Metabolic actions of insulin in men and women

Nutrition

Volumn 26, Issue 7-8, 2010, Pages 686-693

  Magkos, Faidon ^a,b   Wang, Xuewen ^a   Mittendorfer, Bettina ^a  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b HAROKOPIO UNIVERSITY   (Greece)

Author keywords

Glucose uptake; Hepatic glucose production; Lipolysis; Proteolysis; Triglyceride clearance; Triglyceride secretion

Indexed keywords

CERAMIDE; DIACYLGLYCEROL; ESTRADIOL; GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER; INSULIN; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; PROGESTERONE; TESTOSTERONE; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

AMINOACIDEMIA; ENERGY METABOLISM; EXERCISE; GLUCONEOGENESIS; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; HORMONE ACTION; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERINSULINEMIA; INSULIN BLOOD LEVEL; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; LIPID METABOLISM; LIPOLYSIS; LOW DRUG DOSE; MENSTRUAL CYCLE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN METABOLISM; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE; STIMULUS RESPONSE; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

EXERCISE; FEMALE; GLUCOSE; HUMANS; INSULIN; INSULIN RESISTANCE; MALE; PROTEINS; SEX FACTORS; TRIGLYCERIDES; WEIGHT LOSS;

EID: 77953808297     PISSN: 08999007     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2009.10.013     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. Lafontan M., Langin D. Lipolysis and lipid mobilization in human adipose tissue. Prog Lipid Res 2009, 48:275-297.
2. Jensen M.D., Caruso M., Heiling V., Miles J.M. Insulin regulation of lipolysis in nondiabetic and IDDM subjects. Diabetes 1989, 38:1595-1601.
3. Lewis G.F., Uffelman K.D., Szeto L.W., Steiner G. Effects of acute hyperinsulinemia on VLDL triglyceride and VLDL apoB production in normal weight and obese individuals. Diabetes 1993, 42:833-842.
4. Lewis G.F., Zinman B., Uffelman K.D., Szeto L., Weller B., Steiner G. VLDL production is decreased to a similar extent by acute portal versus peripheral venous insulin. Am J Physiol 1994, 267:E566-E572.
5. Mead J.R., Irvine S.A., Ramji D.P. Lipoprotein lipase: structure, function, regulation, and role in disease. J Mol Med 2002, 80:753-769.
6. Fukagawa N.K., Minaker K.L., Rowe J.W., Goodman M.N., Matthews D.E., Bier D.M., Young V.R. Insulin-mediated reduction of whole body protein breakdown. Dose-response effects on leucine metabolism in postabsorptive men. J Clin Invest 1985, 76:2306-2311.
7. Louard R.J., Fryburg D.A., Gelfand R.A., Barrett E.J. Insulin sensitivity of protein and glucose metabolism in human forearm skeletal muscle. J Clin Invest 1992, 90:2348-2354.
8. Rennie M.J. Body maintenance and repair: how food and exercise keep the musculoskeletal system in good shape. Exp Physiol 2005, 90:427-436.
9. Greenhaff P.L., Karagounis L.G., Peirce N., Simpson E.J., Hazell M., Layfield R., Wackerhage H., Smith K., Atherton P., Selby A., Rennie M.J. Disassociation between the effects of amino acids and insulin on signaling, ubiquitin ligases, and protein turnover in human muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008, 295:E595-E604.
10. Rasmussen B.B., Fujita S., Wolfe R.R., Mittendorfer B., Roy M., Rowe V.L., Volpi E. Insulin resistance of muscle protein metabolism in aging. FASEB J 2006, 20:768-769.
11. Ahlman B., Charlton M., Fu A., Berg C., O'Brien P., Nair K.S. Insulin's effect on synthesis rates of liver proteins. A swine model comparing various precursors of protein synthesis. Diabetes 2001, 50:947-954.
