Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists for the prevention of cardiac complications among patients undergoing surgery

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn , Issue 4, 2009, Pages

  Wijeysundera, Duminda N ^a   Bender, Jennifer S ^b   Beattie, W Scott ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b ST JOSEPH S HEALTH CENTRE   (Canada)

^c TORONTO GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPHA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; CLONIDINE; DEXMEDETOMIDINE; MIVAZEROL; PLACEBO; PROPOFOL;

BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING; BRADYCARDIA; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; GENERAL ANESTHESIA; HEART DISEASE; HEART INFARCTION; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HUMAN; LOW DRUG DOSE; META ANALYSIS; PEROPERATIVE CARE; POSTOPERATIVE CARE; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PREOPERATIVE CARE; REVIEW; SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; SURGICAL PATIENT; SURGICAL STRESS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; VASCULAR SURGERY;

EID: 77950176060     PISSN: 1469493X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004126.pub2     Document Type: Review

References (214)

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61. Campagni 1999 {published data only} Campagni MA, Howie MB, White PF, McSweeney TD. Comparative effects of oral clonidine and intravenous esmolol in attenuating the hemodynamic response to epinephrine injection. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1999;11:208-15. [MEDLINE: 10434216]
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64. Carabine 1992 {published data only} Carabine UA, Allen RW, Moore J. Partial attenuation of the pressor response to endotracheal intubation. A comparison of the effects of intravenous clonidine and fentanyl. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1992;9:325-9. [MEDLINE: 1628636]
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69. De Kock 1994 {published data only} De Kock M, Lavandhomme P, Scholtes JL. Intraoperative and postoperative analgesia using intravenous opioid, clonidine and lignocaine. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 1994;22:15-21. [MEDLINE: 8160943]
70. De Kock 1995 {published data only} De Kock M, Merello L, Pendeville P, Maiter D, Scholtes JL. Effects of intravenous clonidine on the secretion of growth hormone in the perioperative period. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 1995;45: 167-74. [MEDLINE: 7887119]
71. Delaunay 1991 {published data only} Delaunay L, Bonnet F, Duvaldestin P. Clonidine decreases postoperative oxygen consumption in patients recovering from general anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1991;67: 397-401. [MEDLINE: 1931396]
72. Dimou 2003 {published data only} Dimou P, Paraskeva A, Papilas K, Fassooulaki A. Transdermal clonidine: Does it affect pain after abdominal hysterectomy?. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2003;54:227-32. [MEDLINE: 14598620]
73. Doak 1993 {published data only} Doak GJ, Duke PC. Oral clonidine premedication attenuates the haemodynamic effects associated with ketamine anaesthetic induction in humans. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1993;40:612-8. [MEDLINE: 8403135]
74. Dobrydniov 1999 {published data only} Dobrydniov I, Samarutel J. Enhancement of intrathecal lidocaine by addition of local and systemic clonidine. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1999;43:556-62. [MEDLINE: 10342005]
75. Dobrydnjov 2002 {published data only} Dobrydnjov I, Axelsson K, Samarutel J, Holmstrom B. Postoperative pain relief following intrathecal bupivacaine combined with intrathecal or oral clonidine. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002;46:806-14. [MEDLINE: 12707157]
76. Dorman 1997 {published data only} Dorman T, Clarkson K, Rosenfeld BA, Shanholtz C, Lipsett PA, Breslow MJ. Effects of clonidine on prolonged postoperative sympathetic response. Critical Care Medicine 1997;25:1147-52. [MEDLINE: 9233740]
77. Durmus 2007 {published data only} Durmus M, But AK, Dogan Z, Yucel A, Miman MC, Ersoy MO. Effect of dexmedetomidine on bleeding during tympanoplasty or septorhinoplasty. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2007;24:447-53. [MEDLINE: 17241505]
78. Eberhart 2000 {published data only} Dorman T, Clarkson K, Rosenfeld BA, Shanholtz C, Lipsett PA, Breslow MJ. Effects of clonidine on prolonged postoperative sympathetic response. Critical Care Medicine 1997;25:1147-52. [MEDLINE: 9233740]
