Lactic acid bacteria vs. pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract of fish: A review

Aquaculture Research

Volumn 41, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 451-467

  Ringø, Einar ^a,b   Løvmo, Lisbeth ^a,f   Kristiansen, Mads ^a   Bakken, Yvonne ^a,b,g   Salinas, Irene ^c   Myklebust, Reidar ^d   Olsen, Rolf Erik ^b   Mayhew, Terry M ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TROMSØ   (Norway)

^b INSTITUTE OF MARINE RESEARCH   (Norway)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MURCIA   (Spain)

^d UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

^e UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^f Granåsveien 34   (Norway)

^g SKRETTING AQUACULTURE RESEARCH CENTRE   (Norway)

Author keywords

Fish; Gut integrity; Pathogenic bacteria; Probiotics

Indexed keywords

BACTERIUM; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; HEALTH RISK; INFECTIOUS DISEASE; INTENSIVE CULTURE; PATHOGEN; PROBIOTICS;

AEROMONAS SALMONICIDA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); GADUS MORHUA; LISTONELLA; SALMO SALAR; VIBRIO;

EID: 77949492232     PISSN: 1355557X     EISSN: 13652109     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02339.x     Document Type: Review

References (123)

1. Andlid T, Vázquez-Juárez RV, Gustafsson L. Yeast colonizing the intestine of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Microbial Ecology 1995, 30:321-334.
2. Austin B, Austin DA. Bacterial Fish Pathogens: Diseases of Farmed and Wild Fish 1999, 3rd edn, Springer - praxis, London, 457pp
3. Baccazar JL, Vendrell D, de Blas I, Ruiz-Zarzuela I, Girones O, Muzquiz JL. In vitro competitive adhesion and production of antagonistic compounds by lactic acid bacteria against fish pathogens. Veterinary Microbiology 2007, 122:373-380.
4. Bakken Y. 2002, . MSc thesis, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø, Norway
5. Balcazar JL. 2003, . Final report, National Center for Marine and Aquaculture Research, Guayaquil, Ecuador
6. Balcázar JL, de Blas I, Ruiz-Zarzuela I, Vendrell D, Muzquiz JL. Probiotics: a tool for the future of fish and shellfish health management. Journal of Aquaculture in the Tropics 2004, 19:239-242.
7. Balcazar JL, de Blas I, Ruiz-Zarzuela I, Cunningham D, Vendrell D, Muzquiz JL. The role of probiotics in aquaculture. Veterinary Microbiology 2006, 114:173-186.
8. Balcazar JL, Decamp O, Vendrell D, de Blas I, Ruiz-Zarzuela I. Health and nutritional properties of probiotics in fish and shellfish. Microbial Ecology in Health and Diseases 2006, 18:65-70.
9. Balcazar JL, de Blas I, Ruiz-Zarzuela I, Vendrell D, Calvo AC, Marquez I, Girones O, Muzquiz JL. Changes in intestinal microbiota and humoral immune response following probiotics administration in brown trout (Salmo trutta). British Journal of Nutrition 2007, 97:522-527.
10. Birkbeck TH, Ringø E. Pathogenesis and the gastrointestinal tract of growing fish. Microbial Ecology in Growing Animals 2005, 208-234. Holzapfel W, Naughton P. In, ed. by, pp, Elsevier, Edinburgh, UK
11. Bowden TJ, Adamson K, Bricknell IR. Diseases of relevance to haddock. Early Rearing of Haddock. State of the Art (Special Publication) 2003, Vol. 7:113-114. Aitkin DE, . In, ed. by, pp, Aquaculture Association of Canada, Halifax, Canada
12. Bricknell IR, Bron JE, Bowden TJ. Diseases of gadoid fish in cultivation: a review. ICES Journal of Marine Science 2006, 63:253-266.
13. Bruhn JB, Dalsgaard I, Nielsen KF, Buchholtz C, Larsen JL, Gram L. Quorum sensing signal molecules (acylated homoserine lactones) in Gram-negative fish pathogenic bacteria. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 2005, 65:43-52.
14. Buchholtz C, Nielsen KF, Milton D, Larsen JL, Gram L. Profiling of acylated homoserine lactones of Vibrio anguillarum in vitro and in vivo: influence of growth conditions and serotype. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 2006, 29:433-445.
15. Burr G, Gatlin D, Ricke S. Microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract of fish and the potential application of prebiotics and probiotics in finfish aquaculture. Journal of World Aquaculture Society 2005, 36:425-436.
16. Cahill MM. Bacterial flora of fishes: a review. Microbial Ecology 1990, 19:21-41.