12. Boirie Y., Short K.R., Ahlman B., Charlton M., Nair K.S. Tissue-specific regulation of mitochondrial and cytoplasmic protein synthesis rates by insulin. Diabetes 2001, 50:2652-2658.
13. Jiang Z.Y., Lin Y.W., Clemont A., Feener E.P., Hein K.D., Igarashi M., Yamauchi T., White M.F., King G.L. Characterization of selective resistance to insulin signaling in the vasculature of obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats. J Clin Invest 1999, 104:447-457.
14. Gogg S., Smith U., Jansson P.A. Increased MAPK activation and impaired insulin signaling in subcutaneous microvascular endothelial cells in type 2 diabetes: the role of endothelin-1. Diabetes 2009, 58:2238-2245.
15. Saltiel A.R., Kahn C.R. Insulin signalling and the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Nature 2001, 414:799-806.
16. Barrett E.J., Eggleston E.M., Inyard A.C., Wang H., Li G., Chai W., Liu Z. The vascular actions of insulin control its delivery to muscle and regulate the rate-limiting step in skeletal muscle insulin action. Diabetologia 2009, 52:752-764.
17. Boden G. Free fatty acids (FFA), a link between obesity and insulin resistance. Front Biosci 1998, 3:d169-d175.
18. Boden G., Chen X., Ruiz J., White J.V., Rossetti L. Mechanisms of fatty acid-induced inhibition of glucose uptake. J Clin Invest 1994, 93:2438-2446.
19. Boden G. Free fatty acids and insulin secretion in humans. Curr Diab Rep 2005, 5:167-170.
20. Turpin S.M., Ryall J.G., Southgate R., Darby I., Hevener A.L., Febbraio M.A., Kemp B.E., Lynch G.S., Watt M.J. Examination of 'lipotoxicity' in skeletal muscle of high-fat fed and ob/ob mice. J Physiol 2009, 587:1593-1605.
21. Dyck D.J. Adipokines as regulators of muscle metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2009, 34:396-402.
22. Magkos F., Patterson B.W., Mohammed B.S., Klein S., Mittendorfer B. Women produce fewer but triglyceride-richer very low-density lipoproteins than men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007, 92:1311-1318.
23. Mittendorfer B., Patterson B.W., Klein S. Effect of sex and obesity on basal VLDL-triacylglycerol kinetics. Am J Clin Nutr 2003, 77:573-579.
24. Nikkila E.A., Kekki M. Polymorphism of plasma triglyceride kinetics in normal human adult subjects. Acta Med Scand 1971, 190:49-59.
25. Olefsky J., Farquhar J.W., Reaven G.M. Sex difference in the kinetics of triglyceride metabolism in normal and hypertriglyceridaemic human subjects. Eur J Clin Invest 1974, 4:121-127.
26. DeFronzo R.A. Use of the splanchnic/hepatic balance technique in the study of glucose metabolism. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987, 1:837-862.
27. Prager R., Wallace P., Olefsky J.M. In vivo kinetics of insulin action on peripheral glucose disposal and hepatic glucose output in normal and obese subjects. J Clin Invest 1986, 78:472-481.
28. Basu R., Basu A., Johnson C.M., Schwenk W.F., Rizza R.A. Insulin dose-response curves for stimulation of splanchnic glucose uptake and suppression of endogenous glucose production differ in nondiabetic humans and are abnormal in people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2004, 53:2042-2050.
29. Francois A., Maumus S., Vincent-Viry M., Gueguen R., Siest G., Visvikis S. Age- and sex-related reference values for serum insulin concentration and its biological determinants in a French healthy population. The STANISLAS cohort. Clin Chem Lab Med 2004, 42:1140-1149.
30. Foster K.J., Alberti K.G., Hinks L., Lloyd B., Postle A., Smythe P., Turnell D.C., Walton R. Blood intermediary metabolite and insulin concentrations after an overnight fast: reference ranges for adults, and interrelations. Clin Chem 1978, 24:1568-1572.
