Neurologic Presentations of Nutritional Deficiencies

Neurologic Clinics

Volumn 28, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 107-170

  Kumar, Neeraj ^a  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

Neurologic complications; Nutritional deficiency

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; APOLIPOPROTEIN B; CHYLOMICRON; COLECALCIFEROL; COPPER; CYANOCOBALAMIN; ERGOCALCIFEROL; FLUORIDE; FOLIC ACID; GLUCOSE; HOMOCYSTEINE; HYDROXOCOBALAMIN; LIPID; METHYLMALONIC ACID; MICROSOMAL TRIGLYCERIDE TRANSFER PROTEIN; NICOTINIC ACID; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; ORGANOPHOSPHATE; PYRIDOXINE; RETINOL; SALAZOSULFAPYRIDINE; THIAMINE; THIAMINE TRIPHOSPHATE; TUBERCULOSTATIC AGENT;

ALCOHOLISM; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL DEFICIENCY; AMBLYOPIA; AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS; AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION; BARIATRIC SURGERY; BERIBERI; BLOOD ANALYSIS; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION; CIGARETTE SMOKING; CLINICAL FEATURE; COPPER DEFICIENCY; CYANOCOBALAMIN DEFICIENCY; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DISORDERS OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM; DISORDERS OF LIPID AND LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM; FLUOROSIS; FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY; FOOD COMPOSITION; FOOD POISONING; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; HUMAN; LATHYRISM; LIPID ABSORPTION; MARCHIAFAVA BIGNAMI DISEASE; MENTAL DISEASE; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NEUROPATHY; NICOTINIC ACID DEFICIENCY; NUTRIENT SUPPLY; NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY; NUTRITIONAL VALUE; OBESITY; PARKINSONISM; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN CALORIE MALNUTRITION; PYRIDOXINE DEFICIENCY; RETINOL DEFICIENCY; REVIEW; SPINAL CORD DISEASE; SUBACUTE MYELOOPTIC NEUROPATHY; THIAMINE DEFICIENCY; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY;

ALCOHOLISM; BARIATRIC SURGERY; DEFICIENCY DISEASES; GEOGRAPHY; HUMANS; NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES;

EID: 70449641227     PISSN: 07338619     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2009.09.006     Document Type: Review

References (486)

1. Perkin G.D., and Murray-Lyon I. Neurology and the gastrointestinal system. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 65 3 (1998) 291-300
2. Skeen M.B. Neurologic manifestations of gastrointestinal disease. Neurol Clin 20 1 (2002) 195-225
3. Murray J.A., and Ross M.A. Malabsorption and neurological disease. In: Quigley E.M.M., and Pfeiffer R.F. (Eds). Neuro-gastroenterology (2004), Butterworth Heinemann, Philadelphia 203-254
4. Saperstein D.S., and Bahron R.J. Polyneuropathy caused by nutritional and vitamin deficiency. In: Dyck P.J., and Thomas P.K. (Eds). Peripheral neuropathy. 4th edition (2005), Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia 2051-2062
5. Suarez G.A. Peripheral neuropathy associated with alcoholism, malnutrition and vitamin deficiencies. In: Noseworthy J.N. (Ed). Neurological therapeutics principles and practice vol. 3 (2006), Informa Healthcare, Abingdon, UK 2294-2306
6. Roman G.C. Nutritional disorders of the nervous system. In: Shils M.E., Shike M., Ross A.C., et al. (Eds). Modern nutrition in health and disease. 10th edition (2006), Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore (MD) 1362-1380
7. Kumar N. Nutritional neuropathies. Neurol Clin 25 1 (2007) 209-255
8. So Y.T., and Simon R.P. Deficiency diseases of the nervous system. In: Bradley W.G., Daroff R.B., Fenichel G.M., et al. (Eds). Neurology in clinical practice. 4th edition vol. 2 (2008), Elsevier, Philadelphia 1643-1655
9. Kumar N. Metabolic and toxic myelopathies. Continuum Spinal Cord, Root, and Plexus Disorders 14 3 (2008) 91-115
10. Kumar N. Neurogastroenterology. Continuum Neurologic Manifestations of Systemic Disease 14 1 (2008) 13-52
11. Tefferi A., and Pruthi R.K. The biochemical basis of cobalamin deficiency. Mayo Clin Proc 69 2 (1994) 181-186
12. Green R., and Kinsella L.J. Current concepts in the diagnosis of cobalamin deficiency. Neurology 45 8 (1995) 1435-1440
13. Carmel R. Cobalamin, the stomach, and aging. Am J Clin Nutr 66 4 (1997) 750-759
14. Hurwitz A., Brady D.A., Schaal S.E., et al. Gastric acidity in older adults. JAMA 278 8 (1997) 659-662
15. Doscherholmen A., and Swaim W.R. Impaired assimilation of egg Co 57 vitamin B 12 in patients with hypochlorhydria and achlorhydria and after gastric resection. Gastroenterology 64 5 (1973) 913-919
16. Schilling R.F., Gohdes P.N., and Hardie G.H. Vitamin B12 deficiency after gastric bypass surgery for obesity. Ann Intern Med 101 4 (1984) 501-502
17. Rhode B.M., Tamin H., Gilfix B.M., et al. Treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency after gastric surgery for severe obesity. Obes Surg 5 2 (1995) 154-158
18. Sumner A.E., Chin M.M., Abrahm J.L., et al. Elevated methylmalonic acid and total homocysteine levels show high prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency after gastric surgery. Ann Intern Med 124 5 (1996) 469-476
19. Marcuard S.P., Albernaz L., and Khazanie P.G. Omeprazole therapy causes malabsorption of cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12). Ann Intern Med 120 3 (1994) 211-215
