Metabolic syndrome: Aggression control mechanisms gone out of control

Medical Hypotheses

Volumn 74, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 578-589

  Belsare, Prajakta V ^a   Watve, Milind G ^b,c   Ghaskadbi, Saroj S ^a   Bhat, Dattatraya S ^d   Yajnik, Chittaranjan S ^d   Jog, Maithili ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PUNE   (India)

^b INDIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE EDUCATION AND RESEARCH   (India)

^c Anujeeva Biosciences Pvt Ltd   (India)

^d KEM HOSPITAL   (India)

^e ABASAHEB GARWARE COLLEGE   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADRENALIN; CANNABINOID 1 RECEPTOR; CHOLECYSTOKININ; CHOLESTEROL; CORTICOTROPIN; DOPAMINE; ENDORPHIN; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR; FAT; GASTRIN; GHRELIN; GLUCOCORTICOID; GLUCOSE; GROWTH HORMONE; INSULIN; MELANOCORTIN; MELATONIN; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; NORADRENALIN; PRASTERONE; SEROTONIN; SEX HORMONE; SOMATOMEDIN C; SUBSTANCE P; TESTOSTERONE; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; VASOPRESSIN;

AGGRESSION; ANIMAL SOCIETY; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; CELL REGENERATION; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; FOOD INTAKE; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HORMONE ACTION; HUMAN; HYPOTHALAMUS; IMMUNE SYSTEM; INJURY; INSULIN RESISTANCE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; METABOLISM; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PANCREAS ISLET BETA CELL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN SECRETION; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; SATIETY; SEROTONIN BRAIN LEVEL; SEROTONIN RELEASE; SEX DIFFERENCE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TESTOSTERONE BLOOD LEVEL; THEORETICAL MODEL; VIOLENCE; WOUND HEALING;

AGGRESSION; EVOLUTION; FEMALE; GENETICS, POPULATION; HUMANS; MALE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MODELS, GENETIC; SOCIAL CONTROL, FORMAL;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 77949266598     PISSN: 03069877     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.09.014     Document Type: Article

References (249)

1. Neel J.V. Diabetes mellitus: a thrifty genotype rendered detrimental by progress?. Am J Human Genet 1962, 14:353-362.
2. Hales C.N., Barker D.J.P. Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: the thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Diabetologia 1992, 35:595-601.
3. Stoger R. The thrifty epigenotype: an acquired and heritable predisposition for obesity and diabetes. Bioessays 2008, 30(2):156-166.
4. Speakman J.R. Thrifty genes for obesity and the metabolic syndrome-time to call off the search?. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2006, 3:7-11.
5. Speakman J.R. A non-adaptive scenario explaining the genetic predisposition to obesity: the "predation release" hypothesis. Cell Metab 2007, 6:5-12.
6. Watve M.G., Yajnik C.S. The evolutionary origins of insulin resistance: a behavioral switch hypothesis. BMC Evolut Biol 2007, 7:61. 10.1186/1471-2148-7-61.
7. Moalem S., Strey K.B., Percy M.E., Peros M.C., Perl D.P. The sweet thing about type I diabetes: a cryoprotective evolutionary adaptation. Med Hypothes 2005, 65:8-16.
8. Rashidi A., Kirkwood T.B.L., Shanley D.P. Metabolic evolution suggests an explanation for the weakness of antioxidant defences in beta-cells. Mechan Ageing Develop 2009, 130:216-221.
9. Watve M.G., Mandani S. Why serum chemokine levels are raised in insulin resistance syndrome: an immune reversal hypothesis. Curr Sci 2008, 95(2):171-174.
10. Belsare P. Reconciliation of thriftiness and behavioral switch, ; 2007. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/7/61.
11. Ohsawa H., Inoue M., Takenaka O. Mating strategy and reproductive success of male Patas Monkeys (Erythrocebus patas). Primates 1993, 34(4):533-544.
12. Rasmussen J. The influence of horn and body size on the reproductive behavior of the horned rainbow scarab beetle Phanaeus difformis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). J Insect Behav 1994, 7(1):67-82.
13. Pilastro A., Bisazza A. Insemination efficiency of two alternative male mating tactics in the guppy (Poecilia reticulate). Proc R Soc Lond B 1999, 266:1887-1891.
14. Alberts S., Buchan J., Altmann J. Sexual selection in wild baboons: from mating opportunities to paternity success. Animal Behav 2006, 72:1177-1196. 10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.05.001.
15. Maynard S. Evolution and the theory of games 1982, Cambridge University Press.
16. Beckerman S., Erickson P.I., Yost J., et al. Life histories, blood revenge, and reproductive success among the Waorani of Ecuador. PNAS 2009, 106(20):8134-8139.
17. Sinervo B., Lively C. The rock-paper-scissor game and evolution of alternative male strategies. Nature 1996, 380:240-243. 10.1038/380240a0.
18. Benus R.F., Bohus B., Koolhaas J.M., van Oortmerssen G.A. Heritable variation for aggression as a reflection of individual coping strategies. Cellular Mol Life Sci 1991, 47(10):1008-1019.
19. Moles A., Bartolomucci A., Garbugino L., et al. Psychosocial stress affects energy balance in mice. Modulation by social status. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2006, 31(5):623-633.
20. Leedom L.J., Meehan W.P. The psychoneuroendocrinology of diabetes mellitus in rodents. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1989, 14(4):275-294.
21. Agardh E., Ahlbom A., Andersson T., et al. Work stress and low sense of coherence is associated with type 2 diabetes in middle-aged Swedish women. Diab Care 2003, 26(3):719-724.
22. Golomb B.A. Cholesterol and violence: is there a connection?. Ann Internal Med 1998, 128(6):478-487.
23. Kaplan J.R., Manuck S.B., Shively C. The effects of fat and cholesterol on social behavior in monkeys. Psychosomat Med 1991, 53(6):634-642.
24. Perini C., Müller F.B., Bühler F.R. Suppressed aggression accelerates early development of essential hypertension. J Hypertens 1991, 9(6):499-503.
25. Perini C., Müller F.B., Bühler F.R. Suppressed aggression and hyperdynamic cardiovascular regulation in normotensive offspring of essential hypertensive parents. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1988, 12(Suppl. 3):S130-S133.
