Change blindness and eyewitness testimony

Current Issues in Applied Memory Research

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 142-159

  Laney, Cara ^a   Loftus, Elizabeth F ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77954391857     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203869611     Document Type: Chapter

References (66)

1. Beck, M. R., Levin, D. T., & Angelone, B. (2007a). Change blindness blindness: Beliefs about the roles of intention and scene complexity in change detection. Consciousness and Cognition, 16, 31-51.
2. Beck, M. R., Peterson, M. S., & Angelone, B. L. (2007b). The role of encoding, retrieval, and awareness in change detection. Memory and Cognition, 35, 610-620.
3. Benton, T. R., Ross, D. F., Bradshaw, E., Thomas, W. N., & Bradshaw, G. S. (2006). Eyewitness memory is still not common sense: Comparing jurors, judges and law enforcement to eyewitness experts. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20, 115-129.
4. Brown, E. L., Deffenbacher, K. A., & Sturgill, W. (1977). Memory for faces and the circumstances of encounter. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 311-318.
5. Buckhout, R. (1974). Eyewitness testimony. Scientific American, 231, 23-31.
6. Campbell, T. W. (2006). Open and obvious under what conditions? American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 24, 23-32.
7. Clifasefi, S. L., Takarangi, M. K., & Bergman, J. S. (2006). Blind drunk: The effects of alcohol on inattentional blindness. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20, 697-704.
8. Cutler, B. L., Penrod, S. D., & Martens, T. K. (1987). The reliability of eyewitness identification: The role of system and estimator variables. Law and Human Behavior, 11, 233-258.
9. Davies, G., & Hine, S. (2007). Change blindness and eyewitness testimony. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 14, 423-434.
10. Davis, D., & Loftus, E. F. (2007) Internal and external sources of misinformation in adult witness memory. In M. P. Toglia, J. D. Read, D. F. Ross, & R. C. L. Lindsay (Eds.), The handbook of eyewitness psychology: Volume I. Memory for events (pp. 195-237). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
11. Davis, D., Loftus, E. F., Vanous, S., & Cucciare, M. (2008). "Unconscious transference" can be an instance of "change blindness." Applied Cognitive Psychology, 22, 605-623.
12. Deffenbacher, K. A., Bornstein, B. H., Penrod, S. D., & McGorty, E. K. (2004). A meta-analytic review of the effects of high stress on eyewitness memory. Law and Human Behavior, 28, 687-706.
13. Dysart, J. E., Lindsay, R. C. L., Hammond, R., & Dupuis, P. (2001). Mug shot exposure prior to lineup identification: Interference, transference, and commitment effects. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 1280-1284.
14. Fernandez-Duque, D., & Thornton, I. M. (2000). Change detection without awareness: Do explicit reports underestimate the representation of change in the visual system? Visual Cognition, 7, 323-344.
15. Geiselman, R. E., Haghighi, D., & Stown, R. (1996). Unconscious transference and the characteristics of accurate and inaccurate eyewitnesses. Psychology, Crime, and Law, 2, 197-209.
16. Gorenstein, G. W., & Ellsworth, P. C. (1980). Effect of choosing an incorrect photograph of a later identification by an eyewitness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 616-622.
17. Humphreys, G. W., Hodsoll, J., & Campbell, C. (2005). Attending but not seeing: The "other race" effect in person perception studied through change blindness. Visual Cognition, 12, 249-262.
18. Jones, B. C., Jones, B. T., Blundell, L., & Bruce, G. (2002). Social users of alcohol and cannabis who detect substance-related changes in a change blindness paradigm report higher levels of use than those detecting substance-neutral changes. Psychopharmacology, 165, 93-96.
19. Kassin, S. M., Ellsworth, P. C., & Smith, V. L. (1989). The "general acceptance" of psychological research on eyewitness testimony. American Psychologist, 44, 1089-1098.
20. Kassin, S. M., Tubb, V. A., Hosch, H. M., & Memon, A. (2001). On the "general acceptance" of eyewitness testimony research. American Psychologist, 56, 405-416.
21. Koivisto, M., & Revonsuo, A. (2007). How meaning shapes seeing. Psychological Science, 18, 845-849.
22. Leippe, M. R. (1995). The case for expert testimony about eyewitness memory. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 1, 909-959.
23. Levin, D. T. (2002). Change blindness blindness as visual metacognition. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 9, 111-130.
24. Levin, D. T., Drivdahl, S. B., Momen, N., & Beck, M. R. (2002a). False predictions about the detectability of visual changes: The role of beliefs about attention, memory, and the continuity of attended objects in causing change blindness blindness. Concsiousness and Cognition, 11, 507-527.
25. Levin, D. T., Momen, N., Drivdahl, S. B., & Simons, D. J. (2000). Change blindness blindness: The metacognitive error of overestimating change-detection ability. Visual Cognition, 7, 397-412.
26. Levin, D. T., & Simons, D. J. (1997). Failure to detect changes to attended objects in motion pictures. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 4, 501-506.
27. Levin, D. T., & Simons, D. J. (2000). Perceiving stability in a changing world: Combining shots and integrating views in motion pictures and the real world. Media Psychology, 2, 357-380.
28. Levin, D. T., Simons, D. J., Angelone, B. L., & Chabris, C. F. (2002b). Memory for centrally attended changing objects in an incidental real-world change detection paradigm. British Journal of Psychology, 93, 289-302.
29. Levin, D. T., & Varakin, D. A. (2004). No pause for a brief disruption: Failures of visual awareness during ongoing events. Consciousness and Cognition, 13, 363-372.
30. Loftus, E. F. (1976). Unconscious transference. Law and Psychology Review, 2, 93-98.
31. Loftus, E. F. (1979). Eyewitness testimony. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
