Cultural differences in expectations of change and tolerance for contradiction: A decade of empirical research

Personality and Social Psychology Review

Volumn 14, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 296-312

  Spencer Rodgers, Julie ^a   Williams, Melissa J ^b   Peng, Kaiping ^c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Attitudes; Culture ethnicity; Emotion; Lay theories; Self identity; Social cognition

Indexed keywords

ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; CHINESE MEDICINE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONFLICT; CULTURAL FACTOR; DECISION MAKING; EMOTION; HUMAN; LEARNING; PERCEPTION; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIAL ADAPTATION; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL CHANGE;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; CONFLICT (PSYCHOLOGY); CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISON; DECISION MAKING; EMOTIONS; HUMANS; JUDGMENT; SELF CONCEPT; SET (PSYCHOLOGY); SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT; SOCIAL CHANGE; SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION; SOCIAL PERCEPTION; YIN-YANG;

EID: 77954742096     PISSN: 10888683     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1088868310362982     Document Type: Article

References (129)

1. Aaker, J.L., & Sengupta, J. (2000). Additivity versus attenuation: The role of culture in the resolution of information incongruity. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 9(2), 67-82.
2. Abel, T.M., & Hsu, F.I. (1949). Chinese personality revealed by the Rorschach. Rorschach Research Exchange, 13, 285-301.
3. Alter, A.L., & Kwan, V.S.Y. (2009). Cultural sharing in a global village: Evidence for extracultural cognition in European Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(4), 742-760.
4. Bagozzi, R.P., Wong, N., & Yi, Y. (1999). The role of culture and gender in the relationship between positive and negative affect. Cognition & Emotion, 13(6), 641-672.
5. Bond, M. H. (Ed.). (1986). The psychology of the Chinese people. Hong Kong Oxford University Press.
6. Bond, M.H., & Hewstone, M. (1988). Social identity theory and the perception of intergroup relations. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 12(2), 153-170.
7. Boucher, H.C., Peng, K., Shi, J., & Wang, L. (2009). Culture and implicit self-esteem: Chinese are good and bad at the same time. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 40, 24-45.
8. Briley, D.A., Morris, M.W., & Simonson, I. (2000). Reasons as carriers of culture: Dynamic vs. dispositional models of cultural influence on decision making. Journal of Consumer Research, 27, 157-178.
9. Cacioppo, J.T., & Petty, R.E. (1982). The need for cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42(1), 116-131.
10. Campbell, J.D. (1990). Self-esteem and clarity of the self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(3), 538-549.
11. Campbell, J.D., Trapnell, P.D., Heine, S.J., Katz, I.M., Lavallee, L.F., & Lehman, D.R. (1996). Self-concept clarity: Measurement, personality correlates, and cultural boundaries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(1), 141-156.
12. Carus, P., & St. Ruth, D. (Eds.). (1998). The teachings of Buddha. New York: St. Martin's Press.
13. Chen, S., English, T., & Peng, K. (2006). Self-verification and contextualized self-views. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(7), 930-942.
14. Cheng, C. (2009). Dialectical thinking and coping flexibility: A multimethod approach. Journal of Personality, 77(2), 471-493.
15. Chiu, C., Hong, Y., & Dweck, C.S. (1997). Lay dispositionism and implicit theories of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(1), 19-30.
16. Choi, I., & Choi, Y. (2002). Culture and self-concept flexibility. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(11), 1508-1517.
17. Choi, I., Koo, M., & Choi, J.A. (2007). Individual differences in analytic versus holistic thinking. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 691-705.
18. Choi, I., & Nisbett, R.E. (2000). Cultural psychology of surprise: Holistic theories and recognition of contradiction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(6), 890-905.
19. Choi, I., Nisbett, R.E., & Norenzayan, A. (1999). Causal attribution across cultures: Variation and universality. Psychological Bulletin, 125(1), 47-63.
20. Church, A.T., Anderson-Harumi, C., del Prado, A.M., Curtis, G.J., Tanaka-Matsumi, J., Valdez-Medina, J.L.,et al.(2008). Culture, cross-role consistency, and adjustment: Testing trait and cultural psychology perspectives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 739-755.
21. Cousins, S.D. (1989). Culture and self-perception in Japan and the United States. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(1), 124-131.
22. Cross, S.E., Gore, J.S., & Morris, M.L. (2003). The relational- interdependent self-construal, self-concept consistency, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 933-944.
