Clinical relevance and public health significance of hepatitis B virus genomic variations

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 15, Issue 46, 2009, Pages 5761-5769

  Cao, Guang Wen ^a  

^a SECOND MILITARY MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Clinical; Evolution; Genotype; Hepatitis B virus; Mutation; Public health; Subgenotype

Indexed keywords

ADEFOVIR; ALPHA INTERFERON; EMTRICITABINE; ENTECAVIR; FAMCICLOVIR; HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN; LAMIVUDINE; NUCLEOSIDE ANALOG; TELBIVUDINE;

ACUTE HEPATITIS; AMINO ACID SUBSTITUTION; ANTIVIRAL RESISTANCE; ANTIVIRAL THERAPY; CANCER RISK; GENE DELETION; GENE IDENTIFICATION; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOTYPE; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HUMAN; LIVER CARCINOGENESIS; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PROGNOSIS; PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE; REVIEW; STRUCTURAL GENE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT RESPONSE; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; VIRUS GENOME; VIRUS LOAD; VIRUS MUTATION; VIRUS TRANSMISSION;

EID: 74049117607     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.5761     Document Type: Review

References (103)

1. Lavanchy D. Worldwide epidemiology of HBV infection, disease burden, and vaccine prevention. J Clin Virol 2005; 34 Suppl 1: S1-S3
2. Lai CL, Ratziu V, Yuen MF, Poynard T. Viral hepatitis B. Lancet 2003; 362: 2089-2094
3. El-Serag HB, Rudolph KL. Hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiology and molecular carcinogenesis. Gastroenterology 2007; 132: 2557-2576
4. Nguyen VT, Law MG, Dore GJ. Hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiological characteristics and disease burden. J Viral Hepat 2009; 16: 453-463
5. Chang MH, You SL, Chen CJ, Liu CJ, Lee CM, Lin SM, Chu HC, Wu TC, Yang SS, Kuo HS, Chen DS. Decreased incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis B vaccinees: a 20-year follow-up study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101: 1348-1355
6. Schaefer S. Hepatitis B virus taxonomy and hepatitis B virus genotypes. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13: 14-21
7. Tran TT, Trinh TN, Abe K. New complex recombinant genotype of hepatitis B virus identified in Vietnam. J Virol 2008; 82: 5657-5663
8. Olinger CM, Jutavijittum P, Hubschen JM, Yousukh A, Samountry B, Thammavong T, Toriyama K, Muller CP. Possible new hepatitis B virus genotype, southeast Asia. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14: 1777-1780
9. Tatematsu K, Tanaka Y, Kurbanov F, Sugauchi F, Mano S, Maeshiro T, Nakayoshi T, Wakuta M, Miyakawa Y, Mizokami M. A genetic variant of hepatitis B virus divergent from known human and ape genotypes isolated from a Japanese patient and provisionally assigned to new genotype J. J Virol 2009; 83: 10538-10547
10. Schaefer S. Hepatitis B virus: significance of genotypes. J Viral Hepat 2005; 12: 111-124
11. Deterding K, Constantinescu I, Nedelcu FD, Gervain J, Nemecek V, Srtunecky O, Vince A, Grgurevic I, Bielawski KP, Zalewska M, Bock T, Ambrozaitis A, Stanczak J, Takacs M, Chulanov V, Slusarczyk J, Drazd'akova M, Wiegand J, Cornberg M, Manns MP, Wedemeyer H. Prevalence of HBV genotypes in Central and Eastern Europe. J Med Virol 2008; 80: 1707-1711
12. Schaefer S. Hepatitis B virus genotypes in Europe. Hepatol Res 2007; 37: S20-S26
13. Kramvis A, Kew MC. Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus in Africa, its genotypes and clinical associations of genotypes. Hepatol Res 2007; 37: S9-S19