20. Ting R.Z., Szeto C.C., Chan M.H., et al. Risk factors of vitamin B(12) deficiency in patients receiving metformin. Arch Intern Med 166 18 (2006) 1975-1979
21. Rosenblatt D.S., and Cooper B.A. Inherited disorders of vitamin B12 utilization. Bioessays 12 7 (1990) 331-334
22. Kieburtz K.D., Giang D.W., Schiffer R.B., et al. Abnormal vitamin B12 metabolism in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Association with neurological dysfunction. Arch Neurol 48 3 (1991) 312-314
23. Robertson K.R., Stern R.A., Hall C.D., et al. Vitamin B12 deficiency and nervous system disease in HIV infection. Arch Neurol 50 8 (1993) 807-811
24. Di Rocco A., Bottiglieri T., Werner P., et al. Abnormal cobalamin-dependent transmethylation in AIDS-associated myelopathy. Neurology 58 5 (2002) 730-735
25. Deacon R., Lumb M., Perry J., et al. Selective inactivation of vitamin B12 in rats by nitrous oxide. Lancet 2 8098 (1978) 1023-1024
26. Schilling R.F. Is nitrous oxide a dangerous anesthetic for vitamin B12-deficient subjects?. JAMA 255 12 (1986) 1605-1606
27. Marie R.M., Le Biez E., Busson P., et al. Nitrous oxide anesthesia-associated myelopathy. Arch Neurol 57 3 (2000) 380-382
28. Kinsella L.J., and Green R. 'Anesthesia paresthetica': nitrous oxide-induced cobalamin deficiency. Neurology 45 8 (1995) 1608-1610
29. Layzer R.B. Myeloneuropathy after prolonged exposure to nitrous oxide. Lancet 2 8102 (1978) 1227-1230
30. Sahenk Z., Mendell J.R., Couri D., et al. Polyneuropathy from inhalation of N2O cartridges through a whipped-cream dispenser. Neurology 28 5 (1978) 485-487
31. Ng J., and Frith R. Nanging. Lancet 360 9330 (2002) 384
32. Savage D., and Lindenbaum J. Relapses after interruption of cyanocobalamin therapy in patients with pernicious anemia. Am J Med 74 5 (1983) 765-772
33. Magnus E.M. Cobalamin and unsaturated transcobalamin values in pernicious anaemia: relation to treatment. Scand J Haematol 36 5 (1986) 457-465
34. Lindenbaum J., Healton E.B., Savage D.G., et al. Neuropsychiatric disorders caused by cobalamin deficiency in the absence of anemia or macrocytosis. N Engl J Med 318 26 (1988) 1720-1728
35. Carmel R. Pernicious anemia. The expected findings of very low serum cobalamin levels, anemia, and macrocytosis are often lacking. Arch Intern Med 148 8 (1988) 1712-1714
36. Healton E.B., Savage D.G., Brust J.C., et al. Neurologic aspects of cobalamin deficiency. Medicine (Baltimore) 70 4 (1991) 229-245
37. Savage D., Gangaidzo I., Lindenbaum J., et al. Vitamin B12 deficiency is the primary cause of megaloblastic anaemia in Zimbabwe. Br J Haematol 86 4 (1994) 844-850
38. Carmel R., Melnyk S., and James S.J. Cobalamin deficiency with and without neurologic abnormalities: differences in homocysteine and methionine metabolism. Blood 101 8 (2003) 3302-3308
39. Morris M.C., Evans D.A., Bienias J.L., et al. Dietary folate and vitamin B12 intake and cognitive decline among community-dwelling older persons. Arch Neurol 62 4 (2005) 641-645
40. Tangney C.C., Tang Y., Evans D.A., et al. Biochemical indicators of vitamin B12 and folate insufficiency and cognitive decline. Neurology 72 4 (2009) 361-367
41. Vogiatzoglou A., Refsum H., Johnston C., et al. Vitamin B12 status and rate of brain volume loss in community-dwelling elderly. Neurology 71 11 (2008) 826-832
42. White W.B., Reik Jr. L., and Cutlip D.E. Pernicious anemia seen initially as orthostatic hypotension. Arch Intern Med 141 11 (1981) 1543-1544
43. Eisenhofer G., Lambie D.G., Johnson R.H., et al. Deficient catecholamine release as the basis of orthostatic hypotension in pernicious anaemia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 45 11 (1982) 1053-1055
44. McCombe P.A., and McLeod J.G. The peripheral neuropathy of vitamin B12 deficiency. J Neurol Sci 66 1 (1984) 117-126
45. Kandler R.H., and Davies-Jones G.A. Internuclear ophthalmoplegia in pernicious anaemia. BMJ 297 6663 (1988) 1583
46. Benito-Leon J., and Porta-Etessam J. Shaky-leg syndrome and vitamin B12 deficiency. N Engl J Med 342 13 (2000) 981
47. Morita S., Miwa H., Kihira T., et al. Cerebellar ataxia and leukoencephalopathy associated with cobalamin deficiency. J Neurol Sci 216 1 (2003) 183-184
48. Puri V., Chaudhry N., and Gulati P. Syringomyelia-like manifestation of subacute combined degeneration. J Clin Neurosci 11 6 (2004) 672-675
49. Ahn T.B., Cho J.W., and Jeon B.S. Unusual neurological presentations of vitamin B(12) deficiency. Eur J Neurol 11 5 (2004) 339-341
50. Saperstein D.S., Wolfe G.I., Gronseth G.S., et al. Challenges in the identification of cobalamin-deficiency polyneuropathy. Arch Neurol 60 9 (2003) 1296-1301
51. Allen R.H., Stabler S.P., Savage D.G., et al. Diagnosis of cobalamin deficiency I: usefulness of serum methylmalonic acid and total homocysteine concentrations. Am J Hematol 34 2 (1990) 90-98
52. Lindenbaum J., Savage D.G., Stabler S.P., et al. Diagnosis of cobalamin deficiency: II. Relative sensitivities of serum cobalamin, methylmalonic acid, and total homocysteine concentrations. Am J Hematol 34 2 (1990) 99-107
53. Stabler S.P., Allen R.H., Savage D.G., et al. Clinical spectrum and diagnosis of cobalamin deficiency. Blood 76 5 (1990) 871-881
54. Savage D.G., Lindenbaum J., Stabler S.P., et al. Sensitivity of serum methylmalonic acid and total homocysteine determinations for diagnosing cobalamin and folate deficiencies. Am J Med 96 3 (1994) 239-246
