Momordica balsamina: A medicinal and neutraceutical plant for health care management

Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Volumn 10, Issue 7, 2009, Pages 667-682

  Thakur, Gulab Singh ^a   Bag, Manoranjan ^a   Sanodiya, Bhagwan S ^a   Bhadauriya, Pratiksha ^c   Debnath, Mousumi ^b   Prasad, G B K S ^c   Bisen, P S ^a  

^a Bisen Biotech and Biopharma Pvt Ltd   (India)

^b Jaipur Engineering College and Research Centre   (India)

^c JIWAJI UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Anti HIV; Anti plasmodial; Cucurbitaceae; Momordica balsamina; Momordin; Wild climber; Wild herb

Indexed keywords

ANALGESIC AGENT; ANTI HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AGENT; ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; ANTIDIARRHEAL AGENT; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; ANTIMALARIAL AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; ANTITRYPANOSOMAL AGENT; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; CHLORPROPAMIDE; LOPERAMIDE; METHANOL; MOMORDICA BALSAMINA EXTRACT; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PLANT EXTRACT; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; AFRICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS; AMINO ACID COMPOSITION; ANALGESIC ACTIVITY; ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY; CUCUMBER; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIARRHEA; DRUG MEGADOSE; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INFLAMMATION; LIVER INJURY; LIVER PROTECTION; MALARIA; MICROPROPAGATION; MINERALIZATION; MOMORDICA BALSAMINA; NAGANA; NONHUMAN; PAIN; PHYTOCHEMISTRY; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; REVIEW; TOXICITY TESTING; TRADITIONAL MEDICINE;

ANIMALS; ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; ANTIDIARRHEALS; ANTIOXIDANTS; ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS; DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; HUMANS; MOMORDICA; NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; PHYTOTHERAPY; PLANTS, MEDICINAL; PROTECTIVE AGENTS;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); CUCURBITACEAE; MOMORDICA BALSAMINA;

EID: 71849120215     PISSN: 13892010     EISSN: 18734316     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138920109789542066     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. Hassan, L.G. and Umar, K.J. (2006) Nutritional value of balsam apple (Momordica balsamina L.) leaves. Pak. J. Nut., 5(6), 522-529.
2. Flyman, M.V. and Anthony, J.A. (2007) Proximate and mineral composition of the leaves of Momordica balsamina L.: an underutilized wild vegetable in Botswana. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr., 58(6), 419-423.
3. Bot, Y.S.; Mgbojikwe, L.O.; Nwosu, C.; Ambiku, A. and Damshak, D. (2007) Screening of the fruit pulp extract of Momordica balsamina for anti HIV property. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 6(1), 47-52.
4. Benoit-Vical, F.; Grellier, P.; Abdoulaye, A.; Moussa, I.; Ousmane, A.; Berry, A.; Ikhiri, K. and Poupat, C. (2006) In vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activity of Momordica balsamina alone or in a traditional mixture. Chemotherapy, 52(6), 288-292. (Pubitemid 44608665)
5. Matawalli, A.G.; Pakmam, I. and Laminu, H. (2004) Effect of aqueous stem barks extract of Momordica balsamina Linn on serum electrolytes. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 7 (8), 1430-1432.
6. Tommasi, D.N.; Simone, F.D.; Piacente, S.; Pizza, C. and Mahmmod, N. (1995) Diterpenes from momordica balsamina. Nat. Prod. Res., 6(4), 261-268.
7. Karumi, Y.; Onyeeyili, P. and Ogugbuaja, V.O. (2003) Anti- inflammatory and antinociceptive (analgesic) properties of momordica balsamina L. (Balsam apple) leaves in rats. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 6(17), 1515-1518.
8. Ortigao, M. and Better M. (1992) Momordin II, a ribosome inactivating protein from Momordica balsamina, is homologous to other plant proteins. Nucl. Acids Res., 20(17), 4662.
9. Iwalokun, B.A.; Gbenle, G.O.; Adewole, T.A. and Akinsinde, K.A. (2001) Shigellocidal properties of three nigerian medicinal plants: Ocimum gratissimum, Terminalia avicennoides, and Momordica balsamina. J. Health Popul. Nutr., 19 (4), 331-335.
