Waterborne toxoplasmosis - Recent developments

Experimental Parasitology

Volumn 124, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 10-25

  Jones, J L ^a   Dubey, J P ^b  

^a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention   (United States)

^b AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE   (United States)

Author keywords

Biology; Diagnosis; Epidemiology; Oocyst; Parasite; Pathogenesis; Protozoa; Toxoplasma; Toxoplasma gondii; Toxoplasmosis; Waterborne

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL PARASITOSIS; CAT DISEASE; ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION; FECES ANALYSIS; FELIDAE; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; INFECTION CONTROL; INFECTION PREVENTION; NONHUMAN; OOCYST; PARASITE IDENTIFICATION; PARASITE PREVALENCE; PARASITE TRANSMISSION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTIST LIFE CYCLE STAGE; REVIEW; SEROPREVALENCE; TOXOPLASMA GONDII; TOXOPLASMOSIS; WATER CONTAMINATION; WATER TREATMENT;

ANIMALS; ANIMALS, WILD; CAT DISEASES; CATS; FELIDAE; FRESH WATER; HUMANS; PREVALENCE; SEAWATER; SEROEPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES; TOXOPLASMOSIS; TOXOPLASMOSIS, ANIMAL; WATER SUPPLY; ZOONOSES;

FELIDAE; MAMMALIA; PROTOZOA; TOXOPLASMA; TOXOPLASMA GONDII;

EID: 72649093147     PISSN: 00144894     EISSN: 10902449     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.03.013     Document Type: Review

References (258)

1. Aboul-Magd L.A., Tawfik M.S., Arafa M.S., and El-Ridi A.M.S. Toxoplasma infection of cats in Cairo area as revealed by IFAT. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 18 (1988) 403-409
2. Abu-Zakham A.A., El-Shazly A.M., Yossef M.E., Romela S.A., and Handoussa A.E. The prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies among cats from Mahalla El-Kobra, Gharbia Governorate. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 19 (1989) 225-229
3. Afonso E., Thulliez P., and Gilot-Fromont E. Transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in an urban population of domestic cats (Felis catus). International Journal for Parasitology 36 (2006) 1373-1382
4. Afonso E., Thulliez P., Pontier D., and Gilot-Fromont E. Toxoplasmosis in prey species and consequences for prevalence in feral cats: not all prey species are equal. Parasitology 134 (2007) 1963-1971
5. Akuzawa M., Mochizuki M., and Yasuda N. Hematological and parasitological study of the Iriomote cat (Prionailurus iriomotensis). Canadian Journal of Zoology 65 (1987) 946-949
6. Alvarado-Esquivel C., Liesenfeld O., Herrera-Flores R.G., Ramírez-Sánchez B.E., González-Herrera A., Martínez-García S.A., and Dubey J.P. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in cats from Durango City, Mexico. Journal of Parasitology 93 (2007) 1214-1216
7. Amendoeira M.R.R., Sobral C.A.Q., Teva A., de Lima J.N., and Klein C.H. Inquérito sorológico para a infecção por Toxoplasma gondii em ameríndios isolados, Mato Grosso. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 36 (2003) 671-676
8. Aramini J.J., Stephen C., and Dubey J.P. Toxoplasma gondii in Vancouver Island cougars (Felis concolor vancouverensis): serology and oocyst shedding. Journal of Parasitology 84 (1998) 438-440
9. Aramini J.J., Stephen C., Dubey J.P., Engelstoft C., Schwantje H., and Ribble C.S. Potential contamination of drinking water with Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. Epidemiology and Infection 122 (1999) 305-315
10. Arkush K.D., Miller M.A., Leutenegger C.M., Gardner I.A., Packham A.E., Heckeroth A.R., Tenter A.M., Barr B.C., and Conrad P.A. Molecular and bioassay-based detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocyst uptake by mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). International Journal for Parasitology 33 (2003) 1087-1097
11. Asthana S.P., Macpherson C.N.L., Weiss S.H., Stephens R., Sharma R.N., and Dubey J.P. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women and cats in Grenada, West Indies. Journal of Parasitology 92 (2006) 644-645
12. Bahia-Oliveira L.M.G., Jones J.L., Azevedo-Silva J., Alves C.C.F., Oréfice F., and Addiss D.G. Highly endemic, waterborne toxoplasmosis in north Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases 9 (2003) 55-62
13. Barutzki D., and Schaper R. Endoparasites in dogs and cats in Germany 1999-2002. Parasitology Research 90 (2003) S148-S150
14. Basso W., Edelhofer R., Zenker W., Möstl K., Kübber-Heiss A., and Prosl H. Toxoplasmosis in Pallas' cats (Otocolobus manul) raised in captivity. Parasitology 130 (2005) 293-299
15. Beelitz P., Göbel E., and Gothe R. Fauna und Befallshäufigkeit von Endoparasiten bei Katzenwelpen und ihren Müttern unterschiedlicher Haltung in Süddeutschland. Tierärztliche Praxis 20 (1992) 297-300
16. Benenson M.W., Takafuji E.T., Lemon S.M., Greenup R.L., and Sulzer A.J. Oocyst-transmitted toxoplasmosis associated with ingestion of contaminated water. New England Journal of Medicine 307 (1982) 666-669
17. Besné-Mérida A., Figueroa-Castillo J.A., Martínez-Maya J.J., Pastén H.L., Calderón-Segura E., and Correa D. Prevalence of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in domestic cats from Mexico City. Veterinary Parasitology 157 (2008) 310-313
18. Betancourt W.Q., and Rose J.B. Drinking water treatment processes for removal of Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Veterinary Parasitology 126 (2004) 219-234
19. Bóia M.N., Carvalho-Costa F.A., Sodré F.C., Pinto G.M.T., and Amendoeira M.R.R. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among Indian people living in Iauareté, São Sabriel da Cachoeira, Amazonas, Brazil. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 50 (2008) 17-20
20. Borchardt M.A., Spencer S.K., Bertz P.D., Ware M.W., Dubey J.P., and Lindquist H.D.A. Concentrating Toxoplasma gondii and Cyclospora cayetanensis from surface water and drinking water by continuous separation channel centrifugation. Journal of Applied Microbiology 107 (2009) 1089-1097
21. Bowie W.R., King A.S., Werker D.H., Isaac-Renton J.L., Bell A., Eng S.B., and Marion S.A. Outbreak of toxoplasmosis associated with municipal drinking water. Lancet 350 (1997) 173-177
22. Boyer K.M., Holfels E., Roizen N., Swisher C., Mack D., Remington J., Withers S., Meier P., and McLeod R. Toxoplasmosis Study Group. Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in mothers of infants with congenital toxoplasmosis: implications for prenatal management and screening. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 192 (2005) 564-571
23. Burnett A.J., Shortt S.G., Isaac-Renton J., King A., Werker D., and Bowie W.R. Multiple cases of acquired toxoplasmosis retinitis presenting in an outbreak. Ophthalmology 105 (1998) 1032-1037
24. Cavalcante G.T., Aguiar D.M., Camargo L.M.A., Labruna M.B., de Andrade H.F., Meireles L.R., Dubey J.P., Thulliez P., Dias R.A., and Gennari S.M. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in humans from rural Western Amazon, Brazil. Journal of Parasitology 92 (2006) 647-649
25. Cavalcante G.T., Aguiar D.M., Chiebao D., Dubey J.P., Ruiz V.L.A., Dias R.A., Camargo L.M.A., Labruna M.B., and Gennari S.M. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in cats and pigs from rural western Amazon, Brazil. Journal of Parasitology 92 (2006) 863-864
26. Chandrawathani P., Nurulaini R., Zaini C.M., Premmaalatha B., Adnan M., Jamnah O., Khor S.K., Khadijah S., Lai S.Z., Shaik M.A.B., Seah T.C., and Zatil S.A. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in pigs, goats, cattle, dogs and cats in peninsular Malaysia. Tropical Biomedicine 25 (2008) 257-258
