Noninvasive fetal RhD genotyping from maternal blood

Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 285-296

  Kolialexi, Aggeliki ^a   Tounta, Georgia ^a   Mavrou, Ariadni ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Greece)

Author keywords

Anti D Immunoprophylaxis; Cell free fetal DNA; Fetal cells; Fetal Rhesus D status; Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis

Indexed keywords

DNA; RHESUS D ANTIBODY;

AMNIOCENTESIS; BLOOD GROUP RHESUS SYSTEM; BLOOD SAMPLING; CELL FREE SYSTEM; CHORION VILLUS SAMPLING; DNA EXTRACTION; FALSE NEGATIVE RESULT; FALSE POSITIVE RESULT; GENOTYPE; HUMAN; LABORATORY; MATERNAL BLOOD; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; PREDICTION; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS; REVIEW;

DIAGNOSTIC ERRORS; FEMALE; FETUS; GENOTYPE; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS; RH-HR BLOOD-GROUP SYSTEM;

EID: 77950612762     PISSN: 14737159     EISSN: 17448352     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/erm.10.5     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Race RR, Sanger R. Blood Groups in Man (6th Edition). Blackwell, Oxford, UK (1975).
2. Bowman J. Rh-immunoglobulin: Rh prophylaxis. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Haematol. 19(1), 27-34 (2006).
3. NICE. Routine Antenatal Anti-D Prophylaxis for Women who are Rhesus D Negative. NICE Technology Appraisal Guidance 156. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, London, UK (2008).
4. Vandenbussche FPHA, Klumper FJ. Red Cell Immunisation and Pregnancy. Dutch Society of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Utrecht, The Netherlands (2002).
5. American College of Obstetricans and Gynecologists. ACOG practice bulletin. Prevention of RhD alloimmunization. Number 4, May 1999. Clinical management guidelines for obstetrician- gynecologists. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 66, 63-70 (1999).
6. Crowther CA, Keirse MJ. Anti-D administration in pregnancy for preventing rhesus alloimmunisation. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2), CD000020 (2000).
7. Chilcott J, Lloyd Jones M, Wight J et al. A review of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of routine anti-D prophylaxis for pregnant women who are Rhesus-negative. Health Technol. Assess. 7(4), iii-62 (2003).
8. Jones ML, Wray J, Wight J et al. A review of the clinical effectiveness of routine antenatal anti-D prophylaxis for rhesus-negative women who are pregnant. BJOG 111(9), 892-902 (2004). (Pubitemid 39223036)
9. Muller SP, Bartels I, Stein W et al. The determination of the fetal D status from maternal plasma for decision making on Rh prophylaxis is feasible. Transfusion 48(11), 2292-2301 (2008).
10. van der Schoot CE, Hahn S, Chitty LS. Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis and determination of fetal Rh status. Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med. 13(2), 63-68 (2008).
11. Bennett PR, Le Van Kim C, Colin Y et al. Prenatal determination of fetal RhD type by DNA amplification. N. Engl. J. Med. 329(9), 607-610 (1993).
12. Colin Y, Cherif-Zahar B, Le Van Kim C, Raynal V, Van Huffel V, Cartron JP. Genetic basis of the RhD-positive and RhD-negative blood group polymorphism as determined by Southern analysis. Blood 78(10), 2747-2752 (1991).
13. Aubin JT, Le Van Kim C, Mouro I et al. Specificity and sensitivity of RHD genotyping methods by PCR-based DNA amplification. Br. J. Haematol. 98(2), 356-364 (1997).
14. Daniels G, Finning K, Martin P, Soothill P. Fetal blood group genotyping from DNA from maternal plasma: an important advance in the management and prevention of haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. Vox. Sang. 87(4), 225-232 (2004).
15. Geifman-Holtzman O, Ober Berman J. Prenatal diagnosis: update on invasive versus noninvasive fetal diagnostic testing from maternal blood. Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. 8(6), 727-751 (2008).
16. Westhoff CM. The structure and function of the Rh antigen complex. Semin. Hematol. 44(1), 42-50 (2007).
17. Ridgwell K, Spurr NK, Laguda B, MacGeoch C, Avent ND, Tanner MJ. Isolation of cDNA clones for a 50 kDa glycoprotein of the human erythrocyte membrane associated with Rh (Rhesus) blood-group antigen expression. Biochem. J. 287(Pt 1), 223-228 (1992).