31. Perseghin G., Scifo P., Pagliato E., Battezzati A., Benedini S., Soldini L., Testolin G., Del Maschio A., Luzi L. Gender factors affect fatty acids-induced insulin resistance in nonobese humans: effects of oral steroidal contraception. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001, 86:3188-3196.
32. Frias J.P., Macaraeg G.B., Ofrecio J., Yu J.G., Olefsky J.M., Kruszynska Y.T. Decreased susceptibility to fatty acid-induced peripheral tissue insulin resistance in women. Diabetes 2001, 50:1344-1350.
33. Koska J., Stefan N., Permana P.A., Weyer C., Sonoda M., Bogardus C., Smith S.R., Joanisse D.R., Funahashi T., Krakoff J., Bunt J.C. Increased fat accumulation in liver may link insulin resistance with subcutaneous abdominal adipocyte enlargement, visceral adiposity, and hypoadiponectinemia in obese individuals. Am J Clin Nutr 2008, 87:295-302.
34. Amiel S.A., Maran A., Powrie J.K., Umpleby A.M., Macdonald I.A. Gender differences in counterregulation to hypoglycaemia. Diabetologia 1993, 36:460-464.
35. Mittendorfer B., Horowitz J.F., Klein S. Gender differences in lipid and glucose kinetics during short-term fasting. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001, 281:E1333-E1339.
36. Koska J., Stefan N., Votruba S.B., Smith S.R., Krakoff J., Bunt J.C. Distribution of subcutaneous fat predicts insulin action in obesity in sex-specific manner. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008, 16:2003-2009.
37. Basu R., Dalla Man C., Campioni M., Basu A., Klee G., Toffolo G., Cobelli C., Rizza R.A. Effects of age and sex on postprandial glucose metabolism: differences in glucose turnover, insulin secretion, insulin action, and hepatic insulin extraction. Diabetes 2006, 55:2001-2014.
38. Shadid S., Kanaley J.A., Sheehan M.T., Jensen M.D. Basal and insulin-regulated free fatty acid and glucose metabolism in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007, 292:E1770-E1774.
39. Pereira S., Marliss E.B., Morais J.A., Chevalier S., Gougeon R. Insulin resistance of protein metabolism in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2008, 57:56-63.
40. Nuutila P., Knuuti M.J., Maki M., Laine H., Ruotsalainen U., Teras M., Haaparanta M., Solin O., Yki-Jarvinen H. Gender and insulin sensitivity in the heart and in skeletal muscles. Studies using positron emission tomography. Diabetes 1995, 44:31-36.
41. Hoeg L., Roepstorff C., Thiele M., Richter E.A., Wojtaszewski J.F., Kiens B. Higher intramuscular triacylglycerol in women does not impair insulin sensitivity and proximal insulin signaling. J Appl Physiol 2009, 107:824-831.
42. Paula F.J., Pimenta W.P., Saad M.J., Paccola G.M., Piccinato C.E., Foss M.C. Sex-related differences in peripheral glucose metabolism in normal subjects. Diabete Metab 1990, 16:234-239.
43. Nielsen S., Guo Z., Albu J.B., Klein S., O'Brien P.C., Jensen M.D. Energy expenditure, sex, and endogenous fuel availability in humans. J Clin Invest 2003, 111:981-988.
44. Mittendorfer B, Magkos F, Fabbrini E, Mohammed BS, Klein S. Relationship between body fat mass and free fatty acid kinetics in men and women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009 (in press).
45. Macotela Y., Boucher J., Tran T.T., Kahn C.R. Sex and depot differences in adipocyte insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. Diabetes 2009, 58:803-812.
46. Guerre-Millo M., Leturque A., Girard J., Lavau M. Increased insulin sensitivity and responsiveness of glucose metabolism in adipocytes from female versus male rats. J Clin Invest 1985, 76:109-116.