27. Cheadle M.A., Spencer J.A., and Blackburn B.L. Seroprevalences of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in nondomestic felids from southern Africa. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 30 (1999) 248-251
28. Chen C.Y. The study of individuals having pet tend to Toxoplasma infection. Chinese Journal of Zoonoses 17 (2001) 76-77
29. Chen D.X., Tan J.Q., Hu Y., Shen H.X., Li X.M., Huo J., Liu J.N., Zhang Y.C., and Cai Y.Q. Epidemiological investigation of Toxoplasma gondii infection in cats and dogs in Guangzhou. Journal of Tropical Medicine 5 (2005) 639-641
30. Chong L.H., Singh M., Chua S.B., and Fong W.E. Feline toxoplasmosis in Singapore. Singapore Veterinary Journal 17 (1993) 79-87
31. Conrad P.A., Miller M.A., Kreuder C., James E.R., Mazet J., Dabritz H., Jessup D.A., Gulland F., and Grigg M.E. Transmission of Toxoplasma: clues from the study of sea otters as sentinels of Toxoplasma gondii flow into the marine environment. International Journal for Parasitology 35 (2005) 1155-1168
32. Cook A.J., Gilbert R.E., Buffolano W., Zufferey J., Petersen E., Jenum P.A., Foulon W., Semprini A.E., and Dunn D.T. Sources of Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women: European multicentre case-control study. European research network on congenital toxoplasmosis. BMJ 321 (2000) 142-147
33. D'Amore E., Falcone E., Busani L., and Tollis M. A serological survey of feline immunodeficiency virus and Toxoplasma gondii in stray cats. Veterinary Research Communications 21 (1997) 355-359
34. da Silva A.V., Cutolo A.A., and Langoni H. Comparação da reação de imunofluorescência indireta e do método de aglutinação direta na detecção de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma em soros de ovinos, caprinos, caninos e felinos. Arquivos do Instituto Biológico (São Paulo) 69 (2002) 7-11
35. Dabritz H.A., Gardner I.A., Miller M.A., Lappin M.R., Atwill E.R., Packham A.E., Melli A.C., and Conrad P.A. Evaluation of two Toxoplasma gondii serologic tests used in a serosurvey of domestic cats in California. Journal of Parasitology 93 (2007) 806-816
36. Dabritz H.A., Miller M.A., Atwill E.R., Gardner I.A., Leutenegger C.M., Melli A.C., and Conrad P.A. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii-like oocysts in cat feces and estimates of the environmental oocyst burden. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 231 (2007) 1676-1684
37. Danner R.M., Goltz D.M., Hess S.C., and Banko P.C. Evidence of feline immunodeficiency virus, feline leukemia virus, and Toxoplasma gondii in feral cats on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 43 (2007) 315-318
38. de Aluja A.S., and Aguilar P. Estudio sobre la frecuencia del ooquiste de Toxoplasma gondii en el gato domestico del distrito federal. Gaceta Médica de Mexico 113 (1977) 455-459
39. de Camps S., Dubey J.P., and Saville W.J.A. Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii in zoo animals in selected zoos in the midwestern United States. Journal of Parasitology 94 (2008) 648-653
40. de Craeye S., Francart A., Chabauty J., De Vriendt V., Van Gucht S., Leroux I., and Jongert E. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in Belgian house cats. Veterinary Parasitology 157 (2008) 128-132
41. de Moura L., Bahia-Oliveira L.M.G., Wada M.Y., Jones J.L., Tuboi S.H., Carmo E.H., Ramalho W.M., Camargo N.J., Trevisan R., Graça R.M.T., da Silva A.J., Moura I., Dubey J.P., and Garrett D.O. Waterborne outbreak of toxoplasmosis, Brazil, from field to gene. Emerging Infectious Diseases 12 (2006) 326-329
42. DeFeo M.L., Dubey J.P., Mather T.N., and Rhodes R.C. Epidemiologic investigation of seroprevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in cats and rodents. American Journal of Veterinary Research 63 (2002) 1714-1717
43. Demar M., Ajzenberg D., Serrurier B., Dardé M.L., and Carme B. Case report: atypical Toxoplasma gondii strain from a free-living jaguar (Panthera onca) in French Guiana. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 78 (2008) 195-197
44. Dorny P., and Fransen A.J. Toxoplasmosis in a Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica). Veterinary Record 125 (1989) 647
45. Dorny P., Speybroeck N., Verstraete S., Baeke M., de Becker A., Berkvens D., and Vercruysse J. Serological survey of Toxoplasma gondii, feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukaemia virus in urban stray cats in Belgium. Veterinary Record 151 (2002) 626-629
46. Dubey J.P., Miller N.L., and Frenkel J.K. Characterization of the new fecal form of Toxoplasma gondii. Journal of Parasitology 56 (1970) 447-456
47. Dubey J.P., and Frenkel J.K. Cyst-induced toxoplasmosis in cats. Journal of Protozoology 19 (1972) 155-177
48. Dubey J.P. Reshedding of Toxoplasma oocysts by chronically infected cats. Nature 262 (1976) 213-214
49. Dubey J.P. Toxoplasma, Hammondia, Besnoitia, Sarcocystis, and other tissue cyst-forming coccidia of man and animals. In: Kreier J.P. (Ed). Parasitic Protozoa vol. 3 (1977), Academic Press, New York 101-237
50. Dubey J.P., Miller S., Powell E.C., and Anderson W.R. Epizootiologic investigations on a sheep farm with Toxoplasma gondii-induced abortions. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 188 (1986) 155-158
51. Dubey J.P., and Beattie C.P. Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Man (1988), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL pp. 1-220
52. Dubey J.P., Gendron-Fitzpatrick A.P., Lenhard A.L., and Bowman D. Fatal toxoplasmosis and enteroepithelial stages of Toxoplasma gondii in a Pallas cat (Felis manul). Journal of Protozoology 35 (1988) 528-530
53. Dubey J.P., and Thulliez P. Serologic diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in cats fed Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 194 (1989) 1297-1299
54. Dubey J.P. Duration of immunity to shedding of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts by cats. Journal of Parasitology 81 (1995) 410-415
55. Dubey J.P., Weigel R.M., Siegel A.M., Thulliez P., Kitron U.D., Mitchell M.A., Mannelli A., Mateus-Pinilla N.E., Shen S.K., Kwok O.C.H., and Todd K.S. Sources and reservoirs of Toxoplasma gondii infection on 47 swine farms in Illinois. Journal of Parasitology 81 (1995) 723-729
56. Dubey J.P., Lindsay D.S., and Speer C.A. Structure of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites, bradyzoites and sporozoites, and biology and development of tissue cysts. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 11 (1998) 267-299
57. Dubey J.P. Toxoplasma gondii oocyst survival under defined temperatures. Journal of Parasitology 84 (1998) 862-865
58. Dubey J.P. Oocyst shedding by cats fed isolated bradyzoites and comparison of infectivity of bradyzoites of the VEG strain Toxoplasma gondii to cats and mice. Journal of Parasitology 87 (2001) 215-219
59. Dubey J.P., Saville W.J.A., Stanek J.F., and Reed S.M. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in domestic cats from rural Ohio. Journal of Parasitology 88 (2002) 802-803
60. Dubey J.P. Toxoplasmosis - a waterborne zoonosis. Veterinary Parasitology 126 (2004) 57-72
61. Dubey J.P., Graham D.H., de Young R.W., Dahl E., Eberhard M.L., Nace E.K., Won K., Bishop H., Punkosdy G., Sreekumar C., Vianna M.C.B., Shen S.K., Kwok O.C.H., Sumners J.A., Demarais S., Humphreys J.G., and Lehmann T. Molecular and biologic characteristics of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from wildlife in the United States. Journal of Parasitology 90 (2004) 67-71