79. Eberhart LH, Novatchkov N, Schricker T, Georgieff M, Baur CP. Intravenous premedication with clonidine and midazolam before ambulatory surgery. A controlled double-blind study in ASA 1 patients. Anasthesiologie, Intensivmedizin, Notfallmedizin, Schmerztherapie 2000;35:388-93. [MEDLINE: 10900497]
80. Elliott 1997 {published data only} Elliott S, Eckersall S, Fligelstone L, Jothilingam S. Does the addition of clonidine affect duration of analgesia of bupivacaine wound infiltration in inguinal hernia surgery?. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;79:446-9. [MEDLINE: 9389260]
81. Ellis 1998 {published data only} Ellis JE, Pedlow S, Bains J. Premedication with clonidine does not attenuate suppression of certain lymphocyte subsets after surgery. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1998;87:1426-30. [MEDLINE: 9842842]
82. Elvan 2008 {published data only} Elvan EG, Oc B, Uzun S, Karabulut E, Coskun F, Aypar U. Dexmedetomidine and postoperative shivering in patients undergoing elective abdominal hysterectomy. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2008;25:357-64. [MEDLINE: 18205960]
83. Engelman 1989 {published data only} Engelman E, Lipszyc M, Gilbart E, Van der Linden P, Bellens B, Van Romphey A, et al.Effects of clonidine on anesthetic drug requirements and hemodynamic response during aortic surgery. Anesthesiology 1989;71:178-87. [MEDLINE: 2502935]
84. Erkola 1994 {published data only} Erkola O, Korttila K, Aho M, Haasio J, Aantaa R, Kallio A. Comparison of intramuscular dexmedetomidine and midazolam premedication for elective abdominal hysterectomy. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1994;79:646-53. [MEDLINE: 7943770]
85. Ezri 1998 {published data only} Ezri T, Szmuk P, Shklar B, Katz J, Geva D. Oral clonidine premedication does not prolong analgesia after herniorrhaphy under subarachnoid anesthesia. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1998;10:474-81. [MEDLINE: 9793811]
86. Favre 1995 {published data only} Favre JB, Gardaz JP, Ravussin P. Effect of clonidine on ICP and on the hemodynamic responses to nociceptive stimuli in patients with brain tumors. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology 1995;7:159-67. [MEDLINE: 7549366]
87. Fehr 2001 {published data only} Fehr SB, Zalunardo MP, Seifert B, Rentsch KM, Rohling RG, Pasch T, et al.Clonidine decreases propofol requirements during anaesthesia: effect on bispectral index. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;86:627-32. [MEDLINE: 11575336]
88. Feld 2003 {published data only} Feld JM, Laurito CE, Beckerman M, Vincent J, Hoffman WE. Non-opioid analgesia improves pain relief and decreases sedation after gastric bypass surgery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2003;50:336-41. [MEDLINE: 12670809]
89. Feld 2006 {published data only} Feld JM, Hoffman WE, Stechert MM, Hoffman IW, Ananda RC. Fentanyl or dexmedetomidine combined with desflurane for bariatric surgery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2006;18:24-8. [MEDLINE: 16517328]
90. Feld 2007 {published data only} Feld J, Hoffman WE, Paisansathan C, Park H, Ananda RC. Autonomic activity during dexmedetomidine or fentanyl infusion with desflurane anesthesia. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2007;19: 30-6. [MEDLINE: 17321924]
91. Flacke 1987 {published data only} Flacke JW, Bloor BC, Flacke WE, Wong D, Dazza S Stead SW, et al.Reduced narcotic requirement by clonidine with improved hemodynamic and adrenergic stability in patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery. Anesthesiology 1987;67:11-9. [MEDLINE: 3496811]
92. Frank 1999 {published data only} Frank T, Thieme V, Olthoff D. Preoperative clonidine comedication within the scope of balanced inhalation anesthesia with sevoflurane in oral surgery procedures. Anaesthesiologie und Reanimation 1999;24:65-70. [MEDLINE: 10472699]
93. Frank 2000a {published data only} Frank T, Thieme V, Olthoff D. Clonidine within the scope of balanced inhalation anesthesia with sevoflurane - effects on pEEG parameters. Anaesthesiologie und Reanimation 2000;25:32-6. [MEDLINE: 10816895]
94. Frank 2000b {published data only} Frank T, Thieme V, Radow L. Premedication in maxillofacial surgery under total intravenous anesthesia. Effects of clonidine compared to midazolam on the perioperative course. Anasthesiologie, Intensivmedizin, Notfallmedizin, Schmerztherapie 2000;35:428-34. [MEDLINE: 10949680]