32. Loftus, E. F., Miller, D. G., & Burns, H. J. (1978). Semantic integration of verbal information into a visual memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 4, 19-31.
33. Loftus, E. F., & Palmer, J. C. (1974). Reconstruction of automobile destruction: An example of interaction between language and memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13, 585-589.
34. McCloskey, M., & Zaragoza, M. (1985). Misleading postevent information and memory for events: Arguments and evidence against memory impairment hypotheses. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 114, 1-16.
35. McConkie, G. W., & Currie, C. B. (1996). Visual stability across saccades while viewing complex pictures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 22, 563-581.
36. Mack, A. (2003). Inattentional blindness: Looking without seeing. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12, 180-184.
37. Mack, A., & Rock, I. (1998). Inattentional blindness. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
38. Malpass, R. S., & Kravitz, J. (1969). Recognition for faces of own and other race. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 330-334.
39. Meissner, C. A., Sporer, S. L., & Schooler, J. W. (2007). Person descriptions as eyewitness evidence. In M. P. Toglia, J. D. Read, D. F. Ross, & R. C. L. Lindsay (Eds.), The handbook of eyewitness psychology: Volume II. Memory for people (pp. 3-34). Hove: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd.
40. Memmert, D. (2006). The effects of eye movements, age, and expertise on inattentional blindness. Consciousness and Cognition, 15, 620-627.
41. Most, S. B., Scholl, B. J., Clifford, E. R., & Simons, D. J. (2005). What you see is what you set: Sustained inattentional blindness and the capture of awareness. Psychological Review, 112, 217-242.
42. Most, S. B., Simons, D. J., Scholl, B. J., & Chabris, C. F. (2000). Sustained inattentional blindness: The role of location in the detection of unexpected dynamic events. Psyche, 6. http://psyche.cs.monash.edu.au/v6/psyche-6-14-most.html
43. Most, S. B., Simons, D. J., Scholl, B. J., Jimenez, R., Clifford, E., & Chabris, C. F. (2001). How not to be seen: The contribution of similarity and selective ignoring to sustained inattentional blindness. Psychological Science, 12, 9-17.
44. Nelson, K. J., Laney, C., Le, A. J., Bowman Fowler, N., Loftus, E. F., Knowles, E. D., & Davis, D. (2009). Change blindness can cause mistaken eyewitness identification. Manuscript unpublished.
45. Pearson, P. M., & Schaefer, E. G. (2005). Toupee or not toupee? The role of instructional set, centrality, and relevance in change blindness. Visual Cognition, 12, 1528-1543.
46. Pew, R. W. (2004). Introduction to this special section on change blindness. Human- Computer Interaction, 19, 387-388.
47. Pickel, K. L. (1999). The influence of context on the "weapon focus" effect. Law and Human Behavior, 23, 299-311.
48. Pozzulo, J. D., & Lindsay, R. C. L. (1998). Identification accuracy of children versus adults: A meta-analysis. Law and Human Behavior, 22, 549-570.
49. Read, J. D., Tollestrup, P., Hammersley, R., McFadzen, E., & Christensen, A. (1990). The unconscious transference effect: Are innocent bystanders ever misidentified? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 4, 3-31.
50. Rensink, R. A. (2002). Change detection. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 245-277.
51. Rensink, R. A., O'Regan, J. K., & Clark, J. J. (1997). To see or not to see: The need for attention to perceive changes in scenes. Psychological Science, 8, 368-373.
52. Rensink, R. A., O'Regan, J. K., & Clark, J. J. (2000). On the failure to detect changes in scenes across brief interruptions. Visual Cognition, 7, 127-145.
53. Reyna, V. F., & Lloyd, F. (1997). Theories of false memories in children and adults. Learning and Individual Differences, 9, 95-123.
54. Rodway, P., Gillies, K., & Schepman, A. (2006). Vivid imagers are better at detecting salient changes. Journal of Individual Differences, 27, 218-228.
55. Ross, D. F., Ceci, S. J., Dunning, D., & Toglia, M. P. (1994). Unconscious transference and mistaken identity: When a witness misidentifies a familiar but innocent person. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 918-930.
56. Ryan, J. D., & Cohen, N. J. (2004). The nature of change detection and online representations of scenes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 30, 988-1015.
57. Saunders, J., & MacLeod, M. D. (2002). New evidence on the suggestibility of memory: The role of retrieval-induced forgetting in misinformation effects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 8, 127-142.
58. Schacter, D. L. (2001). The seven sins of memory: How the mind forgets and remembers. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
59. Simons, D. J. (2000a). Attentional capture and inattentional blindness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 147-155.
60. Simons, D. J. (2000b). Current approaches to change blindness. Visual Cognition, 7, 1-15.
61. Simons, D. J., & Chabris, C. F. (1999). Gorillas in our midst: Sustained inattentional blindness for dynamic events. Perception, 28, 1059-1074.
62. Simons, D. J., & Levin, D. R. (1997). Change blindness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 1, 261-267.
63. Simons, D. J., & Levin, D. R. (1998). Failure to detect changes to people during a real-world interaction. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 5, 644-649.
64. Sinnett, S., Costa, A., & Soto-Faraco, S. (2006). Manipulating inattentional blindness within and across sensory modalities. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 59, 1425-1442.
65. Strayer, D. L., Drews, F. A., & Johnston, W. (2003). Cell phone-induced failures of visual attention during simulated driving. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 9, 23-32.
66. Wells, G. L. & Olson, E. (2003). Eyewitness testimony. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 277-295.