14. Andernach IE, Nolte C, Pape JW, Muller CP. Slave trade and hepatitis B virus genotypes and subgenotypes in Haiti and Africa. Emerg Infect Dis 2009; 15: 1222-1228
15. Olinger CM, Venard V, Njayou M, Oyefolu AO, Maiga I, Kemp AJ, Omilabu SA, le Faou A, Muller CP. Phylogenetic analysis of the precore/core gene of hepatitis B virus genotypes E and A in West Africa: new subtypes, mixed infections and recombinations. J Gen Virol 2006; 87: 1163-1173
16. Kusakabe A, Tanaka Y, Mochida S, Nakayama N, Inoue K, Sata M, Isoda N, Kang JH, Sumino Y, Yatsuhashi H, Takikawa Y, Kaneko S, Yamada G, Karino Y, Tanaka E, Kato J, Sakaida I, Izumi N, Sugauchi F, Nojiri S, Joh T, Miyakawa Y, Mizokami M. Case-control study for the identification of virological factors associated with fulminant hepatitis B. Hepatol Res 2009; 39: 648-656
17. Mulyanto, Depamede SN, Surayah K, Tsuda F, Ichiyama K, Takahashi M, Okamoto H. A nationwide molecular epidemiological study on hepatitis B virus in Indonesia: identification of two novel subgenotypes, B8 and C7. Arch Virol 2009; 154: 1047-1059
18. Utama A, Purwantomo S, Siburian MD, Dhenni R, Gani RA, Hasan I, Sanityoso A, Miskad UA, Akil F, Yusuf I, Achwan WA, Soemohardjo S, Lelosutan SA, Martamala R, Lukito B, Budihusodo U, Lesmana LA, Sulaiman A, Tai S. Hepatitis B virus subgenotypes and basal core promoter mutations in Indonesia. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15: 4028-4036
19. Norder H, Courouce AM, Coursaget P, Echevarria JM, Lee SD, Mushahwar IK, Robertson BH, Locarnini S, Magnius LO. Genetic diversity of hepatitis B virus strains derived worldwide: genotypes, subgenotypes, and HBsAg subtypes. Intervirology 2004; 47: 289-309
20. Cavinta L, Cao G, Schaefer S. Description of a new hepatitis B virus C6 subgenotype found in the Papua province of Indonesia and suggested renaming of a tentative C6 subgenotype found in the Philippines as subgenotype C7. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47: 3068-3069
21. Cavinta L, Sun J, May A, Yin J, von Meltzer M, Radtke M, Barzaga NG, Cao G, Schaefer S. A new isolate of hepatitis B virus from the Philippines possibly representing a new subgenotype C6. J Med Virol 2009; 81: 983-987
22. Sakamoto T, Tanaka Y, Orito E, Co J, Clavio J, Sugauchi F, Ito K, Ozasa A, Quino A, Ueda R, Sollano J, Mizokami M. Novel subtypes (subgenotypes) of hepatitis B virus genotypes B and C among chronic liver disease patients in the Philippines. J Gen Virol 2006; 87: 1873-1882
23. Abdo AA, Al-Jarallah BM, Sanai FM, Hersi AS, Al-Swat K, Azzam NA, Al-Dukhayil M, Al-Maarik A, Al-Faleh FZ. Hepatitis B genotypes: relation to clinical outcome in patients with chronic hepatitis B in Saudi Arabia. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 7019-7024
24. Mojiri A, Behzad-Behbahani A, Saberifirozi M, Ardabili M, Beheshti M, Rahsaz M, Banihashemi M, Azarpira N, Geramizadeh B, Khadang B, Moaddeb A, Ghaedi M, Heidari T, Torab A, Salah A, Amirzadeh S, Jowkar Z, Mehrabani D, Amini-Bavil-Olyaee S, Dehyadegari MA. Hepatitis B virus genotypes in southwest Iran: molecular, serological and clinical outcomes. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: 1510-1513
25. Bozdayi G, Turkyilmaz AR, Idilman R, Karatayli E, Rota S, Yurdaydin C, Bozdayi AM. Complete genome sequence and phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis B virus isolated from Turkish patients with chronic HBV infection. J Med Virol 2005; 76: 476-481
26. Tallo T, Tefanova V, Priimagi L, Schmidt J, Katargina O, Michailov M, Mukomolov S, Magnius L, Norder H. D2: major subgenotype of hepatitis B virus in Russia and the Baltic region. J Gen Virol 2008; 89: 1829-1839