55. Stabler S.P. Screening the older population for cobalamin (vitamin B12) deficiency. J Am Geriatr Soc 43 11 (1995) 1290-1297
56. Carmel R. Current concepts in cobalamin deficiency. Annu Rev Med 51 (2000) 357-375
57. Carmel R., Green R., Rosenblatt D.S., et al. Update on cobalamin, folate, and homocysteine. Hematology (2003) 62-81
58. Lindenbaum J., Rosenberg I.H., Wilson P.W., et al. Prevalence of cobalamin deficiency in the Framingham elderly population. Am J Clin Nutr 60 1 (1994) 2-11
59. Metz J., Bell A.H., Flicker L., et al. The significance of subnormal serum vitamin B12 concentration in older people: a case control study. J Am Geriatr Soc 44 11 (1996) 1355-1361
60. Waters W.E., Withey J.L., Kilpatrick G.S., et al. Serum vitamin B 12 concentrations in the general population: a ten-year follow-up. Br J Haematol 20 5 (1971) 521-526
61. Elwood P.C., Shinton N.K., Wilson C.I., et al. Haemoglobin, vitamin B12 and folate levels in the elderly. Br J Haematol 21 5 (1971) 557-563
62. Karnaze D.S., and Carmel R. Neurologic and evoked potential abnormalities in subtle cobalamin deficiency states, including deficiency without anemia and with normal absorption of free cobalamin. Arch Neurol 47 9 (1990) 1008-1012
63. Carmel R., Gott P.S., Waters C.H., et al. The frequently low cobalamin levels in dementia usually signify treatable metabolic, neurologic and electrophysiologic abnormalities. Eur J Haematol 54 4 (1995) 245-253
64. Carmel R., Green R., Jacobsen D.W., et al. Serum cobalamin, homocysteine, and methylmalonic acid concentrations in a multiethnic elderly population: ethnic and sex differences in cobalamin and metabolite abnormalities. Am J Clin Nutr 70 5 (1999) 904-910
65. Carmel R. How I treat cobalamin (vitamin B12) deficiency. Blood 112 6 (2008) 2214-2221
66. Snow C.F. Laboratory diagnosis of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency: a guide for the primary care physician. Arch Intern Med 159 12 (1999) 1289-1298
67. Bolann B.J., Solli J.D., Schneede J., et al. Evaluation of indicators of cobalamin deficiency defined as cobalamin-induced reduction in increased serum methylmalonic acid. Clin Chem 46 11 (2000) 1744-1750
68. Carmel R., Vasireddy H., Aurangzeb I., et al. High serum cobalamin levels in the clinical setting-clinical associations and holo-transcobalamin changes. Clin Lab Haematol 23 6 (2001) 365-371
69. Carmel R. Mild transcobalamin I (haptocorrin) deficiency and low serum cobalamin concentrations. Clin Chem 49 8 (2003) 1367-1374
70. Solomon L.R. Cobalamin-responsive disorders in the ambulatory care setting: unreliability of cobalamin, methylmalonic acid, and homocysteine testing. Blood 105 3 (2005) 978-985
71. Kinsella L.J. Megaloblastic anemias - vitamin B12, folate. In: Noseworthy J.N. (Ed). Neurological therapeutics principles and practice (2006), Informa Healthcare, Abingdon, UK 1478-1484
72. Lindemans J., Schoester M., and van Kapel J. Application of a simple immunoadsorption assay for the measurement of saturated and unsaturated transcobalamin II and R-binders. Clin Chim Acta 132 1 (1983) 53-61
73. Seetharam B. Receptor-mediated endocytosis of cobalamin (vitamin B12). Annu Rev Nutr 19 (1999) 173-195
74. Nexo E., Christensen A.L., Hvas A.M., et al. Quantification of holo-transcobalamin, a marker of vitamin B12 deficiency. Clin Chem 48 3 (2002) 561-562
75. Carmel R. Measuring and interpreting holo-transcobalamin (holo-transcobalamin II). Clin Chem 48 3 (2002) 407-409
76. Bor M.V., Nexo E., and Hvas A.M. Holo-transcobalamin concentration and transcobalamin saturation reflect recent vitamin B12 absorption better than does serum vitamin B12. Clin Chem 50 6 (2004) 1043-1049
77. Hvas A.M., and Nexo E. Holotranscobalamin-a first choice assay for diagnosing early vitamin B deficiency?. J Intern Med 257 3 (2005) 289-298
78. Herrmann W., Obeid R., Schorr H., et al. The usefulness of holotranscobalamin in predicting vitamin B12 status in different clinical settings. Curr Drug Metab 6 1 (2005) 47-53
79. Miller J.W., Garrod M.G., Rockwood A.L., et al. Measurement of total vitamin B12 and holotranscobalamin, singly and in combination, in screening for metabolic vitamin B12 deficiency. Clin Chem 52 2 (2006) 278-285
80. Clarke R., Sherliker P., Hin H., et al. Detection of vitamin B12 deficiency in older people by measuring vitamin B12 or the active fraction of vitamin B12, holotranscobalamin. Clin Chem 53 5 (2007) 963-970
81. Carmel R. Macrocytosis, mild anemia, and delay in the diagnosis of pernicious anemia. Arch Intern Med 139 1 (1979) 47-50
82. Carmel R. The disappearance of cobalamin absorption testing: a critical diagnostic loss. J Nutr 137 11 (2007) 2481-2484
83. Carmel R. Pepsinogens and other serum markers in pernicious anemia. Am J Clin Pathol 90 4 (1988) 442-445
84. Miller A., Slingerland D.W., Cardarelli J., et al. Further studies on the use of serum gastrin levels in assessing the significance of low serum B12 levels. Am J Hematol 31 3 (1989) 194-198
85. Rothenberg S.P., Kantha K.R., and Ficarra A. Autoantibodies to intrinsic factor: their determination and clinical usefulness. J Lab Clin Med 77 3 (1971) 476-484
86. Fairbanks V.F., Lennon V.A., Kokmen E., et al. Tests for pernicious anemia: serum intrinsic factor blocking antibody. Mayo Clin Proc 58 3 (1983) 203-204