62. Dubey J.P., Navarro I.T., Sreekumar C., Dahl E., Freire R.L., Kawabata H.H., Vianna M.C.B., Kwok O.C.H., Shen S.K., Thulliez P., and Lehmann T. Toxoplasma gondii infections in cats from Paraná, Brazil: seroprevalence, tissue distribution, and biologic and genetic characterization of isolates. Journal of Parasitology 90 (2004) 721-726
63. Dubey J.P., Su C., Cortés J.A., Sundar N., Gomez-Marin J.E., Polo L.J., Zambrano L., Mora L.E., Lora F., Jimenez J., Kwok O.C.H., Shen S.K., Zhang X., Nieto A., and Thulliez P. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in cats from Colombia, South America and genetic characterization of T. gondii isolates. Veterinary Parasitology 141 (2006) 42-47
64. Dubey J.P., Zhu X.Q., Sundar N., Zhang H., Kwok O.C.H., and Su C. Genetic and biologic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolates of cats from China. Veterinary Parasitology 145 (2007) 352-356
65. Dubey J.P., López-Torres H.Y., Sundar N., Velmurugan G.V., Ajzenberg D., Kwok O.C.H., Hill R., Dardé M.L., and Su C. Mouse-virulent Toxoplasma gondii isolated from feral cats on Mona Island, Puerto Rico. Journal of Parasitology 93 (2007) 1365-1369
66. Dubey J.P., and Jones J.L. Toxoplasma gondii infection in humans and animals in the United States. International Journal for Parasitology 38 (2008) 1257-1278
67. Dubey J.P., Velmurugan G.V., Alvarado-Esquivel C., Alvarado-Esquivel D., Rodgríguez-Peña S., Martínez-García S., González-Herrera A., Ferreira L.R., Kwok O.C.H., and Su C. Isolation of Toxoplasma gondii from animals in Durango, Mexico. Journal of Parasitology 95 (2009) 319-322
68. Dubey, J.P., Bhatia, C.R., Lappin, M.R., Ferreira, L.R., Thorn, A., Kwok, O.C.H., 2009b. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Bartonella spp. antibodies in cats from Pennsylvania. Journal of Parasitology.
69. Dubey, J.P., 2009a. History of the discovery of the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii. International Journal of Parasitology.
70. Dubey J.P. Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Humans. second ed. (2009), CRC Press, Boca Ranton. Florida
71. Dubey, J.P., Lappin, M.R., Kwok, O.C.H., Mofya, S., Chikweto, A., Baffa, A., Doherty, D., Shakier, J., Macpherson, C.L., Sharma, R.N., 2009c. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and concurrent Bartonella spp., feline immunodeficiency virus, and feline leukemia infections in cats from Grenada, West Indies. Journal of Parasitology, in press.
72. Dubey J.P., Moura L., Majumdar D., Sundar N., Velmurugan G.V., Kwok O.C.H., Kelly P., Krecek R.C., and Su C. Isolation and characterization of viable Toxoplasma gondii isolates revealed possible high frequency of mixed infection in feral cats (Felis domesticus) from St Kitts, West Indies. Parasitology 136 (2009) 589-594
73. Dumètre A., and Dardé M.L. How to detect Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in environmental samples?. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 27 (2003) 651-661
74. Dumètre A., and Dardé M.L. Immunomagnetic separation of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts using a monoclonal antibody directed against the oocyst wall. Journal of Microbiological Methods 61 (2005) 209-217
75. Dumètre A., and Dardé M.L. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in water by an immunomagnetic separation method targeting the sporocysts. Parasitology Research 101 (2007) 989-996
76. Dumètre A., Le Bras C., Baffet M., Meneceur P., Dubey J.P., Derouin F., Duguet J.P., Joyeux M., and Moulin L. Effects of ozone and ultraviolet radiation treatments on the infectivity of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. Veterinary Parasitology 153 (2008) 209-213
77. Edelhofer R., and Aspöck H. Infektionsquellen und Infektionswege aus der Sicht des Toxoplasmose-Screenings der Schwangeren in Österreich. Mitteilungen Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Tropenmedizin und Parasitolologie 18 (1996) 59-70
78. Eng S.B., Werker D.H., King A.S., Marion S.A., Bell A., Issac-Renton J.L., Irwin G.S., and Bowie W.R. Computer-generated dot maps as an epidemiologic tool: investigating an outbreak of toxoplasmosis. Emerging Infectious Diseases 5 (1999) 815-819
79. Epe C., Ising-Volmer S., and Stoye M. Ergebnisse parasitologischer Kotuntersuchungen von Equiden, Hunden, Katzen un Igeln der Jahre 1984-1991. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift 100 (1993) 426-428
80. Epe C., Coati N., and Schnieder T. Ergebnisse parasitologischer Kotuntersuchungen von Pferden, Wiederkäuern, Schweinen, Hunden, Katzen, Igeln un Kaninchen in den Jahren 1998-2002. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift 111 (2004) 243-247
81. Ertug S., Okyay P., Turkmen M., and Yuksel H. Seroprevalence and risk factors for Toxoplasma infection among pregnant women in Aydin Province, Turkey. BMC Public Health 5 (2005) 66
82. Fernández F., Ouvina G., Clot E., Fernandes Guido R., and Codoni C. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in cats in the western part of Great Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1993. Veterinary Parasitology 59 (1995) 75-79
83. Fiorello C.V., Robbins R.G., Maffei L., and Wade S.E. Parasites of free-ranging small canids and felids in the Bolivian Chaco. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 37 (2006) 130-134
84. Frenkel J.K., Dubey J.P., and Miller N.L. Toxoplasma gondii in cats: fecal stages identified as coccidian oocysts. Science 167 (1970) 893-896
85. Frenkel J.K., and Dubey J.P. Toxoplasmosis and its prevention in cats and man. Journal of Infectious Diseases 126 (1972) 664-673
86. Frenkel J.K., and Dubey J.P. Effects of freezing on the viability of Toxoplasma oocysts. Journal of Parasitology 59 (1973) 587-588
87. Frenkel J.K., Ruiz A., and Chinchilla M. Soil survival of Toxoplasma oocysts in Kansas and Costa Rica. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 24 (1975) 439-443
88. Frenkel J.K., and Dubey J.P. Hammondia hammondi gen. nov., sp. nov., from domestic cats, a new coccidian related to Toxoplasma and Sarcocystis. Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde 46 (1975) 3-12
89. Frenkel J.K., Hassanein K.M., Hassanein R.S., Brown E., Thulliez P., and Quintero-Nunez R. Transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in Panama City, Panama: a five-year prospective cohort study of children, cats, rodents, birds, and soil. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 53 (1995) 458-468
90. Fu B., Zhao Y.Q., Yang B.J., Han G.D., Shao Q.F., Li J.M., Zhang Y.L., Wang Z.M., Sun D.J., Yu G.Z., and Wang X.J. Epidemiological investigation on toxoplasmosis in Shandong province. Chinese Journal of Parasitic Disease Control 8 (1995) 205-207
91. Fujinami F., Tanaka H., and Ohshima S. Prevalence of protozoan and helminth parasites in cats for experimental use obtained from Kanto Area, Japan. Experimental Animals 32 (1983) 133-137
92. Furuya H., Nogami S., Inoue I., Takahashi D., Mizusawa H., and Tohyama K. Seroepidemiological survey on Toxoplasma gondii infection in kittens. Japanese Journal of Parasitology 42 (1993) 388-391
93. Galván Ramírez M.L., Sánchez Vargas G., Vielma Sandoval M., and Soto Mancilla J.L. Presence of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies in humans and their cats in the urban zone of Guadalajara. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 32 (1999) 483-488