10. Bandeira, S.O.; Gaspar, F. and Pagula, F.P. (2001) African ethnobotany and healthcare: emphasis on mozambique. Pharm. Biol., 39(1), 70-73. (Pubitemid 34253222)
11. Kainyemi, K.O.; Mendie, U.E.; Smith, S.T.; Oyefolu, A.O. and Coker, A.O. (2005) Screening of some medicinal plants used in south-west Nigerian traditional medicine for anti-salmonella typhi activity. J. Herb. Pharmacother., 5(1), 45-60.
12. Jigam, A.A.; Akanya, H.O. and Adeyemi, D.J. (2004) Antimicrobial and antiplasmodial effects of momordica balsamina. Nig. J. Nat. Prod. Med., 8, 11-12.
13. Vente, M.; Roux, S.; Bungu, L.C.; Louw, J.; Crouch, N.R.; Grace, O.M.; Mahara, V.; Pillay, P.; Sewnarian, P.; Bhagwandin, N. and Folb, P. (2008) Antidiabetic screening and scoring of 11 plants traditionally used in South Africa. J. Ethnopharmacol., 119(1), 81-86.
14. Narayana, D.B.A.; Katayar, C.K. and Brindavanam, N.B. (1998) Original system: search, research or re-search. IDMA Bull., 29, 413-416.
15. Dalziel, J.M. (1937) The Useful Plants of West Africa, Crown Agents: London, Vol. 1, p. 612.
16. nd ed., Royal Botanical Gardens publishers: Kew, Vol. 1, pp. 594-601.
17. Akinniyi, J.A.; Sultanbawa, M.U.A. and Manawaku, D. (1986) In: The State of Medicinal Plant Research in Nigeria. University Press: lbadan Nigeria, pp. 154-165.
18. Sofowara, E.A. (1982) Medicinal, Plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa, University of Ife press: Helfe, pp. 144-146.
19. Seaforth, C.E.; Adam, C.O. and Sylvester, Y. (1980) A Guide to the Medicinal Plants of Trinidad and Tobago. Commonwealth Secretariat: London, pp. 101-105.
20. Dalziel, T.M. (1958) The Useful Plants of West Africa. The Crown agents of Overseas Government. Mill bank: London, p. 85.
21. Bokhari, M.H. and Ahmed, M.S.C.H. (1980) Food Plants in Bonio State, Nigeria. Gulani Publishers: Lahore, India, p. 31-32.
22. Karumi, Y. and Bobboi, A. (1999) Hypoglycemic effects of Balsam Apple (Momordica balsamina Linn) in Alloxan diabetic male rabbits. Biochemistry, 9, 795-808.
23. Karumi, Y.; Geidam, M.A. and Shettima, Y. (1999) Hypoglycemic properties of Momordica balsamina Linn fruits could be due to inhibition of glucose uptake in gastro-intestinal tract. West Afr. J. Biol. Sci., 10, 84-91.
24. Shettima, Y.; Karumi, Y. and Addy, E.O. (2001) Effect of Momordica balsamina Linn. fruit on liver enzymes and histopathology in rats. Nig. J. Exp. Appl. Biol., 2, 195-198.
25. Gallo, R.K. and Reitz, M.S. Jr. (1982) Human retroviruses and adult T-cell leukemia lymphoma. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 62(6), 1209-1214.
26. th ed. Blackwell Scientific Publication Ltd: Oxford, pp. 288-310.
27. th International Congress of Ethnobotany in Turkey.
28. Sunday, O. O.; Uguru, O.M.; Ode, A. and Siniya, K.A. (2007) Anti-Convulsant, Analgelsic and Mechanism of Anti-Inflammatory Effects of M. balsamina Linn. Presented at the Neuroscience Conference in San Diego: CA, USA.
29. Otimenyin, O.S.; Uguru, O.M. and Ogbonna, A. (2008) Antimicrobial and hypoglycemic effects of Momordica balsamina. Linn.. J. Nat. Prod., 1, 03-09.
30. Gills, L.S. (1992) Ethnomedical Uses of Plants in Nigeria. Uniben Press: Edo State Nigeria, p. 121.
31. Cohen, M.L. (1992) Epidemiology of Drug Resistance Implications for a Post Antimicrobial Era. Science, 257, 1050-1055.
