Reading during sentence composing and error correction: A multilevel analysis of the influences of task complexity

Reading and Writing

Volumn 23, Issue 7, 2010, Pages 803-834

  van Waes, Luuk ^a   Leijten, Mariëlle ^a   Quinlan, Thomas ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ANTWERP   (Belgium)

^b EDUCATIONAL TESTING SERVICE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cognitive load; Error correction; Eye tracking; Text produced so far; Working memory; Writing processes

Indexed keywords

EID: 77954536314     PISSN: 09224777     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11145-009-9190-x     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Alamargot, D., Chesnet, D., Dansac, C., & Ros, C. (2006). Eye and pen: A new device to study reading during writing. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, 38(2), 287-299.
2. Allal, L., Chanquoy, L., & Largy, P. (Eds.) & G. Rijlaarsdam (Series Ed.) (2004). Revision: Cognitive and Instructional Processes: Studies in Writing 13: Springer.
3. Andersson, B., Holmqvist, K., Holsanova, J., Johansson, V., Karlsson, H., Strömqvist, S., et al. (2006). Combining keystroke logging with eye-tracking. In L. van Waes, M. Leijten, C. Neuwirth, et al. (Eds.), Writing and digital media (Vol. 17, pp. 166-172). Oxford: Elsevier.
4. Barr, D. J. (2008). Analysing 'visual world' eyetracking data using multilevel regression. Journal of Memory and Language, 59(4), 457-474.
5. Blau, S. (1983). Invisible writing: Investigating cognitive processes in writing. College, Composition and Communication, 34, 297-312.
6. Cohen, J. R., & Poldrack, R. A. (2008). Automaticity in motor sequence learning does not impair response inhibition. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15(1), 108-115.
7. Daneman, M., & Stainton, M. (1993). The generation effect in reading and proofreading: Is it easier or harder to detect errors in one's own writing? Reading and Writing, 5(3), 297-313.
8. Drieghe, D., Rayner, K., & Pollatsek, A. (2005). Eye movements and word skipping during reading revisited. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 31(5), 954-959.
9. Elbow, P. (1973). Writing without teachers. New York: Oxford University Press.
10. Elbow, P. (1981). Writing with power. Oxford, MS: Oxford University Press.
11. EyeResponseTechnologies. (2002). Gazetracker. Charlottesville, VA: Eye response technologies.
12. Fedorenko, E., Gibson, E., & Rohde, D. (2006). The nature of working memory capacity in sentence comprehension: Evidence against domain-specific working memory resources. Journal of Memory and Language, 54(4), 541.
13. Flower, L., Hayes, J. R., Carey, L., Schriver, K., & Stratman, J. (1986). Detection, diagnosis and the strategies of revision. College, Composition and Communication, 37, 16-55.
14. Galbraith, D., & Torrance, M. (2004). Revision in the context of different drafting strategies. In L. Allal, L. Chanquoy, & P. Largy (Eds.), Revision: Cognitive and instructional processes (Vol. 13, pp. 63-85). Dordrecht: Kluwer.
15. Goldstein, H. (1995). Multilevel statistical analysis. London: Edward Arnold.
16. Hacker, D. J. (1997). Comprehension monitoring of written discourse across early-to-middle adolescence. Reading and Writing, 9(3), 207-240.
17. Hacker, D. J., Plumb, C. S., Butterfield, E. C., Quathamer, D., & Heineken, E. (1994). Text revision: Detection and correction of errors. Journal of Educational Psychology, 86(1), 65-78.
18. Hayes, J. R. (1996). A new framework for understanding cognition and affect in writing. In C. M. Levy & S. Ransdell (Eds.), The science of writing: Theories, methods, individual differences, and applications (pp. 1-27). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associate.
19. Hayes, J. R., & Flower, L. S. (1980). Identifying the organization of writing processes. In L. W. Gregg & E. R. Steinberg (Eds.), Cognitive processes in writing (pp. 3-30). Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