27. Garmiri P, Loua A, Haba N, Candotti D, Allain JP. Deletions and recombinations in the core region of hepatitis B virus genotype E strains from asymptomatic blood donors in Guinea, west Africa. J Gen Virol 2009; 90: 2442-2451
28. Nurainy N, Muljono DH, Sudoyo H, Marzuki S. Genetic study of hepatitis B virus in Indonesia reveals a new subgenotype of genotype B in east Nusa Tenggara. Arch Virol 2008; 153: 1057-1065
29. Di Lello FA, Pineiro Y Leone FG, Munoz G, Campos RH. Diversity of hepatitis B and C viruses in Chile. J Med Virol 2009; 81: 1887-1894
30. Alvarado-Esquivel C, Sablon E, Conde-Gonzalez CJ, Juarez-Figueroa L, Ruiz-Maya L, Aguilar-Benavides S. Molecular analysis of hepatitis B virus isolates in Mexico: predominant circulation of hepatitis B virus genotype H. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 6540-6545
31. Osiowy C, Gordon D, Borlang J, Giles E, Villeneuve JP. Hepatitis B virus genotype G epidemiology and co-infection with genotype A in Canada. J Gen Virol 2008; 89: 3009-3015
32. Chandra PK, Biswas A, Datta S, Banerjee A, Panigrahi R, Chakrabarti S, De BK, Chakravarty R. Subgenotypes of hepatitis B virus genotype D (D1, D2, D3 and D5) in India: differential pattern of mutations, liver injury and occult HBV infection. J Viral Hepat 2009; 16: 749-756
33. Utsumi T, Lusida MI, Yano Y, Nugrahaputra VE, Amin M, Juniastuti, Soetjipto, Hayashi Y, Hotta H. Complete genome sequence and phylogenetic relatedness of hepatitis B virus isolates in Papua, Indonesia. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47: 1842-1847
34. Meldal BH, Moula NM, Barnes IH, Boukef K, Allain JP. A novel hepatitis B virus subgenotype, D7, in Tunisian blood donors. J Gen Virol 2009; 90: 1622-1628
35. Hubschen JM, Andernach IE, Muller CP. Hepatitis B virus genotype E variability in Africa. J Clin Virol 2008; 43: 376-380
36. Livingston SE, Simonetti JP, McMahon BJ, Bulkow LR, Hurlburt KJ, Homan CE, Snowball MM, Cagle HH, Williams JL, Chulanov VP. Hepatitis B virus genotypes in Alaska Native people with hepatocellular carcinoma: preponderance of genotype F. J Infect Dis 2007; 195: 5-11
37. Masaadeh HA, Hayajneh WA, Alqudah EA. Hepatitis B virus genotypes and lamivudine resistance mutations in Jordan. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: 7231-7234
38. Yu MW, Yeh SH, Chen PJ, Liaw YF, Lin CL, Liu CJ, Shih WL, Kao JH, Chen DS, Chen CJ. Hepatitis B virus genotype and DNA level and hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective study in men. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97: 265-272
39. Kao JH, Chen PJ, Lai MY, Chen DS. Hepatitis B genotypes correlate with clinical outcomes in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 2000; 118: 554-559
40. Yin J, Zhang H, Li C, Gao C, He Y, Zhai Y, Zhang P, Xu L, Tan X, Chen J, Cheng S, Schaefer S, Cao G. Role of hepatitis B virus genotype mixture, subgenotypes C2 and B2 on hepatocellular carcinoma: compared with chronic hepatitis B and asymptomatic carrier state in the same area. Carcinogenesis 2008; 29: 1685-1691
41. Yuan J, Zhou B, Tanaka Y, Kurbanov F, Orito E, Gong Z, Xu L, Lu J, Jiang X, Lai W, Mizokami M. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes/subgenotypes in China: mutations in core promoter and precore/core and their clinical implications. J Clin Virol 2007; 39: 87-93
42. Orito E, Mizokami M. Differences of HBV genotypes and hepatocellular carcinoma in Asian countries. Hepatol Res 2007; 37: S33-S35
