Phosphodiesterase inhibitors: Their role and implications

International Journal of PharmTech Research

Volumn 1, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 1148-1160

  Ghosh, Rumi ^a   Sawant, Onkar ^a   Ganpathy, Priya ^a   Pitre, Shweta ^a   Kadam, V J ^a  

^a BHARATI VIDYAPEETH S COLLEGE OF PHARMACY   (India)

Author keywords

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors; Phosphodiesterases

Indexed keywords

4 BROMO 6 [3 [4 CHLOROPHENYL]PROPOXY] 5 [[PYRIDINE 3 YLMETHYL]AMINO]; ADENINE DERIVATIVE; AMRINONE; ANTIASTHMATIC AGENT; CILOMILAST; CILOSTAMIDE; CILOSTAZOL; CYCLIC AMP; CYCLIC GMP; DENBUFYLLINE; DIPYRIDAMOLE; ENOXIMONE; INTELECTOL; ISOENZYME; LIXAZINONE; MILRINONE; NICARDIPINE; NIMODIPINE; NM 702; NT 702; PHOSPHODIESTERASE; PHOSPHODIESTERASE III INHIBITOR; PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITOR; PROGRELIL HYDROCHLORIDE; ROFLUMILAST; ROLIPRAM; SILDENAFIL; TADALAFIL; THEOPHYLLINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VARDENAFIL; VINPOCETINE; ZAPRINAST;

ALLERGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AMNESIA; ANTIARRHYTHMIC ACTIVITY; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY; ASTHMA; BINDING AFFINITY; BIPOLAR DEPRESSION; CATALYSIS; CELL FUNCTION; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; DEMENTIA; DRUG POTENCY; DRUG PROTEIN BINDING; ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION; GLOMERULONEPHRITIS; HUMAN; IMMUNOPATHOLOGY; INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION; NEPHRITIS; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; REVIEW; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; THROMBOSIS;

EID: 77953372641     PISSN: None     EISSN: 09744304     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (91)