87. Carmel R. Reassessment of the relative prevalences of antibodies to gastric parietal cell and to intrinsic factor in patients with pernicious anaemia: influence of patient age and race. Clin Exp Immunol 89 1 (1992) 74-77
88. Fine E.J., Soria E., Paroski M.W., et al. The neurophysiological profile of vitamin B12 deficiency. Muscle Nerve 13 2 (1990) 158-164
89. Hemmer B., Glocker F.X., Schumacher M., et al. Subacute combined degeneration: clinical, electrophysiological, and magnetic resonance imaging findings. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 65 6 (1998) 822-827
90. Timms S.R., Cure J.K., and Kurent J.E. Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord: MR findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 14 5 (1993) 1224-1227
91. Larner A.J., Zeman A.Z., Allen C.M., et al. MRI appearances in subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord due to vitamin B12 deficiency. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 62 1 (1997) 99-100
92. Ravina B., Loevner L.A., and Bank W. MR findings in subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord: a case of reversible cervical myelopathy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 174 3 (2000) 863-865
93. Stojsavljevic N., Levic Z., Drulovic J., et al. 44-month clinical-brain MRI follow-up in a patient with B12 deficiency. Neurology 49 3 (1997) 878-881
94. Kuker W., Hesselmann V., Thron A., et al. MRI demonstration of reversible impairment of the blood-CNS barrier function in subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 62 3 (1997) 298-299
95. Locatelli E.R., Laureno R., Ballard P., et al. MRI in vitamin B12 deficiency myelopathy. Can J Neurol Sci 26 1 (1999) 60-63
96. Bassi S.S., Bulundwe K.K., Greeff G.P., et al. MRI of the spinal cord in myelopathy complicating vitamin B12 deficiency: two additional cases and a review of the literature. Neuroradiology 41 4 (1999) 271-274
97. Karantanas A.H., Markonis A., and Bisbiyiannis G. Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord with involvement of the anterior columns: a new MRI finding. Neuroradiology 42 2 (2000) 115-117
98. Katsaros V.K., Glocker F.X., Hemmer B., et al. MRI of spinal cord and brain lesions in subacute combined degeneration. Neuroradiology 40 11 (1998) 716-719
99. Su S., Libman R.B., Diamond A., et al. Infratentorial and supratentorial leukoencephalopathy associated with vitamin B12 deficiency. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 9 3 (2000) 136-138
100. Verhaeverbeke I., Mets T., Mulkens K., et al. Normalization of low vitamin B12 serum levels in older people by oral treatment. J Am Geriatr Soc 45 1 (1997) 124-125
101. Rajan S., Wallace J.I., Brodkin K.I., et al. Response of elevated methylmalonic acid to three dose levels of oral cobalamin in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 50 11 (2002) 1789-1795
102. Seal E.C., Metz J., Flicker L., et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of oral vitamin B12 supplementation in older patients with subnormal or borderline serum vitamin B12 concentrations. J Am Geriatr Soc 50 1 (2002) 146-151
103. Eussen S.J., de Groot L.C., Clarke R., et al. Oral cyanocobalamin supplementation in older people with vitamin B12 deficiency: a dose-finding trial. Arch Intern Med 165 10 (2005) 1167-1172
104. Lederle F.A. Oral cobalamin for pernicious anemia. Medicine's best kept secret?. JAMA 265 1 (1991) 94-95
105. Berlin H., Berlin R., and Brante G. Oral treatment of pernicious anemia with high doses of vitamin B12 without intrinsic factor. Acta Med Scand 184 4 (1968) 247-258
106. Kokkola A., Sjoblom S.M., Haapiainen R., et al. The risk of gastric carcinoma and carcinoid tumours in patients with pernicious anaemia. A prospective follow-up study. Scand J Gastroenterol 33 1 (1998) 88-92
107. Carmel R., and Spencer C.A. Clinical and subclinical thyroid disorders associated with pernicious anemia. Observations on abnormal thyroid-stimulating hormone levels and on a possible association of blood group O with hyperthyroidism. Arch Intern Med 142 8 (1982) 1465-1469
108. Carmel R., Weiner J.M., and Johnson C.S. Iron deficiency occurs frequently in patients with pernicious anemia. JAMA 257 8 (1987) 1081-1083
109. Stacy C.B., Di Rocco A., and Gould R.J. Methionine in the treatment of nitrous-oxide-induced neuropathy and myeloneuropathy. J Neurol 239 7 (1992) 401-403
110. Di Rocco A., Tagliati M., Danisi F., et al. A pilot study of L-methionine for the treatment of AIDS-associated myelopathy. Neurology 51 1 (1998) 266-268
111. Di Rocco A., Werner P., Bottiglieri T., et al. Treatment of AIDS-associated myelopathy with L-methionine: a placebo-controlled study. Neurology 63 7 (2004) 1270-1275
112. Carmel R. Treatment of severe pernicious anemia: no association with sudden death. Am J Clin Nutr 48 6 (1988) 1443-1444
113. Skouby A.P. Hydroxocobalamin for initial and long-term therapy for vitamin B12 deficiency. Acta Med Scand 221 4 (1987) 399-402
114. Tudhope G.R., Swan H.T., and Spray G.H. Patient variation in pernicious anaemia, as shown in a clinical trial of cyanocobalamin, hydroxocobalamin and cyanocobalamin-zinc tannate. Br J Haematol 13 2 (1967) 216-228
115. Slot W.B., Merkus F.W., Van Deventer S.J., et al. Normalization of plasma vitamin B12 concentration by intranasal hydroxocobalamin in vitamin B12-deficient patients. Gastroenterology 113 2 (1997) 430-433