43. Chen J, Yin J, Tan X, Zhang H, Zhang H, Chen B, Chang W, Schaefer S, Cao G. Improved multiplex-PCR to identify hepatitis B virus genotypes A-F and subgenotypes B1, B2, C1 and C2. J Clin Virol 2007; 38: 238-243
44. Kirschberg O, Schuttler C, Repp R, Schaefer S. A multiplex-PCR to identify hepatitis B virus - enotypes A-F. J Clin Virol 2004; 29: 39-43
45. Toan NL, Song le H, Kremsner PG, Duy DN, Binh VQ, Koeberlein B, Kaiser S, Kandolf R, Torresi J, Bock CT. Impact of the hepatitis B virus genotype and genotype mixtures on the course of liver disease in Vietnam. Hepatology 2006; 43: 1375-1384
46. Kidd-Ljunggren K, Holmberg A, Blackberg J, Lindqvist B. High levels of hepatitis B virus DNA in body fluids from chronic carriers. J Hosp Infect 2006; 64: 352-357
47. Kobayashi M, Ikeda K, Arase Y, Suzuki F, Akuta N, Hosaka T, Sezaki H, Yatsuji H, Kobayashi M, Suzuki Y, Watahiki S, Mineta R, Iwasaki S, Miyakawa Y, Kumada H. Change of hepatitis B virus genotypes in acute and chronic infections in Japan. J Med Virol 2008; 80: 1880-1884
48. Erhardt A, Blondin D, Hauck K, Sagir A, Kohnle T, Heintges T, Haussinger D. Response to interferon alfa is hepatitis B virus genotype dependent: genotype A is more sensitive to interferon than genotype D. Gut 2005; 54: 1009-1013
49. Livingston SE, Simonetti JP, Bulkow LR, Homan CE, Snowball MM, Cagle HH, Negus SE, McMahon BJ. Clearance of hepatitis B e antigen in patients with chronic hepatitis B and genotypes A, B, C, D, and F. Gastroenterology 2007; 133: 1452-1457
50. Ni YH, Chang MH, Wang KJ, Hsu HY, Chen HL, Kao JH, Yeh SH, Jeng YM, Tsai KS, Chen DS. Clinical relevance of hepatitis B virus genotype in children with chronic infection and hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2004; 127: 1733-1738
51. Chan HL, Hui AY, Wong ML, Tse AM, Hung LC, Wong VW, Sung JJ. Genotype C hepatitis B virus infection is associated with an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut 2004; 53: 1494-1498
52. Chan HL, Wong GL, Tse CH, Chim AM, Yiu KK, Chan HY, Sung JJ, Wong VW. Hepatitis B Virus Genotype C Is Associated With More Severe Liver Fibrosis Than Genotype B. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; Epub ahead of print
53. Chan HL, Tse CH, Mo F, Koh J, Wong VW, Wong GL, Lam Chan S, Yeo W, Sung JJ, Mok TS. High viral load and hepatitis B virus subgenotype ce are associated with increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 177-182
54. Zhang HW, Yin JH, Li YT, Li CZ, Ren H, Gu CY, Wu HY, Liang XS, Zhang P, Zhao JF, Tan XJ, Lu W, Schaefer S, Cao GW. Risk factors for acute hepatitis B and its progression to chronic hepatitis in Shanghai, China. Gut 2008; 57: 1713-1720
55. Chu CJ, Hussain M, Lok AS. Hepatitis B virus genotype B is associated with earlier HBeAg seroconversion compared with hepatitis B virus genotype C. Gastroenterology 2002; 122: 1756-1762
56. Wai CT, Chu CJ, Hussain M, Lok AS. HBV genotype B is associated with better response to interferon therapy in HBeAg(+) chronic hepatitis than genotype C. Hepatology 2002; 36: 1425-1430
57. Lin CL, Kao JH. Hepatitis B viral factors and clinical outcomes of chronic hepatitis B. J Biomed Sci 2008; 15: 137-145
58. Chan HL, Tsang SW, Liew CT, Tse CH, Wong ML, Ching JY, Leung NW, Tam JS, Sung JJ. Viral genotype and hepatitis B virus DNA levels are correlated with histological liver damage in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97: 406-412
59. McMahon BJ. The natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology 2009; 49: S45-S55
60. Erhardt A, Gobel T, Ludwig A, Lau GK, Marcellin P, van Bommel F, Heinzel-Pleines U, Adams O, Haussinger D. Response to antiviral treatment in patients infected with hepatitis B virus genotypes E-H. J Med Virol 2009; 81: 1716-1720