95. Frank 2002 {published data only} Frank T, Wehner M, Heinke W, Schmadicke L. Clonidine vs. midazolam for premedication - comparison of the anxiolytic effect by using the STAI-test. Anasthesiologie, Intensivmedizin, Notfallmedizin, Schmerztherapie 2002;37:89-93. [MEDLINE: 11865386]
96. Ganter 2005 {published data only} Ganter MT, Hofer CK, Spahn DR, Bruggisser M, Bombeli T, Seifert B, et al.The effect of clonidine on perioperative blood coagulation. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2005;17:456-62. [MEDLINE: 16171667]
97. Garcia-Guiral 1994 {published data only} Garcia-Guiral M, Carrera A, Lora-Tamayo JI, Luengo C, Pascual E, Quintana B, et al.Premedication with clonidine in the neurosurgical patient: sedation, anesthetic requirements and hemodynamic perfusion. Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 1994;41:77-81. [MEDLINE: 8041979]
98. Ghosh 2008 {published data only} Ghosh I, Bithal PK, Dash HH, Chaturvedi A. Both clonidine and metoprolol modify anesthetic depth indicators and reduce intraoperative propofol requirement. Journal of Anesthesia 2008;22:131-4. [EMBASE: 2008262464]
99. Gomez-Vazquez 2007 {published data only} Gomez-Vazquez ME, Hernandez-Salazar E, Hernandez-Jimenez A, Perez-Sanchez A, Zepeda-Lopez VA, Salazar-Paramo M. Clinical analgesic efficacy and side effects of dexmedetomidine in the early postoperative period after arthroscopic knee surgery. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2007;19:576-82. [MEDLINE: 18083469]
100. Goyagi 1996 {published data only} Goyagi T, Nishikawa T. Oral clonidine premedication enhances the quality of postoperative analgesia by intrathecal morphine. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1996;82:1192-6. [MEDLINE: 8638790]
101. Grottke 2003 {published data only} Grottke O, Muller J, Dietrich PJ, Krause TH, Wappler F. Comparison of premedication with clonidine and midazolam combined with TCI for orthopaedic shoulder surgery. Anasthesiologie, Intensivmedizin, Notfallmedizin, Schmerztherapie 2003;38:772-80. [MEDLINE: 14666440]
102. Grundmann 1997 {published data only} Grundmann U, Berg K, Stamminger U, Juckenhofel S, Wilkem W. Comparison of pethidine and clonidine in the prevention of postoperative shivering. A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Anasthesiologie, Intensivmedizin, Notfallmedizin, Schmerztherapie 1997;32:36-42. [MEDLINE: 9138543]
103. Guglielminotti 1998 {published data only} Guglielminotti J, Descraques C, Petitmaire S, Almenza L, Grenapin O, Mantz J. Effects of premedication on dose requirements for propofol: comparison of clonidine and hydroxyzine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1998;80:733-6. [MEDLINE: 9771298]
104. Hahm 2002 {published data only} Hahm TS, Cho HS, Lee KH, Chung IS, Kim JA, Kim MH. Clonidine premedication prevents preoperative hypokalemia. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2002;14:6-9. [MEDLINE: 11880014]
105. Hall 2006 {published data only} Hall DL, Rezvan E, Tatakis DN, Walters JD. Oral clonidine pretreatment prior to venous cannulation. Anesthesia Progress 2006;53:34-42. [MEDLINE: 16931871]
106. Handa 2000 {published data only} Handa F, Tanaka M, Nishikawa T, Toyooka H. Effects of oral clonidine premedication on side effects of intravenous ketamine anesthesia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:19-24. [MEDLINE: 10773503]
107. Hidalgo 2005 {published data only} Hidalgo MP, Auzani JA, Rumpel LC, Moreira NL Jr, Cursino AW, Caumo W. The clinical effect of small oral clonidine doses on perioperative outcomes in patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2005;100:795-802. [MEDLINE: 15728070]
108. Higuchi 2002 {published data only} Higuchi H, Adachi Y, Dahan A, Olofsen E, Arimura S, Mori T, et al.The interaction between propofol and clonidine for loss of consciousness. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2002;94:886-91. [MEDLINE: 11916791]
109. Honarmand 2007 {published data only} Honarmand A, Safavi MR. Preoperative oral dextromethorphan vs. clonidine to prevent tourniquet-induced cardiovascular responses in orthopaedic patients under general anaesthesia. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2007;24:511-5. [MEDLINE: 17202010]
110. Horn 1997 {published data only} Horn EP, Werner C, Sessler DI, Steinfath M, Schulte am Esch J. Late intraoperative clonidine administration prevents postanesthetic shivering after total intravenous or volatile anesthesia. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1997;84:613-7. [MEDLINE: 9052312]