18. Wagner FF, Flegel WA. RHD gene deletion occurred in the Rhesus box. Blood 95(12), 3662-3668 (2000).
19. Avent ND, Madgett TE, Lee ZE, Head DJ, Maddocks DG, Skinner LH. Molecular biology of Rh proteins and relevance to molecular medicine. Expert Rev. Mol. Med. 8(13), 1-20 (2006).
20. Singleton BK, Green CA, Avent ND et al. The presence of an RHD pseudogene containing a 37 base pair duplication and a nonsense mutation in africans with the Rh D-negative blood group phenotype. Blood. 95(1), 12-18 (2000).
21. Daniels GL, Faas BH, Green CA et al. The VS and V blood group polymorphisms in Africans: a serologic and molecular analysis. Transfusion 38(10), 951-958 (1998).
22. Faas BH, Beckers EA, Wildoer P et al. Molecular background of VS and weak C expression in blacks. Transfusion 37(1), 38-44 (1997).
23. Wagner FF, Frohmajer A, Flegel WA. RHD positive haplotypes in D negative Europeans. BMC Genet. 2, 10 (2001).
24. Avent ND, Martin PG, Armstrong-Fisher SS et al. Evidence of genetic diversity underlying Rh D-, weak D (Du), and partial D phenotypes as determined by multiplex polymerase chain reaction analysis of the RHD gene. Blood 89(7), 2568-2577 (1997).
25. Wagner FF, Gassner C, Muller TH, Schonitzer D, Schunter F, Flegel WA. Molecular basis of weak D phenotypes. Blood 93(1), 385-393 (1999).
26. Westhoff CM. Rh complexities: serology and DNA genotyping. Transfusion 47(1 Suppl.), 17S-22S (2007).
27. Daniels G, van der Schoot CE, Olsson ML. Report of the First International Workshop on molecular blood group genotyping. Vox. Sang. 88(2), 136-142 (2005).
28. Daniels G. Human Blood Groups (2nd Edition). Blackwell Science, Cambridge, UK (2002).
29. Blumenfeld OO, Patnaik SK. Allelic genes of blood group antigens: a source of human mutations and cSNPs documented in the Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database. Hum. Mutat. 23(1), 8-16 (2004).
30. Cannon M, Pierce R, Taber EB, Schucker J. Fatal hydrops fetalis caused by anti-D in a mother with partial D. Obstet. Gynecol. 102(5 Pt 2), 1143-1145 (2003).
31. Cartron JP, Rouillac C, Le Van Kim C, Mouro I, Colin Y. Tentative model for the mapping of D epitopes on the RhD polypeptide. Transfus. Clin. Biol. 3(6), 497-503 (1996).
32. Avent ND, Finning KM, Liu W, Scott ML. Molecular biology of partial D phenotypes. Transfus. Clin. Biol. 3(6), 511-516 (1996).
33. Shao CP, Maas JH, Su YQ, Kohler M, Legler TJ. Molecular background of Rh D-positive, D-negative, D(el) and weak D phenotypes in Chinese. Vox. Sang. 83(2), 156-161 (2002).
34. Sun CF, Chou CS, Lai NC, Wang WT. RHD gene polymorphisms among RhD-negative Chinese in Taiwan. Vox. Sang. 75(1), 52-57 (1998).
35. Simpson JL, Bischoff F. Cell-free fetal DNA in maternal blood: evolving clinical applications. JAMA 291(9), 1135-1137 (2004).
36. Bianchi DW, Zickwolf GK, Yih MC et al. Erythroid-specific antibodies enhance detection of fetal nucleated erythrocytes in maternal blood. Prenat. Diagn. 13(4), 293-300 (1993).
37. Geifman-Holtzman O, Holtzman EJ, Vadnais TJ, Phillips VE, Capeless EL, Bianchi DW. Detection of fetal HLA-DQa sequences in maternal blood: a gender-independent technique of fetal cell identification. Prenat. Diagn. 15(3), 261-268 (1995).
38. Bianchi DW, Mahr A, Zickwolf GK, Houseal TW, Flint AF, Klinger KW. Detection of fetal cells with 47,XY,+21 karyotype in maternal peripheral blood. Hum Genet. 90(4), 368-370 (1992).