1. Li L., Yee C. and Beavo J. A. CD3- and CD28-dependent induction of PDE7 required for T cell activation. Science,, 1999, 283, 848-851. (Pubitemid 129501125)
2. Dousa T. P. Cyclic-3′,5′- nucleotide phosphodiesterases isoenzyme in cell biology and Pathophysiology of the kidney Kidney Int., 1999, 55, 29-62.
3. Pfister C., Bennett N., Bruckert, F., Catty, P., Clerc, A., Pages, F. and Deterre,P. Enhancement by Phosphodiesterase Subunits of the Rate of GTP Hydrolysis by Transducin in Bovine Retinal Rods. Cell Signaling, 1993, 5, 235-241.
4. Jin S. L., Richard F. J., Kuo W. P., D'Ercole A. J. and Conti M. Impaired growth and fertility of cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase PDE4D-deficient mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1999, 96, 11998-12003.
5. Hetman JM, Robas N, Baxendale R, Fidock M, Phillips SC, Soderling SH, et al. Cloning and characterization of two splice variants of human phosphodiesterase 11A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 2000a, 97,12891-12895
6. Cheng J. and Grande J.P. PDE Inhibitors: Novel therapeutic agents for Renal disease, Exp. Biol. Med.,2007, 232, 38-51.
7. Houslay M.D, Sullivan M., Bolger G.B. The multienzyme PDE4 cyclic adenosine monophosphate-specific phosphodiesterase family: intracellular targeting, regulation, and selective inhibition by compounds exerting anti inflammatory and antidepressant actions. Adv. Pharmacol.,1998, 44,225-342.
8. Nyby M.D., Hori M.T., Ormsby B., Gabrielian A., Tuck M.L. Eicosapentaenoic acid inhibits Ca2p mobilization and PKC activity in vascular smooth muscle cells. Am. J. Hypertens., 2003, 16,708-714.
9. Lugnier C. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) superfamily: A new target for the development of specific therapeutic agents. Pharmacol. Therapeutics, 2006, 109, 366-398. (Pubitemid 43132818)
10. Francis S.H., Turko I.V. and Corbin J.D. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases: Relating structure and function. Progress Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol.,2000, 65, 1-52.
11. Conti M. Phosphodiesterases and cyclic nucleotide signaling in endocrine cells. Mol Endocrinol., 2000, 14, 1317-1327. (Pubitemid 30807273)
12. Dousa PT. Cyclic-3′,5′- nucleotide phosphodiesterases isoenzyme in cell biology and Pathophysiology of the kidney; Kidney International, 1999, 55, 29-62.
13. Wells J.N., Baird C.E., Wu Y. J. and Hardman J.G. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activities of pig coronary arteries. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1975, 384, 430-442.
14. Huang C.Y., Chau V., Chock P.B., Wang J.H. and Sharma R.K. Mechanism of activation of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase: requirement of the binding of four Ca2+ to calmodulin for activation.. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1981, 78,871-874.
15. Sonnenburg W. K., Seger D., Kwak K.S., Huang J., Charbonneau H. and Beavo J.A. Identification of inhibitory and calmodulin-binding domains of the PDE1A1 and PDE1A2 calmodulin-stimulated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, J. Biol. Chem., 1995, 270, 30989-31000.
16. Yan C., Zhao A.Z., Bentley, J. and Beavo K. The calmodulin dependent phosphodiesterase gene PDE1C encodes several functionally different splice variants in a tissue-specific manner, J. Biol. Chem., 1996,271, 25699-25706.
17. Lefièvre L., de Lamirande E., and Gagnon C. Presence of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases PDE1A, existing as a stable complex with calmodulin, and PDE3A in human spermatozoa Biol. Reprod., 2002,67, 423-430. (Pubitemid 34803924)
18. Polli J.W. and Kincaid R.L. Molecular cloning of DNA encoding a calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterase enriched in striatum. Proc. Natl .Acad. Sci. USA, 1992,89, 11079-11083.
19. Yu J., Wolda S.L., Frazier A.L., Florio V.A., Martins T.J., Snyder P.B., et al. Identification and characterisation of a human calmodulin-stimulated phosphodiesterase PDE1B1; Cell Signal ,1997, 9, 519-529. (Pubitemid 27487370)
20. Loughney K., Martins T. J., Harris E. A., Sadhu K., Hicks J. B., Sonnenburg W. K., et al, Isolation and characterization of cDNAs corresponding to two human calcium, calmodulin-regulated, 3′,5′-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases. J .Biol. Chem., 1996, 271, 796-806. (Pubitemid 26034930)