26. Perini C., Müller F.B., Rauchfleisch U., Battegay R., Bühler F.R. Hyperadrenergic borderline hypertension is characterized by suppressed aggression. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1986, 8(Suppl. 5):S53-S56.
27. Mankar M., Joshi R., Belsare P., Jog M., Watve M. Obesity as a perceived social signal. PLoS One 2008, 3(9):e3187.
28. Adams C.F., Liley N.R., Gorzalka B.B. PCPA increases aggression in male firemouth cichlids. Pharmacology 1996, 53(5):328-330. 10.1159/000139446.
29. Hermanides J., Belqhazi L., Michels R.P., Hoekstra J.B. Lower incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus with changes in lifestyle: clues from World War II. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2008, 152(44):2415-2417.
30. Westlund K. Incidence of diabetes mellitus in Oslo, Norway 1925 to 1954. Report No. 11 of the Life Insurance Companies' institute for medical statistics at the Oslo city hospitals. Brit J Prev Soc Med 1966, 20:105-116.
31. Kulenovic I., Bebertson A., Grujic M., Suljevic E., Smajkic A. The impact of war on Sarajevans with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Eur J Public Health 1996, 6(4):252-256.
32. Lorrain D.S., Riolo J.V., Matuszewich L., Hull E.M. Lateral hypothalamic serotonin inhibits nucleus accumbens dopamine: implications for sexual satiety. J Neurosci 1999, 19(17):7648-7652.
33. Lorrain D.S., Matuszewich L., Friedman R.D., Hull E.M. Extracellular serotonin in the lateral hypothalamic area is increased during the postejaculatory interval and impairs copulation in male rats. J Neurosci 1997, 17(23):9361-9366.
34. Harding C.F., Leshner A.I. The effects of adrenalectomy on the aggressiveness of differently housed mice. Physiol Behav 1972, 8(3):437-440.
35. van Wolkenten M.L., Davis J.M., Gong M.L., de Waal F.B.M. Coping with acute crowding by Cebus paella. Int J Primatol 2006, 27(5):1241-1256.
36. Judge P.G., DeWall F.B.M. Rhesus monkey behaviour under diverse population densities: coping with long-term crowding. Animal Behav 1997, 54(3):643-662.
37. Matte A.C. Effect of isolation-induced aggression in mice on serum creatine kinase. Psychopharmacology 1975, 42(2):209-210.
38. Matte A.C. Growth hormone and isolation-induced aggression in wild male mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1981, 14(Suppl. 1):85-87.
39. Wongwitdecha N., Marsden C.A. Social isolation increases aggressive behaviour and alters the effects of diazepam in the rat social interaction test. Behav Brain Res 1996, 75(1-2):27-32.
40. Sánchez C., Arnt J., Hyttel J., Moltzen E.K. The role of serotonergic mechanisms in inhibition of isolation-induced aggression in male mice. Psychopharmacology 1993, 110(1-2):53-59.
41. Sandnabba N.K. Selective breeding for isolation-induced intermale aggression in mice: associated responses and environmental influences. Behav Genet 1996, 26(5):277-288.
42. Riste L., Khan F., Cruickshank K. High prevalence of type 2 diabetes in all ethnic groups including Europeans in a British innercity. Diab Care 2001, 24:1377-1383.
43. Ellaway A., Macintyre S., Bonnefoy X. Graffiti, greenery and obesity in adults: secondary analysis of European cross sectional survey. Br Med J 2005, 331:611-612.
44. Koch S., Holland R.W., Hengstler M., van Knippenberg A. Body locomotion as regulatory process: stepping backward enhances cognitive control. Psychol Sci 2009, 20:449-450.
45. Weisberg S., McCann D., Desai M., Rosenbaum M., Leibel R., Ferrante A. Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. J Clin Invest 2003, 112(12):1796-1808.
46. Kanda H., Tateya S., Tamori Y. MCP-1 contributes to macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis in obesity. J Clin Invest 2006, 116(6):1494-1505. 10.1172/JCI26498.
47. Madjid M., Awan I., Willerson J.T., Casscells S.W. Leukocyte count and coronary heart disease: implications for risk assessment. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004, 44(10):1945-1956.
48. Maruyama K., Asai J., Li Masaaki, Thorne T., Losordo D., D'Amore P. Decreased macrophage number and activation lead to reduced lymphatic vessel formation and contribute to impaired diabetic wound healing. Am J Pathol 2007, 170(4):1178-1191.
49. Thomas M., Tsalamandris C., MacIssac R., Jerums G. Anaemia in diabetes: an emerging complication of microvascular disease. Curr Diab Rev 2005, 1(1):107-126.
50. Schram M.T., Chaturvedi N., Schalkwijk C.G., Fuller J.H., Stehouwer C.D.A. Markers of inflammation are cross-sectionally associated with microvascular complications and cardiovascular disease in type 1 diabetes - the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study. Diabetologia 2005, 48(2):370-378. EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study Group.
51. Saraheimo M., Teppo A.-M., Forsblom C., Fagerudd J., Groop P.-H. Diabetic nephropathy is associated with low-grade inflammation in type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetologia 2003, 46(10):1402-1407. On behalf of the FinnDiane Study Group.
52. Yan S.F., Ramasamy R., Naka Y., Schmidt A.M. Glycation, inflammation, and RAGE: a scaffold for the macrovascular complications of diabetes and beyond. Circ Res 2003, 93:1159-1169.
53. Zhang L., Zalewski A., Liu Y., et al. Diabetes-induced oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation in porcine coronary arteries. Circulation 2003, 108:472-478.
54. Lopes-Virella M.F., Virella G. The role of immune and inflammatory processes in the development of macrovascular disease in diabetes. Front Biosci 2003, 8:s750-s768.
55. Zent R., Pozzi A. Angiogenesis in diabetic nephropathy. Semi Nephrop 2007, 27(2):161-171.
56. Yamamoto Y., Maeshima Y., Kitayama H., et al. Tumstatin peptide, an inhibitor of angiogenesis, prevents glomerular hypertrophy in the early stage of diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes 2004, 53:1831-1840.
57. Bishop P. Hypoxia, angiogenesis, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Endocr Abs 2008, 15:S19.
58. Soher A.I., Mostafa M.S., Zaki A.A. Erythropoietin is a potent ischemia induced angiogenic factor in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Aust J Basic Appl Sci 2008, 2(4):1320-1324.