32. Nascimento, G.F.; Juliana, L.; Paulo, C.F. and Giuliana, L.S. (2000) Antibacterial activity of plant extracts and phytochemicals on antibiotic resistant bacteria. Braz. J. Microbiol., 31, 247-256.
33. Cowan, M.M. (1999) Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 12, 564-582.
34. Akinyemi, K.O.; Mendie, U.E.; Smith, S.T.; Oyefolu, A.O. and Coker, A.O. (2005) Screening of some medicinal plants used in South-West Nigerian traditional medicine for anti-Salmonella typhi activity. J. Herb. Pharmacother., 5(1), 45-60.
35. Watt, J.M. and Breyer-Brandwijk, M.G. (1962) Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa. E&S. Livingstone, Ltd., London.
36. Cailean, C.; Vinesh, J. M.; Crouch, R.; Olwen, M. G.; Pillay, P.; Motlalepula, G. M.; Niresh, B.; Peter, J. S. and Peter, I. F. (2004) In vitro antiplasmodial activity of medicinal plants native to or naturalized in South Africa. J. Ethnopharmacol., 92, 177-191. (Pubitemid 38610097)
37. WHO, (1998) Control and Surveillance of African Trypanosomiasis. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. World Health Organization Technical Report Series, 881, pp. 1-114.
38. Barrett, M.P. (1999) The fall and rise of sleeping sickness. Lancet, 353, 1113-1114.
39. Keiser, J.; Burri, C. and Stich, A. (2001) New drugs for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis: research and development. Trends Parasitol., 17, 42-49. (Pubitemid 32012413)
40. Legros, D.; Ollivier, G.; Gastellu-Etchegorry, M.; Paquet, C.; Burri, C.; Jannin, J. and Buscher, P. (2002) Treatment of human African trypanosomiasis-present situation and needs for research and development. Lancet Infect. Dis., 2, 437-440. (Pubitemid 34693262)
41. Warren, K.S. (1988) The global impact of parasitic diseases. In: The Biology of Parasitism. (England, P.T. and Sher, A.; Eds.) Alan R. Liss: New York, pp. 3-12.
42. Kuzoe, F.A.S. (1993) Current situation of African trypanomiasis. Acta Tropica, 54, 153-162.
43. Onyeyili, R.A. and Egwu, G.O. (1995) Chemotherapy of Africa trypanomiasis: A historical review. Protozool. Abstr. 5, 229-243.
44. Gutterridge, W.E. (1985) Existing chemotherapy and its limitations. Br. Med. Bull., 41, 162-168.
45. Aldhous, P. (1994) Fighting parasites on a shoe string. Science, 264, 1857-1859.
46. Kirby, G.C. (1996) Medicinal plants and the control of parasites: medicinal plants and the control of protozoal disease with particular reference to malaria. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 90, 605-609.
47. Camacho, M.D.R.; Croft, S.L. and Phillipson, J.D. (2000) Natural products as sources of antiprotozoal drugs. Curr. Opin. in Antiinfect. Invest. Drugs, 2, 47-62.
48. Tagboto, S. and Townson, S. (2001) Antiparasitic properties of medicinal plants and other naturally occurring products. Adv. Parasitol., 50, 199-295. (Pubitemid 33086304)
49. Atawodi, S.E.; Bulus, T.; Ibrahim, S.; Ameh, D.A.; Nok, A.J.; Mamman, M. and Galadima, M. (2003) In vitro trypanocidal effect of methanolic extract of some Nigerian savannah plants. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 2(9), 317-321.
50. Abdulkadir, A.; Binta, I.; Aminu, B. Y.; Augustine, C. I.; Nnennaya, A. O.; Bala, U. S.; David, O. A. and Emmanuel, O. O. (2005) Antitrypanosomal and haematological effects of selected Nigerian medicinal plants in wistar rats. Biokemistri, 17(2), 95-99.
51. Geidam, M.A.; Pakmam, I. and Laminu, H. (2004) Effects of aqueous stem bark extract of Momordica balsamina Linn on serum electrolytes and some hematological parameters in normal and alcohol fed rats. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 7(8), 1430-1432.