47. Pedersen O., Hjollund E., Lindskov H.O. Insulin binding and action on fat cells from young healthy females and males. Am J Physiol 1982, 243:E158-E167.
48. Vistisen B., Hellgren L.I., Vadset T., Scheede-Bergdahl C., Helge J.W., Dela F., Stallknecht B. Effect of gender on lipid-induced insulin resistance in obese subjects. Eur J Endocrinol 2008, 158:61-68.
49. Corssmit E.P., Stouthard J.M., Romijn J.A., Endert E., Sauerwein H.P. Sex differences in the adaptation of glucose metabolism to short-term fasting: effects of oral contraceptives. Metabolism 1994, 43:1503-1508.
50. Heiling V.J., Jensen M.D. Free fatty acid metabolism in the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992, 74:806-810.
51. Zderic T.W., Coggan A.R., Ruby B.C. Glucose kinetics and substrate oxidation during exercise in the follicular and luteal phases. J Appl Physiol 2001, 90:447-453.
52. Diamond M.P., Jacob R., Connolly-Diamond M., DeFronzo R.A. Glucose metabolism during the menstrual cycle. Assessment with the euglycemic, hyperinsulinemic clamp. J Reprod Med 1993, 38:417-421.
53. Toth E.L., Suthijumroon A., Crockford P.M., Ryan E.A. Insulin action does not change during the menstrual cycle in normal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987, 64:74-80.
54. Yki-Jarvinen H. Insulin sensitivity during the menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984, 59:350-353.
55. Cooper B.C., Sites C.K., Casson P.R., Toth M.J. Ovarian suppression with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist does not alter insulin-stimulated glucose disposal. Fertil Steril 2007, 87:1131-1138.
56. Diamond M.P., Simonson D.C., DeFronzo R.A. Menstrual cyclicity has a profound effect on glucose homeostasis. Fertil Steril 1989, 52:204-208.
57. Scheen A.J., Jandrain B.J., Humblet D.M., Jaminet C.B., Gaspard U.J., Lefebvre P.J. Effects of a 1-year treatment with a low-dose combined oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol and cyproterone acetate on glucose and insulin metabolism. Fertil Steril 1993, 59:797-802.
58. Thornton K.L., DeFronzo R.A., Sherwin R.S., Diamond M.P. Micronized estradiol and progesterone: effects on carbohydrate metabolism in reproductive-age women. J Soc Gynecol Investig 1995, 2:643-652.
59. Toth M.J., Sites C.K., Eltabbakh G.H., Poehlman E.T. Effect of menopausal status on insulin-stimulated glucose disposal: comparison of middle-aged premenopausal and early postmenopausal women. Diabetes Care 2000, 23:801-806.
60. Muscelli E., Kozakova M., Flyvbjerg A., Kyriakopoulou K., Astiarraga B.D., Glintborg D., Konrad T., Favuzzi A., Petrie J. The effect of menopause on carotid artery remodeling, insulin sensitivity, and plasma adiponectin in healthy women. Am J Hypertens 2009, 22:364-370.
61. Zang H., Carlstrom K., Arner P., Hirschberg A.L. Effects of treatment with testosterone alone or in combination with estrogen on insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril 2006, 86:136-144.
62. Giallauria F., Palomba S., Vigorito C., Tafuri M.G., Colao A., Lombardi G., Orio F. Androgens in polycystic ovary syndrome: the role of exercise and diet. Semin Reprod Med 2009, 27:306-315.
63. Donahue R.P., Prineas R.J., DeCarlo Donahue R., Bean J.A., Skyler J.S. The female 'insulin advantage' in a biracial cohort: results from the Miami Community Health Study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1996, 20:76-82.
64. Rattarasarn C., Leelawattana R., Soonthornpun S., Setasuban W., Thamprasit A. Gender differences of regional abdominal fat distribution and their relationships with insulin sensitivity in healthy and glucose-intolerant Thais. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004, 89:6266-6270.
