Obscuring vital distinctions: The oversimplification of learning disabilities with in RTI

Learning Disability Quarterly

Volumn 32, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 203-215

  McKenzie, Robert G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 73949123464     PISSN: 07319487     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/27740373     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Bender, W. N., & Shores, C. (2007). Response to intervention: A practical guide for every teacher. Joint publication. Arlington, VA: Council for Exceptional Children; Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
2. Bergeron, R., Floyd, R. G., & Shands, E. I. (2008). States' eligibility guidelines for mental retardation: An update and consideration of part scores and unreliability of IQs. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, 43, 123-131.
3. Berkeley, S., Bender, W. N., Peaster, L. G., & Saunders, L. (2009). Implementation of response to intervention: A snapshot of progress. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 42, 85-95.
4. Bradley, R., Danielson, L., & Doolittle, J. (2005). Response to intervention. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 38, 485-486.
5. Bradley, R., Danielson, L., & Doolittle, J. (2007). Responsiveness to intervention: 1997 to 2007. Teaching Exceptional Children, 39, 8-12.
6. Buck, G. H., Polloway, E. A., Smith-Thomas, A., & Cook, K. W. (2003). Prereferral intervention processes: A survey of state practices. Exceptional Children, 69, 349-360.
7. Burns, M. K., Jacob, S., & Wagner, A. R. (2008). Ethical and legal issues associated with using response-to-intervention to assess learning disabilities. Journal of School Psychology, 46, 263-279.
8. Compton, D. L. (2006). How should 'unresponsiveness' to secondary intervention be operationalized? It is all about the nudge. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 39, 17-173.
9. Council for Exceptional Children. (2008). CEC's position on response to intervention (RTI): The unique role of special education and special educators. Retrieved March 23, 2009, from http://www.cec.sped.org/AM/ Template.cfm?Section=Search&Template=/search/searchdisplay.cfm&sq= position%20on%20response%20to%20intervention
10. Fuchs, D., & Deshler, D.D. (2007). What we need to know about responsiveness to intervention (and shouldn't be afraid to ask). Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 22, 129-136.
11. Fuchs, D., Deshler, D. D., & Reschly, D.J. (2004). National research center on learning disabilities: Multimethod studies of identification and classification issues. Learning Disability Quarterly, 27, 189-195.
12. Fuchs, D., Fuchs, L. S., & Compton, D. L. (2004). Identifying reading disabilities by responsiveness-to-intervention: Specifying measures and criteria. Learning Disability Quarterly, 27, 216-227.
13. Fuchs, D., & Young, C. L. (2006). On the irrelevance of intelligence in predicting responsiveness to reading instruction. Exceptional Children, 73, 8-30.
14. Fuchs, L. S., & Fuchs, D. (2007). A model for implementing responsiveness to intervention. Teaching Exceptional Children, 89, 14-20.
15. Gerber, M. M. (2005). Teachers are still the test: Limitations of response to instruction strategies for identifying children with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 38, 516-524.
16. Good, R. H., & Kaminski, R. A. (2003). Dynamic indicators of basic early literacy skills. Longmont, CO: Sopris West Educational Services.
17. Hallahan, D. P., & Mercer, C. D. (2002). Learning disabilities: Historical perspectives. In R. Bradley, L. Danielson, & D. P. Hallahan (Eds.), Identification in learning disabilities: Research to practice (pp. 1-67). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
18. Hallahan, D. P., Kauffman, J. M., & Pullen, P. C. (2009). Exceptional learners: An introduction to special education (11th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
19. Hallahan, D. P., Keller, C. E., Martinez, E. A., Byrd, E. S., Gelman, J. A., & Fan, X. (2007). How variable are interstate prevalence rates of learning disabilities and other special education categories? A longitudinal comparison. Exceptional Children, 73, 136-146.
20. Hallahan, D. P., Lloyd, J. W., Kauffman, J. M., Weiss, M. P., & Martinez, E. A. (2005). Learning disabilities: Foundations, characteristics, and effective teaching (3rd ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
21. Hammill, D. (1990). On defining learning disabilities: An emerging consensus. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 23, 74-84.
22. Harbort, G., Gunter, P. L., Hull, K., Brown, Q., Venn, M. L., Wiley, L. P., et al. (2007). Behaviors of teachers in co-taught classes in a secondary school. Teacher Education and Special Education, 30, 13-23.
23. Hollenbeck, A. F. (2007). From IDEA to implementation: A discussion of foundational and future responsiveness-to-intervention research. Learning Disabilities Research and Practice, 22, 137-146.
24. Hoover, J. J., & Patton, J. R. (2008). The role of special educators in a multitiered instructional system. Intervention in School and Clinic, 43, 195-202.