21. Yan C., Zhao A.Z., Bentley J. and Beavo K. The calmodulin dependent phosphodiesterase gene PDE1C encodes several functionally different splice variants in a tissue-specific manner.J.Biol.Chem.271,25699-25706.
22. Yan C., Zhao A. Z., Bentley J.K., Loughney K., Ferguson K. and Beavo J.A ; Molecular cloning and characterization of a calmodulindependent phosphodiesterase enriched in olfactory sensory neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,1995, 92, 9677-9681.
23. Kanda N. and Watanabe S. Regulatory roles of adenylate cyclase and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases 1 and 4 in interleukin-13 production by activated human T cells. Biochem. Pharmacol., 2001,62, 495-507.
24. Jiang X., Li J., Paskind M. and Epstein P.M. Inhibition of calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterase induces apoptosis in human leukemic cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1996, 93, 11236-11241.
25. Reed T.M., Repaske D.R., Snyder G.L., Greengard P. and Vorhees C.V. Phosphodiesterase 1B knockout mice exhibit exaggerated locomotor hyperactivity and DARPP-32 phosphorylation in response to dopamine agonists and display impaired spatial learning. J. Neurosci., 2002, 22, 5188-5197. (Pubitemid 37465631)
26. Rosman G.J, Martins T.J., Sonnenburg W.K., Beavo J.A., Ferguson K., Loughney K. Isolation and characterization of human cDNAs encoding a cGMP-stimulated 3′,5′-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. Gene, 1997, 191: 89-95. (Pubitemid 27254410)
27. Rybalkin S.D., Rybalkina I., Beavo J.A. and Bornfeldt K.E. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 1C promotes human arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation. Circ. Res., 2002, 90, 151-157.
28. Han P., Werber J., Surana M., Fleischer N. and Michaeli T. The calcium/calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterase PDE1C downregulates glucose-induced insulin secretion. J. Biol. Chem.,1999. 274, 22337-22344.
29. Snyder P.B., Esselstyn J.M., Loughney K., Wolda S.L., and Florio V.A. The role of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases in the regulation of adipocyte lipolysis. J. Lipid Res., 2005, 46, 494-503. (Pubitemid 43109786)
30. Erneux C., Couchie D., Dumont J.E., Baraniak J., Stec W.J., Abbad E.G., et al. Specificity of cyclic GMP activation of a multisubstrate cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase from rat liver. Eur. J. Biochem., 1981, 115, 503-510.
31. Martins T.J., Mumby M C. and Beavo J.A. Purification and characterization of a cyclic GMP-stimulated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterasefrom bovine tissues. J. Biol. Chem., 1982, 257, 1973-1979.
32. MacFarland R.T., Zelus B.D. and Beavo J.A. High concentrations of a cGMP stimulated phosphodiesterase mediate ANP-induced decreases in cAMP and steroidogenesis in adrenal glomerulosa cells. J.Biol. Chem., 1991, 266, 136-142.
33. Lugnier C., Muller B., Le Bec A., Beaudry C. and Rousseau E. Characterization of indolidan- and rolipram-sensitive cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases in canine and human cardiac microsomal fractions. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.,1993, 265, 1142-1151.
34. Geoffroy V., Fouque F., Nivet V., Clot J.P., Lugnier C., Desbuquois B., et al. Activation of a cGMP-stimulated cAMP phosphodiesteraseby protein kinase C in a liver Golgi-endosomal fraction. Eur. J. Biochem., 1999, 259, 892-900.
35. Lugnier C., Keravis T. and Eckly-Michel A. Cross talk between NO and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases in the modulation of signal transduction in blood vessel. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 1999a, 50, 639-652.
36. Lugnier C., Keravis T., Le Bec A., Pauvert O., Proteau S. and Rousseau E. Characterization of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase isoforms associated to isolated cardiac nuclei. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1999b, 1472, 431-446.
37. Yanaka N., Kurosawa Y., Minami K., Kawai E. and Omori, K. cGMP-phosphodiesterase activity is up-regulated in response to pressure overload of rat ventricles. Biosci. Biochem., 2003, 67, 973-979.