59. Hayden M.R., Tyagi S.C. Is type 2 diabetes mellitus a vascular disease (atheroscleropathy) with hyperglycemia a late manifestation? The role of NOS, NO, and redox stress. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2003, 2:2.
60. Lenzen S., Drinkgern J., Tiedge M. Low antioxidant enzyme gene expression in pancreatic islets compared with various other mouse tissues. Free Radic Biol Med 1996, 20(3):463-466.
61. Modak M.A., Parab P.B., Ghaskadbi S.S. Pancreatic islets are very poor in rectifying oxidative DNA damage. Pancreas 2009, 38:23Y29.
62. Kumagai S., Holmang A., Bjorntorp P. The effects of oestrogen and progesterone on insulin sensitivity in female rats. Acta Physiol Scand 1993, 149(1):91-97.
63. Galipeau D., Verma S., Mc-Neill J.H. Female rats are protected against fructose-induced changes in metabolism and blood pressure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002, 283:H2478-H2484.
64. Holmang A., Bjorntorp P. The effects of testosterone on insulin sensitivity in male rats. Acta Physiol Scand 1992, 146(4):505-510.
65. Muller M., Grobbee D.E., den Tonkelaar I., Lamberts S.W.J., van der Schouw Y.T. Endogenous sex hormones and metabolic syndrome in aging men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005, 90(5):2618-2623.
66. Andersson B., Mattsson L., Hahn L., et al. Estrogen replacement therapy decreases hyperandrogenicity and improves glucose homeostasis and plasma lipids in postmenopausal women with noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997, 82:638-643.
67. Larson E.T., Summers C.H. Serotonin reverses dominant social status. Behav Brain Res 2001, 121(1-2):95-102.
68. Semsar K., Perreault H.A.N., Godwin J. Fluoxetine-treated male wrasses exhibit low AVT expression. Brain Res 2004, 1029(2):141-147.
69. Linnoila V.M., Virkkunen M. Aggression, suicidality, and serotonin. J Clin Psychiatry 1992, 53(Suppl.):46-51.
70. Higley J., Mehlman P., Taub D., et al. Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine and adrenal correlates of aggression in free-ranging rhesus monkeys. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992, 49(6):436-441.
71. Higley J.D., King S.T., Hasert M.F., Champoux M., Suomi S.J., Linnoila M. Stability of interindividual differences in serotonin function and its relationship to severe aggression and competent social behaviour in rhesus macaque females. Neuropsychopharmacology 1996, 14(1):67-76.
72. Blanchard D.C., Sakai R.R., McEwen B., Weiss S.M., Blanchard R.J. Subordination stress: behavioral, brain, and neuroendocrine correlates. Behav Brain Res 1993, 58(1-2):113-121.
73. Sapolsky R. Individual differences in cortisol secretory patterns in the wild baboon: role of negative feedback sensitivity. Endocrinology 1983, 113(6):2263-2267.
74. Sapolsky R.M., Ray J.C. Styles of dominance and their endocrine correlates among wild olive baboons (Papio anubis). Am J Primatol 1989, 18(1):1-13.
75. Sapolsky R.M. Cortisol concentrations and the social significance of rank instability among wild baboons. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1992, 17(6):701-709.
76. Shively C., Kaplan J. Effects of social factors on adrenal weight and related physiology of Macaca fascicularis. Physiol Behav 1984, 33(5):777-782.
77. McEntee W., Crook T. Serotonin, memory, and the aging brain. Psychopharmacology 1991, 103:143-149.
78. Clarke H., Dalley J., Crofts H., Robbins T., Roberts A. Cognitive inflexibility after prefrontal serotonin depletion. Science 2004, 304:87-880.
79. Amin Z., Canli T., Epperson C. Effect of estrogen-serotonin interaction on mood and cognition. Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev 2005, 4(1):43-58.
80. Schmitt J., Wingen M., Ramaekers J., Evers E., Riedel W. Serotonin and human cognitive performance. Curr Pharmaceut Des 2006, 12(20):2473-2486.
81. Luciana M., Collins P., Depue R. Opposing roles for dopamine and serotonin in the modulation of human spatial working memory functions. Cerebr Cortex 1998, 8:218-226.
82. Kern W., Peters A., Fruehwald-Schultes B., Deininger E., Born J., Fehm H.L. Improving influence of insulin on cognitive functions in humans. Neuroendocrinology 2001, 74:270-280.
83. Luo S., Luo J., Cincotta A.H. Chronic ventromedial hypothalamic infusion of norepinephrine and serotonin promotes insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Neuroendocrinology 1999, 70(6):460-465.
84. Rattigan S., Clark M., Barrett E. Acute vasoconstriction - induced insulin resistance in rat muscle in vivo. Diabetes 1999, 48:564-569.
85. Paz-Filho G.J., Babikian T., Asarnow, et al. Leptin replacement improves cognitive development. PLoS ONE 2008, 3(8):e3098. 10.1371/journal.pone.0003098.
86. Harvey J., Shanley L.J., O'Malley D., Irving A.J. Leptin: a potential cognitive enhancer?. Biochem Soc Trans 2005, 33(Pt. 5):1029-1032.
87. Farr S.A., Banks W.A., Morley J.E. Effects of leptin on memory processing. Peptides 2006, 27(6):1420-1425.
88. Elias P.K., Elias M.F., D'Agostino R.B., Sullivan L.M., Wolf P.A. Serum cholesterol and cognitive performance in the Framingham heart study. Psychosom Med 2005, 67:24-30.
89. Elias M. Serum cortisol, testosterone, and testosterone-binding globulin responses to competitive fighting in human males. Aggr Behav 1981, 7(3):215-224.
90. Giammanco M., Tabacchi G., Giammanco S., Majo D., La Guardia M. Testosterone and aggressiveness. Med Sci Monit 2005, 11(4):RA136-RA145.
91. Lamba S., Kazi Y.C., Deshpande S., Natesh M., Bhadra A., Gadagkar R. A possible novel function of dominance behaviour in queen-less colonies of the primitively eusocial wasp Ropalidia marginata. Behav Process 2007, 74:351-356.
92. Hull E.M., Lorrain D.S., Du J., et al. Hormone-neurotransmitter interactions in the control of sexual behaviour. Behav Brain Res 1999, 105(1):105-116.