52. Ahlquist, D.A. (2001) Constipation and Diarrhea. in Principles of Internal Medicine. Mcgraw Hill Medical Publishing Division: New York, 1, pp. 241-247.
53. Audu, R.; Umilabug, S.A.; Renner, J.K. and Awodiji, J.A. (2000) Diarrhoea management. J. Niger. Infect. Contr. Assoc., 3, 15.
54. Syder, J.H. and Merson, M.H. (1982) The magnitude of the global problem of acute diarrheal disease. A review of active surveillance data. Bull. World Health Organ., 60, 605.
55. Otimenyin, O. S.; Uguru, O. M. and Akanbi B. E. (2008) Antidiarrhea effect of aqueous extracts of Momordica balsamina and Stachytarpheta indica in Rats. J. Nat. Prod., 1, 36-45.
56. Percival, M. (1998) Anti-oxidants. Clin. Nutr. Insight, 31, 1-4.
57. Young, I.S. and Woodside, J.V. (2001) Antioxidants in health and disease. J. Clin. Pathol., 54, 176-186.
58. Atoui, A.K.; Mansouri, A.; Boskou, G. and Kefalas, P. (2005) Tea and herbal infusions: their antioxidant activity and phenolic profile. Food Chem., 89, 27-36. (Pubitemid 39024479)
59. Ames, B.N.; Shigenaga, M.K. and Hagen, T.M. (1990) Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of ageing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90, 7915-7922. (Pubitemid 23260825)
60. Larson, R.A. (1988) The antioxidants of higher plants. Phytochemistry, 27, 969-978.
61. Akula U. S. and Odhav, B. (2008) In vitro 5-lipoxygenase inhibition of polyphenolic antioxidants from undomesticated plants of South Africa. J. Med. Plants Res., 2(9), 207-212.
62. Van Wyk, B.E. and Gericke, N. (2000) People's plants. A Guide to Useful Plants of Southern Africa. Briza publication: Pretoria, South Africa. pp. 218-219.
63. Saller, R.; Melzer, J.; Reichling, J.; Brignoli, R. and Meier, R. (2007) An updated systematic review of the pharmacology of silymarin. Forsch Komplementarmed, 14(2), 70-80. (Pubitemid 46652418)
64. Zhu, M.; Lin, K.F.; Yeung, R.Y. and Li, R.C. (1999) Evaluation of the protective effects of Schisandra chinensis on phase I drug metabolism using CCl4 intoxication model. J.Ethnopharmcol., 67, 61-68.
65. Cyong, J.C.; Ki, S.M.; Iijima, K.; Kobayashi, T. and Furuya, M. (2000) Clinical and pharmacological studies on liver diseases treated with kampo herbal medicine. Am. J. Chin. Med., 28, 351-360.
66. Ram, V.J. (2001) Herbal preparations as a source of hepatoprotective agents. Drug News Perspect., 14, 353-363.
67. Mossa, J.S.; Al-Yahya, M.A. and AlMeshal, I.A. (1987) Medicinal Plants of Saudi Arabia. 1st ed. King Saud University Libraries Publications: Riyadh, pp. 36-476.
68. El-Shanawany, M.A.A. (1996) Plants Used in Saudi Folk medicine. King Abdul- Aziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, pp. 277-724.
69. Alqasoumi, S. I. and Al-Dosari, M. S. (2009) Evaluation of the hepatoprotective effect of fumaria parviflora and momordica balsamina from Saudi Folk Medicine against experimentally induced liver injury in rats. Res. J. Med. Plant, 3(1), 9-15.
70. Ilori, M.O.; Sheteolu, A.O.; Omonigbehin, E.A. and Adeneye, A.A. (1996) Antidiarrhoeal activities of Ocimum gratissimum (Lamiaceae). J. Diarrhoeal. Dis. Res., 14, 5-283.
71. Akinsinde, K.A. and Olukoya, D.K. (1995) Vibriocidal activities of some local herbs. J. Diarrhoeal. Dis. Res., 13, 9-127.