94. Garcia J.L., Navarro I.T., Ogawa L., and de Oliveira R.C. Soroepidemiologia da toxoplasmose em gatos e cães de propriedades rurais do município de Jaguapitã, Estado do Paraná, Brasil. Ciência Rural 29 (1999) 99-104
95. García-Márquez L.J., Gutiérrez-Díaz M.A., Correa D., Luna-Pastén H., and Palma J.M. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and the relation to risk factors in cats of Colima, Mexico. Journal of Parasitology 93 (2007) 1527-1528
96. Gauss C.B.L., Almería S., Ortuño A., Garcia F., and Dubey J.P. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in domestic cats from Barcelona, Spain. Journal of Parasitology 89 (2003) 1067-1068
97. Guevara Collazo G.D., Torres Montoya J.T., and Waissman J.C. Situación de los ooquistes de Toxoplasma gondii en heces de gatos del Distrito Federal, México. Veterinaria México 21 (1990) 45-48
98. Haddadzadeh H.R., Khazraiinia P., Aslani M., Rezaeian M., Jamshidi S., Taheri M., and Bahonar A. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in stray and household cats in Tehran. Veterinary Parasitology 138 (2006) 211-216
99. Hall S.M., Pandit A., Golwilkar A., and Williams T.S. How do Jains get toxoplasma infection?. Lancet 354 (1999) 486-487
100. Hecking-Veltman J., Tenter A.M., and Daugschies A. Studien zur parasitenfauna bei streunenden katzen im raum mönchengladbach. Der Praktische Tierarzt 82 (2001) 563-569
101. Heukelbach J., Meyer-Cirkel V., Moura R.C.S., Gomide M., Queiroz J.A.N., Saweljew P., and Liesenfeld O. Waterborne toxoplasmosis, northeastern Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases 13 (2007) 287-289
102. Hill D.E., Sreekumar C., and Dubey J.P. Toxoplasma gondii. In: Friend M., and Brand C.J. (Eds). Field Manual of Wildlife Zoonosis (2002), USGS National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI 357-382
103. Hill R.E., Zimmerman J.J., Willis R.W., Patton S., and Clark W.R. Seroprevalence of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in free-ranging mammals in Iowa. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 34 (1998) 811-815
104. Hill S.L., Cheney J.M., Taton-Allen G.F., Reif J.S., Bruns C., and Lappin M.R. Prevalence of enteric zoonotic organisms in cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 216 (2000) 687-692
105. Holland G.N. Ocular toxoplasmosis: a global reassessment. Part I: Epidemiology and course of disease. American Journal of Ophthalmology 136 (2003) 973-988
106. Hooshyar H., Rostamkhani P., Talari S., and Arbabi M. Toxoplasma gondii infection in stray cats. Iranian Journal of Parasitology 2 (2007) 18-22
107. Hornok S., Edelhofer R., Joachim A., Farkas R., Berta K., Repasi A., and Lakatos B. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infection of cats in Hungary. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 56 (2008) 81-88
108. Hove T., and Mukaratirwa S. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in farm-reared ostriches and wild game species from Zimbabwe. Acta Tropica 94 (2005) 49-53
109. Huang X., Kimbita E.N., Battur B., Miyazawa T., Fukumoto S., Mishima M., Makala L.H., Suzuki H., Sugimoto C., Nagasawa H., Fujisaki K., Mikami T., and Igarashi I. Development and evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with recombinant SAG2 for diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection in cats. Journal of Parasitology 88 (2002) 804-807
110. Huang X., Xuan X., Hirata H., Yokoyama N., Xu L., Suzuki N., and Igarashi I. Rapid immunochromatographic test using recombinant SAG2 for detection of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in cats. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 42 (2004) 351-353
111. Hung C.C., Fan C.K., Su K.E., Sung F.C., Chiou H.Y., Gil V., Ferreira M.C.R., de Carvalho J.M., Cruz C., Lin Y.K., Tseng L.F., Sao K.Y., Chang W.C., Lan H.S., and Chou S.H. Serological screening and toxoplasmosis exposure factors among pregnant women in the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 101 (2007) 134-139
112. Hutchison W.M. The nematode transmission of Toxoplasma gondii. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 61 (1967) 80-89
113. Inci A., Budak C., and Dinçer S. Investigation of anti-Toxoplasma gondii in cats using Sabin-Feldman dye test in Ankara. Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi 20 (1996) 407-411
114. Isaac-Renton J., Bowie W.R., King A., Irwin G.S., Ong C.S., Fung C.P., Shokeir M.O., and Dubey J.P. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in drinking water. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64 (1998) 2278-2280
115. Ito S., Tsunoda K., Nishikawa H., and Matsui T. Small type of Isospora bigemina. Isolation from naturally infected cats and relations with Toxoplasma oocyst. National Institute of Animal Health Quarterly 14 (1974) 137-144
116. Ito S., Tsunoda K., Shimada K., Taki T., and Matsui T. Disinfectant effects of several chemicals against Toxoplasma oocysts. Japanese Journal of Veterinary Science 37 (1975) 229-234
117. Janitschke K., and Werner H. Untersuchungen uber die Wirtsspezifitat des geschlechtlichen Entwicklungszyklus von Toxoplasma gondii. Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde 39 (1972) 247-254
118. Jewell M.L., Frenkel J.K., Johnson K.M., Reed V., and Ruiz A. Development of Toxoplasma oocysts in neotropical felidae. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 21 (1972) 512-517
119. Jiang J., Alderisio K.A., Singh A., and Xiao L. Development of procedures for direct extraction of cryptosporidium DNA from water concentrates and for relief of PCR inhibitors. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71 (2005) 1135-1141
120. Jittapalapong S., Nimsupan B., Pinyopanuwat N., Chimnoi W., Kabeya H., and Maruyama S. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in stray cats and dogs in the Bangkok metropolitan area, Thailand. Veterinary Parasitology 145 (2007) 138-141
121. Jones C.D., Okhravi N., Adamson P., Tasker S., and Lightman S. Comparison of PCR detection methods for B1, P30, and 18s rDNA genes of T. gondii in aqueous humor. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 41 (2000) 634-644
122. Jones J.L., Lopez B., Mury M.A., Wilson M., Klein R., Luby S., and Maguire J.H. Toxoplasma gondii infection in rural Guatemalan children. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 72 (2005) 295-300
123. Karatepe B., Babur C., Karatepe M., Kilic S., and Dundar B. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and intestinal parasites in stray cats from Nigde, Turkey. Italian Journal of Animal Science 7 (2008) 113-118
124. Kenny D.E., Lappin M.R., Knightly F., Baier J., Brewer M., and Getzy D.M. Toxoplasmosis in Pallas' cats (Otocolobus Felis manul) at the Denver Zoological Gardens. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 33 (2002) 131-138
125. Ketz-Riley C.J., Ritchey J.W., Hoover J.P., Johnson C.M., and Barrie M.T. Immunodeficiency associated with multiple concurrent infections in captive Pallas' cats (Otocolobus manul). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 34 (2003) 239-245
126. Kikuchi Y., Chomel B.B., Kasten R.W., Martenson J.S., Swift P.K., and O'Brien S.J. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in American free-ranging or captive pumas (Felis concolor) and bobcats (Lynx rufus). Veterinary Parasitology 120 (2004) 1-9