93. Lorrain D.S., Riolo J.V., Matuszewich L., Hull E.M. Lateral hypothalamic serotonin inhibits nucleus accumbens dopamine: implications for sexual satiety. J Neurosci 1999, 19(17):7648-7652.
94. Nexo E., Hollenberg M.D., Bing J. Aggressive behavior in mice provokes a marked increase in both plasma epidermal growth factor and renin. Acta Physiol Scand 1981, 111(3):367-371.
95. Nexo E., Peter Skov Olsen, Poulsen K. Exocrine and endocrine secretion of renin and epidermal growth factor from the mouse submandibular glands. Regul Pep 1984, 8(4):327-334.
96. Sánchez O., Viladrich M., Ramírez I., Soley M. Liver injury after an aggressive encounter in male mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physio 2007, 293:R1908-R1916.
97. Brand S.J., Tagerud S., Lambert P., et al. Pharmacological treatment of chronic diabetes by stimulating pancreatic beta-cell regeneration with systemic co-administration of EGF and gastrin. Pharmacol Toxicol 2002, 91(6):414-420.
98. Bouwens L., Rooman I. Regulation of pancreatic beta-cell mass. Physiol Rev 2005, 85:1255-1270.
99. Hu Y., Nakagawa Y., Purushotham K.R., Humphreys-Beher M.G. Functional changes in salivary glands of autoimmune disease-prone NOD mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 1992, 263:E607-E614.
100. Kamisawa T., Tu Y., Egawa N., Sakaki N., Inokuma S., Kamata N. Salivary gland involvement in chronic pancreatitis of various etiologies. Am J Gastroenterol 2002, 98(2):323-326.
101. Frulloni L., Morana G., Bovo P. Salivary gland involvement in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Pancreas 1999, 19(1):33-38.
102. Clotfelter E.D., O'Hare E.P., McNitt M.M., Carpenter R.E., Summers C.H. Serotonin decreases aggression via 5-HT1A receptors in the fighting fish Betta splendens. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2007, 87(2):222-231. [Epub 2007].
103. Adams C.F., Liley N.R., Gorzalka B.B. PCPA increases aggression in male firemouth cichlids. Pharmacology 1996, 53(5):328-330. 10.1159/000139446.
104. Höglund E., Bakke M., Øverli Ø., Winberg S., Nilsson G.E. Suppression of aggressive behaviour in juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) by L-tryptophan supplementation. Aquaculture 2005, 249(1-4):525-531.
105. Fachinelli C., Sargo S., Bataller R., Rodriguez Echandia E.L. Effect of 5-HTP and ketanserine on the aggressive reaction induced by food competition in dominant and submissive pigeons (Columba livia). Behav Brain Res 1989, 35(3):265-270.
106. Ferrari P.F., van Erp A.M.M., Tornatzky W., Miczek K.A. Accumbal dopamine and serotonin in anticipation of the next aggressive episode in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2003, 17:371-378.
107. Chiavegatto S., Nelson R.J. Interaction of nitric oxide and serotonin in aggressive behavior. Horm Behav 2003, 44(3):233-241.
108. 123I-5-I-R911150 SPECT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imag 2005, 32(6):708-716.
109. Westergaard G.C., Mehlman P.T., Westergaard G.C., Suomi S.J., Higley J.D. CSF 5-HIAA and aggression in female macaque monkeys: species and interindividual differences. Psychopharmacology 1999, 146(4):440-446.
110. Cleare A.J., Bond A.J. Does central serotonergic function correlate inversely with aggression? A study using D-fenfluramine in healthy subjects. Psychiatry Res 1997, 69(2-3):89-95.
111. Seo D., Patrick C.J., Patrick K.J. Role of serotonin and dopamine system interactions in the neurobiology of impulsive aggression and its comorbidity with other clinical disorders. Aggr Violent Behav 2008, 13(5):383-395.
112. Luo S., Meier A.H., Cincotta A.H. Bromocriptine reduces obesity, glucose intolerance and extracellular monoamine metabolite levels in ventromedial hypothalamus of Syrian hamsters. Neuroendocrinology 1998, 68:1-10.
113. Singh R.B., Pella D., Mechiroea V., Otsuka K. Can brain dysfunction be a predisposing factor for metabolic syndrome?. Biomed Pharmacother 2004, 58:s56-s68.
114. Richter-Levin G., Segal M. Serotonin, aging and cognitive functions of the hippocampus. Rev Neurosci 1996, 7(2):103-113.
115. Bliziotes M., Gunness M., Eshleman A., Wiren K. The role of dopamine and serotonin in regulating bone mass and strength: studies on dopamine and serotonin transporter null mice. J Musculoskel Neuron Interact 2002, 2(3):291-295.
116. Harbuz M.S., Marti O., Lightman S.L., Jessop D.S. Alteration of central serotonin modifies onset and severity of adjuvant-induced arthritis in the rat. Br J Rheumatol 1998, 37:1077-1083.
117. Nonogaki K., Strack A.M., Dallman M.F., Tecott L.H. Leptin-independent hyperphagia and type 2 diabetes in mice with a mutated serotonin 5-HT2C receptor gene. Nat Med 1998, 4(10):1152-1156.
118. Raeder M.B., Bjelland I., Emil Vollset S., Steen V.M. Obesity, dyslipidemia, and diabetes with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: the Hordaland Health Study. J Clin Psychiatry 2006, 7(12):1974-1982.
119. Harvey B.H., Bouwer C.D. Neuropharmacology of paradoxic weight gain with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Clin Neuropharmacol 2000, 23(2):90-97.
120. Smolin B., Klein E., Levy Y., Ben-Shachar D. Major depression as a disorder of serotonin resistance: inference from diabetes mellitus type II. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2007, 10(6):839-850.
121. van Erp A.M.M., Miczek K.A. Aggressive behaviour, increased accumbal dopamine, and decreased cortical serotonin in rats. J Neurosci 2000, 20(24):9320-9325.
122. Cohen J.D., Servan S. A theory of dopamine function and its role in cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1993, 19(1):85-104.
123. Bliziotes M., McLoughlin S., Gunness M., Fumagalli F., Jones S.R., Caron M.G. Bone histomorphometric and biomechanical abnormalities in mice homozygous for deletion of the dopamine transporter gene. Bone 2000, 26(1):15-19.
124. Hull E.M., Muschamp J.W., Sato S. Dopamine and serotonin: influences on male sexual behaviour. Physiol Behav 2004, 83(2):291-307.