38. Coudray C., Charon C., Komas N., Mory G., Diot-Dupuy F., Manganiello V., et al.. Evidence for the presence of several phosphodiesterase isoforms in brown adipose tissue of Zucker rats:modulation of PDE2 by the fa gene expression. FEBS Lett., 1999, 456, 207-210.
39. Juilfs D.M., Fulle H. J., Zhao A. Z., Houslay M.D., Garbers D.L. Beavo J.A.. A subset of olfactory neurons that selectively express cGMP-stimulated phosphodiesterase (PDE2) and guanylyl cyclase-D define a unique olfactory signal transduction pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci U S A, 1997, 94, 3388-3395.
40. Meyer M.R., Angele A., Kremmer E., Kaupp U.B. and Muller F.A. cGMP-signaling pathway in a subset of olfactory sensory neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A, 2000, 97, 10595-10600.
41. Van Staveren W.C., Steinbusch H.W., Markerink-Van Ittersum M., Repaske D. R., Goy M. F., Kotera J., et al. mRNA expression patterns of the cGMP hydrolyzing phosphodiesterases types 2, 5, and 9 during development of the rat brain. J. Comp. Neurol., 2003,467, 566-580.
42. Van Staveren W.C., Steinbusch H.W., Markerink-van Ittersum M., Behrends S. and de Vente, J. Species differences in the localization of cGMP-producing and NO responsive elements in the mouse and rat hippocampus using cGMP immunocytochemistry. Eur. J. Neurosci., 2004, 19, 2155-2168.
43. Keravis T., Komas N. and Lugnier C. Cyclic nucleotide hydrolysis in bovine aortic endothelial cells in culture: differential regulation in cobblestone and spindle phenotypes. J Vasc. Res., 2000, 37, 235-249. (Pubitemid 30759324)
44. Sadhu K., Hensley K., Florio V.A. and Wolda S.L. Differential expression of the cyclic GMP-stimulated phosphodiesterase PDE2A in human venous and capillary endothelial cells. J.Histochem. Cytochem., 1999, 47, 895-906.
45. Favot L., Keravis T. and Lugnier, C. Modulation of VEGF-induced endothelial cell cycle protein expression through cyclic AMP hydrolysis by PDE2 and PDE4. Thromb. Haemost., 2004, 92, 634-645
46. Pauvert O., Salvail D., Rousseau E., Lugnier C., Marthan R., Savineau J.P. Characterisation of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase isoforms in the media layer of the main pulmonary artery. Biochem. Pharmacol., 2002, 63, 1763-1772.
47. Beavo J.A., Hardman J.G. and Sutherland E.W. Stimulation of adenosine 3V,5V monophosphate hydrolysis by guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate. J. Biol. Chem., 1971, 246, 3841-3846.
48. Rivet-Bastide M., Vandecasteele G., Hatem S., Verde I., Benardeau A., Mercadier J.J., et al. cGMP-stimulated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase regulates the basal calcium current in human atrial myocytes. J. Clin. Invest., 1997, 99, 2710-2718.
49. Schrofner S., Zsombok A., Hermann A. and Kerschbaum H.H. Nitric oxide decreases a calcium-activated potassium current via activation of phosphodiesterase 2 in helix U cells. Brain Res., 2004, 999, 98-105. (Pubitemid 38121455)
50. Gustafsson A.B. and Brunton L.L. Attenuation of cAMP accumulation in adult rat cardiac fibroblasts by IL-1beta and NO: role of cGMP-stimulated PDE2. Am. J. Physiol. Cell, 2002, 283, C463-C471.
51. Keravis T., Komas N. and Lugnier C. Cyclic nucleotide hydrolysis in bovine aortic endothelial cells in culture: differential regulation in cobblestone and spindle phenotypes. J. Vasc. Res., 2000, 37, 235-249.
52. Tenor H., Schudt C. Analysis of PDE isoenzyme profiles in cells and tissues by pharmacological methods, in PDE Inhibitors (Schudt C, Dent G, and Rabe K eds) London: Academic Press; 2004: 21-40.
53. Manganiello V.C., Murata T., Taira M., Belfrage P., Degerman E. Diversity in cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase isoenzyme families. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1995a, 322,1-13.
54. Harrison S.A., Reifsnyder D.H., Gallis B., Cadd G.G. and Beavo J.A. Isolation and characterization of bovine cardiac muscle cGMPinhibited phosphodiesterase: a receptor for new cardiotonic drugs. Mol. Pharmacol., 1986, 29, 506-514.
55. Macphee C.H., Harrison S.A. and Beavo J.A. Immunological identification of the major platelet low-Km cAMP phosphodiesterase: probable target for anti-thrombotic agents. Proc. Natl.Acad .Sci. U S A, 1986, 83, 6660-6663.