61. Chauhan R, Kazim SN, Kumar M, Bhattacharjee J, Krishnamoorthy N, Sarin SK. Identification and characterization of genotype A and D recombinant hepatitis B virus from Indian chronic HBV isolates. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: 6228-6236
62. Kay A, Zoulim F. Hepatitis B virus genetic variability and evolution. Virus Res 2007; 127: 164-176
63. Tabor E. Infections by hepatitis B surface antigen gene mutants in Europe and North America. J Med Virol 2006; 78 Suppl 1: S43-S47
64. Mu SC, Lin YM, Jow GM, Chen BF. Occult hepatitis B virus infection in hepatitis B vaccinated children in Taiwan. J Hepatol 2009; 50: 264-272
65. Shinkai N, Tanaka Y, Ito K, Mukaide M, Hasegawa I, Asahina Y, Izumi N, Yatsuhashi H, Orito E, Joh T, Mizokami M. Influence of hepatitis B virus X and core promoter mutations on hepatocellular carcinoma among patients infected with subgenotype C2. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45: 3191-3197
66. Chen CH, Hung CH, Lee CM, Hu TH, Wang JH, Wang JC, Lu SN, Changchien CS. Pre-S deletion and complex mutations of hepatitis B virus related to advanced liver disease in HBeAg-negative patients. Gastroenterology 2007; 133: 1466-1474
67. Gao ZY, Li T, Wang J, Du JM, Li YJ, Li J, Lu FM, Zhuang H. Mutations in preS genes of genotype C hepatitis B virus in patients with chronic hepatitis B and hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol 2007; 42: 761-768
68. Mun HS, Lee SA, Jee Y, Kim H, Park JH, Song BC, Yoon JH, Kim YJ, Lee HS, Hyun JW, Hwang ES, Kook YH, Kim BJ. The prevalence of hepatitis B virus preS deletions occurring naturally in Korean patients infected chronically with genotype C. J Med Virol 2008; 80: 1189-1194
69. Chen BF, Liu CJ, Jow GM, Chen PJ, Kao JH, Chen DS. High prevalence and mapping of pre-S deletion in hepatitis B virus carriers with progressive liver diseases. Gastroenterology 2006; 130: 1153-1168
70. Liu S, Zhang H, Gu C, Yin J, He Y, Xie J, Cao G. Associations between hepatitis B virus mutations and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101: 1066-1082
71. Kwon SY, Choe WH, Lee CH, Yeon JE, Byun KS. Rapid reemergence of YMDD mutation of hepatitis B virus with hepatic decompensation after lamivudine retreatment. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: 4416-4419
72. Schildgen O, Sirma H, Funk A, Olotu C, Wend UC, Hartmann H, Helm M, Rockstroh JK, Willems WR, Will H, Gerlich WH. Variant of hepatitis B virus with primary resistance to adefovir. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 1807-1812
73. Lai CL, Gane E, Liaw YF, Hsu CW, Thongsawat S, Wang Y, Chen Y, Heathcote EJ, Rasenack J, Bzowej N, Naoumov NV, Di Bisceglie AM, Zeuzem S, Moon YM, Goodman Z, Chao G, Constance BF, Brown NA. Telbivudine versus lamivudine in patients with chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 2576-2588
74. Lu HY, Zhuang LW, Yu YY, Si CW, Li J, Zhang JJ, Zeng Z, Chen XY, Han ZH, Chen Y. Effects of antiviral agents and HBV genotypes on intrahepatic covalently closed circular DNA in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B patients. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: 1268-1273
75. Parekh S, Zoulim F, Ahn SH, Tsai A, Li J, Kawai S, Khan N, Trepo C, Wands J, Tong S. Genome replication, virion secretion, and e antigen expression of naturally occurring hepatitis B virus core promoter mutants. J Virol 2003; 77: 6601-6612
76. Jammeh S, Tavner F, Watson R, Thomas HC, Karayiannis P. Effect of basal core promoter and pre-core mutations on hepatitis B virus replication. J Gen Virol 2008; 89: 901-909