20. Hayes, J. R., Flower, L., Schriver, K., Statman, J., & Carey, L. (1987). Cognitive processes in revision. In S. Rosenberg (Ed.), Reading, writing, and language possessing (Vol. 2, pp. 176-240). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
21. Hayes, J. R., & Hayes, L. S. (1980). Identifying the organization of writing processes. In L. W. Gregg & E. R. Steinberg (Eds.), Cognitive processes in writing (pp. 3-30). Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
22. Inhoff, A., Eiter, B., Radach, R., & Juhasz, B. (2003). Distinct subsystems for the para foveal processing of spatial and linguistic information during eye fixations in reading. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 56(5), 803-827.
23. Johansson, R., Wengelin, Å., Johansson, V., & Holmqvist, K. (2009). Looking at the keyboard or the monitor: Relationship with text production processes. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal (this issue).
24. Kaufer, D. S., Hayes, J. R., & Flower, L. (1986). Composing written sentences. Research in the Teaching of English, 20(2), 121-140.
25. Kellogg, R. T. (1988). Attentional overload and writing performance: Effects of rough draft and outline strategies. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 14(2), 355-365.
26. Kellogg, R. T. (1996). A model of working memory in writing. In C. M. Levy & S. E. Ransdell (Eds.), The science of writing: Theories, methods, individual differences and applications (pp. 57-71). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
27. Kellogg, R. T. (1999). Components of working memory in text production. In M. Torrance & G. Jeffery (Eds.), The cognitive demands of writing: processing capacity and working memory effects in text production (Vol. 3, pp. 43-61). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
28. Kellogg, R. T. (2001). Competition for working memory among writing processes. American Journal of Psychology, 114, 175-191.
29. Kellogg, R. T. (2004). Working memory components in written sentence generation. American Journal of Psychology, 117, 341-361.
30. Larigauderie, P., Gaonac'h, D., & Lacroix, N. (1998). Working memory and error detection in texts: What are the roles of the central executive and the phonological loop? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 12, 505-527.
31. Leijten, M. (2007a). Writing and speech recognition: observing error correction strategies of professional writers (Vol. 160). Utrecht, The Netherlands: LOT.
32. Leijten, M. (2007b). How do writers adapt to speech recognition software? The influence of learning styles on writing processes in speech technology environments. In M. Torrance, L. van Waes, & D. Galbraith (Eds.), Writing and cognition: Research and applications (Vol. 20, pp. 279-292). Oxford: Elsevier.
33. Leijten, M., De Ridder, I., Ransdell, S., & van Waes, L. (2007). The effect of errors in the text produced so far strategy decisions based on error span, input mode, and lexicality. Research paper University of Antwerp, Faculty of Applied Economics, 9, 33.
34. Leijten, M., & van Waes, L. (2005). Writing with speech recognition: The adaptation process of professional writers with and without dictating experience. Interacting with Computers, 17(6), 736-772.
35. Levy, B. A. (1983). Proofreading familiar text: Constraints on visual processing. Memory & Cognition, 11(1), 1-12.
36. Levy, B. A., & Begin, J. (1984). Proofreading familiar text: Allocating resources to perceptual and conceptual processes. Memory & Cognition, 12(6), 621-632.
37. Levy, B. A., Di Persio, R., & Hollingshead, A. (1992). Fluent rereading: Repetition, automaticity, and discrepancy. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 957-971.
38. Manor, B. R., & Gordon, E. (2003). Defining the temporal threshold for ocular fixation in free-viewing visuocognitive tasks. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 128, 85-93.
39. Matsuhashi, A. (1981). Pausing and planning: The tempo of written discourse production. Research in the Teaching of English, 15(2), 113-134.