127. Kim H.Y., Kim Y.A., Kang S., Lee H.S., Rhie H.G., Ahn H.J., Nam H.W., and Lee S.E. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in stray cats of Gyeonggi-do, Korea. Korean Journal of Parasitology 46 (2008) 199-201
128. Kimbita E.N., Xuan X., Huang X., Miyazawa T., Fukumoto S., Mishima M., Suzuki H., Sugimoto C., Nagasawa H., Fujisaki K., Suzuki N., Mikami T., and Igarashi I. Serodiagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection in cats by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant SAG1. Veterinary Parasitology 102 (2001) 35-44
129. Knaus B.U., and Fehler K. Toxoplasma gondii-Infektionen und Oozystenausscheidung bei Hauskatzen und ihre Bedeutung für die Epidemiologie und Epizootiologie der Toxoplasmose. Angewandte Parastiologie 30 (1989) 155-160
130. Kourenti C., and Karanis P. Development of a sensitive polymerase chain reaction method for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii in water. Water Science and Technology 50 (2004) 287-291
131. Kourenti C., and Karanis P. Evaluation and applicability of a purification method coupled with nested PCR for the detection of Toxoplasma oocysts in water. Letters in Applied Microbiology 43 (2006) 475-481
132. Kuticic V., and Wikerhauser T. Effects of three disinfectants on the viability of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. Periodicum Biologorum 95 (1993) 345-346
133. Labelle P., Dubey J.P., Mikaelian I., Blanchette N., Lafond R., St-Onge S., and Martineau D. Seroprevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in lynx (Lynx canadensis) and bobcats (Lynx rufus) from Québec, Canada. Journal of Parasitology 87 (2001) 1194-1196
134. Langham N.P.E., and Charleston W.A.G. An investigation of the potential for spread of Sarcocystis spp. and other parasites by feral cats. New Zealand Journal of Agriculture Research 33 (1990) 429-435
135. Lappin M.R., Greene C.E., Prestwood A.K., Dawe D.L., and Marks A. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in cats in Georgia using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for IgM, IgG, and antigens. Veterinary Parasitology 33 (1989) 225-230
136. Lappin M.R., Jacobson E.R., Kollias G.V., Powell C.C., and Stover J. Comparison of serologic assays for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in nondomestic felids. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 22 (1991) 169-174
137. Lappin M.R., Marks A., Greene C.E., Collins J.K., Carman J., Reif J.S., and Powell C.C. Serologic prevalence of selected infectious diseases in cats with uveitis. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 201 (1992) 1005-1009
138. Lee J.Y., Lee S.E., Lee E.G., and Song K.H. Nested PCR-based detection of Toxoplasma gondii in German shepherd dogs and stray cats in South Korea. Research in Veterinary Science 85 (2008) 125-127
139. Levy J.K., Crawford P.C., Lappin M.R., Dubovi E.J., Levy M.G., Alleman R., Tucker S.J., and Clifford E.L. Infectious diseases of dogs and cats on Isabela, Island, Galapagos. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 22 (2008) 60-65
140. Lickey A.L.A., Kennedy M., Patton S., and Ramsay E.C. Serologic survey of domestic felids in the Petén region of Guatemala. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 36 (2005) 121-123
141. Lin D.S., Lai S.S., Bowman D.D., Jacobson R.H., Barr M.C., and Giovengo S.L. Feline immunodeficiency virus, feline leukemia virus, Toxoplasma gondii, and intestinal parasitic infections in Taiwanese cats. British Veterinary Journal 146 (1990) 468-475
142. Lin Y.L., Liao Y.S., Liao L.R., Chen F.N., Kuo H.M., and He S. Seroprevalence and sources of Toxoplasma gondii infection among indigenous and immigrant pregnant women in Taiwan. Parasitology Research 103 (2008) 67-74
143. Lindsay D.S., Collins M.V., Mitchell S.M., Wetch C.N., Rosypal A.C., Flick G.J., Zajac A.M., Lindquist A., and Dubey J.P. Survival of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica). Journal of Parasitology 90 (2004) 1054-1057
144. Ljungström B.L., Lundén A., Höglund J., and Zakrisson G. Evaluation of a direct agglutination test for detection of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in cat, pig and sheep sera. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 35 (1994) 213-216
145. Londoño M.T.M., Chamorro N.L., Infante M.S., Carlos J., and Osorio C. Infeccion por Toxoplasma gondii en gatos de dos barrios del sur de Armenia y su importancia en la toxoplasmosis humana. Colbaquin Actualidades Clínicas y Biotecnológicas 12 (1998) 18-23
146. Lopes A.P., Cardoso L., and Rodrigues M. Serological survey of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic cats from northeastern Portugal. Veterinary Parasitology 155 (2008) 184-189
147. Lopez A., Dietz V.J., Wilson M., Navin T.R., and Jones J.L. Preventing congenital toxoplasmosis. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 49 (2000) 59-75
148. López-Castillo C.A., Díaz-Ramírez J., and Gómez-Marín J.E. Factores de riesgo en mujeres embarazadas, infectadas por Toxoplasma gondii en Armenia-Colombia. Revista de Salud Pública 7 (2005) 180-190
149. Lu Q., Huang A.M., Yang Y.M., Yang H.Z., and Yang J.H. Serological investigation of Toxoplasma gondii infection in pet cats in Shanghai. Chinese Journal of Zoonoses 13 (1997) 69-78
150. Lucas S.R.R., Hagiwara M.K., Loureiro V.d.S., Ikesaki J.Y.H., and Birgel E.H. Toxoplasma gondii infection in Brazilian domestic outpatient cats. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 41 (1999) 221-224
151. Luft B.J., Naot Y., Araujo F.G., Stinson E.B., and Remington J.S. Primary and reactivated Toxoplasma infection in patients with cardiac transplants - clinical spectrum and problems in diagnosis in a defined population. Annals of Internal Medicine 99 (1983) 27-31
152. Luft B.J., Brooks R.G., Conley F.K., McCabe R.E., and Remington J.S. Toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Journal of the American Medical Association 252 (1984) 913-917
153. Lukešová D., and Literák I. Shedding of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts by Felidae in zoos in the Czech Republic. Veterinary Parasitology 74 (1998) 1-7
154. Luria B.J., Levy J.K., Lappin M.R., Breitschwerdt E.B., Legendre A.M., Hernandez J.A., Gorman S.P., and Lee I.T. Prevalence of infectious diseases in feral cats in Northern Florida. Journal of Feline Medicine Surgery 6 (2004) 287-296
155. Marchiondo A.A., Duszynski D.W., and Maupin G.O. Prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in wild and domestic animals of New Mexico, Arizona and Colorado. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 12 (1976) 226-232
156. Martínez Sáchez R., Machín Sánchez R., Fachado Carvajales A., Pividal Grana J., Cruz de la Paz R., and Suárez Hernández M. Algunos resultados sobre una encuesta de Toxoplasma. Investigación Clíninica 32 (1991) 13-26
157. Maruyama S., Hiraga S., Yokoyama E., Naoi M., Tsuruoka Y., Ogura Y., Tamura K., Namba S., Kameyama Y., Nakamura S., and Katsube Y. Seroprevalence of Bartonella henselae and Toxoplasma gondii infections among pet cats in Kanagawa and Saitama Prefectures. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 60 (1998) 997-1000
158. Maruyama S., Kabeya H., Nakao R., Tanaka S., Sakai T., Xuan X., Katsube Y., and Mikami T. Seroprevalence of Bartonella henselae, Toxoplasma gondii, FIV and FeLV infections in domestic cats in Japan. Microbiology and Immunology 47 (2003) 147-153
159. Meireles L.R., Galisteo A.J., Pompeu E., and Andrade H.F. Toxoplasma gondii spreading in an urban area evaluated by seroprevalence in free-living cats and dogs. Tropical Medicine and International Health 9 (2004) 876-881