65. Marcell T.J., McAuley K.A., Traustadottir T., Reaven P.D. Exercise training is not associated with improved levels of C-reactive protein or adiponectin. Metabolism 2005, 54:533-541.
66. Yki-Jarvinen H. Sex and insulin sensitivity. Metabolism 1984, 33:1011-1015.
67. Manco M., Nolfe G., Calvani M., Natali A., Nolan J., Ferrannini E., Mingrone G. Menopause, insulin resistance, and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Menopause 2006, 13:809-817.
68. Borissova A.M., Tankova T., Kirilov G., Koev D. Gender-dependent effect of ageing on peripheral insulin action. Int J Clin Pract 2005, 59:422-426.
69. Sumner A.E., Kushner H., Sherif K.D., Tulenko T.N., Falkner B., Marsh J.B. Sex differences in African-Americans regarding sensitivity to insulin's glucoregulatory and antilipolytic actions. Diabetes Care 1999, 22:71-77.
70. Ferrara C.M., Goldberg A.P., Nicklas B.J., Sorkin J.D., Ryan A.S. Sex differences in insulin action and body fat distribution in overweight and obese middle-aged and older men and women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2008, 33:784-790.
71. Falkner B., Hulman S., Kushner H. Gender differences in insulin-stimulated glucose utilization among African-Americans. Am J Hypertens 1994, 7:948-952.
72. Falkner B., Sherif K., Kushner H. Gender differences in the relationship between insulin-mediated glucose utilization and sex hormones in young African-Americans. J Gend Specif Med 2000, 3:60-65.
73. Boyns D.R., Crossley J.N., Abrams M.E., Jarrett R.J., Keen H. Oral glucose tolerance and related factors in a normal population sample. I. Blood sugar, plasma insulin, glyceride, and cholesterol measurements and the effects of age and sex. Br Med J 1969, 1:595-598.
74. Donahue R.P., Bean J.A., Donahue R.A., Goldberg R.B., Prineas R.J. Insulin response in a triethnic population: effects of sex, ethnic origin, and body fat. Miami Community Health Study. Diabetes Care 1997, 20:1670-1676.
75. Potteiger J.A., Jacobsen D.J., Donnelly J.E., Hill J.O. Glucose and insulin responses following 16 months of exercise training in overweight adults: the Midwest Exercise Trial. Metabolism 2003, 52:1175-1181.
76. Sumner A.E., Kushner H., Tulenko T.N., Falkner B., Marsh J.B. The relationship in African-Americans of sex differences in insulin-mediated suppression of nonesterified fatty acids to sex differences in fasting triglyceride levels. Metabolism 1997, 46:400-405.
77. Hevener A., Reichart D., Janez A., Olefsky J. Female rats do not exhibit free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance. Diabetes 2002, 51:1907-1912.
78. Shah P., Vella A., Basu A., Basu R., Adkins A., Schwenk W.F., Johnson C.M., Nair K.S., Jensen M.D., Rizza R.A. Elevated free fatty acids impair glucose metabolism in women: decreased stimulation of muscle glucose uptake and suppression of splanchnic glucose production during combined hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia. Diabetes 2003, 52:38-42.
79. Homko C.J., Cheung P., Boden G. Effects of free fatty acids on glucose uptake and utilization in healthy women. Diabetes 2003, 52:487-491.
80. Perreault L., Lavely J.M., Bergman B.C., Horton T.J. Gender differences in insulin action after a single bout of exercise. J Appl Physiol 2004, 97:1013-1021.
81. O'Leary V.B., Jorett A.E., Marchetti C.M., Gonzalez F., Phillips S.A., Ciaraldi T.P., Kirwan J.P. Enhanced adiponectin multimer ratio and skeletal muscle adiponectin receptor expression following exercise training and diet in older insulin-resistant adults. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007, 293:E421-E427.