25. Hoover, J. J., Baca, L., Wexler-Love, E., & Saenz, L. (2008). National implementation of response to intervention (RTI): Research summary. Alexandria, VA: National Association of State Directors of Special Education. Retrieved February 3, 2009, from http://www.nasdse.org/Projects/ ResponsetoInterventionRtIProject/tabid/411/Default.aspx
26. Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act, Pub. L. 108-446 U.S.C. (2004).
27. Johnson, E., Mellard, D. F., & Byrd, S. E. (2005). Alternative models of learning disabilities identification: Considerations and initial conclusions. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 38, 569-572.
28. Kauffman, J. M. (2004). The President's commission and the devaluation of special education. Education and Treatment of Children, 27, 307-324.
29. Kavale, K. A. (2005). Identifying specific learning disability: Is responsiveness to intervention the answer? Journal of Learning Disabilities, 38, 553-562.
30. Kavale, K. A., Holdnack, J. A., & Mostert, M. P. (2006). Responsiveness to intervention and the identification of specific learning disability: A critique and alternative proposal. Learning Disability Quarterly, 29, 113-127.
31. Kavale, K. A., Kauffman, J. M., Bachmeier, R. J., & LeFever, G. B. (2008). Response to Intervention: Sparing the rhetoric of self-congratulation from the reality of specific learning disability identification. Learning Disability Quarterly, 31, 135-150.
32. Kavale, K. A., & Spaulding, L. S. (2008). Is response to intervention good policy for specific learning disability? Learning Disabilities Research and Practice, 23, 168-179.
33. Kavale, K. A., Spaulding, L. S., & Beam, A. P. (2009). A time to define: Making the specific learning disability definition prescribe specific learning disability. Learning Disability Quarterly, 32, 39-48.
34. Learning Disabilities Association of America. (2006). Response to Intervention: Position paper of the Learning Disabilities Association of America. Retrieved March 23, 2009, from http://www.ldanatl.org/about/ position/rti.asp
35. Lyon, G. R. (2005). Why scientific research must guide educational policy and instructional practices in learning disabilities. Learning Disability Quarterly, 28, 140-143.
36. Mastropieri, M. A., & Scruggs, T. E. (2005). Feasibility and consequences of response to intervention: Examination of the issues and scientific evidence as a model for the identification of individuals with learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 38, 525-531.
37. Mellard, D. F., Byrd, S. E., Johnson, E., Tollefson, J. M., & Boesche, L. (2004). Foundations and research on identifying model responsiveness-to-intervention sites. Learning Disability Quarterly, 27, 243-256.
38. McKenzie, R. G. (in press). A national survey of pre-service preparation for collaboration. Teacher Education and Special Education.
39. Mellard, D. F., Deshler, D. D., & Barth, A. (2004). LD identification: It's not simply a matter of building a better mousetrap. Learning Disability Quarterly, 27, 229-242.
40. National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities. (2005). Responsiveness to intervention and learning disabilities. Learning Disability Quarterly, 28, 249-260.
41. Reschly, D. R. (2005). Learning disabilities identification: Primary intervention, secondary intervention, and then what? Journal of Learning Disabilities, 38, 510-515.
42. Reschly, D. J., & Hosp, J. L. (2004). State SLD identification policies and practices. Learning Disability Quarterly, 27, 197-212.
43. Reynolds, C. R., & Shaywitz, S. E. (2009). Response to intervention: Ready or not? Or, from wait-to-fail to watch-them-fail. School Psychology Quarterly, 24, 130-145.
44. Salvia, J., Ysseldyke, J. E., & Bolt, S. (2010). Assessment in special and inclusive education (11th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
45. Speece, D. L., & Case, L. P. (2001). Classification in context: An alternative approach to identifying early reading disability. Journal of Educational Psychology, 93, 735-749.
46. Taylor, R. L. (2009). Assessment of exceptional students: Educational and psychological procedures (8th ed.). Columbus, OH: Pearson.
47. Torgesen, J. K., Alexander, A., Wagner, R., Rashotte, C, Voeller, K., & Conway, T. (2001). Intensive remedial instruction for children with severe reading disabilities: Immediate and long-term outcomes from two instructional approaches. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 34, 33-58.
48. U.S. Office of Education. (1977). Assistance to states for education of handicapped children: Procedures for evaluating specific learning disabilities. Federal Register, 42, 65082-65085.
49. Vaughn, S., & Fuchs, L. S. (2003). Redefining learning disabilities as inadequate response to instruction: The promise and potential problems. Learning Disabilities Research and Practice, 18, 137-146.
50. Vellutino, F., Scanlon, D. M., Sipay, E. R., Small, S. G., Pratt, A., Chen, R., et al. (1996). Cognitive profiles of difficult-to-remediate and readily remediated poor readers: Early intervention as a vehicle for distinguishing between cognitive and experiential deficits as a basic cause of specific reading disability. Journal of Educational Psychology, 88, 601-638.
51. Woodcock, R. (1998). Woodcock reading mastery tests - revised. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
52. Zirkel, P. A., & Krohn, N. (2008). RTI after IDEA: A survey of state laws. Teaching Exceptional Children, 40, 71-73.