116. Sirotnak F.M., and Tolner B. Carrier-mediated membrane transport of folates in mammalian cells. Annu Rev Nutr 19 (1999) 91-122
117. Moran R.G. Roles of folylpoly-gamma-glutamate synthetase in therapeutics with tetrahydrofolate antimetabolites: an overview. Semin Oncol 26 2 Suppl 6 (1999) 24-32
118. Eichner E.R., Pierce H.I., and Hillman R.S. Folate balance in dietary-induced megaloblastic anemia. N Engl J Med 284 17 (1971) 933-938
119. Carmel R. Folic acid. In: Shils M.E., Shike M., Ross A.C., et al. (Eds). Modern nutrition in health and disease. 10th edition (2006), Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore (MD) 470-481
120. Elsborg L. Malabsorption of folic acid following partial gastrectomy. Scand J Gastroenterol 9 3 (1974) 271-274
121. Russell R.M., Krasinski S.D., Samloff I.M., et al. Folic acid malabsorption in atrophic gastritis. Possible compensation by bacterial folate synthesis. Gastroenterology 91 6 (1986) 1476-1482
122. Russell R.M., Golner B.B., Krasinski S.D., et al. Effect of antacid and H2 receptor antagonists on the intestinal absorption of folic acid. J Lab Clin Med 112 4 (1988) 458-463
123. Lambie D.G., and Johnson R.H. Drugs and folate metabolism. Drugs 30 2 (1985) 145-155
124. Green R., and Miller J.W. Folate deficiency beyond megaloblastic anemia: hyperhomocysteinemia and other manifestations of dysfunctional folate status. Semin Hematol 36 1 (1999) 47-64
125. Diaz-Arrastia R. Homocysteine and neurologic disease. Arch Neurol 57 10 (2000) 1422-1427
126. Grant H.C., Hoffbrand A.V., and Wells D.G. Folate deficiency and neurological disease. Lancet 2 7416 (1965) 763-767
127. Reynolds E.H., Rothfeld P., and Pincus J.H. Neurological disease associated with folate deficiency. Br Med J 2 5863 (1973) 398-400
128. Manzoor M., and Runcie J. Folate-responsive neuropathy: report of 10 cases. Br Med J 1 6019 (1976) 1176-1178
129. Lever E.G., Elwes R.D., Williams A., et al. Subacute combined degeneration of the cord due to folate deficiency: response to methyl folate treatment. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 49 10 (1986) 1203-1207
130. Parry T.E. Folate responsive neuropathy. Presse Med 23 3 (1994) 131-137
131. Shorvon S.D., Carney M.W., Chanarin I., et al. The neuropsychiatry of megaloblastic anaemia. Br Med J 281 6247 (1980) 1036-1038
132. Reynolds E.H. Benefits and risks of folic acid to the nervous system. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 72 5 (2002) 567-571
133. Toole J.F., Malinow M.R., Chambless L.E., et al. Lowering homocysteine in patients with ischemic stroke to prevent recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction, and death: the Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention (VISP) randomized controlled trial. JAMA 291 5 (2004) 565-575
134. Kado D.M., Karlamangla A.S., Huang M.H., et al. Homocysteine versus the vitamins folate, B6, and B12 as predictors of cognitive function and decline in older high-functioning adults: MacArthur studies of successful aging. Am J Med 118 2 (2005) 161-167
135. Zittoun J. Congenital errors of folate metabolism. Baillieres Clin Haematol 8 3 (1995) 603-616
136. Gunter E.W., Bowman B.A., Caudill S.P., et al. Results of an international round robin for serum and whole-blood folate. Clin Chem 42 10 (1996) 1689-1694
137. Brouwer D.A., Welten H.T., Reijngoud D.J., et al. Plasma folic acid cutoff value, derived from its relationship with homocysteine. Clin Chem 44 7 (1998) 1545-1550
138. Eichner E.R., and Hillman R.S. Effect of alcohol on serum folate level. J Clin Invest 52 3 (1973) 584-591
139. Lucock M., and Yates Z. Measurement of red blood cell methylfolate. Lancet 360 9338 (2002) 1021-1022 [author reply 1022]
140. Butterworth Jr. C.E., and Tamura T. Folic acid safety and toxicity: a brief review. Am J Clin Nutr 50 2 (1989) 353-358
141. Stabler S.P., Marcell P.D., Podell E.R., et al. Elevation of total homocysteine in the serum of patients with cobalamin or folate deficiency detected by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Clin Invest 81 2 (1988) 466-474
142. Williams D.M. Copper deficiency in humans. Semin Hematol 20 2 (1983) 118-128
143. Spiegel J.E., and Willenbucher R.F. Rapid development of severe copper deficiency in a patient with Crohn's disease receiving parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 23 3 (1999) 169-172
144. Fuhrman M.P., Herrmann V., Masidonski P., et al. Pancytopenia after removal of copper from total parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 24 6 (2000) 361-366
145. Kumar N., and Low P.A. Myeloneuropathy and anemia due to copper malabsorption. J Neurol 251 6 (2004) 747-749
146. Spinazzi M., De Lazzari F., Tavolato B., et al. Myelo-optico-neuropathy in copper deficiency occurring after partial gastrectomy. Do small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome and occult zinc ingestion tip the balance?. J Neurol 254 8 (2007) 1012-1017
147. Henri-Bhargava A., Melmed C., Glikstein R., et al. Neurologic impairment due to vitamin E and copper deficiencies in celiac disease. Neurology 71 11 (2008) 860-861
148. Halfdanarson T., Kumar N., Hogan W.J., et al. Copper deficiency in celiac disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 43 2 (2009) 162-164