72. Akinyemi, K.O.; Coker, A.O.; Bayangbon, C.; Oyefolu, A.O.B.; Akinsinde, K.A. and Omonigbehin, E.O. (1998) Antityphoidal screening of extracts of five Nigerian medicinal plants used in ethno-medicine. J. Nig. Infect. Cont. Assoc., 1, 7-23.
73. Hutchings, A.; Scott, A.H.; Lewis, G. and Cunningham, A.B. (1996) Zulu Medicinal Plants, an Inventory. University of Natal press: Pietermaritzburg.
74. Roodt, V. (1998) The shell field guide series: Part II. Common Wild Flowers of the Okavango Delta, Medicinal Uses and Nutritional Value. Russel Friedman Book, Halfwan Hause: South Africa.
75. nd ed. Vol. 1, pp. 211-212.
76. Welman, M. (2004) Momordica balsamina L. National Herbarium, Pretoria.www.plantzafrica.com/ platklm/momordbalsam. htm. Retrieve on 17/05/2005.
77. Trivedi, R. N. and Roy, R. P. (1972) Cytological studies in some species of Momordica. Genetica, 43(2), 282-291.
78. Nabi, S.A.; Rashid, M. M.; Al-Amin, M. and Rasul, M.G. (2002) Organogenesis in Teasle Gourd (Momordica dioica Roxb.). Plant Tissue Cult., 12(2), 173-180.
79. Moreno, V.; Gareia-Sogo, M.; Granell, I.; Carcia-Sopgo, B. and Roig, L.A. (1985) Plant regeneration from calli of melon (Cucumis melo L. cv. Amarillo Orl). Plant Cell Tiss. Organ Cult., 5, 139-146.
80. Haslam, E. (1996) Natural polyphenols (Vegetable tannins) as drugs possible modes of action. J. Nat. Prod., 59, 205-215.
81. Ya, C.; Gaffney, S.H.; Lilley, T.H.; Haslam (1988) Carbohydratepolyphenols complexation, in Chemistry and Significance of Condensed Tannin, (Hemingway, R.W. and Karchesy, J.J. Eds.). S. Plenum Press: New York, p. 553.
82. Kaul, T.N.; Middleton Jr., E. and Ogra, P.L. (1985) Antiviral effect of flavonoids on human viruses. J. Med. Virol., 15, 71-79.
83. Andersen, L.T.; Thilsted, S.H.; Nielsen, B.B. and Rangasamy, S. (2003) Food and nutrient intakes among pregnant women in rural Tamil Nadu, South India. Public Health Nutr., 6, 131-137.
84. Seena, S.; Sridharm, K.R. and Jung, K. (2005) Nutritional and antinutritional evaluation of raw and processed seeds of a wild legume, Canavalia cathartica of coastal sand dunes of India. Food Chem., 92, 465-472.
85. Ogle, B.M. and Grivetti, L.E. (1985) Legacy of the chameleon: edible wild plants in the kingdom of Swaziland, Southern Africa. A cultural, ecological, nutritional study. Nutritional analysis and conclusion. Ecol. Food Nutr., 17, 41-64.
86. Nordeide, M.B.; Hatloy, A.; Folling, M.; Lied, E. and Oshaug, A. (1996) Nutrient composition and nutritional importance of green leaves and wild food resources in an agricultural district, Koutiala, in Southern Mali. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr., 47, 455-468. (Pubitemid 26388109)
87. Smith, G.C.; Clegg, M.S.; Keen, C.L. and Grivetti, L.E. (1996) Mineral values of selected foods common to Southern Burkina Faso and Niamey, Niger, West Africa. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr., 47, 41-53. (Pubitemid 26043257)
88. Glew, R.H.; VanderJagt, D.J.; Lockett, C.; Grivetti, L.E.; Smith, G.C.; Pastuszyn, A. and Millson, M. (1997) Amino acid, fatty acid, and mineral composition of 24 indigenous plants of Burkina Faso. J. Food Comp. Anal., 10, 205-217. (Pubitemid 127341421)
89. Freiberger, C.E.; VanderJagt, D.J. and Glew, R.H. (1998) Nutrient content of the edible leaves of seven wild plants from Niger. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr., 53, 57-69.