39. Bianchi DW, Simpson JL, Jackson LG et al. Fetal gender and aneuploidy detection using fetal cells in maternal blood: analysis of NIFTY I data. National Institute of Child Health and Development Fetal Cell Isolation Study. Prenat. Diagn. 22(7), 609-615 (2002).
40. Mavrou A, Colialexi A, Tsangaris GT et al. Fetal cells in maternal blood: isolation by magnetic cell sorting and confirmation by immunophenotyping and FISH. In Vivo. 12(2), 195-200 (1998).
41. Lo YM, Bowell PJ, Selinger M et al. Prenatal determination of fetal RhD status by analysis of peripheral blood of rhesus negative mothers. Lancet 341(8853), 1147-1148 (1993).
42. Geifman-Holtzman O, Bernstein IM, Berry SM et al. Fetal RhD genotyping in fetal cells flow sorted from maternal blood. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 174(3), 818-822 (1996).
43. Sekizawa A, Watanabe A, Kimura T, Saito H, Yanaihara T, Sato T. Prenatal diagnosis of the fetal RhD blood type using a single fetal nucleated erythrocyte from maternal blood. Obstet. Gynecol. 87(4), 501-505 (1996). (Pubitemid 26102731)
44. Troeger C, Zhong XY, Burgemeister R et al. Approximately half of the erythroblasts in maternal blood are of fetal origin. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 5(12), 1162-1165 (1999).
45. Hamlington J, Cunningham J, Mason G, Mueller R, Miller D. Prenatal detection of rhesus D genotype. Lancet 349(9051), 540 (1997).
46. Al-Mufti R, Howard C, Overton T et al. Detection of fetal messenger ribonucleic acid in maternal blood to determine fetal RhD status as a strategy for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 179(1), 210-214 (1998).
47. Bianchi DW. Fetal cells in the maternal circulation: feasibility for prenatal diagnosis. Br. J. Haematol. 105(3), 574-583 (1999).
48. Lo YM, Tein MS, Lau TK et al. Quantitative analysis of fetal DNA in maternal plasma and serum: implications for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 62(4), 768-775 (1998).
49. Lo YM, Zhang J, Leung TN, Lau TK, Chang AM, Hjelm NM. Rapid clearance of fetal DNA from maternal plasma. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 64(1), 218-224 (1999).
50. Lo YM, Hjelm NM, Fidler C et al. Prenatal diagnosis of fetal RhD status by molecular analysis of maternal plasma. N. Engl. J. Med. 339(24), 1734-1738 (1998).
51. Faas BH, Beuling EA, Christiaens GC, von dem Borne AE, van der Schoot CE. Detection of fetal RHD-specific sequences in maternal plasma. Lancet 352(9135), 1196 (1998).
52. Geifman-Holtzman O, Grotegut CA, Gaughan JP. Diagnostic accuracy of noninvasive fetal Rh genotyping from maternal blood - a meta-analysis. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 195(4), 1163-1173 (2006).
53. Finning KM, Martin PG, Soothill PW, Avent ND. Prediction of fetal D status from maternal plasma: introduction of a new noninvasive fetal RHD genotyping service. Transfusion 42(8), 1079-1085 (2002).
54. Finning K, Martin P, Summers J, Massey E, Poole G, Daniels G. Effect of high throughput RHD typing of fetal DNA in maternal plasma on use of anti-RhD immunoglobulin in RhD negative pregnant women: prospective feasibility study. BMJ 336(7648), 816-818 (2008).
55. Rouillac-Le Sciellour C, Puillandre P, Gillot R et al. Large-scale pre-diagnosis study of fetal RHD genotyping by PCR on plasma DNA from RhD-negative pregnant women. Mol. Diagn. 8(1), 23-31 (2004).
56. van der Schoot CE, A. AS, Dee R, Bonsel GJ, de Haas M. Screening for foetal RhD-genotype by plasma PCR in all D-negative pregnant women is feasible. Vox. Sang. 87(Suppl. 3), 9 (2004).
57. Minon JM, Gerard C, Senterre JM, Schaaps JP, Foidart JM. Routine fetal RHD genotyping with maternal plasma: a four-year experience in Belgium. Transfusion 48(2), 373-381 (2008).