23. Cuddy, A.J.C., Fiske, S.T., Kwan, V.S.Y., Glick, P., Demoulin, S., Leyens, J.-P.,et al.(2009). Stereotype content model across cultures: Towards universal similarities and some differences. British Journal of Social Psychology, 48, 1-33.
24. Diener, E., Suh, E.J., Smith, H., & Shao, L. (1995). National differences in reported subjective well-being: Why do they occur? Social Indicators Research, 34(1), 7-32.
25. Diener, E., Suh, E.M., Lucas, R.E., & Smith, H.L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 276-302.
26. Donahue, E.M., Robins, R.W., Roberts, B.W., & John, O.P. (1993). The divided self: Concurrent and longitudinal effects of psychological adjustment and social roles on self-concept differentiation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(5), 834-846.
27. Endo, Y., Heine, S.J., & Lehman, D.R. (2000). Culture and positive illusions in close relationships: How my relationships are better than yours. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1571-1586.
28. English, T., & Chen, S. (2007). Culture and self-concept stability: Consistency across and within contexts among Asian Americans and European Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 478-490.
29. Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
30. Goetz, J.L., Spencer-Rodgers, J., & Peng, K. (2008). Dialectical emotions: How cultural epistemologies influence the experience and regulation of emotional complexity. In R. M. Sorrentino & S. Yamaguchi (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition across cultures (pp. 517-538). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
31. Hamamura, T. (2004). Cultural difference in dialectical response style: How much yes is in your yes? Unpublished master's thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
32. Hamamura, T., Heine, S.J., & Paulhus, D.L. (2008). Cultural differences in response styles: The role of dialectical thinking. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 932-942.
33. Hansen, C. (1992). A Daoist theory of Chinese thought: A philosophical interpretation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
34. Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: John Wiley.
35. Heine, S.J., & Hamamura, T. (2007). In search of East Asian self-enhancement. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11(1), 4-27.
36. Heine, S.J., & Lehman, D.R. (1997a). Culture, dissonance, and self-affirmation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 389-400.
37. Heine, S.J., & Lehman, D.R. (1997b). The cultural construction of self-enhancement: An examination of group-serving biases. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(6), 1268-1283.
38. Heine, S.J., & Lehman, D.R. (1999). Culture, self-discrepancies, and self-satisfaction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(8), 915-925.
39. Heine, S.J., Lehman, D.R., Markus, H.R., & Kitayama, S. (1999). Is there a universal need for positive self-regard? Psychological Review, 106(4), 766-794.
40. Hewstone, M., & Ward, C. (1985). Ethnocentrism and causal attribution in Southeast Asia. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 614-623.
41. Hoshino-Browne, E., Zanna, A.S., Spencer, S.J., Zanna, M.P., Kitayama, S., & Lackenbauer, S. (2005). On the cultural guises of cognitive dissonance: The case of Easterners and Westerners. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 294-310.
42. Hou, Y., Zhu, Y., & Peng, K. (2003). Thinking style and disease cognitions among Chinese people. Journal of Psychology in Chinese Societies, 4, 161-180.
43. Hui, C.M., Fok, H.K., & Bond, M.H. (2009). Who feels more ambivalence? Linking dialectical thinking to mixed emotions. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 493-498.
44. Isenberg, D.J. (1986). Group polarization: A critical review and meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(6), 1141-1151.
45. Ji, L.-J. (2008). The leopard cannot change his spots, or can he? Culture and the development of lay theories of change. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 613-622.
46. Ji, L.-J., Nisbett, R.E., & Su, Y. (2001). Culture, change, and prediction. Psychological Science, 12, 450-456.
47. Ji, L.-J., Peng, K., & Nisbett, R.E. (2000). Culture, control, and perception of relationships in the environment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(5), 943-955.
48. Ji, L.-J., Zhang, Z., & Guo, T. (2008). To buy or sell: Cultural differences in stock market decisions based on price trends. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 21, 399-413.
49. Ji, L.-J., Zhang, Z., Usborne, E., & Guan, Y. (2004). Optimism across cultures: In response to the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 7, 25-34.
50. Kanagawa, C., Cross, S.E., & Markus, H.R. (2001). Who am I? The cultural psychology of the conceptual self. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 90-103.
51. Kashima, Y. (2009). Culture comparison and culture priming: A critical analysis. In R. S. Wyer, C.-y. Chiu, & Y.-y. Hong (Eds.), Understanding culture: Theory, research, and application (pp. 53-77). New York: Psychology Press.