17. Chabrillon M, Ouwehand AC, Diaz-Rosales P, Arijo S, Martinez-Manzanares E, Balebona MC, Morinigo MA. Adhesion of lactic acid bacteria to mucus of farmed gilthead seabream, and interactions with fish pathogenic microorganisms. Bulletin of European Association of Fish Pathology 2006, 26:202-210.
18. Chabrillon M, Arijo S, Diaz-Rosales P, Balebona MC. Interference of Listonella anguillarum with potential probiotics microorganisms isolated from farmed gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata, L.). Aquaculture Research 2006, 37:78-86.
19. Chalfie M, Tu Y, Euskirchen G, Ward WW, Prasher DC. Green fluorescent protein as a marker for gene expression. Science 1994, 263:802-805.
20. Chopra AK, Xu XJ, Ribardo D, Gonzalez M, Kuhl K, Peterson JW, Houston CW. The cytotoxic enterotoxin of Aeromonas hydrophila induces proinflammatory cytokine production and activates arachidonic acid metabolism in macrophages. Infection and Immunology 2000, 68:2808-2818.
21. Defoirdt T, Boon N, Bossier P, Verstraete W. Disruption of bacterial quorum sensing: an unexplored strategy to fight infection in aquaculture. Aquaculture 2004, 240:69-88.
22. Defoirdt T, Boon N, Sorgeloos P, Verstraete W, Bossier P. Quorum sensing and quorum quenching in Vibrio harveyi: lessons learned from in vivo work. Mini review. The ISME Journal 2008, 2:19-26.
23. Direkbusarakom S, Yoshimizu M, Ezura Y, Ruangpan L, Danayadol Y. Vibrio spp. the dominant flora in shrimp hatchery against some fish pathogenic viruses. Journal of Marine Biotechnology 1998, 6:266-267.
24. Egidius E. Vibriosis: pathogenicity and pathology. A review. Aquaculture 1987, 67:15-28.
25. Farzanfar A. The use of probiotics in shrimp aquaculture. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 2006, 48:149-158.
26. Fasano A. Toxins and the gut: role in human disease. Gut 2002, 50:9-14.
27. Fivaz M, van der Goot FG. The tip of a molecular syringe. Trends in Microbiology 1999, 7:341-343.
28. Fuller R. Ecological studies of lactobacillus flora associated with the crop epithelium of the fowl. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 1973, 36:131-139.
29. Fung WY, Woo YP, Wan-Abdullah WN, Ahmad R, Easa AM, Liong MT. Benefits of probiotics: beyond gastrointestinal health. Milchwissenschaft Milk Science International 2009, 64:17-21.
30. Gatesoupe FJ. The use of probiotics in aquaculture. Aquaculture 1999, 180:147-165.
31. Gatesoupe FJ. Live yeast in the gut: natural occurrence, dietary introduction, and their effects on fish health and development. Aquaculture 2007, 267:20-30.
32. Gatesoupe FJ. Updating the importance of lactic acid bacteria in fish farming: natural occurrence and probiotics treatments. Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology 2008, 14:107-114.
33. Gildberg A, Mikkelsen H. Effects of supplementing the feed to Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) fry with lactic acid bacteria and immuno-stimulating peptides during a challenge trial with Vibrio anguillarum. Aquaculture 1998, 167:103-113.
34. Girones R, Jofre JT, Bosch A. Isolation of marine bacteria with antiviral properties. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 1989, 35:1015-1021.
35. Gomez GD, Balcazar JL. A review on the interactions between gut microbiota and innate immunity of fish. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 2008, 52:145-154.
36. Gomez-Gil B, Roque A, Turnbull JF. The use and selection of probiotic bacteria for use in the culture of larval aquatic organisms. Aquaculture 2000, 191:259-270.
37. Gram L, Ringø E. Prospects of fish probiotics. Microbial Ecology in Growing Animals 2005, 379-417. Holzapfel W, Naughton P. In, ed. by, pp, Elsevier, Edinburgh, UK
38. Griffith S, Melville K, Cook M, Vincent S, St Pierre M, Lanteigne C. Profiling of bacterial species associated with haddock larviculture by PCR amplification of 16S rDNA and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 2001, 13:355-363.
39. Groff J, LaPatra S. Infectious diseases impacting the commercial culture of salmonids. Journal of Applied Aquaculture 2000, 10:17-90.
40. Gullian M, Rodríguez J. Immunostimulant qualities of probiotic bacteria. Global Aquaculture Advocate 2002, 5:52-54.
41. Hagi T, Tanaka D, Iwamura Y, Hoshino T. Diversity and seasonal changes in lactic acid bacteria in the intestinal tract of cultured freshwater fish. Aquaculture 2004, 234:335-346.
