Culture, dissonance, and self-affirmation

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

Volumn 23, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 389-400

  Heine, Steven J ^a   Lehman, Darrin R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031287612     PISSN: 01461672     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0146167297234005     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Aronson, E. (1968). Dissonance theory: Progress and problems. In R. Abelson, E. Aronson, W. McGuire, T. Newcomb, M. Rosenberg, & P. Tannebaum (Eds.), The cognitive consistency theories: A source book (pp. 5-27). Chicago: Rand McNally.
2. Bond, M. H. (1988). The cross-cultural challenge to social psychology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
3. Bond, M. H., & Cheung, T. (1983). College students' spontaneous self-concept. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 14, 153-171.
4. Brehm, J. (1956). Post-decision changes in the desirability of alternatives. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 52, 384-389.
5. Campbell, J. D., Trapnell, P. D., Heine, S. J., Katz, I. M., Lavallee, L. F., & Lehman, D. R. (1996). Self-concept clarity: Measurement, personality correlates, and cultural boundaries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 141-156.
6. Chen, C., Lee, S.-Y., & Stevenson, H. W. (1995). Response style and cross-cultural comparisons of rating scales among East Asian and North American students. Psychological Science, 6, 170-175.
7. Cooper, J., & Fazio, R. H. (1984). A new look at dissonance theory. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 17, pp. 229-266). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
8. De Vos, G. (1985). Dimensions of the self in Japanese culture. In A. J. Marsella, G. De Vos, & F.L.K. Hsu (Eds.), Culture and self: Asian and Western perspectives (pp. 141-182). New York: Tavistock.
9. Doi, T. (1971). The anatomy of dependence. Tokyo: Kodansha.
10. Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
11. Festinger, L., & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210.
12. Festinger, L., Riecken, H. W., & Schachter, S. (1956). When prophecy fails. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
13. Geertz, C. (1974/1984). "From the native's point of view": On the nature of anthropological understanding. In R. A. Shweder & R. A. LeVine (Eds.), Culture theory: Essays on mind, self, and emotion (pp. 123-136). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
14. Gerard, H. B. (1967). Choice difficulty, dissonance, and the decision sequence. Journal of Personality, 35, 91-108.
15. Gilovich, T., Medvec, V. H., & Chen, S. (1995). Commission, omission, and dissonance reduction: Coping with regret in the "Monty Hall" problem. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 182-190.
16. Greenwald, A. G., & Ronis, D. L. (1978). Twenty years of cognitive dissonance: Case study of the evolution of a theory. Psychological Review, 85, 53-57.
17. Hamaguchi, E. (1985). A contextual model of the Japanese: Toward a methodological innovation in Japan studies. Journal of Japanese Studies, 11, 289-321.
18. Heine, S. J., & Lehman, D. R. (1995a). Cultural variation in unrealistic optimism: Does the West feel more invulnerable than the East? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 595-607.
19. Heine, S. J., & Lehman, D. R. (1995b). Social desirability among Canadian and Japanese students. Journal of Social Psychology, 135, 777-779.
20. Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Kitayama, S., & Markus, H. R. (1997). Culture and the need for positive self-regard. Manuscript in preparation.
21. Hiniker, P. J. (1969). Chinese reactions to forced compliance: Dissonance reduction or national character. Journal of Social Psychology, 77, 157-176.
22. Hirose, Y., & Kitada, T. (1985). Actors' and observers' attributions of responsibility and attitude change in the forced-compliance situation [In Japanese]. Japanese Journal of Psychology, 56, 262-268.
23. Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., & Lieberman, C. (1995). The collective construction of self-esteem: Implications for culture, self, and emotion. In J. Russell, J. Wellenkamp, T. Manstead, & J.M.F. Dols (Eds.), Everyday conceptions of emotions (pp. 523-550). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic.
24. Knox, R. E., & Inkster, J. A. (1968). Post-decision dissonance at post time. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8, 319-323.
25. Kudo, T., & Mitsui, H. (1974). The magnitude of incentive, timing, and attitude change [In Japanese]. Japanese Psychological Review, 17, 384-402.
26. Lebra, T. S. (1976). Japanese patterns of behavior. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
27. Mahler, I. (1976). What is the self-concept in Japan? Psychologia, 19, 127-132.
28. Markus, H., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