56. Degerman E., Belfrage P., Newman A.H., Rice K.C. and Manganiello, V. C. Purification of the putative hormone-sensitive cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase from rat adipose tissue using a derivative of cilostamide as a novel affinity ligand. J. Biol. Chem., 1987,262, 5797-5807.
57. Okruhlicova L., Tribulova N., Eckly A., Lugnier C., and Slezak J. Cytochemical distribution of cyclic AMP-dependent 3V,5V-nucleotide phosphodiesterase in the rat myocardium. Histochem. J.,1996 ,28, 165-172.
58. Okruhlicova L., Tribulova N., Styk J., Eckly A., Lugnier C., and Slezak J. Species differences in localization of cardiac cAMP phosphodiesterase activity: a cytochemical study. Mol. Cell Biochem. 1997, 173, 183-188.
59. Fischmeister R. and Hartzell H. Regulation of calcium current by low-Km cyclic AMP phosphodiesterases in cardiac cells. Mol. Pharmacol., 1990, 38, 426-433.
60. Kurtz, A., Gotz, K. H., Hamann, M., and Wagner, C. Stimulation of renin secretion by nitric oxide is mediated by phosphodiesterase 3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, (1998), 95, 4743-4747. (Pubitemid 28207984)
61. Edmondson S.D., Mastracchio A., He J., Chung C.C., Forrest M.J., Hofsess S., et al Benzyl vinylogous amide substituted aryldihydropyridazinones and aryldimethylpyrazolones as potent and selective PDE3B inhibitors. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2003, 13, 3983-3987.
62. Hori M., et al., NT-702 (parogrelil hydrochloride, NM-702), a novel and potent phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, suppress the asthmatic response in guinea pigs; Eur. J. Pharmacol. ,2009, doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.07.005.
63. Swinnen J.V., Joseph D. and Conti R. Molecular cloning of rat homologues of the Drosophila melanogaster dunce cAMP phosphodiesterase: evidence for a family of genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1989, 86, 5325-5329.
64. Livi G.P., Kmetz P., McHale M.M., Cieslinski L.B., Sathe G.M., Taylor D.P., et al.. Cloning and expression of cDNA for a human low-Km, rolipram-sensitive cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase. Mol. Cell Biol., 1990, 10, 2678-2686.
65. Bolger G., Michaeli T., Martins T., St John T., Steiner B., Rodgers L., et al.. A family of human phosphodiesterases homologous to the dunce learning and memory gene product of Drosophila melanogaster are potential targets for antidepressant drugs. Mol Cell Biol, 1993, 13, 6558-6571.
66. McLaughlin M.M., Cieslinski L.B., Burman M., Torphy T.J. and Livi A.. Low-Km, rolipramsensitive, cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase from human brain. Cloning and expression of cDNA, biochemical characterization of recombinant protein, and tissue distribution of mRNA. J. Biol. Chem., 1993, 268, 6470-6476.
67. Jin S.L., Richard F.J., Kuo W. P., D'Ercole A. J. and Conti, M.Impaired growth and fertility of cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase PDE4D-deficient mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A, 1999, 96, 11998-12003.
68. Zhang H.T., Huang Y., Jin S.L., Frith S. ., Suvarna N., Conti M., et al. Antidepressant-like profile and reduced sensitivity to rolipram in mice deficient in the PDE4D phosphodiesterase enzyme. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2002a, 27, 587-595.
69. Zhang R., Wang Y., Zhang,L., Zhang Z., Tsang, W., Lu, M. et al. Sildenafil (Viagra) induces neurogenesis and promotes functional recovery after stroke in rats. Stroke, 2002b, 33, 2675-2680. (Pubitemid 35266440)
70. Hansen G., Jin S., Umetsu D.T. and Conti M. Absence of muscarinic cholinergic airway responses in mice deficient in the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase PDE4D. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci .U S A, 2000, 97, 6751-6756.
71. Robichaud A., Stamatiou P.B., Jin S.L., Lachance N., MacDonald D., Laliberté, F., et al. Deletion of phosphodiesterase 4D in mice shortens alpha(2)-adrenoceptor-mediated anesthesia, a behavioral correlate of emesis. J. Clin. Invest., 2002, 110, 1045-1052.
72. Jin S.L. and Conti M. Induction of the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase PDE4B is essential for LPS-activated TNF-alpha responses. Proc. Nat.l Acad. Sci .U S A, 2002, 99, 7628-7633.