42. Harikrishnan R, Balasundaram C. Modern trends in Aeromonas hydrophila disease management with fish. Reviews in Fisheries Science 2005, 13:281-320.
43. Holben WE, Särkilahti LK, Williams P, Saarinen M, Apajalahti JHA. Phylogenetic analysis of intestinal microflora indicates a novel Mycoplasma phylotype in farmed and wild salmon. Microbial Ecology 2002, 44:175-185.
44. Hong HA, Duc LH, Cutting SM. The use of bacterial spore formers as probiotics. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 2005, 29:813-835.
45. Hovda MB, Lunestad BT, Fontanillas R, Rosnes JT. Molecular characterisation of the intestinal microbiota of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture 2007, 272:581-588.
46. Irianto A, Austin B. Probiotics in aquaculture. Journal of Fish Diseases 2002a, 25:633-642.
47. Irianto A, Austin B. Use of probiotics to control furunculosis in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Journal of Fish Diseases 2002b, 25:333-342.
48. Irianto A, Roberwen PAW, Austin B, Pandalai SG. The use of probiotics in aquaculture. Recent Research Developments in Microbiology 2000, 4:557-567.
49. Jacobsen CN, Rosenfelt Nielsen V, Hayford AE, Møller PL, Michaelsen KF, Paerregaard A, Sandström B, Tvede M, Jakobsen M. Screening of probiotic activities of forty-seven strains of Lactobacillus spp. by in vitro techniques and evaluation of the colonization ability of five selected strains in humans. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1999, 65:4949-4956.
50. Jensen S, Øvreås L, Bergh Ø, Torsvik V. Phylogenetic analysis of bacterial communities associated with larvae of the Atlantic halibut propose succession from a uniform normal flora. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 2004, 27:728-736.
51. Jutfelt F, Olsen RE, Glette J, Ringø E, Sundell K. Translocation of viable Aeromonas salmonicida across the intestine of rainbow trout. Journal of Fish Diseases 2006, 29:255-262.
52. Kamei Y, Yoshimizu M, Ezura Y, Kimura T. Screening of bacteria with antiviral activity from fresh water salmonid hatcheries. Microbiology and Immunology 1988, 32:67-73.
53. Karunasagar I, Karunasagar I. Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of microbial diseases of fish and shellfish. Current Science 1999, 76:387-399.
54. Kesarcodi-Watson A, Kaspar H, Lategan MJ, Gibson L. Probiotics in aquaculture. The need, principles and mechanisms of action and screening processes. Aquaculture 2008, 274:1-14.
55. Kim DH, Brunt J, Austin B. Microbial diversity of intestinal contents and mucus in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Applied Microbiology 2007, 102:1654-1664.
56. Knudsen G, Sørum H, McLPress C, Olafsen JA. In situ adherence of Vibrio spp. to cryosections of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., tissue. Journal of Fish Diseases 1999, 22:409-418.
57. Krogdahl Å, Bakke-Mckellep AM, Rød KH, Bæverfjord G. Feeding Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., soybean products: effect on disease resistance (furunculosis), and lysozyme and IgM levels in the intestinal mucosa. Aquaculture Nutrition 2000, 6:77-84.
58. Lødemel JB, Mayhew TM, Myklebust R, Olsen RE, Espelid S, Ringø E. Effect of three dietary oils on disease susceptibility in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.) during cohabitant challenge with Aeromonas salmonicida ssp. salmonicida. Aquaculture Research 2001, 32:935-945.
59. Løvmo L. 2007a, 55. . Project thesis (in Norwegian), University of Tromsø, Norway, p.
60. Løvmo L. 2007b, 56. . Master thesis (in Norwegian), p.
61. Ling SHM, Xie L, Lim TM, Leung KY. Use of green fluorescent protein (GFP) to track the invasion pathways of Edwardsiella tarda in in vivo and in vitro fish models. Microbiology 2000, 146:7-19.
62. Liu Y, Zhou Z, Yao B, Shi P, He S, Benjamisen Hølvold L, Ringø E. Effect of intraperitoneal injection of immunostimulatory substances on allochthonous gut microbiota of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) determined using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Aquaculture Research 2008, 39:635-646.
63. Lun S, Willson PJ. Expression of green fluorescent protein and its application in pathogenesis studies of serotype 2 Streptococcus suis. Journal of Microbiological Methods 2004, 56:401-412.