77. Yang HI, Lu SN, Liaw YF, You SL, Sun CA, Wang LY, Hsiao CK, Chen PJ, Chen DS, Chen CJ. Hepatitis B e antigen and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 168-174
78. Wong GL, Wong VW, Choi PC, Chan AW, Chim AM, Yiu KK, Chan HY, Chan FK, Sung JJ, Chan HL. Evaluation of alanine transaminase and hepatitis B virus DNA to predict liver cirrhosis in hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B using transient elastography. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 3071-3081
79. Choi CS, Cho EY, Park R, Kim SJ, Cho JH, Kim HC. X gene mutations in hepatitis B patients with cirrhosis, with and without hepatocellular carcinoma. J Med Virol 2009; 81: 1721-1725
80. Tong MJ, Blatt LM, Kao JH, Cheng JT, Corey WG. Precore/ basal core promoter mutants and hepatitis B viral DNA levels as predictors for liver deaths and hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 6620-6626
81. Bahramali G, Sadeghizadeh M, Amini-Bavil-Olyaee S, Alavian SM, Behzad-Behbahani A, Adeli A, Aghasadeghi MR, Amini S, Mahboudi F. Clinical, virologic and phylogenetic features of hepatitis B infection in Iranian patients. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: 5448-5453
82. Yuen MF, Tanaka Y, Fong DY, Fung J, Wong DK, Yuen JC, But DY, Chan AO, Wong BC, Mizokami M, Lai CL. Independent risk factors and predictive score for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol 2009; 50: 80-88
83. Guo X, Jin Y, Qian G, Tu H. Sequential accumulation of the mutations in core promoter of hepatitis B virus is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in Qidong, China. J Hepatol 2008; 49: 718-725
84. Yang HI, Yeh SH, Chen PJ, Iloeje UH, Jen CL, Su J, Wang LY, Lu SN, You SL, Chen DS, Liaw YF, Chen CJ. Associations between hepatitis B virus genotype and mutants and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008; 100: 1134-1143
85. Dong Q, Chan HL, Liu Z, Chan DP, Zhang B, Chen Y, Kung HF, Sung JJ, He ML. A1762T/G1764A mutations of hepatitis B virus, associated with the increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, reduce basal core promoter activities. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 374: 773-776
86. Sung JJ, Tsui SK, Tse CH, Ng EY, Leung KS, Lee KH, Mok TS, Bartholomeusz A, Au TC, Tsoi KK, Locarnini S, Chan HL. Genotype-specific genomic markers associated with primary hepatomas, based on complete genomic sequencing of hepatitis B virus. J Virol 2008; 82: 3604-3611
87. Ito K, Tanaka Y, Kato M, Fujiwara K, Sugauchi F, Sakamoto T, Shinkai N, Orito E, Mizokami M. Comparison of complete sequences of hepatitis B virus genotype C between inactive carriers and hepatocellular carcinoma patients before and after seroconversion. J Gastroenterol 2007; 42: 837-844
88. Chou YC, Yu MW, Wu CF, Yang SY, Lin CL, Liu CJ, Shih WL, Chen PJ, Liaw YF, Chen CJ. Temporal relationship between hepatitis B virus enhancer II/basal core promoter sequence variation and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut 2008; 57: 91-97
89. Yuen MF, Tanaka Y, Shinkai N, Poon RT, But DY, Fong DY, Fung J, Wong DK, Yuen JC, Mizokami M, Lai CL. Risk for hepatocellular carcinoma with respect to hepatitis B virus genotypes B/C, specific mutations of enhancer II/core promoter/precore regions and HBV DNA levels. Gut 2008; 57: 98-102
90. Kim JK, Chang HY, Lee JM, Baatarkhuu O, Yoon YJ, Park JY, Kim do Y, Han KH, Chon CY, Ahn SH. Specific mutations in the enhancer II/core promoter/precore regions of hepatitis B virus subgenotype C2 in Korean patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Med Virol 2009; 81: 1002-1008