90. Cook, J.A.; VanderJagt, D.J.; Pastuszyn, A.; Mounkaila, G.; Glew, R.S.; Millson, M. and Glew, R.H. (2000) Nutrient and chemical composition of 13 wild plant foods of Niger. J. Food Comp. Anal., 13, 83-92.
91. Lockeett, C.T.; Calvert, C.C. and Grivetti, L.E. (2000) Energy and micronutrient composition of dietary and medicinal wild plants consumed during drought: Study of rural Fulani, Northeastern Nigeria. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr., 51, 195-208.
92. Ogle, B.M.; Dao, H.T.A.; Mulokozi, G. and Hambraeus, L. (2001) Micronutrient composition and nutritional importance of gathered vegetables in Vietnam. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr., 52, 485-499. (Pubitemid 32894272)
93. WHO/FAO/UNU, (1985). Report: Energy and protein requirements: WHO technical report series No. 724, WHO Geneva, pp. 220.
94. Ladan, M.J.; Bilbis, L.S. and Lawal, M. (1996) Nutrient composition of some green leafy vegetables consumed in Sokoto. Nig. J. Basic Appl. Sci., 5, 39-44.
95. Ifon, E.T. and Bassir, O. (1980) The nutritive value of some Nigerian leafy green vegetables -Part 2: The distribution of protein, carbohydrates (including ethanol-soluble simple sugars), crude fat, fibre and ash. Food Chem., 5, 231-235.
96. Asibey-Berko, E. and Tayie, F.A.K. (1999) Proximate analysis of some under utilized Ghanaian vegetables. Ghana J. Sci., 39, 91-92.
97. th ed., Charchill Living Stone: London, pp. 218-336.
98. FND, (2002) Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. National Academy of Sciences. Dietary Reference Intake for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fibre, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein and Amino Acid (Micronutrients). www.nap.edu (Retrieved on 06/06/2005).
99. Sena, L.P.; VanderJagt, D.J.; Rivera, C.; Tsin, A.T.C.; Muhammadu, I.; Mahamadou, O.; Milson, M.; Pastosyn, A. and Glew, R.H. (1998) Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the republic of Niger. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr., 52, 17-30.
100. Lintas, C. (1992) Nutritional aspects of fruits and vegetables consumption. Options Mediterraeennes, 19, 79-87.
101. Faruq, U.Z. ; Sani, A. and Hassan, L.G. (2002) Proximate composition of sickle pod. (Senna obtusfolia) leaves. Nig. J. Basic Appl. Sci., 11, 157-164.
102. Aletor, V.A. and Adeogun, O.A. (1995) Nutrient and antinutrient components of some tropical leafy vegetables. Food Chem., 53, 375-379.
103. Plessi, M.; Bertelli, D.; Phonzani, A.; Simonetti, M.S.; Neri, A. and Damiani, P. (1999) Dietary fibre and some elements in nuts and wheat brans. J. Food Comp. Anal., 12, 91-96. (Pubitemid 129571373)
104. Vadivel, V. and Janardhanan, K. (2000) Chemical composition of the underutilized legume Cassia hirsuta L. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr., 55, 369-381. (Pubitemid 30805746)
105. Ishida, H.; Suzuno, H.; Sugiyama, N.; Innami, S.; Todokoro, T. and Maekawa, A. (2000) Nutritional evaluation of chemical component of leaves, stalks and stems of sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas poir). Food Chem., 68, 359-367.
106. Ramula, P. and Rao, P.U. (2003) Dietary fibre content of fruits and leafy vegetables. Nutr. News, 24, 1-6.
107. Isong, E.U.; Adewusi, S.A.R.; Nkanga, E.U.; Umoh, E.E. and Offiong, E.E. (1999) Nutritional and phytogeriatological studies of three varieties of Gnetum africanum ("afang"). Food Chem., 64, 489-493.
108. Adeyeye, E.I. and Afolabi, E.O. (2004) Amino acid composition of three different types of land snails consumed in Nigeria. Food Chem., 85, 535-539.
109. McDonald, P.; Edwads, R.A.; Greenhalgh, F.D. and Morgan, C.A. (1995) Animal Nutrition, Prentices Hall. London, pp. 101-122.
110. Salo-Vaananen, P.P. and Koivistoinen, P.E. (1996) Determination of protein in foods: Compasison of net protein and crude protein (N x 6.25) values. Food Chem., 57, 27-31.