111. Horng 2007 {published data only} Horng HC, Wong CS, Hsiao KN, Huh BK, Kuo CP, Cherng CH, et al.Pre-medication with intravenous clonidine suppresses fentanyl-induced cough. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2007;51:862-5. [MEDLINE: 17578464]
112. Ishiyama 2006 {published data only} Ishiyama T, Kashimoto S, Oguchi T, Furuya A, Fukushima H, Kumazawa T. Clonidine-ephedrine combination reduces pain on injection of propofol and blunts hemodynamic stress responses during the induction sequence. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2006;18:211-5. [MEDLINE: 16731324]
113. Jaakola 1994 {published data only} Jaakola ML, Kanto J, Scheinin H, Kallio A. Intramuscular dexmedetomidine premedication - an alternative to midazolamfentanyl-combination in elective hysterectomy?. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1994;38:238-43. [MEDLINE: 7912877]
114. Jabalameli 2005 {published data only} Jabalameli M, Hashemi M, Soltani H, Hashemi J. Oral clonidine premedication decreases intraoperative bleeding in patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2005;10:25-30. [EMBASE: 2005178855]
115. Jeffs 2002 {published data only} Jeffs SA, Hall JE, Morris S. Comparison of morphine alone with morphine plus clonidine for postoperative patient-controlled analgesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2002;89:424-7. [MEDLINE: 12402720]
116. Jellish 2001 {published data only} Jellish WS, Theard MA, Cheng MA, Leonetti JP, Crowder CM, Tempelhoff R. The effects of clonidine
117. Joris 1993 {published data only} Joris J, Banache M, Bonnet F, Sessler DI, Lamy M. Clonidine and ketanserin both are effective treatment for postanesthetic shivering. Anesthesiology 1993;79:532-9. [MEDLINE: 8363079]
118. Joris 1998 {published data only} Joris JL, Chiche JD, Canivet JL, Jacquet NJ, Legros JJ, Lamy LL. Hemodynamic changes induced by laparoscopy and their endocrine correlates: effects of clonidine. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1998;32:1389-96. [MEDLINE: 9809953]
119. Kaymak 2008 {published data only} Kaymak C, Basar H, Doganci N, Sert O, Apan A. The effects of perioperative low - Moderate doses of dexmedetomidine infusion on hemodynamic and neuroendocrine parameters. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 2008;38:65-71. [EMBASE: 2008051508]
120. Kulka 1996 {published data only} Kulka PJ, Tryba M, Zenz M. Preoperative alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonists prevent the deterioration of renal function after cardiac surgery: results of a randomized, controlled trial. Critical Care Medicine 1996;24:947-52. [MEDLINE: 8681596]
121. Lattermann 2001 {published data only} Lattermann R, Schricker T, Georgieff M, Schreiber M. Low dose clonidine premedication accentuates the hyperglycemic response to surgery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2001;48:755-9. [MEDLINE: 11546715]
122. Launo 1991 {published data only} Launo C, Palermo S, Germi MR, Lanfrit C, Frasca A, Simonetti F. Clonidine and postoperative shivering. Minerva Anestesiologica 1991;57:427-31. [MEDLINE: 1944967]
123. Laurito 1991 {published data only} Laurito CE, Baughman VL, Becker GL, DeSilva TW, Carranza CJ. The effectiveness of oral clonidine as a sedative/anxiolytic and as a drug to blunt the hemodynamic responses to laryngoscopy. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1991;3:186-93. [MEDLINE: 1878231]
124. Laurito 1993 {published data only} Laurito CE, Baughman VL, Becker GL, Cunnigham F, Pygon BH, Citron GM. Oral clonidine blunts the hemodynamic responses to brief but not prolonged laryngoscopy. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1993;5:54-7. [MEDLINE: 8442970]
125. Lawrence 1997 {published data only} Lawrence CJ, De Lange S. Effects of a single pre-operative dexmedetomidine dose on isoflurane requirements and perioperative haemodynamic stability. Anaesthesia 1997;52:736-44. [MEDLINE: 9291757]
126. Levanen 1995 {published data only} Levanen J, Makela M-L, Scheinin H. Dexmedetomidine premedication attenuates ketamine-induced cardiostimulatory effects and postanesthetic delirium. Anesthesiology 1995;82: 1117-25. [MEDLINE: 7741286]
127. Lyons 1997 {published data only} Lyons FM, Bew S, Sheeran P, Hall GM. Effects of clonidine on the pituitary hormonal response to pelvic surgery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78:134-7. [MEDLINE: 9068327]