125. Cincotta A.H., Tozo E., Scislowski P.W.D. Bromocriptine/SKF38393 treatment ameliorates obesity and associated metabolic dysfunctions in obese (ob/ob) mice. Life Sci 1997, 61:951.
126. Murzi E., Contreras Q., Teneus L., et al. Diabetes decreases limbic extracellular dopamine in rats. Neurosci Lett 1996, 202(3):141-144.
127. Jasnow A.M., Huhman K.L., Bartness T.J., Demas G.E. Short days and exogenous melatonin increase aggression of male Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Horm Behav 2002, 42:13-20.
128. Nishida S., Segawa T., Murai I., Nakagawa S. Long term melatonin administration reduces hyperinsulinemia and improves the altered fatty-acid compositions in type 2 diabetes rats via the restoration of -5 desaturase activity. J Pineal Res 2002, 32:26-33.
129. Marcassus P.M., Desbazeille M., Bros A. Melatonin reduces body weight gain in Sprague-Dawley rats with diet induced obesity. Endocrinology 2003, 10.1210/en.2003-0693.
130. Bilici D., Akpinar E., Kiziltunç A. Protective effect of melatonin in carrageenan-induced acute local inflammation. Pharmacol Res 2002, 46:133-139.
131. Nishida S. Metabolic effects of melatonin on oxidative stress and diabetes mellitus. Endocrine 2005, 27(2):131-135.
132. Drago F., Busa L. Acute low doses of melatonin restore full sexual activity in impotent male rats. Brain Res 2000, 878:98-104.
133. Peschke E., Peschke D., Hammer T., Csernus V. Influence of melatonin and serotonin on glucose-stimulated insulin release from perifused rat pancreatic islets in vitro. J Pineal Res 1997, 23(3):156-163.
134. Gagliardino J.J., Nierle C., Pfeiffer E.F. The effect of serotonin on in vitro insulin secretion and biosynthesis in mice. Diabetologia 1974, 10:411-414.
135. Sorenson D.B., Johnsen P.F., Bibby B.M., et al. PNMT transgenic mice have an aggressive phenotype. Horm Metab Res 2005, 37(3):159-163.
136. Lee Z.S., Critchley J.A., Tomlinson B., et al. Urinary epinephrine and norepinephrine interrelations with obesity, insulin, and the metabolic syndrome in Hong Kong Chinese. Metabolism 2001, 50(2):135-143.
137. Deibert D.C., DeFronzo R.A. Epinephrine-induced insulin resistance in man. J Clin Invest 1980, 65:717-721.
138. Karalis K.P., Kontopoulos, Louis E., Muglia J., Majzoub J.A. Corticotropin-releasing hormone deficiency unmasks the proinflammatory effect of epinephrine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999, 96:7093-7097.
139. Thoa N.B., Eichelman B., Richardson J.S., Jacobowitz D. 6-Hydroxydopa depletion of brain norepinephrine and the facilitation of aggressive behaviour. Science 1972, 178:75-77.
140. Volavka J. The neurobiology of violence. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurisci 1999, 11(3):307-314.
141. Haller J., Makara G.B., Kruk M.R. Catecholaminergic involvement in the control of aggression: hormones, the peripheral sympathetic, and central noradrenergic systems. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1998, 22(1):85-97.
142. Trulson M.E., Himmel C.D. Effects of insulin and streptozotocin-induced diabetes on brain norepinephrine metabolism in rats. J Neurochem 1985, 44(6):1873-1876.
143. Chen C.C., Yang J.C. Effects of short and long-lasting diabetes mellitus on mouse brain monoamines. Brain Res 1991, 552(1):175-179.
144. Cincotta A.H., Luo S., Liang Y. Hyperinsulinemia increases norepinephrine metabolism in the ventromedial hypothalamus of rats. Neuroreport 2000, 11(2):383-387.
145. Demas G.E., Kriegsfeld L.J., Blackshaw S. Elimination of aggressive behaviour in male mice lacking endothelial nitric oxide synthase. J Neurosci 1999, 19:RC30. (1-5).
146. Duplain H., Burcelin R., Sartori C., et al. Insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia and hypertension in mice lacking endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Circulation 2001, 104:342-345.
147. Monti L.D., Barlassina C., Citterio L., et al. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase polymorphisms are associated with type 2 diabetes and the insulin resistance syndrome. Diabetes 2003, 52:1270-1275.
148. Lee P., Salyapongse N., Bragdon G., et al. Impaired wound healing and angiogenesis in eNOS-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 1999, 277:1600-1608.
149. Fukumura D., Gohongi T., Kadambi A., et al. Predominant role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis and vascular permeability. PNAS 2001, 98(5):2604-2609.
150. Ying L., Hofseth L.J. An emerging role for endothelial nitric oxide synthase in chronic inflammation and cancer. Cancer Res 2007, 67(4):1407-1410.
151. DiMagno M.J., Williams J.A., Hao Y., Ernst S.A., Owyang C. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase is protective in the initiation of caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2004, 287:G80-G87.
152. Nelson R.J., Demas G.E., Huang P.L., et al. Behavioural abnormalities in male mice lacking neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Nature 1995, 378(6555):383-386.
153. Demas G.E., Eliasson M.J.L., Dawson T.M., et al. Inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase increases aggressive behavior in mice. Mol Med 1997, 3(9):610-616.
154. Kriegsfeld L.J., Dawson T.M., Dawson V.L., Nelson R.J., Snyder S.H. Aggressive behavior in male mice lacking the gene for neuronal nitric oxide synthase requires testosterone. Brain Res 1997, 769(1):66-70.
155. Gammie S.C., Nelson R.J. Maternal aggression is reduced in neuronal nitric oxide synthase-deficient mice. J Neurosci 1999, 19(18):8027-8035.
156. Shankar R.R., Wu Y., Shen H., Zhu J., Baron A.D. Mice with gene disruption of both endothelial and neuronal nitric oxide synthase exhibit insulin resistance. Diabetes 2000, 49:1-4.
157. Perreault M., Marette A. Targeted disruption of inducible nitric oxide synthase protects against obesity-linked insulin resistance in muscle. Nat Med 2001, 7:1138-1143.
158. Ayala J.E., Bracy D.P., Julien B.M., Rottman J.N., Fueger P.T., Wasserman D.H. Chronic treatment with sildenafil improves energy balance and insulin action in high fat-fed conscious mice. Diabetes 2007, 56:1025-1033.