82. Simoneau J.A., Veerkamp J.H., Turcotte L.P., Kelley D.E. Markers of capacity to utilize fatty acids in human skeletal muscle: relation to insulin resistance and obesity and effects of weight loss. FASEB J 1999, 13:2051-2060.
83. Goodpaster B.H., Kelley D.E., Wing R.R., Meier A., Thaete F.L. Effects of weight loss on regional fat distribution and insulin sensitivity in obesity. Diabetes 1999, 48:839-847.
84. Abbasi F., McLaughlin T., Lamendola C., Reaven G.M. The relationship between glucose disposal in response to physiological hyperinsulinemia and basal glucose and free fatty acid concentrations in healthy volunteers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000, 85:1251-1254.
85. Campbell P.J., Carlson M.G., Hill J.O., Nurjhan N. Regulation of free fatty acid metabolism by insulin in humans: role of lipolysis and reesterification. Am J Physiol 1992, 263:E1063-E1069.
86. Bergman B.C., Cornier M.A., Horton T.J., Bessesen D.H. Effects of fasting on insulin action and glucose kinetics in lean and obese men and women. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007, 293:E1103-E1111.
87. Klein S., Sakurai Y., Romijn J.A., Carroll R.M. Progressive alterations in lipid and glucose metabolism during short-term fasting in young adult men. Am J Physiol 1993, 265:E801-E806.
88. Jensen M.D., Nielsen S. Insulin dose response analysis of free fatty acid kinetics. Metabolism 2007, 56:68-76.
89. Groop L.C., Saloranta C., Shank M., Bonadonna R.C., Ferrannini E., DeFronzo R.A. The role of free fatty acid metabolism in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in obesity and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991, 72:96-107.
90. Jensen M.D. Gender differences in regional fatty acid metabolism before and after meal ingestion. J Clin Invest 1995, 96:2297-2303.
91. Nguyen T.T., Mijares A.H., Johnson C.M., Jensen M.D. Postprandial leg and splanchnic fatty acid metabolism in nonobese men and women. Am J Physiol 1996, 271:E965-E972.
92. Horton T.J., Commerford S.R., Pagliassotti M.J., Bessesen D.H. Postprandial leg uptake of triglyceride is greater in women than in men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002, 283:E1192-E1202.
93. Burdge G.C., Powell J., Calder P.C. Lack of effect of meal fatty acid composition on postprandial lipid, glucose and insulin responses in men and women aged 50-65 years consuming their habitual diets. Br J Nutr 2006, 96:489-500.
94. Koutsari C., Zagana A., Tzoras I., Sidossis L.S., Matalas A.L. Gender influence on plasma triacylglycerol response to meals with different monounsaturated and saturated fatty acid content. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004, 58:495-502.
95. McKeigue P.M., Laws A., Chen Y.D., Marmot M.G., Reaven G.M. Relation of plasma triglyceride and apoB levels to insulin-mediated suppression of nonesterified fatty acids. Possible explanation for sex differences in lipoprotein pattern. Arterioscler Thromb 1993, 13:1187-1192.
96. Sumner A.E., Kushner H., Lakota C.A., Falkner B., Marsh J.B. Gender differences in insulin-induced free fatty acid suppression: studies in an African American population. Lipids 1996, 31(suppl):S275-S278.
97. Carpentier A., Patterson B.W., Leung N., Lewis G.F. Sensitivity to acute insulin-mediated suppression of plasma free fatty acids is not a determinant of fasting VLDL triglyceride secretion in healthy humans. Diabetes 2002, 51:1867-1875.
98. Mittendorfer B., Patterson B.W., Klein S., Sidossis L.S. VLDL-triglyceride kinetics during hyperglycemia-hyperinsulinemia: effects of sex and obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003, 284:E708-E715.