160. Mendes-de-Almeida F., Labarthe N., Guerrero J., Faria M.C.F., Branco A.S., Pereira C.D., Barreira J.D., and Pereira M.J.S. Follow-up of the health conditions of an urban colony of free-roaming cats (Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758) in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Veterinary Parasitology 147 (2007) 9-15
161. Michalski M., and Platt-Samoraj A. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in cats from Olsztyn city. Wiadomosci Parazytologicze 50 (2004) 303-305
162. Millán J., Candela M.G., Palomares F., Cubero M.J., Rodríguez A., Barral M., de la Fuente J., Almería S., and León-Vizcaíno L. Disease threats to the endangered Ilerian lynx (Lynx pardinus). Veterinary Journal 182 (2009) 114-124
163. Miller M.A., Miller W.A., Conrad P.A., James E.R., Melli A.C., Leutenegger C.M., Dabritz H.A., Packham A.E., Paradies D., Harris M., Ames J., Jessup D.A., Worcester K., and Grigg M.E. Type X Toxoplasma gondii in a wild mussel and terrestrial carnivores from coastal California: new linkages between terrestrial mammals, runoff and toxoplasmosis of sea otters. International Journal for Parasitology 38 (2008) 1319-1328
164. Miller N.L., Frenkel J.K., and Dubey J.P. Oral infections with Toxoplasma cysts and oocysts in felines, other mammals, and in birds. Journal of Parasitology 58 (1972) 928-937
165. Milstein T.C., and Goldsmid J.M. Parasites of feral cats from southern Tasmania and their potential significance. Australian Veterinary Journal 75 (1997) 218-219
166. Miró G., Montoya A., Jiménez S., Frisuelos C., Mateo M., and Fuentes I. Prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and intestinal parasites in stray, farm and household cats in Spain. Veterinary Parasitology 126 (2004) 249-255
167. Montoya A., Miró G., Mateo M., Ramirez C., and Fuentes I. Molecular characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from cats from Spain. Journal of Parasitology 94 (2008) 1044-1046
168. Moura L., Kelly P., Krecek R.C., and Dubey J.P. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in cats from St. Kitts, West Indies. Journal of Parasitology 93 (2007) 952-953
169. Mucker E.M., Dubey J.P., Lovallo M.J., and Humphreys J.G. Seroprevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in the Pennsylvania bobcat (Lynx rufus rufus). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 42 (2006) 188-191
170. Natale A., Frangipane di Regalbono A., Zanellato G., Cavalletto M., Danesi P., Capelli G., and Pietrobelli M. Parasitological survey on stray cat colonies from the Veneto region. Veterinary Research Communications 31 Suppl. 1 (2007) 241-244
171. Netto E.G., Munhoz A.D., Albuquerque G.R., Lopes C.W.G., and Ferreira A.M.R. Ocorrência de gatos soropositivos para Toxoplasma gondii Nicolle e Manceaux, 1909 (Apicomplexa: Toxoplasmatinae) na Cidade de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 12 (2003) 145-149
172. Nogami S., Moritomo T., Kamata H., Tamura Y., Sakai T., Nakagaki K., and Motoyoshi S. Seroprevalence against Toxoplasma gondii in domiciled cats in Japan. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 60 (1998) 1001-1004
173. Nutter F.B., Dubey J.P., Levine J.F., Breitschwerdt E.B., Ford R.B., and Stoskopf M.K. Seroprevalence of antibodies against Bartonellla henselae and Toxoplasma gondii and fecal shedding of Cryptosporidium spp., and Toxocara cati in feral and pet domestic cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 225 (2004) 1394-1398
174. Ocholi R.A., Kalejaiye J.O., and Okewole P.A. Acute disseminated toxoplasmosis in two captive lions (Panthera leo) in Nigeria. Veterinary Record 124 (1989) 515-516
175. Oikawa H., Omata Y., Kanda M., Mikazuki K., Yano K., and Nakabayashi T. Survey on Toxoplasma infection in stray cats in western area of Japan during a two-year period. Japanese Journal of Parasitology 39 (1990) 462-467
176. Ondrejka R., Ondrejkova A., Suli J., Benisek Z., Posivakova S., and Svrcek S. AID-es, leukaemias es toxoplasmosisos fertozesek javanytani es szerologiai felmerese a hazimacskak szlovakiai populaciojaban. Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja 129 (2007) 628-631
177. Ovalle F., Garcia A., Thibauth J., and Lorca M. Frecuencia de anticuerpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii en gatos de la ciudad de Valdivia, Chile. Boletin Chileno de Parasitologia 55 (2000) 94-99
178. Ozkan A.T., Celebi B., Babur C., Lucio-Forster A., Bowman D.D., and Lindsay D.S. Investigation of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in cats of the Ankara region of Turkey using the Sabin-Feldman dye test and an indirect fluorescent antibody test. Journal of Parasitology 94 (2008) 817-820
179. Palanisamy M., Madhavan B., Balasundaram M.B., Andavar R., and Venkatapathy N. Outbreak of ocular toxoplasmosis in Coimbatore, India. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 54 (2006) 129-131
180. Pas A., and Dubey J.P. Seroprevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in Gordon's wild cat (Felis silvestris gordoni) in the Middle East. Journal of Parasitology 94 (2008) 1169
181. Pas A., and Dubey J.P. Fatal toxoplasmosis in sand cats (Felis margarita). Journal of Zoo Wildlife Medicine 39 (2008) 362-369
182. Patton S., Rabinowitz A., Randolph S., and Johnson S.S. A coprological survey of parasites of wild neotropical felidae. Journal of Parasitology 72 (1986) 517-520
183. Paul-Murphy J., Work T., Hunter D., McFie E., and Fjelline D. Serologic survey and serum biochemical reference ranges of the free-ranging mountain lion (Felis concolor) in California. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 30 (1994) 205-215
184. Paul M. Potencjalne zrodla zarazenia Toxoplasma gondii w przypadkach badanuch w krotkim czasie po zarazeniu. Przeglad Epidemiologiczny 52 (1998) 447-454
185. Pena H.F.J., Soares R.M., Amaku M., Dubey J.P., and Gennari S.M. Toxoplasma gondii infection in cats from São Paulo state, Brazil: seroprevalence, oocyst shedding, isolation in mice, and biologic and molecular characterization. Research in Veterinary Science 81 (2006) 58-67
186. Penzhorn B.L., Stylianides E., van Vuuren M., Alexander K., Meltzer D.G.A., and Mukarati N. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in free-ranging lion and leopard populations in southern Africa. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 32 (2002) 163-165
187. Philippa J.D.W., Leighton F.A., Daoust P.Y., Nielsen O., Pagliarulo M., Schwantje H., Shury T., van Herwijnen R., Martina B.E.E., Kuiken T., van de Bildt M.W.G., and Osterhaus A.D.M.E. Antibodies to selected pathogens in free-ranging terrestrial carnivores and marine mammals in Canada. Veterinary Record 155 (2004) 135-140
188. Pizzi H.L., Rico C.M., and Pessat O.A.N. Hallazgo del ciclo ontogenico selvatico del Toxoplasma gondii en felidos salvajes (Oncifelis geofroyi, Felis colocolo y Felis eirá) de la Provincia de Cordoba. Revista Militar de Veterinaria 25 (1978) 293-300
189. Polomoshnov A.P. Definitive Hosts of Toxoplasma. Problems of Natural Nidality of Diseases (1979), Institute of Zoology, Kazakh Academy of Sciences Alma Ata, No. 10, pp. 68-72 (in Russian)
190. Quesnel A.D., Parent J.M., McDonell W., Percy D., and Lumsden J.H. Diagnostic evaluation of cats with seizure disorders: 30 cases (1991-1993). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 210 (1997) 65-71