29. Miller, J. G., (1984). Culture and the development of everyday social explanation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 961-978.
30. Monden, K. (1980). Attitude change and attitude recall in a consonant or dissonant: An attempt to integrate cognitive dissonance theory and self-perception theory [In Japanese]. Japanese Journal of Psychology, 51, 128-135.
31. Numakami, Y. (1972). The boomerang effect via failure of persuasion: I [In Japanese]. Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 11(2), 85-91.
32. Roese, N. J., & Jamieson, D. W. (1993). Twenty years of bogus pipeline research: A critical review and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 363-375.
33. Sakai, H. (1981). Induced compliance and opinion change. Japanese Psychological Research, 23, 1-8.
34. Sakai, H., & Ando, K. (1980). Attribution of personal responsibility and dissonance reduction. Japanese Psychological Research, 22, 32-41.
35. Sakaki, H. (1984a). Effects of communication discrepancy on opinion change and on evaluation change of source credibility: Analyses on conditions of boomerang effect arousal [In Japanese]. Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 24(1), 67-82.
36. Sakaki, H. (1984b). Experimental studies of boomerang effects following persuasive communication. Psychologia, 27, 84-88.
37. Sampson, E. E. (1977). Psychology and the American ideal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 767-782.
38. Sanada, T., & Norbeck, E. (1975). Prophecy continues to fail: A Japanese sect. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 6, 331-345.
39. Shirai, Y. (1974). What follows after failure of persuasion? [In Japanese]. Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 14(2), 95-104.
40. Spencer, S. J., Josephs, R. A., & Steele, C. M. (1993). Low self-esteem: The uphill struggle for self-integrity. In R. Baumeister (Ed.), Self-esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard (pp. 201-218). New York: Plenum.
41. Steele, C. M. (1988). The psychology of self-affirmation: Sustaining the integrity of the self. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 21, pp. 261-302). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
42. Steele, C. M. (1990, August). Protecting the self: Implications for social psychological theory and minority achievement. Paper presented at the American Psychological Association Meeting, Boston, MA.
43. Steele, C. M., & Liu, T. J. (1983). Dissonance processes as self-affirmation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 5-19.
44. Steele, C. M., Spencer, S. J., & Lynch, M. (1993). Self-image resilience and dissonance: The role of affirmational resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 885-896.
45. Stening, B. W., & Everett, J. E. (1984). Response styles in a cross-cultural managerial study. Journal of Social Psychology, 122, 151-156.
46. Takata, T. (1974). Effect of insufficient justification upon the arousal of cognitive dissonance: Some determinants of attitude change through "forced compliance" [In Japanese]. Gunma Daigaku Kyouikugakubu Kiyou [Journal of Gunma University Education Department], 24, 219-234.
47. Takata, T., & Hashimoto, H. (1973). Effects of insufficient justification upon the arousal of cognitive dissonance: Timing of justification and evaluation of task [In Japanese]. Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13(2), 77-85.
48. Tesser, A., & Cornell, D. P. (1991). On the confluence of self processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 27, 501-526.
49. Thibodeau, R., & Aronson, E. (1992). Taking a closer look: Reasserting the role of the self-concept in dissonance theory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 591-602.
50. Triandis, H. C. (1989). The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts. Psychological Review, 96, 506-520.
51. Walster, E., & Festinger, L. (1962). The effectiveness of "overheard" persuasive communications. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 65, 395-402.
52. Weisz, J. R., Rothbaum, F. M., & Blackburn, T. C. (1984). Standing out and standing in: The psychology of control in America and Japan. American Psychologist, 39, 955-969.
53. Yang, K.-S. (1972). Immediate recall of consistent and inconsistent self-related material. Acta Psychologica Taiwanica, 14, 92-99.
54. Yoshida, T. (1977). Effects of cognitive dissonance on task evaluation and task performance [In Japanese]. Japanese Journal of Psychology, 48, 216-223.
55. Yoshizaki, S., Ishii, S., & Ishii, K. (1975). The effects of reward magnitude and choice freedom on opinion change [In Japanese]. Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 15(1), 35-44.
56. Zax, M., & Takahashi, S. (1967). Cultural influences on response style: Comparisons of Japanese and American college students. Journal of Social Psychology, 71, 3-10.