128. Mannion 2005 {published data only} Mannion S, Hayes I, Loughnane F, Murphy DB, Shorten GD. Intravenous but not perineural clonidine prolongs postoperative analgesia after psoas compartment block with 0.5% levobupivacaine for hip fracture surgery. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2005;100:873-8. [MEDLINE: 15728081]
129. Marangoni 2005 {published data only} Marangoni MA, Machado Castiglia YM, Pechutti Medeiros T. Analgesic efficacy of dexmedetomidine as compared to sufentanil in intraperitoneal surgeries. Comparative study. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2005;55:19-27. [EMBASE: 2005078359]
130. Marchal 2001 {published data only} Marchal JM, Gomez-Luque A, Martos-Crespo F, Sanchez De La Cuesta F, Martinez-Lopez MC, Delgado-Martinez AD. Clonidine decreases intraoperative bleeding in middle ear microsurgery. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2001;45:627-33. [MEDLINE: 11309017]
131. Marinangeli 2002 {published data only} Marinangeli F, Ciccozzi A, Donatelli F, Di Pietro A, Iovinelli G, Rawal G, et al.Clonidine for treatment of postoperative pain: a dose-finding study. European Journal of Pain 2002;6:35-42. [MEDLINE: 11888226]
132. Mohammadi 2007 {published data only} Mohammadi SS, Seyedi M. Effects of oral clonidine in preventing postoperative shivering after general anesthesia. International Journal of Pharmacology 2007;3:441-3. [EMBASE: 2008112839]
133. Murari Sudre 2004 {published data only} Murari Sudre EC, Do Carmo Salvador M, Elena Bruno G, Valentim Vassallo D, Rocha Lauretti G, Sudre Filho GN. Remifentanil versus dexmedetomidine as coadjutants of standardized anesthetic technique in morbidly obese patients. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54:178-89. [EMBASE: 2004138134]
134. Nader 2001 {published data only} Nader ND, Ignatowski TA, Kurek CJ, Knight PR, Spengler RN. Clonidine suppresses plasma and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of TNF-alpha during the perioperative period. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2001;93:363-9. [MEDLINE: 11473862]
135. Nakagawa 2001 {published data only} Nakagawa M, Mammoto T, Sakai T, Kishi Y, Mashimoto T. Premedication modifies the quality of sedation with propofol during regional anesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2001; 48:284-7. [MEDLINE: 11305831]
136. Nour El-Din 2004 {published data only} Nour El-Din BM. Clinical evaluation of dexmedetomidine following ultra-fast track off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;20:253-9. [EMBASE: 2004379459]
137. Nunez 2006 {published data only} Nunez-Bacarreza JJ, Portela-Ortiz JM, Magro-Ibanez E, Garcia-Hernandez L, Cabrera-Jardines R, Alarcon-Rodriguez J. Hypertension induced by pneumoperitoneum and its treatment with dexmedetomidine. Revista Mexicana de Anestesiologia 2006;29:70-3. [EMBASE: 2006386472]
138. Oddby-Muhrbeck 2002 {published data only} Oddby-Muhrbeck E, Eksborg S, Bergendahl HTG, Muhrbeck O, Lonnqvist PA. Effects of clonidine on postoperative nausea and vomiting in breast cancer surgery. Anesthesiology 2002;96:1109-14. [MEDLINE: 11981150]
139. Ohata 1999 {published data only} Ohata H, Iida H, Watanabe Y, Dohi S. Hemodynamic responses induced by dopamine and dobutamine in anesthetized patients premedicated with clonidine. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1999;89:843-8. [MEDLINE: 10512253]
140. Okuyama 2005 {published data only} Okuyama K, Inomata S, Toyooka H. The effects of prostaglandin E1 or oral clonidine premedication on blood loss during paranasal sinus surgery. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 2005;52:546-7. [MEDLINE: 15872138]
141. Omote 1995 {published data only} Omote K, Satoh O, Sonoda H, Kumeta Y, Yamaya K, Namiki A. Effects of oral alpha 2 adrenergic agonists, clonidine and tizanidine, on tetracaine spinal anesthesia. Masui 1995;44:816-23. [MEDLINE: 7637157]
142. Owen 1997 {published data only} Owen MD, Fibuch EE, McQuillan R, Millington WR. Postoperative analgesia using a low-dose, oral-transdermal clonidine combination: lack of clinical efficacy. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1997;9:8-14. [MEDLINE: 9051539]
143. Ozkose 2006 {published data only} Ozkose Z, Demir FS, Pampal K, Yardim S. Hemodynamic and anesthetic advantages of dexmedetomidine, an a2-agonist, for surgery in prone position. Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine 2006;210:153-60. [MEDLINE: 17023769]