52. Kashima, Y., Kashima, E.S., Chiu, C., Farsides, T., Gelfand, M.J., Hong, Y.,et al.(2005). Culture, essentialism, and agency: Are individuals universally believed to be more real entities than groups? European Journal of Social Psychology, 35(2), 147-169.
53. Kashima, Y., Kashima, E.S., Farsides, T., Kim, U., Strack, F., Werth, L.,et al.(2004). Culture and context-sensitive self: The amount and meaning of context-sensitivity of phenomenal self differ across cultures. Self and Identity, 3, 125-141.
54. Kashima, Y., Siegel, M., Tanaka, K., & Kashima, E.S. (1992). Do people believe behaviors are consistent with attitudes? Toward a cultural psychology of attribution processes. British Journal of Social Psychology, 31(2), 111-124.
55. Keller, J., Loewenstein, J., & Jin, Y. (2010). Reasoning about perceived opposites and competition in teams. Unpublished manuscript, University of Austin, TX.
56. Kim, Y.-h., Peng, S., & Chiu, C.-y. (2008). Explaining self-esteem differences between Chinese and North Americans: Dialectical self (vs. self-consistency) or lack of positive self-regard. Self and Identity, 7, 113-128.
57. Kitayama, S., & Markus, H.R. (1999). Yin and yang of the Japanese self: The cultural psychology of personality coherence. In D. Cervone & Y. Shoda (Eds.), The coherence of personality: Social cognitive bases of personality consistency, variability, and organization (pp. 242-302). New York: Guilford.
58. Kitayama, S., Markus, H.R., & Kurokawa, M. (2000). Culture, emotion, and well-being: Good feelings in Japan and the United States. Cognition & Emotion, 14, 93-124.
59. Kitayama, S., Park, H., Sevincer, A.T., Karasawa, M., & Uskul, A.K. (2009). A cultural task analysis of implicit independence: Comparing North America, Western Europe, and East Asia. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 236-255.
60. Kitayama, S., Snibbe, A.C., Markus, H.R., & Suzuki, T. (2004). Is there any free choice? Self and dissonance in two cultures. Psychological Science, 15, 527-533.
61. Kuhn, M., & McPartland, T. (1954). An empirical investigation of self-attitudes. American Sociological Review, 19, 68-76.
62. Larsen, J.T., McGraw, A.P., & Cacioppo, J.T. (2001). Can people feel happy and sad at the same time? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 684-696.
63. Leu, J., Mesquita, B., Ellsworth, P.C., Zhang, Z., Yuan, H., Buchtel, E.,et al.(in press). Situational differences in dialectical emotions: Boundary conditions in a cultural comparison of North Americans and East Asians. Cognition & Emotion.
64. Leung, K. (1987). Some determinants of reactions to procedural models for conflict resolution: A cross-national study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 898-908.
65. Levy, S.R., Plaks, J.E., Hong, Y., Chiu, C., & Dweck, C.S. (2001). Static versus dynamic theories and the perception of groups: Different routes to different destinations. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5, 156-168.
66. Lewin, K. (1951). Field theory in social science. New York: Harper & Brothers.
67. Lindquist, K.A., & Feldman Barrett, L. (2008). Emotional complexity. In M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Jones, & L. Feldman Barrett (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (3rd ed., pp. 513-530). New York: Guilford.
68. Locke, K.D., & Baik, K.-D. (2009). Does an acquiescent response style explain why Koreans are less consistent than Americans? Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 40(2), 319-323.
69. Lord, C.G., Ross, L., & Lepper, M.R. (1979). Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 2098-2109.
70. Ma, C., Spencer-Rodgers, J., & Peng, K. (2010). I am against us? Unpacking the paradox of ingroup derogation via cognitive style. Unpublished manuscript, University of California, Berkeley.
71. Maddux, W.W., & Yuki, M. (2006). The ripple effect: Cultural differences in perceptions of the consequences of events. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 669-683.
72. Malloy, T.E., Albright, L., Diaz-Loving, R., Dong, Q., & Lee, Y.-T. (2004). Agreement in personality judgments within and between non-overlapping social groups in collectivist cultures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 106-117.
73. Markus, H.R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224-253.
74. Masuda, T., & Nisbett, R.E. (2001). Attending holistically versus analytically: Comparing the context sensitivity of Japanese and Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 922-934.
75. Minkov, M. (2009). Nations with more dialectical selves exhibit lower polarization in life quality judgments and social opinions. Cross-Cultural Research, 43(3), 230-250.
76. Morio, H., Yeung, S., & Peng, K. (2010). Of mice and culture: How beliefs of knowing affect the habits of thinking. Unpublished manuscript, University of California, Berkeley.