99. Soeters M.R., Sauerwein H.P., Groener J.E., Aerts J.M., Ackermans M.T., Glatz J.F., Fliers E., Serlie M.J. Gender-related differences in the metabolic response to fasting. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007, 92:3646-3652.
100. Magkos F., Patterson B.W., Mittendorfer B. No effect of menstrual cycle phase on VLDL-triglyceride and VLDL-apolipoprotein B-100 metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006, 291:E1243-E1249.
101. Horton T.J., Miller E.K., Bourret K. No effect of menstrual cycle phase on glycerol or palmitate kinetics during 90 min of moderate exercise. J Appl Physiol 2006, 100:917-925.
102. Uranga A.P., Levine J., Jensen M. Isotope tracer measures of meal fatty acid metabolism: reproducibility and effects of the menstrual cycle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005, 288:E547-E555.
103. Bioletto S., Golay A., Munger R., Kalix B., James R.W. Acute hyperinsulinemia and very-low-density and low-density lipoprotein subfractions in obese subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2000, 71:443-449.
104. Adiels M., Olofsson S.O., Taskinen M.R., Boren J. Overproduction of very low-density lipoproteins is the hallmark of the dyslipidemia in the metabolic syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008, 28:1225-1236.
105. den Boer M.A., Voshol P.J., Kuipers F., Romijn J.A., Havekes L.M. Hepatic glucose production is more sensitive to insulin-mediated inhibition than hepatic VLDL-triglyceride production. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006, 291:E1360-E1364.
106. Magkos F., Mohammed B.S., Mittendorfer B. Effect of obesity on the plasma lipoprotein subclass profile in normoglycemic and normolipidemic men and women. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008, 32:1655-1664.
107. Riemens S.C., Ligtenberg J.J., Dullaart R.P. Hyperglycemia-induced hyperinsulinemia acutely lowers plasma apolipoprotein B but not lipoprotein (a) in man. Clin Chim Acta 1997, 261:149-158.
108. Lewis G.F., Uffelman K.D., Szeto L.W., Weller B., Steiner G. Interaction between free fatty acids and insulin in the acute control of very low density lipoprotein production in humans. J Clin Invest 1995, 95:158-166.
109. Cuthbertson D., Smith K., Babraj J., Leese G., Waddell T., Atherton P., Wackerhage H., Taylor P.M., Rennie M.J. Anabolic signaling deficits underlie amino acid resistance of wasting, aging muscle. FASEB J 2005, 19:422-424.
110. Fryburg D.A., Jahn L.A., Hill S.A., Oliveras D.M., Barrett E.J. Insulin and Insulin-like growth factor-i enhance human skeletal muscle protein anabolism during hyperaminoacidemia by different mechanisms. J Clin Invest 1995, 96:1722-1729.
111. Hillier T.A., Fryburg D.A., Jahn L.A., Barrett E.J. Extreme hyperinsulinemia unmasks insulin's effect to stimulate protein synthesis in the human forearm. Am J Physiol 1998, 274:E1067-E1074.
112. Henderson G.C., Dhatariya K., Ford G.C., Klaus K.A., Basu R., Rizza R.A., Jensen M.D., Khosla S., O'Brien P., Nair K.S. Higher muscle protein synthesis in women than men across the lifespan, and failure of androgen administration to amend age-related decrements. FASEB J 2009, 23:631-641.
113. Smith G.I., Atherton P., Villareal D.T., Frimel T., Rankin D., Rennie M.J., Mittendorfer B. Differences in muscle protein synthesis and anabolic signaling in the postabsorptive state and in response to food in 65-80 year old men and women. PLoS ONE 2008, 3:1875-1883.
114. Chevalier S., Marliss E.B., Morais J.A., Lamarche M., Gougeon R. The influence of sex on the protein anabolic response to insulin. Metabolism 2005, 54:1529-1535.