91. Yuan JM, Ambinder A, Fan Y, Gao YT, Yu MC, Groopman JD. Prospective evaluation of hepatitis B 1762(T)/1764(A) mutations on hepatocellular carcinoma development in Shanghai, China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 590-594
92. Fang ZL, Sabin CA, Dong BQ, Ge LY, Wei SC, Chen QY, Fang KX, Yang JY, Wang XY, Harrison TJ. HBV A1762T, G1764A mutations are a valuable biomarker for identifying a subset of male HBsAg carriers at extremely high risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective study. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 2254-2262
93. Ozasa A, Tanaka Y, Orito E, Sugiyama M, Kang JH, Hige S, Kuramitsu T, Suzuki K, Tanaka E, Okada S, Tokita H, Asahina Y, Inoue K, Kakumu S, Okanoue T, Murawaki Y, Hino K, Onji M, Yatsuhashi H, Sakugawa H, Miyakawa Y, Ueda R, Mizokami M. Influence of genotypes and precore mutations on fulminant or chronic outcome of acute hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology 2006; 44: 326-334
94. Cheng H, Su H, Wang S, Shao Z, Men K, Li M, Li S, Zhang J, Xu J, Zhang H, Yan Y, Xu D. Association between genomic heterogeneity of hepatitis B virus and intrauterine infection. Virology 2009; 387: 168-175
95. Shen T, Yan XM, Zou YL, Gao JM, Dong H. Virologic characteristics of hepatitis B virus in patients infected via maternal-fetal transmission. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: 5674-5682
96. Hassan MM, Spitz MR, Thomas MB, Curley SA, Patt YZ, Vauthey JN, Glover KY, Kaseb A, Lozano RD, El-Deeb AS, Nguyen NT, Wei SH, Chan W, Abbruzzese JL, Li D. The association of family history of liver cancer with hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-control study in the United States. J Hepatol 2009; 50: 334-341
97. Yu MW, Chang HC, Liaw YF, Lin SM, Lee SD, Liu CJ, Chen PJ, Hsiao TJ, Lee PH, Chen CJ. Familial risk of hepatocellular carcinoma among chronic hepatitis B carriers and their relatives. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92: 1159-1164
98. Chen CH, Changchien CS, Lee CM, Hung CH, Hu TH, Wang JH, Wang JC, Lu SN. Combined mutations in pre-s/surface and core promoter/precore regions of hepatitis B virus increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a casecontrol study. J Infect Dis 2008; 198: 1634-1642
99. Yoon YJ, Chang HY, Ahn SH, Kim JK, Park YK, Kang DR, Park JY, Myoung SM, Kim do Y, Chon CY, Han KH. MDM2 and p53 polymorphisms are associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Carcinogenesis 2008; 29: 1192-1196
100. Migita K, Miyazoe S, Maeda Y, Daikoku M, Abiru S, Ueki T, Yano K, Nagaoka S, Matsumoto T, Nakao K, Hamasaki K, Yatsuhashi H, Ishibashi H, Eguchi K. Cytokine gene polymorphisms in Japanese patients with hepatitis B virus infection - association between TGF-beta1 polymorphisms and hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2005; 42: 505-510
101. Chen CC, Yang SY, Liu CJ, Lin CL, Liaw YF, Lin SM, Lee SD, Chen PJ, Chen CJ, Yu MW. Association of cytokine and DNA repair gene polymorphisms with hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Epidemiol 2005; 34: 1310-1318
102. Yu MW, Yang SY, Pan IJ, Lin CL, Liu CJ, Liaw YF, Lin SM, Chen PJ, Lee SD, Chen CJ. Polymorphisms in XRCC1 and glutathione S-transferase genes and hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95: 1485-1488
103. He Y, Zhang H, Yin J, Xie J, Tan X, Liu S, Zhang Q, Li C, Zhao J, Wang H, Cao G. IkappaBalpha gene promoter polymorphisms are associated with hepatocarcinogenesis in patients infected with hepatitis B virus genotype C. Carcinogenesis 2009; Epub ahead of print