58. Kumar S. Universal RHD genotyping in fetuses. BMJ 336(7648), 783-784 (2008).
59. Houfflin-Debarge V, O'Donnell H, Overton T, Bennett PR, Fisk NM. High sensitivity of fetal DNA in plasma compared to serum and nucleated cells using unnested PCR in maternal blood. Fetal Diagn. Ther. 15(2), 102-107 (2000).
60. Tungwiwat W, Fucharoen G, Ratanasiri T, Sanchaisuriya K, Fucharoen S. Non-invasive fetal sex determination using a conventional nested PCR analysis of fetal DNA in maternal plasma. Clin. Chim. Acta 334(1-2), 173-177 (2003).
61. Lam NY, Rainer TH, Chiu RW, Lo YM. EDTA is a better anticoagulant than heparin or citrate for delayed blood processing for plasma DNA analysis. Clin. Chem. 50(1), 256-257 (2004).
62. Angert RM, LeShane ES, Lo YM, Chan LY, Delli-Bovi LC, Bianchi DW. Fetal cell-free plasma DNA concentrations in maternal blood are stable 24 hours after collection: analysis of first- and third-trimester samples. Clin. Chem. 49(1), 195-198 (2003).
63. Chiu RW, Poon LL, Lau TK, Leung TN, Wong EM, Lo YM. Effects of blood-processing protocols on fetal and total DNA quantification in maternal plasma. Clin. Chem. 47(9), 1607-1613 (2001).
64. Johnson KL, Dukes KA, Vidaver J et al. Interlaboratory comparison of fetal male DNA detection from common maternal plasma samples by real-time PCR. Clin. Chem. 50(3), 516-521 (2004).
65. Legler TJ, Liu Z, Mavrou A et al. Workshop report on the extraction of foetal DNA from maternal plasma. Prenat. Diagn. 27(9), 824-829 (2007).
66. Banzola I, Kaufmann I, Lapaire O, Hahn S, Holzgreve W, Rusterholz C. Isolation of serum nucleic acids for fetal DNA analysis: comparison of manual and automated extraction methods. Prenat. Diagn. 28(13), 1227-1231 (2008).
67. Huang DJ, Zimmermann BG, Holzgreve W, Hahn S. Improvement of methods for the isolation of cell-free fetal DNA from maternal plasma: comparison of a manual and an automated method. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1075, 308-312 (2006).
68. Chan KC, Zhang J, Hui AB et al. Size distributions of maternal and fetal DNA in maternal plasma. Clin. Chem. 50(1), 88-92 (2004).
69. Li Y, Zimmermann B, Rusterholz C, Kang A, Holzgreve W, Hahn S. Size separation of circulatory DNA in maternal plasma permits ready detection of fetal DNA polymorphisms. Clin. Chem. 50(6), 1002-1011 (2004).
70. Clausen FB, Krog GR, Rieneck K, Dziegiel MH. Improvement in fetal DNA extraction from maternal plasma. Evaluation of the NucliSens Magnetic Extraction system and the QIAamp DSP Virus Kit in comparison with the QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit. Prenat. Diagn. 27(1), 6-10 (2007).
71. Horinek A, Korabecna M, Panczak A et al. Cell-free fetal DNA in maternal plasma during physiological single male pregnancies: methodology issues and kinetics. Fetal Diagn. Ther. 24(1), 15-21 (2008).
72. Hahn T, Drese KS, O'Sullivan CK. Microsystem for isolation of fetal DNA from maternal plasma by preparative size separation. Clin. Chem. 55(12), 2144-2152 (2009).
73. Daniels G, van der Schoot CE, Olsson ML. Report of the Second International Workshop on molecular blood group genotyping. Vox. Sang. 93(1), 83-88 (2007).
74. Avent ND. RHD genotyping from maternal plasma: guidelines and technical challenges. Methods Mol. Biol. 444, 185-201 (2008).
75. Grill S, Banzola I, Li Y et al. High throughput non-invasive determination of foetal Rhesus D status using automated extraction of cell-free foetal DNA in maternal plasma and mass spectrometry. Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 279(4), 533-537 (2009).