149. Schleper B., and Stuerenburg H.J. Copper deficiency-associated myelopathy in a 46-year-old woman. J Neurol 248 8 (2001) 705-706
150. Gregg X.T., Reddy V., and Prchal J.T. Copper deficiency masquerading as myelodysplastic syndrome. Blood 100 4 (2002) 1493-1495
151. Kumar N., McEvoy K.M., and Ahlskog J.E. Myelopathy due to copper deficiency following gastrointestinal surgery. Arch Neurol 60 12 (2003) 1782-1785
152. Kumar N., Crum B., Petersen R.C., et al. Copper deficiency myelopathy. Arch Neurol 61 5 (2004) 762-766
153. Kumar N., Ahlskog J.E., and Gross Jr. J.B. Acquired hypocupremia after gastric surgery. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2 12 (2004) 1074-1079
154. Kumar N., Gross Jr. J.B., and Ahlskog J.E. Copper deficiency myelopathy produces a clinical picture like subacute combined degeneration. Neurology 63 1 (2004) 33-39
155. Prodan C.I., Bottomley S.S., Holland N.R., et al. Relapsing hypocupraemic myelopathy requiring high-dose oral copper replacement. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 77 9 (2006) 1092-1093
156. Weihl C.C., and Lopate G. Motor neuron disease associated with copper deficiency. Muscle Nerve 34 (2006) 789-793
157. Kumar N. Copper deficiency myelopathy (human swayback). Mayo Clin Proc 81 10 (2006) 1371-1384
158. Everett C.M., Matharu M., and Gawler J. Neuropathy progressing to myeloneuropathy 20 years after partial gastrectomy. Neurology 66 9 (2006) 1451
159. Juhasz-Pocsine K., Rudnicki S.A., Archer R.L., et al. Neurologic complications of gastric bypass surgery for morbid obesity. Neurology 68 21 (2007) 1843-1850
160. Halfdanarson T., Kumar N., Li C.-Y., et al. Hematological manifestations of copper deficiency. Eur J Haematol 80 6 (2008) 523-531
161. Kumar N., Gross Jr. J.B., and Ahlskog J.E. Myelopathy due to copper deficiency. Neurology 61 2 (2003) 273-274
162. Rowin J., and Lewis S.L. Copper deficiency myeloneuropathy and pancytopenia secondary to overuse of zinc supplementation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 76 5 (2005) 750-751
163. Willis M.S., Monaghan S.A., Miller M.L., et al. Zinc-induced copper deficiency: a report of three cases initially recognized on bone marrow examination. Am J Clin Pathol 123 1 (2005) 125-131
164. Sorenson E.J. Copper deficiency misdiagnosed as postpolio syndrome. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis 8 2 (2006) 70-74
165. Nations S.P., Boyer P.J., Love L.A., et al. Denture cream: an unusual source of excess zinc, leading to hypocupremia and neurological disease. Neurology 71 9 (2008) 639-643
166. Spain R.I., Leist T.P., and De Sousa E.A. When metals compete: a case of copper-deficiency myeloneuropathy and anemia. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 5 2 (2009) 106-111
167. Yaldizli O., Johansson U., Gizewski E.R., et al. Copper deficiency myelopathy induced by parenteral zinc supplementation during chronic hemodialysis. J Neurol 253 11 (2006) 1507-1509
168. Hassan H.A., Netchvolodoff C., and Raufman J.P. Zinc-induced copper deficiency in a coin swallower. Am J Gastroenterol 95 10 (2000) 2975-2977
169. Prodan C.I., and Holland N.R. CNS demyelination from zinc toxicity?. Neurology 54 8 (2000) 1705-1706
170. Prodan C.I., Holland N.R., Wisdom P.J., et al. CNS demyelination associated with copper deficiency and hyperzincemia. Neurology 59 9 (2002) 1453-1456
171. Hedera P., Fink J.K., Bockenstedt P.L., et al. Myelopolyneuropathy and pancytopenia due to copper deficiency and high zinc levels of unknown origin: further support for existence of a new zinc overload syndrome. Arch Neurol 60 9 (2003) 1303-1306
172. Greenberg S.A., and Briemberg H.R. A neurological and hematological syndrome associated with zinc excess and copper deficiency. J Neurol 251 (2004) 111-114
173. Harless W., Crowell E., and Abraham J. Anemia and neutropenia associated with copper deficiency of unclear etiology. Am J Hematol 81 7 (2006) 546-549
174. Goodman B.P., Chong B.W., Patel A.C., et al. Copper deficiency myeloneuropathy resembling B12 deficiency: partial resolution of MR imaging findings with copper supplementation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27 10 (2006) 2112-2114
175. Hedera P., and Brewer G.J. Myeloneuropathy due to copper deficiency or zinc excess?. Arch Neurol 61 (2004) 605
176. Kumar N., and Ahlskog J.E. Myelopolyneuropathy due to copper deficiency or zinc excess?. Arch Neurol 61 4 (2004) 604-605 [author reply 605]
177. Lang T.F., Glynne-Jones R., Blake S., et al. Iatrogenic copper deficiency following information and drugs obtained over the Internet. Ann Clin Biochem 41 Pt 5 (2004) 417-420
178. Kumar N., and Knopman D.S. SMON, clioquinol, and copper. Postgrad Med J 81 (2005) 227
179. Schaumburg H., and Herskovitz S. Copper deficiency myeloneuropathy: a clue to clioquinol-induced subacute myelo-optic neuropathy?. Neurology 71 (2008) 622-623
180. Valentine J.S., and Gralla E.B. Delivering copper inside yeast and human cells. Science 278 5339 (1997) 817-818
181. Kumar A., and Jazieh A.R. Case report of sideroblastic anemia caused by ingestion of coins. Am J Hematol 66 2 (2001) 126-129
182. Kumar N., Elliott M.A., Hoyer J.D., et al. "Myelodysplasia," myeloneuropathy, and copper deficiency. Mayo Clin Proc 80 7 (2005) 943-946
