Detection of Toxoplasma gondii-like oocysts in cat feces and estimates of the environmental oocyst burden

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association

Volumn 231, Issue 11, 2007, Pages 1676-1684

  Dabritz, Haydee A ^a,c   Miller, Melissa A ^b   Atwill, E Robert ^a   Gardner, Ian A ^a   Leutenegger, Christian M ^a,d   Melli, Ann C ^a   Conrad, Patricia A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME   (United States)

^c Infant Botulism Treatment and Prevention Program   (United States)

^d IDEXX LABORATORIES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; ANIMAL PARASITOSIS; ARTICLE; CAT; CAT DISEASE; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DOMESTIC ANIMAL; FECES; FEMALE; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MALE; OOCYST; PARASITE IDENTIFICATION; PARASITOLOGY; POLLUTION; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PREVALENCE; RISK; TOXOPLASMA;

ANIMALS; ANIMALS, DOMESTIC; CAT DISEASES; CATS; CONFIDENCE INTERVALS; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION; FECES; FEMALE; MALE; ODDS RATIO; OOCYSTS; PARASITE EGG COUNT; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PREVALENCE; TOXOPLASMA; TOXOPLASMOSIS, ANIMAL;

TOXOPLASMA GONDII;

EID: 37349070316     PISSN: 00031488     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2460/javma.231.11.1676     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Tenter AM, Heckeroth AR, Weiss LM. Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans. Int J Parasitol 2000;30:1217-1258.
2. Dubey JP, Miller NL, Frenkel JK. Characterization of the new fecal form of Toxoplasma gondii. J Parasitol 1970;56:447-456.
3. Kirkpatrick CE, Dubey JP. Enteric coccidial infections. Isospora, Sarcocystis, Cryptosporidium, Besnoitia, and Hammondia. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1987;17:1405-1420.
4. Hill D, Dubey JP. Toxoplasma gondii: transmission, diagnosis and prevention. Clin Microbiol Infect 2002;8:634-640.
5. Bowie WR, King AS, Werker DH, et al. Outbreak of toxoplasmosis associated with municipal drinking water. The BC Toxoplasma Investigation Team. Lancet 1997;350:173-177.
6. de Moura L, Bahia-Oliveira LM, Wada MY, et al. Waterborne toxoplasmosis, Brazil, from field to gene. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12: 326-329.
7. Palanisamy M, Madhavan B, Balasundaram MB, et al. Outbreak of ocular toxoplasmosis in Coimbatore, India. Indian J Ophthalmol 2006;54:129-131.
8. Miller MA, Gardner IA, Kreuder C, et al. Coastal freshwater run-off is a risk factor for Toxoplasma gondii infection of southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis). Int J Parasitol 2002;32:997-1006.
9. Conrad PA, Miller MA, Kreuder C, et al. Transmission of Toxoplasma: clues from the study of sea otters as sentinels of Toxoplasma gondii flow into the marine environment. Int J Parasitol 2005;35:1155-1168.
10. Dabritz H, Atwill ER, Gardner IA, et al. Outdoor fecal deposition by free-roaming cats and attitudes of cat owners and non-owners towards stray pets, wildlife, and water pollution. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006;229:74-81.
11. Grigg ME, Boothroyd JC. Rapid identification of virulent type I strains of the protozoan pathogen Toxoplasma gondii by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis at the B1 gene. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39:398-400.
12. Leutenegger CM, Mislin CN, Sigrist B, et al. Quantitative real-time PCR for the measurement of feline cytokine mRNA. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1999;71:291-305.
13. Burg JL, Grover CM, Pouletty P, et al. Direct and sensitive detection of a pathogenic protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii, by polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol 1989;27:1787-1792.
14. Agresti A. Categorical data analysis. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons Inc, 2002;710.
15. Atwill ER, Hoar B, das Gracas Cabrai Pereira M, et al. Improved quantitative estimates of low environmental loading and sporadic periparturient shedding of Cryptosporidium parvum in adult beef cattle. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003;69:4604-4610.
16. Dubey JP. Reshedding of Toxoplasma oocysts by chronically infected cats. Nature 1976;262:213-214.
17. Dubey JP. Tachyzoite-induced life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii in cats. J Parasitol 2002;88:713-717.
18. Dubey JP. Oocyst shedding by cats fed isolated bradyzoites and comparison of infectivity of bradyzoites of the VEG strain Toxoplasma gondii to cats and mice. J Parasitol 2001;87:215-219.
19. Dubey JP. Unexpected oocyst shedding by cats fed Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites: in vivo stage conversion and strain variation. Vet Parasitol 2005;133:289-298.
20. Davis SW, Dubey JP. Mediation of immunity to Toxoplasma gondii oocyst shedding in cats. J Parasitol 1995;81:882-886.
