Epichloë in England. Mycologia 85:444-55
86. White JF Jr. 1994. Endophyte-host associations in grasses. XX. Structural and reproductive studies of Epichloë amarillans sp. nov. and comparisons to E. typhina. Mycologia 86:571-80
87. White JF, Bultman TL. 1987. Endophyte-host associations in forage grasses. VIII. Heterothallism in Epichloë typhina. Am. J. Bot. 74:1716-21
88. White JF Jr, Morrow AC, Morgan-Jones G, Chambless DA. 1991. Endophyte-host associations in forage grasses. XIV. Primary stromata formation and seed transmission in Epichloë typhina: developmental and regulatory aspects. Mycologia 83:72-81
89. Xu WW, Sleper DA. 1994. Phylogeny of tall fescue and related species using RFLPs. Theor. Appl. Genet. 88:685-90