159. Milman H.A., Arnold S.B. Neurologic, psychological, and aggressive disturbances with sildenafil. Ann Pharmacother 2002, 36(7-8):1129-1134.
160. Hotchkiss A.K., Pyter L.M., Gatien M.L., Wen J.C., Milman H.A., Nelson R.J. Aggressive behavior increases after termination of chronic sildenafil treatment in mice. Physiol Behav 2005, 83(5):683-688.
161. van Bokhoven I., van Goozen S.H., van Engeland H., et al. Salivary testosterone and aggression, delinquency, and social dominance in a population-based longitudinal study of adolescent males. Horm Behav 2006, 50(1):118-125.
162. Michael R.P., Zumpe D. A review of hormonal factors influencing the sexual and aggressive behavior of macaques. Am J Primatol 1993, 30:213-241.
163. Albert D.J., Jonik R.H., Walsh M.L. Hormone-dependent aggression in male and female rats: experiential, hormonal, and neural foundations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1992, 16(2):177-192.
164. Stewart T., Baker G. The inverse relationship between obesity and testicular function. Obesity 2008, 10(4):34-36.
165. Tsai L.W., Sapolsky R.M. Rapid stimulatory effects of testosterone upon myotubule metabolism and sugar transport, as assessed by silicon microphysiometry. Aggr Behav 1996, 22:357-364.
166. Ahlbom E., Prins G.S., Ceccatelli S. Testosterone protects cerebellar granule cells from oxidative stress-induced cell death through a receptor mediated mechanism. Brain Res 2001, 892(2):255-262.
167. Tunez I., Feijoo M., Collado J.A., et al. Effect of testosterone on oxidative stress and cell damage induced by 3-nitropropionic acid in striatum of ovariectomized rats. Life Sci 2007, 80(13):1221-1227.
168. Franck-Lissbrant I., Häggström S., Damber Jan-Erik, Bergh A. Testosterone stimulates angiogenesis and vascular regrowth in the ventral prostate in castrated adult rats. Endocrinology 1998, 139(2):451-456.
169. Dabrosin C., Palmer K., Muller W.J., Gauldie J. Estradiol promotes growth and angiogenesis in polyoma middle T transgenic mouse mammary tumor explants. Breast Cancer Res Treatment 2003, 78:1-6.
170. Mooradian A.D. Antioxidant properties of steroids. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1993, 45(6):509-511.
171. Klein K.O., Larmore K.A., de Lancey E., Brown J.M., Considine R.V., Hassink S.G. Effect of obesity on estradiol level, and its relationship to leptin, bone maturation, and bone mineral density in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998, 83(10):3469-3475.
172. Kley H.K., Solbach H.G., McKinnan J.C., Krüskemper H.L. Testosterone decrease and oestrogen increase in male patients with obesity. Acta Endocrinol 1979, 91(3):553-563.
173. Soma K.K., Scotti M., Newman A.E.M., Charlier T.D., Demas G.E. Novel mechanisms for neuroendocrine regulation of aggression. Front Neuroendocrinol 2008, 29(4):476-489.
174. Cleary M.P., Zisk J.F. Anti-obesity effect of two different levels of dehydroepiandrosterone in lean and obese middle-aged female Zucker rats. Int J Obes 1986, 10(3):193-204.
175. Han D.H., Hansen P.A., Chen M.M., Holloszy J.O. DHEA treatment reduces fat accumulation and protects against insulin resistance in male rats. J Gerontol Series A: Biol Sci Med Sci 1998, 53(1):B19-B24.
176. Hansen P.A., Han D.H., Nolte L.A., Chen M., Holloszy J.O. DHEA protects against visceral obesity and muscle insulin resistance in rats fed a high-fat diet. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 1997, 273:1704-1708.
177. López-Marure R., Huesca-Gómez C., Ibarra-Sánchez Mde J., Zentella A., Pérez-Méndez O. Dehydroepiandrosterone delays LDL oxidation in vitro and attenuates several oxLDL-induced inflammatory responses in endothelial cells. Inflam Allergy Drug Targets 2007, 6(3):174-182.
178. Varet J., Vincent L., Akwa Y., et al. Dose-dependent effect of dehydroepiandrosterone, but not of sulphate ester on angiogenesis. Eur J Pharmacol 2004, 502:21-30.
179. Liu D., Iruthayanathan M., Homan L.L., et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone stimulates endothelial proliferation and angiogenesis through extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 mediated mechanisms. Endocrinology 2008, 149(3):889-898.
180. Mills S.J., Ashworth J.J., Gilliver S.C., Hardman M.J., Ashcroft G.S. The sex steroid precursor DHEA accelerates cutaneous wound healing via the estrogen receptors. J Invest Dermatol 2005, 125:1053-1062.
181. Demas G.E., Cooper M.A., Albers H.E., Soma K.K. Novel mechanisms underlying neuroendocrine regulation of aggression: a synthesis of rodent, avian, and primate studies 2007, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, p. 338-72.
182. Sapolsky R.M. Social status and health in humans and other animals. Annu Rev Anthropol 2004, 33:393-418.
183. Summers C.H., Watt M.J., Ling T.L., et al. Glucocorticoid interaction with aggression in non-mammalian vertebrates: reciprocal action. Eur J Pharmacol 2005, 526(1-3):21-35.
184. Andrews R.C., Walker B.R. Glucocorticoids and insulin resistance: old hormones, new targets. Clin Sci 1999, 96:513-523.
185. Macfarlane D.P., Forbes S., Walker B.R. Glucocorticoids and fatty acid metabolism in humans: fuelling fat redistribution in the metabolic syndrome. J Endocrinol 2008, 197:189-204.
186. Christiansen J.J., Djurhuus C.B., Gravholt C.H., et al. Effects of cortisol on carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism: studies of acute cortisol withdrawal in adrenocortical failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007, 92(9):3553-3559.
187. Ishida Y., Heersche J.N.M. Glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis: both in vivo and in vitro concentrations of glucocorticoids higher than physiological levels attenuate osteoblast differentiation. J Bone Mineral Res 1998, 13:1822-1826.
188. Golomb B.A., Criqui M.H., White H., Dimsdale J.E. Conceptual Foundations of the UCSD statin study. A randomized controlled trial assessing the impact of statins on cognition, behavior, and biochemistry. Arch Int Med 2004, 164:153-162.