64. Mackie TJ, Arkwright JA, Pyrce-Tannatt TE, Mottram JC, Johnston WD, Menzies WJ. Interim Report of the Furunculosis Committee 1930, HMSO, Edinburgh, UK
65. Madigan MT, Martinko JM, Parker J. Brock. Biology of Microorganisms 2000, 9th edn, Prentice Hall International, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA
66. Mayhew TM, Myklebust R, Whybrow A, Jenkins R. Epithelial integrity, cell death and cell loss in mammalian small intestine. Histology and Histopathology 1999, 14:257-267.
67. Mäyrä-Mäkinen A, Manninen M, Gyllenberg H. The adherence of lactic acid bacteria to columnar epithelial cells of pigs and calves. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 1983, 55:241-245.
68. Medellina-Pena MJ, Wang H, Johnson R, Anand S, Griffiths MW. Probiotics affect virulence-related gene expression in Escherichia coli O157:H7. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2007, 73:4259-4267.
69. Michel C, Pelletier C, Boussaha M, Douet D-G, Lautraite A, Tailliez P. Diversity of lactic acid bacteria associated with fish and the fish farm environment, established by amplified rRNA gene restriction analysis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2007, 73:2947-2955.
70. Moriarty D. The role of microorganisms in aquaculture ponds. Aquaculture 1997, 151:333-349.
71. Namba A, Mano N, Hirose H. Phylogenetic analysis of intestinal bacteria and their adhesive capability in relation to the intestinal mucus of carp. Journal of Applied Microbiology 2007, 102:1307-1317.
72. Nikoskelainen S, Salminen S, Bylund G, Ouwehand A. Characterization of the properties of human and dairy-derived probiotics for prevention of infectious diseases in fish. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2001, 67:2430-2435.
73. Criteria for Safe Use of Plant Ingredients in Diets for Aquacultured Fish. ISBN 978-82-8082-299-4 2009, Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety, Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety, Oslo, Norway
74. Olafsen JA. Interactions between fish larvae and bacteria in marine aquaculture. Aquaculture 2001, 200:223-247.
75. Olivier G. Getting to know your enemy. Furunculosis. Multidisciplinary Fish Disease Research 1997, 233-234. Bernoth E-MEllis AEMidtlyng PJOlivier GSmith P. In, ed. by, pp, Academic, San Diego, CA, USA
76. Olsen RE, Myklebust R, Ringø E, Mayhew TM. The influence of dietary linseed oil and saturated fatty acids on caecal enterocytes in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.): a quantitative ultrastructural study. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 2000, 22:207-216.
77. O'Toole R, Hofsten JV, Rosqvist R, Olsson PE, Wolf-Watz H. Visualisation of zebrafish infection by GFP-labelled Vibrio anguillarum. Microbial Pathogenesis 2004, 37:41-46.
78. Pedersen A, Dalsgaard A. Antimicrobial resistance of intestinal Aeromonas spp. and Enterococcus spp. in fish cultured in integrated broiler-fish farms in Thailand. Aquaculture 2003, 219:71-82.
79. Picchietti S, Mazzini M, Taddei AR, Renna R, Fausto AM, Mulero V, Carnevali O, Cresci A, Abelli L. Effects of administration of probiotic strains on GALT of larval gilthead seabream: immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 2007, 22:57-67.
80. Pond MJ, Stone DM, Alderman DJ. Comparison of conventional and molecular techniques to investigate the intestinal microflora of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 2006, 261:193-203.
81. Press CM, Lillehaug A. Vaccination in European salmonid aquaculture: a review of practices and prospects. British Veterinary Journal 1995, 151:45-69.
82. Prieur G, Nicolas JL, Plusquellec A, Vigneulle M. Interactions between bivalves molluscs and bacteria in the marine environment. Oceanographic Marine Biology Annual Reviews 1990, 28:227-352.
83. Rengpipat S, Rukpratanporn S, Piyatiratitivorakul S, Menasaveta P. Immunity enhancement in black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) by a probiont bacterium (Bacillus S11). Aquaculture 2000, 191:271-288.
84. Ringø E. Probiotics in aquaculture. Disease Control in Fish and Shrimp Aquaculture in South Asia - Diagnosis and Husbandry Techniques 2002, 107-135. Inui YCruz-Lacierda ER. In, ed. by, pp, South Asian Fisheries Development Centre, Iloilo, Philippines
