The nature of change detection and online representations of scenes

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance

Volumn 30, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 988-1015

  Ryan, Jennifer D ^a   Cohen, Neal J ^b  

^a ROTMAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; AWARENESS; DISCRIMINATION LEARNING; EYE FIXATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; LONG TERM MEMORY; MALE; ORIENTATION; PATTERN RECOGNITION; PSYCHOPHYSICS; SACCADIC EYE MOVEMENT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ATTENTION; AWARENESS; DISCRIMINATION LEARNING; FEMALE; FIXATION, OCULAR; HUMANS; MALE; ORIENTATION; PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL; PSYCHOPHYSICS; RETENTION (PSYCHOLOGY); SACCADES;

EID: 4744366828     PISSN: 00961523     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0096-1523.30.5.988     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Althoff, R. R., & Cohen, N. J. (1999). Eye-movement-based memory effect: A reprocessing effect in face perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 25, 1-14.
2. Baddeley, A. D., & Warrington, E. K. (1970). Amnesia and the distinction between long- and short-term memory. Journal of Verbal teaming and Verbal Behavior, 9, 176-189.
3. Cohen, N. J., & Eichenbaum, H. (1993). Memory, amnesia, and the hippocampal system. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
4. Cowan, N. (1995). Attention and memory: An integrated framework. New York: Oxford University Press.
5. Cowan, N. (1999). An embedded-process model of working memory. In A. Miyake & P. Shah (Eds.), Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control (pp. 62-101). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
6. Duncan, J., & Owen, A. M. (2000). Common regions of the human frontal lobe recruited by diverse cognitive demands. Trends in Neurosciences, 23, 475-483.
7. Eichenbaum, H. B., & Cohen, N. J. (2001). From conditioning to conscious recollection: Memory systems of the brain. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
8. Ericsson, K. A., & Delaney, P. F. (1999). Long-term working memory as an alternative to capacity models of working memory in everyday skilled performance. In A. Miyake & P. Shah (Eds.), Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control (pp. 257-297). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
9. Ericsson, K. A., & Kintsch, W. (1995). Long-term working memory. Psychological Review, 102, 211-245.
10. Fernandez-Duque, D., Grossi, G., Thornton, I., & Neville, H. (2003). Representation of change: Separate electrophysiological markers of attention, awareness, and implicit processing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15, 491-507.
11. Fernandez-Duque, D., & Thornton, I. (2000). Change detection without awareness: Do explicit reports underestimate the representation of change in the visual system? Visual Cognition, 7, 323-344.
12. Fernandez-Duque, D., & Thornton, I. (2003). Explicit mechanisms do not account for implicit localization and identification of change: An empirical reply to Mitroff et al. (2002). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 29, 846-858.
13. Grimes, J. (1996). On the failure to detect changes in scenes across saccades. In K. A. Akins (Ed.), Perception (pp. 89-110). New York: Oxford University Press.
14. Hayhoe, M. M., Bensinger, D. G., & Ballard, D. H. (1998). Task constraints in visual working memory. Vision Research, 38, 125-137.
15. Henderson, J. M., & Hollingworth, A. (1999). High-level scene perception. Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 243-271.
16. Hollingworth, A., & Henderson, J. M. (2000). Semantic informativeness mediates the detection of changes in natural scenes. Visual Cognition, 7, 213-235.
17. Hollingworth, A., & Henderson, J. M. (2002). Accurate visual memory for previously attended objects in natural scenes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 28, 113-136.
18. Hollingworth, A., Williams, C. C., & Henderson, J. M. (2001). To see and remember: Visually specific information is retained in memory from previously attended objects in natural scenes. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8, 761-768.
19. Levin, D., & Simons, D. (1997). Change blindness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 1, 261-267.
20. Loftus, G. R. (1972). Eye fixations and recognition memory for pictures. Cognitive Psychology, 3, 525-551.
21. Loftus, G. R., & Mackworth, N. H. (1978). Cognitive determinants of fixation location during picture viewing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 4, 565-572.
22. Maciukenas, M. A., Althoff, R. R., Holden, J. A., & Cohen, N. J. (1997). EMTool (Version 2.0) [Computer software]. Urbana: University of Illinois.
23. McConkie, G. W., & Currie, C. B. (1996). Visual stability across saccades while viewing complex pictures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 22, 563-581.
24. Melcher, D. (2001, July 26). Persistence of visual memory for scenes. Nature, 412, 401.
25. Merikle, P. M., & Reingold, E. M. (1990). Recognition and lexical decision without detection: Unconscious perception? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 16, 574-583.