144. Park 1996 {published data only} Park J, Forrest J, Kolesar R, Bhola D, Beattie S, Chu C. Oral clonidine reduces postoperative PCA morphine requirements. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1996;43:900-6. [MEDLINE: 8874906]
145. Parlow 1999 {published data only} Parlow JL, Begou G, Sagnard P, Cottet-Emard JM, Levron JC, Annat G, et al.Cardiac baroreflex during the postoperative period in patients with hypertension: effect of clonidine. Anesthesiology 1999;90:681-92. [MEDLINE: 10078667]
146. Piper 1999 {published data only} Piper SN, Suttner SW, Schmidt CC, Maleck WH, Kumle B, Boldt J. Nefopam and clonidine in the prevention of postanaesthetic shivering. Anaesthesia 1999;54:695-9. [MEDLINE: 10417466]
147. Piper 2004 {published data only} Piper SN, Rohm KD, Suttner SW, Maleck WH, Kranke P, Boldt J. A comparison of nefopam and clonidine for the prevention of postanaesthetic shivering: a comparative, double-blind and placebo-controlled dose-ranging study. Anaesthesia 2004;59:559- 64. [MEDLINE: 15144295]
148. Porkkala 1998 {published data only} Porkkala T, Jantti V, Hakkinen V, Kaukinen S. Colonidine does not attenuate median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials during isoflurane anesthesia. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 1998;14:165-70. [MEDLINE: 9676863]
149. Pouttu 1987 {published data only} Pouttu J, Scheinin B, Rosenberg PH, Viinamaki O, Scheinin M. Oral premedication with clonidine: effects on stress responses during general anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1987;31:730-4. [MEDLINE: 3434164]
150. Procaccini 1993 {published data only} Procaccini B, Clementi G, Varrassi G. Effects of clonidine vs trinitroglycerin on myocardial oxygen balance and on pulmonary gas exchange after myocardial revascularization. Minerva Anestesiologica 1993;59:235-45. [MEDLINE: 8355864]
151. Quintin 1990 {published data only} Quintin L, Bonnet F, Macquin I, Szekely B, Becquemin JP, Ghignone M. Aortic surgery: effect of clonidine on intraoperative catecholaminergic and circulatory stability. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1990;34:132-7. [MEDLINE: 2407044]
152. Quintin 1991a {published data only} Quintin L, Roudot F, Roux C, Macquin I, Basmaciogullari A, Guyene T, et al.Effect of clonidine on the circulation and vasoactive hormones after aortic surgery. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1991;66:108-15. [MEDLINE: 1997045]
153. Quintin 1991b {published data only} Quintin L, Viale JP, Annat G, Hoen JP, Butin E, Cottet-Emard JM, et al.Oxygen uptake after major abdominal surgery: effect of clonidine. Anesthesiology 1991;74:236-41. [MEDLINE: 1990899]
154. Raouf 2004 {published data only} Raouf A, Aziz MA. Use of dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant during sodium nitroprusside-induced hypotension in middle ear surgery. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 2004;20:127-34. [EMBASE: EMBASE ID 2004207703]
155. Richa 2007 {published data only} Richa F, Yazigi A. Effect of dexmedetomidine on blood pressure and bleeding in maxillo-facial surgery. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2007;24:985-6. [MEDLINE: 18035604]
156. Richa 2008 {published data only} Richa F, Yazigi A, Sleilaty G, Yazbeck P. Comparison between dexmedetomidine and remifentanil for controlled hypotension during tympanoplasty. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2008;25:369-74. [MEDLINE: 18294411]
157. Rohrbach 1999 {published data only} Rohrbach A, Jage J, Olthoff D. Intraoperative clonidine modulates sympathetic tone in the early postoperative period after remifentanil. A double blind, placebo-controlled study. Acute Pain 1999;2:129-38. [EMBASE: 1999373401]
158. Rosenfeld 1993 {published data only} Rosenfeld BA, Faraday N, Campbell D, Dorman T, Clarkson K, Siedler A, et al.Perioperative platelet reactivity and the effects of clonidine. Anesthesiology 1993;79:255-61. [MEDLINE: 8342838]
159. Scheinin 1992 {published data only} Scheinin B, Lindgren L, Randell T, Scheinin H, Scheinin M. Dexmedetomidine attenuates sympathoadrenal responses to tracheal intubation and reduces the need for thiopentone and peroperative fentanyl. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1992;68:126-31. [MEDLINE: 1347229]
160. Segal 1991 {published data only} Segal IS, Jarvis DJ, Duncan SR, White PF, Maze M. Clinical efficacy of oral-transdermal clonidine combinations during the perioperative period. Anesthesiology 1991;74:220-5. [MEDLINE: 1990896]