85. Ringø E. Lactic acid bacteria in fish and fish farming. Lactic Acid Bacteria 2004, 581-610. Salminen SOuwehand Avon Wrigth A. In, ed. by, pp, Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, USA
86. Ringø E. The ability of carnobacteria isolated from fish intestine to inhibit growth of fish pathogenic bacteria: a screening study. Aquaculture Research 2008, 39:171-180.
87. Ringø E, Birkbeck TH. Intestinal microflora of fish larvae and fry. Aquaculture Research 1999, 30:73-93.
88. Ringø E, Gatesoupe FJ. Lactic acid bacteria in fish: a review. Aquaculture 1998, 160:177-203.
89. Ringø E, Olsen RE. The effect of diet on aerobic bacterial flora associated with intestine of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.). Journal of Applied Microbiology 1999, 86:22-28.
90. Ringø E, Strøm E, Tabachek J-A. Intestinal microflora of salmonids: a review. Aquaculture Research 1995, 26:773-789.
91. Ringø E, Olsen RE, Øverli Ø, Løvik F. Effect of dominance hierarchy formation on aerobic microbiota associated with epithelial mucosa of subordinate and dominant individuals of Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.). Aquaculture Research 1997, 28:901-904.
92. Ringø E, Sepploa M, Berg A, Olsen RE, Schillinger U, Holzapfel W. Characterization of Carnobacterium divergens strain 6251 isolated from intestine of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.). Systematic and Applied Microbiology 2002, 25:120-129.
93. Ringø E, Olsen RE, Mayhew TM, Myklebust R. Electron microscopy of the intestinal microflora of fish. Aquaculture 2003, 227:395-415.
94. Ringø E, Jutfelt F, Kanapathippillai P, Bakken Y, Sundell K, Glette J, Mayhew TM, Myklebust R, Olsen RE. Damaging effect of the fish pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida ssp. salmonicida on intestinal enterocytes of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Cell and Tissue Research 2004, 318:305-311.
95. Ringø E, Schillinger U, Holzapfel W. Antibacterial abilities of lactic acid bacteria isolated from aquatic animals and the use of lactic acid bacteria in aquaculture. Microbial Ecology in Growing Animals 2005, 418-453. Holzapfel W, Naughton P, . In, ed. by, pp, Elsevier, Edinburgh, UK
96. Ringø E, Mikkelsen H, Kaino T, Olsen RE, Mayhew TM, Myklebust R. Endocytosis of indegenous bacteria and cell damage caused by Vibrio anguillarum in the foregut and hindgut of spotted wolffish (Anarhichas minor Olafsen) fry. An electron microscopical study. Aquaculture Research 2006, 37:647-651.
97. Ringø E, Salinas I, Olsen RE, Nyhaug A, Myklebust R, Mayhew TM. Histological changes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) intestine following in vitro exposure to pathogenic and probiotic bacterial strains. Cell and Tissue Research 2007, 328:109-116.
98. Ringø E, Myklebust R, Mayhew TM, Olsen RE. Bacterial translocation and pathogenesis in the digestive tract of larvae and fry. Aquaculture 2007, 268:251-264.
99. Rinkinen ME, Westermarck S, Salminen AC, Ouwehand AC. Absence of host specificity for in vitro adhesion of probiotic lactic acid bacteria to intestinal mucus. Veterinary Microbiology 2003, 9:55-61.
100. Robertson PAW, O'Dowd C, Burrels C, Williams P, Austin B. Use of Carnobacterium sp. as a probiont for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum). Aquaculture 2000, 185:235-243.
101. Sakata T. Microflora in the digestive tract of fish and shell-fish. Microbiology in Poecilotherms 1990, 171-176. Lesel R. In, ed. by, pp, Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
102. Salinas I, Cuesta A, Esteban MA, Meseguer J. Dietary administration of Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Bacillus subtilis, single or combined, on gilthead seabream cellular innate immune responses. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 2005, 19:67-77.
103. Salinas I, Myklebust R, Esteban MA, Olsen RE, Meseguer J, Ringø E. In vitro studies of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) foregut: tissue responses and evidence of protection against Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida epithelial damage. Veterinary Microbiology 2008, 128:167-177.
104. Salminen S, Deighton MA, Benno Y, Gorbach SL. Lactic acid bacteria in health and disease. Lactic Acid Bacteria. Microbiology and Functional Aspects 1998, 221-253. Salmonen S, von Wright A, . In, ed. by, pp, Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, USA