189. Hillbrand M., Spitz R.T. Cholesterol and aggression. Aggr Violent Behav 1999, 4(3):359-370.
190. Widjaja A., Stratton I.M., Horn R., Holman R.R., Turner R., Brabant G. UKPDS 20: plasma leptin, obesity, and plasma insulin in type 2 diabetic subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1997, 82(2):654-657.
191. Sierra-Honigmann M.R., Nath A.K., Murakami C., et al. Biological action of leptin as an angiogenic factor. Science 1998, 281(5383):1683-1686.
192. Peng H., Wen T.C., Tanaka J., et al. Epidermal growth factor protects neuronal cells in vivo and in vitro against transient forebrain ischemia - and free radical - induced injuries. J Cerebral Blood flow Metab 1998, 18:349-360.
193. Viveros M.P., Rodriguez de Fonseca F., Bermudez-Silva F.J., McPartland J.M. Critical role of the endocannabinoid system in the regulation of food intake and energy metabolism, with phylogenetic, developmental, and pathophysiological implications. Endocr Metab Immune Disord - Drug Targets 2008, 8:220-230.
194. Martin M., Ledent C., Parmentier M., Maldonado R., Valvorde O. Involvement of CB1 cannabinoid receptors in emotional behaviour. Psychopharmacology 2002, 159:379-387.
195. Tordjman S., Carlier M., Cohen D., et al. Aggression and the three opioid families (endorphins, enkephalins, and dynorphins) in mice. Behav Genet 2003, 3(5):529-536.
196. Kotegawa T., Abe T., Tsutsui K. Inhibitory role of opioid peptides in the regulation of aggressive and sexual behaviors in male Japanese quails. J Exp Zool 1997, 277(2):146-154.
197. Giugliano D., Lefebvre P.J. A role for beta-endorphin in the pathogenesis of human obesity?. Horm Metab Res 1991, 23(6):251-256.
198. Giugliano D., Cozzolino D., Salvatore T., et al. Physiological elevations of plasma beta-endorphin alter glucose metabolism in obese, but not normal-weight, subjects. Metabolism 1992, 41(2):184-190.
199. Margules D.L., Moisset B., Lewis M.J., Shibuya H., Pert C.B. Beta-endorphin is associated with overeating in genetically obese mice (ob/ob) and rats (fa/fa). Science 1978, 202(4371):988-991.
200. Su C.F., Chang Y.Y., Pai H.H., Liu I.M., Lo C.Y., Cheng J.T. Mediation of beta endorphin in exercise-induced improvement in insulin resistance in obese Zucker rats: focus on cardiovascular disease in diabetes. Diab/Metab Res Rev 2005, 21(2):175-182.
201. Golomb B.A., Tenkanen L., Alikoski T., et al. Insulin sensitivity markers: predictors of accidents and suicides in Helsinki Heart Study screenees. J Clin Epidemiol 2002, 55(8):767-773.
202. Andrade M.L., Benton D., Brain P.F., Ramirez J.M., Walmsley S.V. A reexamination of the hypoglycemia-aggression hypothesis in laboratory mice. Int J Neurosci 1988, 41(3-4):179-186.
203. Benton D. Hypoglycemia and aggression: a review. Int J Neurosci 1988, 41(3-4):163-168.
204. Bolton R. Hostility in fantasy: a further test of the hypoglycemia-aggression hypothesis. Aggr Behav 2006, 2(4):257-274.
205. Lewellen T.C. Aggression and hypoglycemia in the Andes: another look at the evidence. Curr Anthropol 1981, 22(4):1-5. 10.1086/202688.
206. Koyama K., Chen G., Lee Y., Unger R.H. Tissue triglycerides, insulin resistance, and insulin production: implications for hyperinsulinemia of obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 1997, 273(4):E708-E713.
207. Scheffel A. Serum cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL in aggressive elderly patients with dementia. Psychiatr Pol 1996, 30(1):159-170.
208. Vera Cruz E.M., Brown C.L. The influence of social status on the rate of growth, eye color pattern and insulin-like growth factor-I gene expression in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Horm Behav 2007, 51(5):611-619.
209. Barto L., Reyes E., Schams D., Bubenik G., Lobos A. Rank dependent seasonal levels of IGF-1, cortisol and reproductive hormones in male pudu (Pudu puda). Compar Biochem Physiol - Part A: Mol Integr Physiol 1998, 120(2):373-378.
210. Hakkak R, Shaaf S, Macleod S, Cockrell G, Korourian S. Effects of obesity on serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels using DMBA-induced ovariectomized Zucker Rat Model. FASEB J 2008;22:886.7-886.
211. Vickers M.H., Ikenasio B.A., Breier B.H. IGF-I treatment reduces hyperphagia, obesity, and hypertension in metabolic disorders induced by fetal programming. Endocrinology 2001, 142(9):3964-3973.
212. Yakar S., Jun-Li Liu., Fernandez A.M. Liver-specific igf-1 gene deletion leads to muscle insulin insensitivity. Diabetes 2001, 50:1110-1118.
213. Weltman A., Weltman J.Y., Veldhuis J.D., Hartman M.L. Body composition, physical exercise, growth hormone and obesity. Eat Weight Disord 2001, 6(3 Suppl.):28-37.
214. Scacchi M., Pincelli A.I., Cavagnini F. Growth hormone in obesity. Int J Obesity 1999, 23(3):260-271.
215. Rizza R.A., Mandarino L.J., Gerich J.E. Effects of growth hormone on insulin action in man. Mechanisms of insulin resistance, impaired suppression of glucose production, and impaired stimulation of glucose utilization. Diabetes 1982, 31(8 Pt. 1):663-669.
216. Krag M.B., Gormsen L.C., Guo Z. Growth hormone-induced insulin resistance is associated with increased intramyocellular triglyceride content but unaltered VLDL-triglyceride kinetics. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007, 292:E920-E927.
217. De Felipe C., Herrero J.F., O'Brien J.A. Altered nociception, analgesia and aggression in mice lacking the receptor for substance P. Nature 1998, 392:394-397. 10.1038/32904.
218. Gregg T.R., Allan S. Brain structures and neurotransmitters regulating aggression in cats: implications for human aggression. Progr Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2001, 25(1):91-140.