40. McCutchen, D. (1986). Domain knowledge and linguistic knowledge in the development of writing ability. Journal of Memory and Language, 25(4), 431-444.
41. McCutchen, D. (1996). A capacity theory of writing: Working memory in composition. Educational Psychology Review, 8(3), 299-325.
42. Pilotti, M., Chodorow, M., & Thornton, K. C. (2004). Error detection in text: Do feedback and familiarity help? The Journal of General Psychology, 131(4), 242-266.
43. Pilotti, M., Maxwell, K., & Chodorow, M. (2006). Does the effect of familiarity on proofreading change with encoding task and time? Journal of General Psychology, 133(3), 287-299.
44. Piolat, A., Roussey, J. Y., Olive, T., & Amada, M. (2004). Processing time and cognitive effort in revision: effects of error type and of working memory capacity. In L. Allal, L. Chanquoy, P. Largy, & Y. Rouiller (Eds.), Revision: Cognitive and instructional processes (pp. 21-38). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
45. Quené, H., & van den Bergh, H. (2004). On multi-level modeling of data from repeated measures designs: A tutorial. Speech Communication, 43(1-2), 103-121.
46. Quené, H., & van den Bergh, H. (2008). Examples of mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects and with binomial data. Journal of Memory and Language, 59(4), 413-425.
47. Quinlan, T., Loncke, M., Leijten, M., & van Waes, L. (2009). Writers juggle problem-solving: the role of executive function in writing (submitted).
48. Rabbitt, P. (1978). Detection of errors by skilled typists. Ergonomics, 21, 945-958.
49. Rabbitt, P., Cummings, P., & Vyas, S. (1978). Some errors of perceptual analysis in visual search can be detected and corrected. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 30, 417-427.
50. Rayner, K. (1978). Eye movements in reading and information processing. Psychological Bulletin, 85(3), 618-660.
51. Rayner, K. (1998). Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 124(3), 372-422.
52. Rayner, K. (2004). Eye movements, cognitive processes, and reading. Studies in Psychology and Behavior, 2, 482-488.
53. Rayner, K., & Juhasz, B. J. (2004). Eye movements in reading: Old questions and new directions. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 16, 340-352.
54. Schilperoord, J. (2002). On the cognitive status of pauses in discourse production. In T. Olive & C. M. Levy (Eds.), Contemporary tools and techniques for studying writing (pp. 61-90). Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
55. Severinson Eklundh, K. S. (1994). Linear and non-linear strategies in computer-based writing. Computers and Composition, 11, 203-216.
56. Simpson, S., & Torrance, M. (2007). EyeWrite (Version 5. 1).
57. Sternberg, S. (1969). The discovery of processing stages: Extensions of Donders's method. Acta Psychologica, 30, 235-276.
58. Sullivan, K. P. H., & Lindgren, E. (2006). Computer key-stroke logging and writing. Oxford: Elsevier Science.
59. van den Bergh, H., & Rijlaarsdam, G. (1996). The dynamics of composing: Modelling writing process data. In C. M. Levy & S. E. Ransdell (Eds.), The science of writing: Theories, methods, individual differences, and applications (pp. 207-232). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
60. van Waes, L., & Leijten, M. (2006). Logging writing processes with Inputlog. In L. van Waes, M. Leijten, & C. Neuwirth (Eds.), Writing and digital media (Vol. 17, pp. 158-166). Oxford, UK: Elsevier.
61. van Waes, L., & Schellens, P. J. (2003). Writing profiles: The effect of the writing mode on pausing and revision patterns of experienced writers. Journal of Pragmatics, 35(6), 829-853.
62. Voss, J. F., Vesonder, G. T., & Spilich, G. J. (1980). Text generation and recall by high-knowledge and low-knowledge individuals. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 19(6), 651-667.
63. Wengelin, A., Torrance, M., Holmqvist, K., Simpson, S., Galbraith, D., Johansson, V., et al. (2009). Combined eye-tracking and keystroke-logging methods for studying cognitive processes in text production. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 337-351.