191. Rembiesa C., and Richardson D.J. Helminth parasites of the house cat, Felis catus, in Connecticut, U.S.A. Comparative Parasitology 70 (2003) 115-119
192. Riley S.P.D., Foley J., and Chomel B. Exposure to feline and canine pathogens in bobcats and gray foxes in urban and rural zones of a national park in California. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 40 (2004) 11-22
193. Rodgers S.J., and Baldwin C.A. A serologic survey of Oklahoma cats for antibodies to feline immunodeficiency virus, coronavirus, and Toxoplasma gondii and for antigen to feline leukemia virus. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 2 (1990) 180-183
194. Roelke M.E., Forrester D.J., Jacobson E.R., Kollias G.V., Scott F.W., Barr M.C., Evermann J.F., and Pirtle E.C. Seroprevalence of infectious-disease agents in free-ranging Florida panthers (Felis concolor coryi). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 29 (1993) 36-49
195. Roelke M.E., Johnson W.E., Millán J., Palomares F., Revilla E., Rodríquez A., Calzada J., Ferreras P., León-Vizcaíno L., Delibes M., and O'Brien S.J. Exposure to disease agents in the endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus). European Journal of Wildlife Research 54 (2008) 171-178
196. Ryser-Degiorgis M.P., Jakubek E.B., af Segerstad C.H., Bröjer C., Mörner T., Jansson D.S., Lundén A., and Uggla A. Serological survey of Toxoplasma gondii infection in free-ranging Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) from Sweden. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 42 (2006) 182-187
197. Salant H., and Spira D.T. A cross-sectional survey of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in Jerusalem cats. Veterinary Parasitology 124 (2004) 167-177
198. Salant H., Markovics A., Spira D.T., and Hamburger J. The development of a molecular approach for coprodiagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii. Veterinary Parasitology 146 (2007) 214-220
199. Samad A., Islam R., Dey B.C., and Alam M. Effects of corticosteroids in stray cats with natural antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii. Journal of Protozoological Research 7 (1997) 1-8
200. Schares G., Vrhovec M.G., Pantchev N., Herrmann D.C., and Conraths F.J. Occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii and Hammondia hammondi oocysts in the faeces of cats from Germany and other European countries. Veterinary Parasitology 152 (2008) 34-45
201. Schares G., Herrmann D.C., Beckert A., Schares S., Hosseininejad M., Pantchev N., Vrhovec M.G., and Conraths F.J. Characterization of a repetitive DNA fragment in Hammondia hammondi and its utility for the specific differentiation of H. hammondi from Toxoplasma gondii by PCR. Molecular and Cellular Probes 22 (2008) 244-251
202. Schwab K.J., and McDevitt J.J. Development of a PCR-enzyme immunoassay oligoprobe detection method for Toxoplasma gondii oocysts, incorporating PCR controls. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69 (2003) 5819-5825
203. Sedlak K., and Bartova E. The prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii IgM and IgG antibodies in dogs and cats from the Czech Republic. Veterinari Medicina 51 (2006) 555-558
204. Sedlak K., and Bartova E. Toxoplasmoza zvirat a jeji laboratorni diagnostika v Ceske republice. Veterinarstvi 57 (2007) 562-567
205. Shahzad A., Khan M.S., Ashraf K., Avais M., Pervez K., and Khan J.A. Sero-epidemiological and haematological studies on toxoplasmosis in cats, dogs and their owners in Lahore, Pakistan. Journal of Protozoological Research 16 (2006) 60-73
206. Sharif M., Daryani A., Nasrolahei M., and Ziapour S.P. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in stray cats in Sari, northern Iran. Tropical Animal Health and Production 41 (2009) 183-187
207. Shastri U.V., and Ratnaparkhi M.R. Toxoplasma and other intestinal coccidia in cats in Maharashtra (Parbhani). Indian Veterinary Journal 69 (1992) 14-16
208. Shen L., Zhichung L., Biaucheng Z., and Huayuan Y. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in man and animals in Guangdong, People's Republic of China. Veterinary Parasitology 34 (1990) 357-360
209. Silva J.C.R., Ogassawara S., Marvulo M.F.V., Ferreira-Neto J.S., and Dubey J.P. Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in exotic wild felids from Brazilian zoos. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 32 (2001) 349-351
210. Silva J.C.R., Ogassawara S., Adania C.H., Ferreira F., Gennari S.M., Dubey J.P., and Ferreira-Neto J.S. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in captive neotropical felids from Brazil. Veterinary Parasitology 102 (2001) 217-224
211. Silva J.C.R., Gennari S.M., Ragozo A.M.A., Amajones V.R., Magnabosco C., Yai L.E.O., Ferreira-Neto J.S., and Dubey J.P. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in sera of domestic cats from Guarulhos and São Paulo, Brazil. Journal of Parasitology 88 (2002) 419-420
212. Śmielewska-Łoś E., and Pacoń J. Toxoplasma gondii infection of cats in epizootiological and clinical aspects. Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 5 (2002) 227-230
213. Smith D.D., and Frenkel J.K. Prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in wild mammals of Missouri and east central Kansas: biologic and ecologic considerations of transmission. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 31 (1995) 15-21
214. Smith K.E., Zimmerman J.J., Patton S., Beran G.W., and Hill J.T. The epidemiology of toxoplasmosis on Iowa swine farms with an emphasis on the roles of free-living mammals. Veterinary Parasitology 42 (1992) 199-211
215. Sobrino R., Cabezón O., Millán J., Pabón M., Arnal M.C., Luco D.F., Gortázar C., Dubey J.P., and Almeria S. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in wild carnivores from Spain. Veterinary Parasitology 148 (2007) 187-192
216. Sohn W.M., and Nam H.W. Western blot analysis of stray cat sera against Toxoplasma gondii and the diagnostic availability of monoclonal antibodies in sandwich-ELISA. Korean Journal of Parasitology 37 (1999) 249-256
217. Spain C.V., Scarlett J.M., Wade S.E., and McDonough P. Prevalence of enteric zoonotic agents in cats less than 1 year old in central New York state. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 15 (2001) 33-38
218. Spencer J.A., and Morkel P. Serological survey of sera from lions in Etosha National Park. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 23 (1993) 60-61
219. Spencer J.A., Higginbotham M.J., and Blagburn B.L. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in captive and free-ranging nondomestic felids in the United States. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 34 (2003) 246-249
220. Sriwaranard P., Jansawan W., and Satayapunt C. Serologic diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in domestic cats. Kasetsart Veterinarians 2 (1981) 20-26
221. Sroka J., Wojcik-Fatla A., and Dutkiewicz J. Occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii in water from wells located on farms. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine 13 (2006) 169-175
222. Stephen C., Haines D., Bollinger T., Atkinson K., and Schwantje H. Serological evidence of Toxoplasma infection in cougars on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Canadian Veterinary Journal 37 (1996) 241
223. Stover J., Jacobson E.R., Lukas J., Lappin M.R., and Buergelt C.D. Toxoplasma gondii in a collection of nondomestic ruminants. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 21 (1990) 295-301