111. Wathelet, B. (1999) Nutritional analysis for proteins and amino acids in beans (Phaseolus sp.). Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ., 3, 197-200.
112. Yoshimura, M.; Takahashi, H. and Nakanishi, T. (1991) Role of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium on blood pressure regulation and antihypertensive dietary therapy. Jpn. J. Nutr., 49, 53-62.
113. Guil-Guerrero, J.L.; Gimenez-Gimenez, A.; Rodriguez-Garcia, I. and Torija-Isasa, M.E. (1998) Nutritional composition of Sonchus species (S. asper L, S. oleraceus L and S. tenerrimus L). J. Sci. Food Agric., 76, 628-632.
114. Dosunmu, M.I. (1997) Chemical composition of the fruit of Tetrapleura tetreptera and the physico-chemical properties of its oil. Global J. Pure Appl. Sci., 3, 61-67.
115. Turan, M.; Kordali, S.; Zengin, H.; Dursun, A. and Sezen, Y. (2003) Macro and micro mineral content of some wild edible leaves consumed in Eastern Anatolia. Acta Agric. Scand. Sec. B, Plant Soil Sci., 53, 129-137. (Pubitemid 44109142)
116. Akwaowo, E.U.; Ndou, B.A. and Efuk, E.U. (2000) Mineral and antinutrients in fluted pumpkin (Telferia occidentalis Hook F.). Food Chem., 70, 235-240.
117. Adeyeye, E.I. and Otokiti, M.K.O. (1999) Proximate composition and some nutritionally valuable minerals of two varieties of Capsicum annum. (Bell and Cherry peppers). Discov. Innov., 11, 75-81.
118. Ifon, E.T. and Bassir, O. (1979) The nutritive value of some Nigerian leafy green vegetables - Part 1: vitamin and mineral contents. Food Chem., 4, 263-267.
119. Ibrahim, N.D.G.; Abdurahhman, E.M. and Ibrahim, G. (2001) Elemental analysis of the leaves of Verninia amygdalina and its biological evaluation in rats. Nig. J. Nat. Prod. Med., 5, 13-16.
120. Isong, E.U. and Idiong, U.I. (1997) Comparative studies on the nutritional and toxic composition of three varieties of Lesianthera africana. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr., 51, 79-84.
121. Bothwell, T.H.; Baynes, R.D.; MacFarland, B.J. and Macphail, A.P. (1989) Nutritional evaluation of chemical component of leaves, stalks and stems of sweet potatoes (Ipomoeabatatas poir). Food Chem., 68, 359-367.
122. Adeyeye, E.I. (2002) Determination of the chemical composition of the nutritionally valuable parts of male and female common West African fresh water crab Sudananautes africanus africanus. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr., 53, 189-196.
123. Barminas, J.T.; Charles, M. and Emmanuel, D. (1998) Mineral composition of non-conventional leafy vegetables. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr., 53, 29-36. (Pubitemid 29373232)
124. Wallace, P.A.; Marfo, E.K. and Plahar, W.A. (1998) Nutritional quality and antinutritional composition of four non-conventional leafy vegetables. Food Chem., 61, 287-291.
125. Wellinghansen, N.; Kernwv, J. W. and Kern, P. (2000) Zinc serum level in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients in relationship to immunological status. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 73(2), 139-149.
126. Ho, W.K.K.; Liu, S.C.; Shaw, P.C.; Yeung, H.W.; Ng, T. B. and Chan, W.Y. (1991) Cloning of cDNA of α- momorcharin: a ribosome inactivating protein. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1088, 311-314.
127. Li, S.S.L. (1986) Purification and partial characterization of two lectins from Momordica charantia. Experientia, 36, 524-527.
128. Bolognesi, A.; Barbieri, L.; Carnicelli, D.; Abbondanza, A.; Cenini, P.; Falasca, A. I.; Dinota, A. and Stirpe, F. (1989) Purification and properties of a new ribosome-inactivating protein with RNA N-glycosidase activity suitable for immunotoxin preparation from the seeds of Momordica cochinchinensis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 993, 287-292. (Pubitemid 20004651)