21. Sousa OE, Saenz RE, Frenkel JK. Toxoplasmosis in Fanama: a 10-year study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1988;37:315-322.
22. Dubey JP, Hoover EA, Walls KW. Effect of age and sex on the acquisition of immunity to toxoplasmosis in cats. J Protozool 1977;24:184-186.
23. San Luis Obispo County Department of Planning and Building 2000 GIS data file url_vrl-poly.zip. Available at: www.lib.calpoly. edu:8080/gis/browse.jsp. Accessed Jun 12, 2006.
24. Wallace GD. Isolation of Toxoplasma gondii from the feces of naturally infected cats. J Infect Dis 1971;124:227-228.
25. Christie E, Dubey JP, Pappas PW. Prevalence of Sarcocystis infection and other intestinal parasitisms in cats from a humane shelter in Ohio. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1976;168:421-422.
26. Guterbock WM, Levine ND. Coccidia and intestinal nematodes of East Central Illinois cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1977;170:1411-1413.
27. Iseki M, Tanabe K, Uni S, et al. A survey of Toxoplasma and other protozoal and helminthic parasites of adult stray cats in Osaka area. Jpn J Parasitol 1974;23:319-322.
28. Dubey JP. Feline toxoplasmosis and coccidiosis: a survey of domiciled and stray cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1973;162:873-877.
29. Svobodova V, Svoboda M. Incidence of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in cat feces [in Czech]. Vet Med (Praha) 1986;31:621-628.
30. Bergler KG, Erber M, Boch J. Untersuchungen zur Uberlebensfahigkeit von Sporozysten bzw. Oozysten von Sarcocystis, Toxoplasma, Hammondia and Eimeria unter Labor- und Freilandbedingungen. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1980; 93:288-293.
31. Knaus BU, Fehler K. Toxoplasma gondii infections and oocyst shedding in domestic cats and the significance of this for the epidemiology and epizootiology of toxoplasmosis. Angew Parasitol 1989;30:155-160.
32. Pena HFJ, Soares RM, Amaku M, et al. Toxoplasma gondii infection in cats from Sao Paulo state, Brazil: seroprevalence, oocyst shedding, isolation in mice, and biologic and molecular characterization. Res Vet Sci 2005;81:58-67.
33. Christie E, Dubey JP, Pappas PW. Prevalence of Hammondia hammondii in the feces of cats in Ohio. J Parasitol 1977;63:929-931.
34. Sreekumar C, Vianna MCB, Hill DE, et al. Differential detection of Hammondia hammondii from Toxoplasma gondii using polymerase chain reaction. Parasitol Int 2005;54:267-269.
35. Ruiz A, Frenkel JK. Toxoplasma gondii in Costa Rican cats. J Trop Med Hyg 1980;29:1150-1160.
36. Meloni BP, Thompson RC, Hopkins RM, et al. The prevalence of Giardia and other intestinal parasites in children, dogs and cats from aboriginal communities in the Kimberley. Med J Aust 1993;158:157-159.
37. Beelitz P, Gobel E, Gothe R. Fauna and incidence of endoparasites in kittens and their mothers from different husbandry situations in south Germany. Tierarztl Prax 1992;20:297-300.
38. Rothe J, McDonald PJ, Johnson AM. Detection of Toxoplasma cysts and oocysts in an urban environment in a developed country. Pathology 1985;17:497-499.
39. Haddadzadeh HR, Khazraiinia P, Aslani M, et al. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in stray and household cats in Tehran. Vet Parasitol 2006;138:211-216.
40. Lucas SR, Hagiwara MK, Loureiro V, et al. Toxoplasma gondii infection in Brazilian domestic outpatient cats. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1999;41:221-224.
41. Tenter AM, Vietmeyer C, Johnson AM, et al. ELISAs based on recombinant antigens for seroepidemiological studies on Toxoplasma gondii infections in cats. Parasitology 1994;109:29-36.
42. Dubey JP, Frenkel JK. Immunity to feline toxoplasmosis: modification by administration of corticosteroids. Vet Pathol 1974;11:350-379.
43. Dubey JP. Duration of immunity to shedding of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts by cats. J Parasitol 1995;81:410-415.
44. Dabritz HA, Gardner IA, Miller MA, et al. Evaluation of two Toxoplasma gondii serologic tests used in a serosurvey of domestic cats in California. J Parasitol 2007;93:806-816.
45. Jones JL, Kruszon-Moran D, Wilson M, et al. Toxoplasma gondii infection in the United States: seroprevalence and risk factors. Am J Epidemiol 2001;154:357-365.
46. Cook AJC, Gilbert RE, Buffolano W, et al. Sources of Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women: European multicentre case-control study. European Research Network on Congenital Toxoplasmosis. BMJ 2000;321:142-147.
47. Nimri L, Pelloux H, Elkhatib L. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA and specific antibodies in high-risk pregnant women. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2004;71:831-835.
48. Jones JL, Muccioli C, Belfort R Jr, et al. Recently acquired Toxoplasma gondii infection, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12:582-587.
49. Jones JL, Ogunmodede F, Scheftel J, et al. Toxoplasmosis-related knowledge and practices among pregnant women in the United States. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2003;11:139-145.