73. Raboisson P., Lugnier C., Muller C., Reimund J.M., Schultz D., Pinna, G., et al. Design, synthesis and structure- activity relationships of a series of 9-substituted adenine derivatives as selective phosphodiesterase type-4 inhibitors. Eur. J. Med. Chem., 2003, 38, 199-214.
74. Mata M., Sarria B., Buenestado A., Cortijo J., Cerda M., and Morcillo E.J. Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibition decreases MUC5AC expression induced by epidermal growth factor in human airway epithelial cells. Thorax, 2005, 60, 144-152. (Pubitemid 40222898)
75. Barber R., Baillie G.S., Bergmann R., Shepherd M.C., Sepper R., Houslay M.D., et al. Differential expression of PDE4 cAMP phosphodiesterase isoforms in inflammatory cells of smokers with COPD, smokers without COPD, and nonsmokers. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol., 2004, 287, L332-L343.
76. Harada D.et.al; Effect of orally administered KF66490, a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, on dermatitis in mouse models .Int Immunopharmacol., 2009 9, 55-62.
77. Prickaerts J., Sik A., van Staveren W.C., Koopmans G., Steinbusch H.W., van der Staay F. J., et al. Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibition improves early memory consolidation of object information. Neurochem. Int., 2004, 45, 915-928.
78. Samuel R., Gratz et.al; Structural characterization of sulfoaildenafil, an analog of sildenafil; J. Pharm.Biomed. Anal., 2009, 50, 228-231.
79. Corbin J.D., Francis S.H., Webb D.J. Phosphodiesterase type 5 as a pharmacologic target in erectile dysfunction. Urology, 2002, 60, 4-11. (Pubitemid 35300142)
80. Rybalkin S.D., Yan C., Bornfeldt K.E., Beavo J.A. Cyclic GMP phosphodiesterases and regulation of smooth muscle function. Circ. Res. 2003b; 93:280-291 (Pubitemid 37048240)
81. Roumeguè re T, et al.; Effects of Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors on the Inflammatory Response of Endothelial Cells Stimulated by Myeloperoxidase-Modified Low-Density Lipoprotein or Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha, Eur. Urol., 2009, doi :10.1016/j.eururo.2009.01.030;
82. Cote R.H. Characteristics of photoreceptor PDE (PDE6): similarities and differences to PDE5. Int. J. Impot. Res., 2004, 16 (Suppl 1), S28-S33.
83. Smith S.J., Cieslinski L.B., Newton R., Donnelly L.E., Fenwick, P.S., Nicholson A.G., et al. Discovery of BRL 50481 [3- (N,N-dimethylsulfonamido)-4- methyl-nitrobenzene], a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 7: in vitro studies in human monocytes, lung macrophages, and CD8+T-lymphocytes. Mol. Pharmacol.,2004, 66, 1679-1689.
84. Sasaki T., Kotera J. and Omori K. Transcriptional activation of phosphodiesterase 7B1 by dopamine D1 receptor stimulation through the cyclic AMP/cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase/cyclic AMPresponse element binding protein pathway in primary striatal neurons. J. Neurochem., 2004, 9, 474-483. (Pubitemid 38495995)
85. Kumiko Kadoshima-Yamaoka et.al; ASB16165, a novel inhibitor for phosphodiesterase 7A (PDE7A), suppresses IL-12-induced IFN-γ production by mouse activated T lymphocytes; Immunol. Lett., 2009, 122, 193-197.
86. Hayashi M., Shimada Y., Nishimura Y., Hama T. and Tanaka T. Genomic organization, chromosomal localization, and alternative splicing of the human phosphodiesterase 8VB gene. Biochem.Biophys. Res. Commun., 2002, 297, 1253-1258.
87. Hebb A.L., Robertson H.A., and Denovan-Wright E.M. Striatal phosphodiesterase mRNA and protein levels are reduced in Huntington's disease transgenic mice prior to the onset of neuroscience. Neuroscience, 2004, 123, 967-981.
88. DeNinno M.P.et.al; The discovery of potent, selective, and orally bioavailable PDE9 inhibitors as potential hypoglycemic agents ; Bioorganic Med. Chem. Lett.,2009, 19, 2537-2541.
89. Cui Qing Liu et al; Prevention of nitroglycerin tolerance in vitro by T0156, a selective phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor; Eur. J. Pharmacology, 2008,590, 250-254.
90. Nicholas J. Brandon et.al; PDE10 inhibition for the treatment of schizophrenia; Schizophrenia Research, 2008, 102, 39.
91. Wentzinger L.et.al; Cyclic nucleotide-specific phosphodiesterases of Plasmodium falciparum: PfPDEα, a non-essential cGMP-specific PDE that is an integral membrane protein; Int. J. Parasitology, 2008, 38,1625-1637.