183. Prodan C.I., Holland N.R., Wisdom P.J., et al. Myelopathy due to copper deficiency. Neurology 62 9 (2004) 1655-1656 author reply 1656
184. Kumar N., Ahlskog J.E., Klein C.J., et al. Imaging features of copper deficiency myelopathy: a study of 25 cases. Neuroradiology 48 (2005) 78-83
185. Kelkar P., Chang S.C., and Muley S. Response to oral supplementation in copper deficiency myelopathy. Neurology 68 Suppl 1 (2007) A104
186. Goodman B.P., Bosch E.P., Ross M.A., et al. Clinical and electrodiagnostic findings in copper deficiency myeloneuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 80 (2009) 524-527
187. Kelkar P., Shereen C., and Muley S. Response to oral supplementation in copper deficiency myeloneuropathy. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis 10 1 (2008) 1-3
188. Zara G., Grassivaro F., Brocadello F., et al. Case of sensory ataxic ganglionopathy-myelopathy in copper deficiency. J Neurol Sci 277 1-2 (2009) 184-186
189. Crum B.A., and Kumar N. Electrophysiologic findings in copper deficiency myeloneuropathy. Neurology 64 Suppl 1 (2005) A123
190. Prodan C.I., Bottomley S.S., Vincent A.S., et al. Hypocupremia associated with prior vitamin B12 deficiency. Am J Hematol 82 4 (2007) 288-290
191. Uauy R., Castillo-Duran C., Fisberg M., et al. Red cell superoxide dismutase activity as an index of human copper nutrition. J Nutr 115 12 (1985) 1650-1655
192. Milne D.B. Assessment of copper nutritional status. Clin Chem 40 8 (1994) 1479-1484
193. Kumar N., Butz J.A., and Burritt M.F. Clinical significance of the laboratory determination of low serum copper in adults. Clin Chem Lab Med 45 10 (2007) 1402-1410
194. Huff J.D., Keung Y.K., Thakuri M., et al. Copper deficiency causes reversible myelodysplasia. Am J Hematol 82 7 (2007) 625-630
195. Shahidzadeh R., and Sridhar S. Profound copper deficiency in a patient with gastric bypass. Am J Gastroenterol 103 10 (2008) 2660-2662
196. Cheeseman K.H., Holley A.E., Kelly F.J., et al. Biokinetics in humans of RRR-alpha-tocopherol: the free phenol, acetate ester, and succinate ester forms of vitamin E. Free Radic Biol Med 19 5 (1995) 591-598
197. Traber M.G. Vitamin E. In: Shils M.E., Shike M., Ross A.C., et al. (Eds). Modern nutrition in health and disease. 10th edition (2006), Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore (MD) 396-411
198. Steephen A.C., Traber M.G., Ito Y., et al. Vitamin E status of patients receiving long-term parenteral nutrition: is vitamin E supplementation adequate?. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 15 6 (1991) 647-652
199. Traber M.G., Sokol R.J., Burton G.W., et al. Impaired ability of patients with familial isolated vitamin E deficiency to incorporate alpha-tocopherol into lipoproteins secreted by the liver. J Clin Invest 85 2 (1990) 397-407
200. Ben Hamida C., Doerflinger N., Belal S., et al. Localization of Friedreich ataxia phenotype with selective vitamin E deficiency to chromosome 8q by homozygosity mapping. Nat Genet 5 2 (1993) 195-200
201. Cavalier L., Ouahchi K., Kayden H.J., et al. Ataxia with isolated vitamin E deficiency: heterogeneity of mutations and phenotypic variability in a large number of families. Am J Hum Genet 62 2 (1998) 301-310
202. Mariotti C., Gellera C., Rimoldi M., et al. Ataxia with isolated vitamin E deficiency: neurological phenotype, clinical follow-up and novel mutations in TTPA gene in Italian families. Neurol Sci 25 3 (2004) 130-137
203. Aguglia U., Annesi G., Pasquinelli G., et al. Vitamin E deficiency due to chylomicron retention disease in Marinesco-Sjogren syndrome. Ann Neurol 47 2 (2000) 260-264
204. Harding A.E. Vitamin E and the nervous system. Crit Rev Neurobiol 3 1 (1987) 89-103
205. Sokol R.J. Vitamin E deficiency and neurologic disease. Annu Rev Nutr 8 (1988) 351-373
206. Ben Hamida M., Belal S., Sirugo G., et al. Friedreich's ataxia phenotype not linked to chromosome 9 and associated with selective autosomal recessive vitamin E deficiency in two inbred Tunisian families. Neurology 43 11 (1993) 2179-2183
207. Tomasi L.G. Reversibility of human myopathy caused by vitamin E deficiency. Neurology 29 8 (1979) 1182-1186
208. Burck U., Goebel H.H., Kuhlendahl H.D., et al. Neuromyopathy and vitamin E deficiency in man. Neuropediatrics 12 3 (1981) 267-278
209. Kleopa K.A., Kyriacou K., Zamba-Papanicolaou E., et al. Reversible inflammatory and vacuolar myopathy with vitamin E deficiency in celiac disease. Muscle Nerve 31 2 (2005) 260-265
210. Palmucci L., Doriguzzi C., Orsi L., et al. Neuropathy secondary to vitamin E deficiency in acquired intestinal malabsorption. Ital J Neurol Sci 9 6 (1988) 599-602
211. Puri V., Chaudhry N., Tatke M., et al. Isolated vitamin E deficiency with demyelinating neuropathy. Muscle Nerve 32 2 (2005) 230-235
212. Sokol R.J., Bove K.E., Heubi J.E., et al. Vitamin E deficiency during chronic childhood cholestasis: presence of sural nerve lesion prior to 2 1/2 years of age. J Pediatr 103 2 (1983) 197-204
213. Traber M.G., Sokol R.J., Ringel S.P., et al. Lack of tocopherol in peripheral nerves of vitamin E-deficient patients with peripheral neuropathy. N Engl J Med 317 5 (1987) 262-265
214. Behrens W.A., Thompson J.N., and Madere R. Distribution of alpha-tocopherol in human plasma lipoproteins. Am J Clin Nutr 35 4 (1982) 691-696