76. Minon JM, Schaaps JP, Retz MC, Dricot JF, Foidart JM, Senterre JM. [Prenatal determination of fetal RHD in maternal plasma: two-years experience of routine clinical use]. J. Gynecol. Obstet. Biol. Reprod. (Paris) 34(5), 448-453 (2005).
77. Rouillac-Le Sciellour C, Serazin V, Brossard Y et al. Noninvasive fetal RHD genotyping from maternal plasma. Use of a new developed free DNA fetal kit RhD. Transfus. Clin. Biol. 14(6), 572-577 (2007).
78. Chan KC, Ding C, Gerovassili A et al. Hypermethylated RASSF1A in maternal plasma: a universal fetal DNA marker that improves the reliability of noninvasive prenatal diagnosis. Clin. Chem. 52(12), 2211-2218 (2006).
79. Page-Christiaens GC, Bossers B, CE VDS, M DEH. Use of bi-allelic insertion/deletion polymorphisms as a positive control for fetal genotyping in maternal blood: first clinical experience. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1075, 123-129 (2006).
80. Hyland CA, Gardener GJ, Davies H et al. Evaluation of non-invasive prenatal RHD genotyping of the fetus. Med. J. Aust. 191(1), 21-25 (2009).
81. Avent ND, Finning KM, Martin PG, Soothill PW. Prenatal determination of fetal blood group status. Vox. Sang. 78(Suppl. 2), 155-162 (2000).
82. Reid ME, Oyen R, Marsh WL. Summary of the clinical significance of blood group alloantibodies. Semin. Hematol. 37(2), 197-216 (2000).
83. Wagner FF, Kasulke D, Kerowgan M, Flegel WA. Frequencies of the blood groups ABO, Rhesus, D category VI, Kell, and of clinically relevant high-frequency antigens in South-western Germany. Infusionsther. Transfusionsmed. 22(5), 285-290 (1995).
84. Hartwell EA. Use of Rh immune globulin: ASCP practice parameter. American Society of Clinical Pathologists. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 110(3), 281-292 (1998).
85. Van der Schoot CE, Soussan AA, Koelewijn J, Bonsel G, Paget-Christiaens LG, de Haas M. Non-invasive antenatal RHD typing. Transfus. Clin. Biol. 13(1-2), 53-57 (2006).
86. Brojer E, Zupanska B, Guz K, Orzinska A, Kalinska A. Noninvasive determination of fetal RHD status by examination of cell-free DNA in maternal plasma. Transfusion 45(9), 1473-1480 (2005).
87. Gautier E, Benachi A, Giovangrandi Y et al. Fetal RhD genotyping by maternal serum analysis: a two-year experience. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 192(3), 666-669 (2005).
88. Old RW, Crea F, Puszyk W, Hulten MA. Candidate epigenetic biomarkers for non-invasive prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome. Reprod. Biomed. Online 15(2), 227-235 (2007).
89. Flori E, Doray B, Gautier E et al. Circulating cell-free fetal DNA in maternal serum appears to originate from cyto- and syncytio-trophoblastic cells. Case report. Hum. Reprod. 19(3), 723-724 (2004).
90. Costa JM, Giovangrandi Y, Ernault P et al. Fetal RHD genotyping in maternal serum during the first trimester of pregnancy. Br. J. Haematol. 119(1), 255-260 (2002). (Pubitemid 35176527)
91. Grootkerk-Tax MG, Soussan AA, de Haas M, Maaskant-van Wijk PA, van der Schoot CE. Evaluation of prenatal RHD typing strategies on cell-free fetal DNA from maternal plasma. Transfusion 46(12), 2142-2148 (2006).
92. Avent ND, Soothill P, Maddocks D. Final report to UK Department of Health: further developments of non-invasive prenatal diagnosis using maternal plasma/ TCC as a source of fetal DNA. (2005).
93. Lun FM, Chiu RW, Allen Chan KC, Yeung Leung T, Kin Lau T, Dennis Lo YM. Microfluidics digital PCR reveals a higher than expected fraction of fetal DNA in maternal plasma. Clin. Chem. 54(10), 1664-1672 (2008).
94. Sikora A, Zimmermann BG, Rusterholz C et al. Detection of increased amounts of cell-free fetal DNA with short PCR amplicons. Clin. Chem. 56, 136-138 (2010).