224. Stutzin M., Contreras M.C., and Schenone H. Epidemiolgía de la toxoplasmosis en Chile. V. Prevalencia de la infección humana y en mamíferos domésticos y silvestres, estudiadada mediante reacción de hemaglutinación indirecta, en el Archipiélago de Juan Fernández, V Región. Boletin Chileno de Parasitologia 44 (1989) 37-40
225. Sukthana Y., Kaewkungwal J., Jantanavivat C., Lekkla A., Chiabchalard R., and Aumarm W. Toxoplasma gondii antibody in Thai cats and their owners. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 34 (2003) 733-738
226. Sumner B., and Ackland M.L. Toxoplasma gondii antibody in domestic cats in Melbourne. Australian Veterinary Journal 77 (1999) 447-449
227. Svoboda M., Svobodova V., and Konrad J. Vztahy mezi vyskytem protilatek proti Toxoplasma gondii a klinickymi nalezy vysetrenych kocek. Veterinarni Medicina 33 (1988) 119-126
228. Svobodová V., Knotek Z., and Svoboda M. Prevalence of IgG and IgM antibodies specific to Toxoplasma gondii in cats. Veterinary Parasitology 80 (1998) 173-176
229. Swanson W.F. Toxoplasmosis and neonatal mortality in Pallas' cats: a survey of North American zoological institutions. Proceedings American Association of Zoo Veterinarians 1999 (1999) 347-350
230. Switaj K., Master A., Skrzypczak M., and Zaborowski P. Recent trends in molecular diagnostics for Toxoplasma gondii infections. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 11 (2005) 170-176
231. Tenter A.M., Vietmeyer C., Johnson A.M., Janitschke K., Rommel M., and Lehmacher W. ELISAs based on recombinant antigens for seroepidemiological studies on Toxoplasma gondii infections in cats. Parasitology 109 (1994) 29-36
232. Tenter A.M., Heckeroth A.R., and Weiss L.M. Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans. International Journal for Parasitology 30 (2000) 1217-1258
233. Thiangtum K., Nimsuphun B., Pinyopanuwat N., Chimnoi W., Tunwattana W., Tongthainan D., Jittapalapong S., Rukkwamsuk T., and Maruyama S. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in captive felids in Thailand. Veterinary Parasitology 136 (2006) 351-355
234. Tsai Y.J., Fan C.K., Chung W.C., and Chao P.H. Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection among cats in the middle and northern Taiwan. Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases 10 (1997) 11-16
235. Uggla A., Mattson S., and Juntti N. Prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in cats, dogs and horses in Sweden. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 31 (1990) 219-222
236. Umeche N. Studie kokcidii u kocek v oblasti Calabar v Nigerii. Veterinarstvi 40 (1990) 516-517
237. USEPA, 1995. ICR protozoan method for detecting Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in water by a fluorescent antibody procedure. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water. Washington, D.C. EPA/814-B-95-003. Available from: .
238. USEPA, 2001. Method 1623: Cryptosporidium and Giardia in water by filtration/IMS/FA. Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA 821-R-01-025.
239. Vanparijs O., Hermans L., and van der Flaes L. Helminth and protozoan parasites in dogs and cats in Belgium. Veterinary Parasitology 38 (1991) 67-73
240. Venturini L., Venturini M.C., and Omata Y. Diagnostico de toxoplasmosis durante el periodo patente en un gato domestico. Veterinaria Argentina 9 (1992) 528-531
241. Venturini M.C., Di Lorenzo C., Castellano M.C., Unzaga J.M., and Venturini L. Deteccion de anticuerpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii en gatos mediante las pruebas de immunofluorescencia y de aglutinacion de latex. Veterinaria Argentina 12 (1995) 48-50
242. Venturini L., Venturini M.C., Omata Y., Di Lorenzo C., and De Carolls G. Toxoplasma gondii: La respuesta inmune por IgG durante el periodo patente en un gato doméstico infectado naturalmente. Revista de Medicina Véterinaria 78 (1997) 258-260
243. Venturini M.C., Castellano M.C., Bacigalupe D., Olivia G., Unzaga J.M., Risso M.A., Arias D., Di Lorenzo C., and Venturini L. Coinfeccion con Toxoplasma gondii y virus de la inmunodeficiencia felina (FIV). Parasitologia al Dia 21 (1997) 81-84
244. Villena I., Aubert D., Gomis P., Ferté H., Inglard J.C., Denis-Bisiaux H., Dondon J.M., Pisano E., Ortis N., and Pinon J.M. Evaluation of a strategy for Toxoplasma gondii oocyst detection in water. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70 (2004) 4035-4039
245. Vollaire M.R., Radecki S.V., and Lappin M.R. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in clinically ill cats in the United States. American Journal of Veterinary Research 66 (2005) 874-877
246. Wainwright K.E., Miller M.A., Barr B.C., Gardner I.A., Melli A.C., Essert T., Packham A.E., Truong T., Lagunas-Solar M., and Conrad P.A. Chemical inactivation of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in water. Journal of Parasitology 93 (2007) 925-931
247. Wainwright K.E., Lagunas-Solar M., Miller M.A., Barr B.C., Gardner I.A., Pina C., Melli A.C., Packham A.E., Zeng N., Truong T., and Conrad P.A. Physical inactivation of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in water. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73 (2007) 5663-5666
248. Weigel R.M., Dubey J.P., Dyer D., and Siegel A.M. Risk factors for infection with Toxoplasma gondii for residents and workers on swine farms in Illinois, USA. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 60 (1999) 793-798
249. Win K.S., Matsumura T., Kumagai S., Uga S., and Konishi E. Prevalence of antibody to Toxoplasma gondii in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan: comparison at a 10-year interval. Kobe Journal of Medical Science 43 (1997) 159-168
250. Witt C.J., Moench T.R., Gittelsohn A.M., Bishop B.D., and Childs J.E. Epidemiologic observations on feline immunodeficiency virus and Toxoplasma gondii coinfection in cats in Baltimore, MD. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 194 (1989) 229-233
251. Xiao L., Alderisio K., Limor J., Royer M., and Lal A.A. Identification of species and sources of Cryptosporidium oocysts in storm waters with a small-subunit rRNA-based diagnostic and genotyping tool. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66 (2000) 5492-5498
252. Yamaguchi N., MacDonald D.W., Passanisi W.C., Harbour D.A., and Hopper C.D. Parasite prevalence in free-ranging farm cats, Felis silvestris catus. Epidemiologic Infection 116 (1996) 217-223
253. Yilmaz S.M., and Hopkins S.H. Effects of different conditions on duration of infectivity of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. Journal of Parasitology 58 (1972) 938-939
254. Yu Y.L., Fu L.J., and Wang M. Serological survey of Toxoplasma gondii infection in dogs and cats in Beijing. Chinese Journal of Veterinary Medicine 42 (2006) 72-76
255. Yu J., Ding J., Xia Z., Lin D., Li Y., Jia J., and Liu Q. Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii in pet dogs and cats in Beijing, China. Acta Parasitologica 53 (2008) 317-319
256. Yuan W.Y., Ma K., and Yang H.L. Survey of Toxoplasma infection in animals in Hebei Province. Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control 16 (2004) 72-76
257. Zarlenga D.S., and Trout J.M. Concentrating, purifying and detecting waterborne parasites. Veterinary Parasitology 126 (2004) 195-217
258. Zarnke R.L., Dubey J.P., Ver Hoef J.M., McNay M.E., and Kwok O.C.H. Serologic survey for Toxoplasma gondii in lynx (Felis lynx) from interior Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 37 (2001) 36-38