115. Parise G., Mihic S., MacLennan D., Yarasheski K.E., Tarnopolsky M.A. Effects of acute creatine monohydrate supplementation on leucine kinetics and mixed-muscle protein synthesis. J Appl Physiol 2001, 91:1041-1047.
116. Pannemans D.L., Halliday D., Westerterp K.R., Kester A.D. Effect of variable protein intake on whole-body protein turnover in young men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 1995, 61:69-74.
117. Forbes G.B., Reina J.C. Adult lean body mass declines with age: some longitudinal observations. Metabolism 1970, 19:653-663.
118. Mingrone G., Marino S., DeGaetano A., Capristo E., Heymsfield S.B., Gasbarrini G., Greco A.V. Different limit to the body's ability of increasing fat-free mass. Metabolism 2001, 50:1004-1007.
119. Gallagher D., Visser M., De Meersman R.E., Sepulveda D., Baumgartner R.N., Pierson R.N., Harris T., Heymsfield S.B. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass: effects of age, gender, and ethnicity. J Appl Physiol 1997, 83:229-239.
120. Kyle U.G., Genton L., Hans D., Karsegard L., Slosman D.O., Pichard C. Age-related differences in fat-free mass, skeletal muscle, body cell mass and fat mass between 18 and 94 years. Eur J Clin Nutr 2001, 55:663-672.
121. Smith G.I., Atherton P.J., Reeds D.N., Mohammed B.S., Jaffrey H., Rankin D., Rennie M.J., Mittendorfer B. No major sex differences in muscle protein synthesis rates in the postabsorptive state and during hyperinsulinemia-hyperaminoacidemia in middle-aged adults. J Appl Physiol 2009, (in press).
122. Jahn L.A., Barrett E.J., Genco M.L., Wei L., Spraggins T.A., Fryburg D.A. Tissue composition affects measures of postabsorptive human skeletal muscle metabolism: comparison across genders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999, 84:1007-1010.
123. Fujita S., Rasmussen B.B., Bell J.A., Cadenas J.G., Volpi E. Basal muscle intracellular amino acid kinetics in women and men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007, 292:E77-E83.
124. Isidori A.M., Giannetta E., Greco E.A., Gianfrilli D., Bonifacio V., Isidori A., Lenzi A., Fabbri A. Effects of testosterone on body composition, bone metabolism and serum lipid profile in middle-aged men: a meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2005, 63:280-293.
125. Urban R.J., Bodenburg Y.H., Gilkison C., Foxworth J., Coggan A.R., Wolfe R.R., Ferrando A. Testosterone administration to elderly men increases skeletal muscle strength and protein synthesis. Am J Physiol 1995, 269:E820-E826.
126. Ferrando A.A., Sheffield-Moore M., Paddon-Jones D., Wolfe R.R., Urban R.J. Differential anabolic effects of testosterone and amino acid feeding in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003, 88:358-362.
127. Ferrando A.A., Tipton K.D., Doyle D., Phillips S.M., Cortiella J., Wolfe R.R. Testosterone injection stimulates net protein synthesis but not tissue amino acid transport. Am J Physiol 1998, 275:E864-E871.
128. Toth M.J., Poehlman E.T., Matthews D.E., Tchernof A., MacCoss M.J. Effects of estradiol and progesterone on body composition, protein synthesis, and lipoprotein lipase in rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001, 280:E496-E501.
129. Fisher J.S., Hasser E.M., Brown M. Effects of ovariectomy and hindlimb unloading on skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 1998, 85:1316-1321.
130. Long C.L., Birkhahn R.H., Geiger J.W., Blakemore W.S. Contribution of skeletal muscle protein in elevated rates of whole body protein catabolism in trauma patients. Am J Clin Nutr 1981, 34:1087-1093.
131. Morais J.A., Gougeon R., Pencharz P.B., Jones P.J., Ross R., Marliss E.B. Whole-body protein turnover in the healthy elderly. Am J Clin Nutr 1997, 66:880-889.