95. Zhang J, Fidler C, Murphy MF et al. Determination of fetal RhD status by maternal plasma DNA analysis. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 906, 153-155 (2000).
96. Zhong XY, Holzgreve W, Hahn S. Detection of fetal Rhesus D and sex using fetal DNA from maternal plasma by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. BJOG 107(6), 766-769 (2000).
97. Nelson M, Eagle C, Langshaw M, Popp H, Kronenberg H. Genotyping fetal DNA by non-invasive means: extraction from maternal plasma. Vox. Sang. 80(2), 112-116 (2001). (Pubitemid 35345782)
98. Zhong XY, Holzgreve W, Hahn S. Risk free simultaneous prenatal identification of fetal Rhesus D status and sex by multiplex real-time PCR using cell free fetal DNA in maternal plasma. Swiss Med. Wkly 131(5-6), 70-74 (2001).
99. Legler TJ, Lynen R, Maas JH et al. Prediction of fetal Rh D and Rh CcEe phenotype from maternal plasma with real-time polymerase chain reaction. Transfus. Apher. Sci. 27(3), 217-223 (2002).
100. Randen I, Hauge R, Kjeldsen-Kragh J, Fagerhol MK. Prenatal genotyping of RHD and SRY using maternal blood. Vox. Sang. 85(4), 300-306 (2003).
101. Siva SC, Johnson SI, McCracken SA, Morris JM. Evaluation of the clinical usefulness of isolation of fetal DNA from the maternal circulation. Aust. NZ J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 43(1), 10-15 (2003).
102. Turner MJ, Martin CM, O'Leary JJ. Detection of fetal Rhesus D gene in whole blood of women booking for routine antenatal care. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 108(1), 29-32 (2003).
103. Finning K, Martin P, Daniels G. A clinical service in the UK to predict fetal Rh (Rhesus) D blood group using free fetal DNA in maternal plasma. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1022, 119-123 (2004).
104. Rijnders RJ, Christiaens GC, Bossers B, van der Smagt JJ, van der Schoot CE, de Haas M. Clinical applications of cell-free fetal DNA from maternal plasma. Obstet. Gynecol. 103(1), 157-164 (2004).
105. Clausen FB, Krog GR, Rieneck K et al. Reliable test for prenatal prediction of fetal RhD type using maternal plasma from RhD negative women. Prenat. Diagn. 25(11), 1040-1044 (2005).
106. Cotter AM, Martin CM, O'Leary JJ, Daly SF. Increased fetal RhD gene in the maternal circulation in early pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of pre-eclampsia. BJOG 112(5), 584-587 (2005).
107. Gonzalez-Gonzalez C, Garcia-Hoyos M, Trujillo-Tiebas MJ et al. Application of fetal DNA detection in maternal plasma: a prenatal diagnosis unit experience. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 53(3), 307-314 (2005).
108. Hromadnikova I, Vechetova L, Vesela K et al. Non-invasive fetal RHD exon 7 and exon 10 genotyping using real-time PCR testing of fetal DNA in maternal plasma. Fetal Diagn. Ther. 20(4), 275-280 (2005). (Pubitemid 40869116)
109. Hromadnikova I, Vechetova L, Vesela K, Benesova B, Doucha J, Vlk R. Non-invasive fetal RHD and RHCE genotyping using real-time PCR testing of maternal plasma in RhD-negative pregnancies. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 53(3), 301-305 (2005). (Pubitemid 40344062)
110. Hromadnikova I, Vesela K, Benesova B et al. Non-invasive fetal RHD and RHCE genotyping from maternal plasma in alloimmunized pregnancies. Prenat. Diagn. 25(12), 1079-1083 (2005). (Pubitemid 43016285)
111. Zhou L, Thorson JA, Nugent C, Davenport RD, Butch SH, Judd WJ. Noninvasive prenatal RHD genotyping by real-time polymerase chain reaction using plasma from D-negative pregnant women. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 193(6), 1966-1971 (2005).
112. Sesarini C, Gimenez ML, Redal MA et al. [Non invasive prenatal genetic diagnosis of fetal RhD and sex through the analysis of free fetal DNA in maternal plasma]. Arch. Argent. Pediatr. 107(5), 405-409 (2009).