26. Miller, E. K. (2000). The prefrontal cortex and cognitive control. Nature Reviews, 1, 59-65.
27. Miller, E. K., & Asaad, W. F. (2002). The prefrontal cortex: Conjunction and cognition. In J. Grafman (Ed.) Handbook of neuropsychology: Vol. 7. The frontal lobes (2nd ed., pp. 29-54). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
28. Miller, E. K., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24, 167-202.
29. Mitroff, S. R., Simons, D. J., & Franconeri, S. L. (2002). The siren song of implicit change detection. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 28, 798-815.
30. O'Regan, J. K. (1992). Solving the "real" mysteries of visual perception: The world as an outside memory. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 46, 461-488.
31. O'Reilly, R. C., Braver, T. S., & Cohen, J. D. (1999). A biologically based computational model of working memory. In A. Miyake & P. Shah (Eds.), Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control (pp. 375-411). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
32. Owen, A. M., Evans, A. C., & Petrides, M. (1996). Evidence for a two-stage model of spatial working memory processing within the lateral frontal cortex: A positron emission tomography study. Cerebral Cortex, 6, 31-38.
33. Parker, R. E. (1978). Picture processing during recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 4, 284-293.
34. Petrides, M. (1995). Impairments on nonspatial self-ordered and externally ordered working memory tasks after lesions of the mid-dorsal part of the lateral frontal cortex in the monkey. Journal of Neuroscience, 15, 359-375.
35. Pringle, H. L. (2001). The roles of scene characteristics, memory and attentional breadth on the representation of complex real-world scenes. Dissertation Abstracts International, 61(10), 5590B.
36. Rao, S. C., Rainer, G., & Miller, E. K. (1997, May 2). Integration of what and where in the primate prefrontal cortex. Science, 276, 821-824.
37. Reingold, E. M., & Merikle, P. M. (1988). Using direct and indirect measures to study perception without awareness. Perception & Psycho-physics, 44, 563-575.
38. Rensink, R. A., O'Regan, J. K., & Clark, J. J. (1997). To see or not to see: The need for attention to perceive changes in scenes. Psychological Science, 8, 368-373.
39. Rensink, R. A., O'Regan, J. K., & Clark, J. J. (2000). On the failure to detect changes in scenes across brief interruptions. Visual Cognition, 7, 127-145.
40. Ruchkin, D. S., Grafman, J., Cameron, K., & Berndt, R. S. (2003). Working memory retention systems: A state of activated long-term memory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 26, 709-777.
41. Ryan, J. D., Althoff, R. R., Whitlow, S., & Cohen, N. J. (2000). Amnesia is a deficit in declarative (relational) memory. Psychological Science, 11, 454-461.
42. Ryan, J. D., & Cohen, N. J. (2004). Processing and short-term retention of relational information in amnesia. Neuropsychologia, 42, 497-511.
43. Scoville, W. B., & Milner, B. (1957). Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 20, 11-21.
44. Shallice, T., & Warrington, E. K. (1970). Independent functioning of verbal memory stores: A neuropsychological study. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 22, 261-273.
45. Shepard, E. (1967). Recognition memory for words, sentences, and pictures. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 6, 156-163.
46. Shore, D. L., & Klein, R. M. (2000). The effects of scene inversion on change blindness. Journal of General Psychology, 27, 27-43.
47. Simons, D. J. (2000). Current approaches to change blindness. Visual Cognition, 7, 1-16.
48. Simons, D. J., & Chabris, C. F. (1999). Gorillas in our midst: Sustained inattentional blindness for dynamic events. Perception, 28, 1059-1074.
49. Simons, D. J., Chabris, C. F., Schnur, T. T., & Levin, D. T. (2002). Evidence for preserved representations in change blindness. Consciousness & Cognition, 11, 78-97.
50. Simons, D. J., & Levin, D. T. (1998). Failure to detect changes to people during a real-world interaction. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 5, 644-649.
51. Standing, L., Conezio, J., & Haber, R. (1970). Perception and memory for pictures: Single-trial learning of 2500 visual stimuli. Psychonomic Science, 19, 73-74.
52. Stuss, D. T., & Levine, B. (2002). Adult clinical neuropsychology: Lessons from studies of the frontal lobes. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 401-433.
53. Stuss, D. T., Picton, T. W., & Alexander, M. P. (2001). Consciousness, self-awareness and the frontal lobes. In S. P. Salloway, P. F. Malloy, & J. D. Duffy (Eds.), The frontal lobes and neuropsychiatric illness (pp. 101-109). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
54. Thornton, I., & Fernandez-Duque, D. (2000). An implicit measure of undetected change. Spatial Vision, 14, 21-44.
55. Wechsler, D. (1987). Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
56. Williams, P., & Simons, D. J. (2000). Detecting changes in novel, complex three-dimensional objects. Visual Cognition, 7, 297-322.