77. Morris, M.W., & Peng, K. (1994). Culture and cause: American and Chinese attributions for social and physical events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(6), 949-971.
78. Miyamoto, Y., Uchida, Y., & Ellsworth, P.C. (in press). Culture and mixed emotions: Co-occurrence of positive and negative emotions in Japan and the United Sates. Emotion.
79. Nisbett, R.E. (2003). The geography of thought: How Asians and Westerners think differently. . . and why. New York: Free Press.
80. Nisbett, R.E., Peng, K., Choi, I., & Norenzayan, A. (2001). Culture and systems of thought: Holistic versus analytic cognition. Psychological Review, 108(2), 291-310.
81. Norenzayan, A. (2006). Cultural variation in reasoning. In V. Riccardo, A. Daniel, & H. Lawrence (Eds.), Biological and cultural bases of human inference (pp. 71-95). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
82. Norenzayan, A., Choi, I., & Nisbett, R.E. (2002). Cultural similarities and differences in social inference: Evidence from behavioral predictions and lay theories of behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 109-120.
83. Norenzayan, A., Smith, E.E., Kim, B.J., & Nisbett, R.E. (2002). Cultural preferences for formal versus intuitive reasoning. Cognitive Science, 26(5), 653-684.
84. Nosek, B.A., & Banaji, M.R. (2001). The go/no-go association task. Social Cognition, 19(6), 625-666.
85. Oishi, S., Diener, E., Choi, D.-W., Kim-Prieto, C., & Choi, I. (2007). The dynamics of daily events and well-being across cultures: When less is more. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 685-698.
86. Oishi, S., Diener, E., Scollon, C.N., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2004). Cross-situational consistency of affective experiences across cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 460-472.
87. Orgel, S., & Braunmuller, A. (Eds.). (2002). The complete works: William Shakespeare. New York: Penguin.
88. Oyserman, D., & Sorensen, N. (2009). Understanding cultural syndrome effects on what and how we think: A situated cognition model. In R. S. Wyer, C.-y. Chiu, & Y.-y. Hong (Eds.), Understanding culture: Theory, research, and application (pp. 25-52). New York: Psychology Press.
89. Oyserman, D., Sorensen, N., Reber, R., & Chen, S.X. (2009). Connecting and separating mind-sets: Culture as situated cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 217-235.
90. Paletz, S.B.F., & Peng, K. (2009). Problem finding and contradiction: Examining the relationship between naïve dialectical thinking, ethnicity, and creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 21, 139-151.
91. Peng, K., Ames, D.R., & Knowles, E.D. (2001). Culture and human inference: Perspectives from three traditions. In D. Matsumoto (Ed.), The handbook of culture and psychology (pp. 245-264). New York: Oxford University Press.
92. Peng, K., & Nisbett, R.E. (1999). Culture, dialectics, and reasoning about contradiction. American Psychologist, 54(9), 741-754.
93. Peng, K., Spencer-Rodgers, J., & Zhong, N. (2006). Naïve dialecticism and the Tao of Chinese thought. In U. Kim, K.-S. Yang, & K.-K. Hwang (Eds.), Indigenous and cultural psychology: Understanding people in context (pp. 247-262). New York: Springer.
94. Perunovic, W.Q.E., Heller, D., & Rafaeli, E. (2007). Within-person changes in the structure of emotion: The role of cultural identification and language. Psychological Science, 18, 607-613.
95. Petrova, P.K., Cialdini, R.B., & Sills, S.J. (2007). Consistency-based compliance across cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 104-111.
96. Ramanujan, A.K. (1989). Is there an Indian way of thinking? An informal essay. Contributions to Indian Sociology, 25, 41-58.
97. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
98. Rothbart, M., & Taylor, M. (1992). Category labels and social reality: Do we view social categories as natural kinds? In G. R. Semin & K. Fielder (Eds.), Language, interaction and social cognition (pp. 11-36). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
99. Sanchez, D.T., Shih, M., & Garcia, J.A. (2009). Juggling multiple racial identities: Malleable racial identification and psychological well-being. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 15(3), 243-254.
100. Schimmack, U. (2005). Response latencies of pleasure and displeasure ratings: Further evidence for mixed feelings. Cognition & Emotion, 19, 671-691.
101. Schimmack, U. (2009). Culture, gender, and the bipolarity of momentary affect: A critical reexamination. Cognition & Emotion, 23(3), 599-604.