105. Samuelsen OB, Nerland AH, Jørgensen T, Schrøder MB, Svåsand T, Bergh Ø. Viral and bacterial diseases of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua, their prophylaxis and treatment: a review. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 2006, 71:239-254.
106. Santos Y, Pazos F, Bandin I, Toranzo AE. Analysis of antigens present in the extracellular products and cell-surface of Vibrio anguillarum serotypes O1, O2, and O3. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1995, 61:2493-2498.
107. Scholz U, Garcia-Diaz G, Ricque D, Cruz-Suarez LE, Vargas-Albores F, Latchford J. Enhancement of vibriosis resistance in juvenile Penaeus vannamei by supplementation of diets with different yeast products. Aquaculture 1999, 176:271-283.
108. Seppola M, Olsen RE, Sandaker E, Kanapathippillai P, Holzapfel W, Ringø E. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) polymerase chain reaction analysis of carnobacteria isolated from hindgut chamber and large intestine of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). Systematic and Applied Microbiology 2006, 29:131-137.
109. Skirpstunas RT, Baldwin TJ. Edwardsiella ictaluri invasion of IEC-6, Henle 407, fathead minnow and channel catfish enteric epithelial cells. Diseases of Aquatic Organism 2002, 51:161-167.
110. Skjermo J, Vadstein O. Techniques for microbial control in the intensive rearing of marine larvae. Aquaculture 1999, 177:333-343.
111. Tinh NTN, Dierckens K, Sorgeloos P, Bossier P. A review of the functionality of probiotics in the larviculture food chain. Marine Biotechnology 2008, 10:1-12.
112. Toranzo AE, Mamarinos B, Romalde JE. A review of the main bacterial fish diseases in mariculture systems. Aquaculture 2005, 246:37-61.
113. Valdivia RH, Hromockyj AE, Monack D, Ramakrishnan L, Falkow S. Applications for green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the study of host-pathogen interactions. Gene 1996, 173:47-52.
114. Van der Marel M, Schroers V, Neuhaus H, Steinhagen D. Chemotaxis towards, adhesion to, and growth in carp gut mucus of two Aeromonas hydrophila strains with different pathogenicity for common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Journal of Fish Diseases 2008, 31:321-330.
115. Vanderpool C, Yan F, Polk DB. Mechanisms of probiotics action: implication for therapeutic applications in inflammatory bowel diseases. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 2008, 14:1585-1596.
116. Verschuere L, Rombaut G, Sorgeloos P, Verstraete W. Probiotic bacteria as biological control against in aquaculture. Microbiology Molecular Biology Reviews 2000, 64:655-671.
117. Vine NG, Leukes WD, Kaiser H. In vitro growth characteristics of five candidate aquaculture probiotics and two fish pathogens grown in fish intestinal mucus. FEMS Microbiological Letters 2004, 231:145-152.
118. Vine NG, Leukes WD, Kaiser H, Baya S, Baxter J. Competition of attachment of aquaculture probiotic and pathogenic bacteria to fish intestinal mucus. Journal of Fish Diseases 2004, 27:319-326.
119. Vine NG, Leukes WD, Kaiser H. Probiotics in marine larviculture. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 2006, 30:404-427.
120. Weiss N, Schillinger U, Kansdler O. Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus leichmannii and Lactobacillus bulgaricus, subjective synonyms of Lactobacillus delbrueckii, and description of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis comb. nov. and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus comb. nov. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 1983, 4:552-557.
121. Yin JF, Zhou XY, Li JQ, Li YH, Hou HL, Zhang WH. A study on the survival dynamics of Bacillus subtilis in water using green fluorescent protein labelling. Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2007, 35:1405-1409.
122. Ying C, Lei W, Jiazhong L, Zhantao S, Liguo A. Identification and purification of a novel adhesion-associated protein in a new strain of Lactobacillus, L 15, from flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Veterinary Microbiology 2007, 122:116-122.
123. Zhou Z, Liu Y, Shi P, He S, Yao B, Ringø E. Molecular characterization of the autochthonous microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract of yellow grouper (Epinephelus awoara) cultured in cages. Aquaculture 2009, 286:184-189.