161. Stapelfeldt 2005 {published data only} Stapelfeldt C, Lobo EP, Brown R, Talke PO. Intraoperative clonidine administration to neurosurgical patients. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2005;100:226-32. [MEDLINE: 15616082]
162. Stocche 2004 {published data only} Stocche RM, Garcia LV, Klamt JG, Dos Reis MP, Gil DR, Magno Mesquita KL. Influence of Iintravenous clonidine in the cost of sevoflurane anesthesia for outpatient middle ear procedures. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia 2004;54:91-8. [EMBASE: 2004033413]
163. Striebel 1993 {published data only} Striebel WH, Koenigs DI, Kramer JA. Intravenous clonidine fails to reduce postoperative meperidine requirements. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1993;5:221-5. [MEDLINE: 8318241]
164. Sulemanji 2007 {published data only} Sulemanji DS, Donmez A, Aldemir D, Sezgin A, Turkoglu S. Dexmedetomidine during coronary artery bypass grafting surgery: is it neuroprotective?- A preliminary study. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2007;51:1093-8. [MEDLINE: 17697305]
165. Sung 2000 {published data only} Sung C-S, Lin S-H, Chan K-H, Chang W-K, Chow L-H, Lee T-Y. Effect of oral clonidine premedication on perioperative hemodynamic response and postoperative analgesic requirement for patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Acta Anaesthesiologica Sinica 2000;38:23-9. [EMBASE: 2000193331]
166. Taittonen 1997a {published data only} Taittonen M, Kirvela O, Aantaa R, Kanto J. Cardiovascular and metabolic responses to clonidine and midazolam premedication. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 1997;14:190-6. [MEDLINE: 9088819]
167. Taittonen 1997b {published data only} Taittonen MT, Kirvela OA, Aantaa R, Kanto JH. Effect of clonidine and dexmedetomidine premedication on perioperative oxygen consumption and haemodynamic state. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1997;78:400-6. [MEDLINE: 9135361]
168. Taittonen 1998 {published data only} Taittonen MT, Kirvela OA, Aantaa R, Kanto JH. The effect of clonidine or midazolam premedication on perioperative responses during ketamine anesthesia. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1998;87:161-7. [MEDLINE: 9661567]
169. Talke 1997 {published data only} Talke P, Tong C, Lee HW, Caldwell J, Eisenach JC, Richardson CA. Effect of dexmedetomidine on lumbar cerebrospinal fluid pressure in humans. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1997;85:358-64. [MEDLINE: 9249114]
170. Tanskanen 2006 {published data only} Tanskanen PE, Kytta JV, Randell TT, Aantaa RE. Dexmedetomidine as an anaesthetic adjuvant in patients undergoing intracranial tumour surgery: a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled study. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2006;97:658-65. [MEDLINE: 16914460]
171. Tekin 2007 {published data only} Tekin M, Kati I, Tomak Y, Kisli E. Effect of dexmedetomidine IV on the duration of spinal anesthesia with prilocaine: A doubleblind, prospective study in adult surgical patients. Current Therapeutic Research - Clinical and Experimental 2007;68:313-24. [EMBASE: 2007611059]
172. Thomson 1998 {published data only} Thomson IR, Peterson MD, Hudson RJ. A comparison of clonidine with conventional preanesthetic medication in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1998;87:292-9. [MEDLINE: 9706918]
173. Traill 1993 {published data only} Traill R, Gillies R. Clonidine premedication for craniotomy: effects on blood pressure and thiopentone dosage. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology 1993;5:171-7. [MEDLINE: 8400756]
174. Tufanogullari 2008 {published data only} Tufanogullari B, White PF, Peixoto MP, Kianpour D, Lacour T, Griffin J, et al.Dexmedetomidine infusion during laparoscopic bariatric surgery: the effect on recovery outcome variables. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2008;106:1741-8. [MEDLINE: 18499604]
175. Unlugenc 2005 {published data only} Unlugenc H, Gunduz M, Guler T, Yagmur O, Isik G. The effect of pre-anaesthetic administration of intravenous dexmedetomidine on postoperative pain in patients receiving patient-controlled morphine. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2005;22:386-91. [MEDLINE: 15918389]
176. Uyar 2008 {published data only} Uyar AS, Yagmurdur H, Fidan Y, Topkaya C, Basar H. Dexmedetomidine attenuates the hemodynamic and neuroendocrinal responses to skull-pin head-holder application during craniotomy. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology 2008;20:174-9. [MEDLINE: 18580347]