102. Schimmack, U., Oishi, S., & Diener, E. (2002). Cultural inferences on the relation between pleasant emotions and unpleasant emotions: Asian dialectic philosophies or individualism-collectivism? Cognition & Emotion, 16(6), 705-719.
103. Scollon, C.N., Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2005). An experience sampling and cross-cultural investigation of the relation between pleasant and unpleasant affect. Cognition & Emotion, 19, 27-52.
104. Sedikides, C., Gaertner, L., & Toguchi, Y. (2003). Pancultural self-enhancement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 60-79.
105. Sheldon, K.M., Ryan, R.M., Rawsthorne, L.J., & Ilardi, B. (1997). Trait self and true self: Cross-role variation in the Big-Five personality traits and its relations with psychological authenticity and subjective wellbeing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1380-1393.
106. Shiota, M.N., Campos, B., Gonzaga, G.C., Keltner, D., & Peng, K. (in press). Dialectical epistemology and cultural differences in emotional complexity during interaction with a romantic partner. Cognition & Emotion.
107. Shweder, R.A. (1991). Thinking through cultures: Expeditions in cultural psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
108. Singelis, T.M. (1994). The measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20(5), 580-591.
109. Skowronski, J.J., & Carlston, D.E. (1989). Negativity and extremity biases in impression formation: A review of explanations. Psychological Bulletin, 105(1), 131-142.
110. Snibbe, A.C., Kitayama, S., Markus, H.R., & Suzuki, T. (2003). They saw a game: A Japanese and American (football) field study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34, 581-595.
111. Spencer-Rodgers, J., Boucher, H.C., Mori, S., Peng, K., & Wang, L. (2009). The dialectical self-concept: Contradiction, change, and holism in East Asian cultures. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, 29-44.
112. Spencer-Rodgers, J., Boucher, H.C., Peng, K., & Wang, L. (2009). Cultural differences in self-verification: The role of naïve dialecticism. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 860-866.
113. Spencer-Rodgers, J., & Peng, K. (2004). The dialectical self: Contradiction, change, and holism in the East Asian self-concept. In R. M. Sorrentino, D. Cohen, J. M. Olsen, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Culture and social behavior: The Ontario Symposium (Vol. 10, pp. 227-250). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
114. Spencer-Rodgers, J., Peng, K., & Wang, L. (2010). Naïve dialecticism and the co-occurrence of positive and negative emotions. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 41, 109-115.
115. Spencer-Rodgers, J., Peng, K., Wang, L., & Hou, Y. (2004). Dialectical self-esteem and East-West differences in psychological well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1416-1432.
116. Spencer-Rodgers, J., Srivastava, S., Boucher, H.C., English, T., Paletz, S.B., Wang, L.,et al.(2010). The Dialectical Self Scale. Unpublished manuscript, University of California, Santa Barbara.
117. Spencer-Rodgers, J., Williams, M.J., Hamilton, D.L., Peng, K., & Wang, L. (2007). Culture and group perception: Dispositional and stereotypic inferences about novel and national groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 525-543.
118. Stoner, J.A. (1968). Risky and cautious shifts in group decisions: The influence of widely held values. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 4(4), 442-459.
119. Suh, E.M. (2002). Culture, identity consistency, and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 1378-1391.
120. Swann, W.B., Jr., Rentfrow, P., & Guinn, J. (2003). Self-verification: The search for coherence. In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (pp. 367-383). New York: Guilford.
121. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J.C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & L. W. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7-24). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
122. Triandis, H.C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
123. Tsai, J.L. (2007). Ideal affect: Cultural causes and behavioral consequences. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2(3), 242-259.
124. Tsai, J.L., Knutson, B., & Fung, H.H. (2006). Cultural variation in affect valuation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 288-307.
125. Williams, M.J., & Spencer-Rodgers, J. (2010). Culture and stereotyping processes: Integration and new directions. Manuscript submitted for publication.
126. Williams, P., & Aaker, J.L. (2002). Can mixed emotions peacefully coexist? Journal of Consumer Research, 28, 636-649.
127. Wong, N., Rindfleisch, A., & Burroughs, J.E. (2003). Do reverse-worded items confound measures in cross-cultural consumer research? The case of the Material Values Scale. Journal of Consumer Research, 30, 72-91.
128. Wonkyong, B.L., Newby-Clark, I., & Zanna, M.P. (2006). Cross-cultural differences in the relation between potential and felt ambivalence. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Palm Springs, CA.
129. Yik, M. (2007). Culture, gender, and the bipolarity of momentary affect. Cognition & Emotion, 21, 664-680.