219. Halasz J., Zelena D., Toth M., Tulogdi A., Mikics E., Haller J. Substance P neurotransmission and violent aggression: the role of tachykinin NK1 receptors in the hypothalamic attack area. Eur J Pharmacol 2009, 611(1-3):35-43.
220. Karagiannides I., Torres D., Tseng Y.H. Substance P as a novel anti-obesity target. Gastroenterology 2008, 134(3):747-755.
221. Fu Xiao-Wen, Sun Anthony M. Stimulative effect of substance P on insulin secretion from isolated rat islets under normobaric oxygen incubation. Acta Pharmacol Sinica 1989, 10(1):69-73.
222. Seegers H.C., Hood V.C., Kidd B.L., Cruwys S.C., Walsh D.A. Enhancement of angiogenesis by endogenous substance P release and neurokinin-1 receptors during neurogenic inflammation. J Pharmacol Exp Therapeut 2003, 10.1124/jpet.103.050013.
223. Li Q., Deng X., Singh P. Significant increase in the aggressive behavior of transgenic mice overexpressing peripheral progastrin peptides: associated changes in CCK2 and serotonin receptors in the CNS. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007, 32:1813-1821.
224. Burgdorf J., Panksepp J., Beinfeld M.C., Kroes R.A., Moskal J.R. Regional brain cholecystokinin changes as a function of rough-and-tumble play behavior in adolescent rats. Peptides 2006, 27(1):172-177.
225. Moran T.H., Katz L.F., Plata-Salaman C.R., Schwartz G.J. Disordered food intake and obesity in rats lacking cholecystokinin A receptors. Am J Physiol - Regul Integr Compar Physiol 1998, 274(73):R618-R625.
226. Ahren B., Holst J.J., Efendic S. Antidiabetogenic action of cholecystokinin-8 in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000, 85(3):1043-1048.
227. Kuntz E., Pinget M., Damgé C. Cholecystokinin octapeptide: a potential growth factor for pancreatic beta cells in diabetic rats. J Pancreas 2004, 5(6):464-475.
228. Schmassmann A., Reubi J.C. Cholecystokinin-B/gastrin receptors enhance wound healing in the rat gastric mucosa. J Clin Invest 2000, 106:1021-1029.
229. Cowey S.L., Quast M., Belalcazar L.M., et al. Abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, and colon carcinogenesis are increased in mutant mice lacking gastrin gene expression. Cancer 2005, 103:2643-2653.
230. Atmaca M., Tezcan E., Parmaksiz S., Saribas M., Ozler S., Ustundag B. Serum ghrelin and cholesterol values in suicide attempters. Neuropsychobiology 2006, 54:59-63.
231. Tschop M., Smiley D.L., Heiman M.L. Ghrelin induces adiposity in rodents. Nature 2000, 407:908-913.
232. Wren A.M., Seal L.J., Cohen M.A. Ghrelin enhances appetite and increases food intake in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001, 86:5992-5995.
233. Pöykko S.M., Kellokoski E., Hörkko S., Kauma H., Kesäniemi Y.A., Ukkola O. Low plasma ghrelin is associated with insulin resistance, hypertension, and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2003, 52:2546-2553.
234. Tschop M., Weyer C., Tataranni A.P., Devanarayan V., Ravussin E., Heiman M.L. Circulating ghrelin levels are decreased in human obesity. Diabetes 2001, 50:707-709.
235. Brain P.F., Nowell N.W., Wouters A. Some relationships between adrenal function and the effectiveness of a period of isolation in inducing intermale aggression in albino mice. Physiol Behav 1971, 6(1):27-29.
236. Iwen K.A.H., Senyaman O., Schwartz A., et al. Melanocortin crosstalk with adipose functions: ACTH directly induces insulin resistance, promotes a pro-inflammatory adipokine profile and stimulates UCP-1 in adipocytes. J Endocrinol 2008, 196:465-472.
237. Morgan C., Thomas R.E., Cone R.D. Melanocortin-5 receptor deficiency promotes defensive behavior in male mice. Horm Behav 2004, 45(1):58-63.
238. Banno R., Arima H., Sato I., et al. The melanocortin agonist melanotan II increases insulin sensitivity in OLETF rats. Peptides 2004, 25(8):1279-1286.
239. Ferris CF. Vasopressin/oxytocin and aggression. In: Gregory Bock and Jamie Goode, editors. Novartis Foundation Symposium 268 - Molecular mechanisms influencing aggressive behaviours book series: Novartis Foundation Symposia. Novartis Foundation; Published Online 5 May 2006.
240. Bankir L., Bardoux P., Ahloulay M. Vasopressin and diabetes mellitus. Nephron 2001, 87(1):8-18.
241. Kalueff A.V., Keisala T., Minasyan A., Kuuslahti M., Miettinen S., Tuohimaa P. Behavioural anomalies in mice evoked by "Tokyo" disruption of the vitamin D receptor gene. Neurosci Res 2006, 54(4):254-260.
242. Kalueff A.V., Lou Y.R., Laaksi I., Tuohimaa P. Increased grooming behavior in mice lacking vitamin D receptors. Physiol Behav 2004, 82(2-3):405-409.
243. Holick M.F. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 2007, 357(3):266-281.
244. Borissova A.M., Tankova T., Kirilov G., Dakovska L., Kovacheva R. The effect of vitamin D3 on insulin secretion and peripheral insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients. Int J Clin Pract 2003, 57(4):258-261.
245. Ferron M., Hinoi E., Karsenty G., Duci P. Osteocalcin differentially regulates cell and adipocyte gene expression and affects the development of metabolic diseases in wild-type mice. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 2007, 205:5266-5270.
246. Lee S.J., McPherron A.C. Regulation of myostatin activity and muscle growth. PNAS 2001, 98(16):9306-9311.
247. Hittel D.S., Berggren J.R., Shearer J., Boyle K., Houmard J.A. Increased secretion and expression of myostatin in skeletal muscle from extremely obese women. Diabetes 2008, 10.2337/db08-0943.
248. McPherron A.C., Lee S.J. Suppression of body fat accumulation in myostatin-deficient mice. J Clin Invest 2002, 109:595-601. 10.1172/JCI200213562.
249. Sandoval D.A., Obici S., Seeley R.J. Targeting the CNS to treat type 2 diabetes. Nat Rev 2009, 8:386-398.