177. Vanderstappen 1996 {published data only} Vanderstappen I, Vandermeersch E, Vanacker B, Mattheusen M, Herijgers P, Van Aken H. The effect of prophylactic clonidine on postoperative shivering. A large prospective double-blind study. Anaesthesia 1996;51:351-5. [MEDLINE: 8686824]
178. von Dossow 2006 {published data only} von Dossow V, Baehr N, Moshirzadeh M, von Heymann C, Braun JP, Hein OV, et al.Clonidine attenuated early proinflammatory response in T-cell subsets after cardiac surgery. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2006;103:809-14. [MEDLINE: 17000786]
179. Wright 1990 {published data only} Wright PM, Carabine UA, McClune S, Orr DA, Moore J. Preanaesthetic medication with clonidine. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1990;65:628-32. [MEDLINE: 2248839]
180. YaDeau 2008 {published data only} YaDeau JT, LaSala VR, Paroli L, Kahn RL, Jules-Elysee KM, Levine DS, et al.Clonidine and analgesic duration after popliteal fossa nerve blockade: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2008;106:1916- 20. [MEDLINE: 18499632]
181. Yotsui 2001 {published data only} Yotsui T. Clonidine premedication prevents sympathetic hyperactivity but does not prevent hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical responses in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Journal of Anesthesia 2001;15:78-82. [MEDLINE: 14566527]
182. Yu 2003 {published data only} Yu HP, Hseu SS, Yien HW, Teng YH, Chan KH. Oral clonidine premedication preserves heart rate variability for patients undergoing larparoscopic cholecystectomy. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2003;47:185-90. [MEDLINE: 12631048]
183. Zalunardo 2000 {published data only} Zalunardo MP, Zollinger A, Spahn DR, Seifert B, Pasch T. Preoperative clonidine attenuates stress response during emergence from anesthesia. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 2000;12:343-9. [MEDLINE: 11025232]
184. Zalunardo 2002 {published data only} Zalunardo MP, Serafino D, Szelloe P, Weisser F, Zollinger A, Seifert B. Preoperative clonidine blunts hyperadrenergic and hyperdynamic responses to prolonged tourniquet pressure during general anesthesia. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2002;94:615-8. [MEDLINE: 11867385]
185. Badner 1998 Badner NH, Knill RL, Brown JE, Novick TV, Gelb AW. Myocardial infarction after noncardiac surgery. Anesthesiology 1998; 88:572-8. [MEDLINE: 9523798]
186. Beattie 2001 Beatie WS, Badner NH, Choi PT. Epidural analgesia reduces postoperative myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2001;93:853-8. [MEDLINE: 11574345]
187. Biccard 2008 Biccard BM, Goga S, de Beurs J. Dexmedetomidine and cardiac protection for non-cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Anaesthesia 2008;63:4-14. [MEDLINE: 18086064]
188. Carrier 2000 Carrier M, Pellerin M, Perrault LP, Solymoss BC, Pelletier LC. Troponin levels in patients with myocardial infarction after coronary artery bypass grafting. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2000;69:435-40.
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191. Ferguson 2002 Ferguson TB Jr, Coombs LP, Peterson ED. Preoperative beta-blocker use and mortality and morbidity following CABG surgery in North America. JAMA 2002;287:2221-7.
192. Fleishmann 2003 Fleischmann KE, Goldman L, Young B, Lee TH. Association between cardiac and noncardiac complications in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: outcomes and effects on length of stay. American Journal of Medicine 2003;115:515-20.
193. Force 1990 Force T, Hibberd P, Weeks G, Kemper AJ, Bloomfield P, Tow D, et al.Perioperative myocardial infarction after coronary artery bypass surgery. Clinical significance and approach to risk stratification. Circulation 1990;82:903-12.
194. Halter 1997 Halter JB, Pflug AE, Porte DJ. Mechanism of plasma catecholamine increases during surgical stress in man. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1977;45:936-44.
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198. Lee 1999 Lee TH, Marcantonio ER, Mangione CM, Thomas EJ, Polanczyk CA, Cook EF, et al.Derivation and prospective validation of a simple index for prediction of cardiac risk of major noncardiac surgery. Circulation 1999;100:1043-9.
199. LeLorier 1997 LeLorier L, Grégoire G, Benhaddad A, Lapierre J, Derderian F. Discrepancies between meta-analyses and subsequent large randomized, controlled trials. New England Journal of Medicine 1997;337:536-42. [MEDLINE: 9262498]
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