215. Sokol R.J., Heubi J.E., Iannaccone S.T., et al. Vitamin E deficiency with normal serum vitamin E concentrations in children with chronic cholestasis. N Engl J Med 310 19 (1984) 1209-1212
216. Horwitt M.K., Harvey C.C., Dahm Jr. C.H., et al. Relationship between tocopherol and serum lipid levels for determination of nutritional adequacy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 203 (1972) 223-236
217. Traber M.G., and Jialal I. Measurement of lipid-soluble vitamins-further adjustment needed?. Lancet 355 9220 (2000) 2013-2014
218. Vorgerd M., Tegenthoff M., Kuhne D., et al. Spinal MRI in progressive myeloneuropathy associated with vitamin E deficiency. Neuroradiology 38 Suppl 1 (1996) S111-S113
219. Azizi E., Zaidman J.L., Eshchar J., et al. Abetalipoproteinemia treated with parenteral and oral vitamins A and E, and with medium chain triglycerides. Acta Paediatr Scand 67 6 (1978) 796-801
220. Sokol R.J., Guggenheim M.A., Iannaccone S.T., et al. Improved neurologic function after long-term correction of vitamin E deficiency in children with chronic cholestasis. N Engl J Med 313 25 (1985) 1580-1586
221. Sokol R.J., Butler-Simon N., Conner C., et al. Multicenter trial of d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate for treatment of vitamin E deficiency in children with chronic cholestasis. Gastroenterology 104 6 (1993) 1727-1735
222. Butterworth R.F. Cerebral thiamine-dependent enzyme changes in experimental Wernicke's encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 1 3 (1986) 165-175
223. Manzo L., Locatelli C., Candura S.M., et al. Nutrition and alcohol neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology 15 3 (1994) 555-565
224. Butterworth R.F. Thiamin. In: Shils M.E., Shike M., Ross A.C., et al. (Eds). Modern nutrition in health and disease. 10th edition (2006), Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore (MD) 426-433
225. Bettendorff L. Thiamine in excitable tissues: reflections on a non-cofactor role. Metab Brain Dis 9 3 (1994) 183-209
226. Butterworth R.F. Effects of thiamine deficiency on brain metabolism: implications for the pathogenesis of the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Alcohol Alcohol 24 4 (1989) 271-279
227. Hazell A.S., Todd K.G., and Butterworth R.F. Mechanisms of neuronal cell death in Wernicke's encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 13 2 (1998) 97-122
228. Hazell A.S., Pannunzio P., Rama Rao K.V., et al. Thiamine deficiency results in downregulation of the GLAST glutamate transporter in cultured astrocytes. Glia 43 2 (2003) 175-184
229. Butterworth R.F., and Heroux M. Effect of pyrithiamine treatment and subsequent thiamine rehabilitation on regional cerebral amino acids and thiamine-dependent enzymes. J Neurochem 52 4 (1989) 1079-1084
230. Hakim A.M., and Pappius H.M. Sequence of metabolic, clinical, and histological events in experimental thiamine deficiency. Ann Neurol 13 4 (1983) 365-375
231. McEntee W.J. Wernicke's encephalopathy: an excitotoxicity hypothesis. Metab Brain Dis 12 3 (1997) 183-192
232. Todd K.G., and Butterworth R.F. Mechanisms of selective neuronal cell death due to thiamine deficiency. Ann N Y Acad Sci 893 (1999) 404-411
233. Todd K.G., Hazell A.S., and Butterworth R.F. Alcohol-thiamine interactions: an update on the pathogenesis of Wernicke encephalopathy. Addict Biol 4 3 (1999) 261-272
234. Doss A., Mahad D., and Romanowski C.A. Wernicke encephalopathy: unusual findings in nonalcoholic patients. J Comput Assist Tomogr 27 2 (2003) 235-240
235. Sechi G., and Serra A. Wernicke's encephalopathy: new clinical settings and recent advances in diagnosis and management. Lancet Neurol 6 5 (2007) 442-455
236. Thomson A.D., Cook C.C., Touquet R., et al. Royal College of Physicians L. The Royal College of Physicians report on alcohol: guidelines for managing Wernicke's encephalopathy in the accident and emergency department. [erratum appears in Alcohol Alcohol. 2003;38(3):291]. Alcohol Alcohol 37 6 (2002) 513-521
237. Lockman P.R., McAfee J.H., Geldenhuys W.J., et al. Cation transport specificity at the blood-brain barrier. Neurochem Res 29 12 (2004) 2245-2250
238. Schenker S., Henderson G.I., Hoyumpa Jr. A.M., et al. Hepatic and Wernicke's encephalopathies: current concepts of pathogenesis. Am J Clin Nutr 33 12 (1980) 2719-2726
239. Singleton C.K., and Martin P.R. Molecular mechanisms of thiamine utilization. Curr Mol Med 1 2 (2001) 197-207
240. Koguchi K., Nakatsuji Y., Abe K., et al. Wernicke's encephalopathy after glucose infusion. Neurology 62 3 (2004) 512
241. Sauberlich H.E., Herman Y.F., Stevens C.O., et al. Thiamin requirement of the adult human. Am J Clin Nutr 32 11 (1979) 2237-2248
242. Baughman Jr. F.A., and Papp J.P. Wernicke's encephalopathy with intravenous hyperalimentation: remarks on similarities between Wernicke's encephalopathy and the phosphate depletion syndrome. Mt Sinai J Med 43 1 (1976) 48-52
243. Nadel A.M., and Burger P.C. Wernicke encephalopathy following prolonged intravenous therapy. JAMA 235 22 (1976) 2403-2405
244. Kramer J., and Goodwin J.A. Wernicke's encephalopathy. Complication of intravenous hyperalimentation. JAMA 238 20 (1977) 2176-2177
245. Lonsdale D. Wernicke's encephalopathy and hyperalimentation. JAMA 239 12 (1978) 1133
246. Watson A.J., Walker J.F., Tomkin G.H., et al. Acute Wernickes encephalopathy precipitated by glucose loading. Ir J Med Sci 150 10 (1981) 301-303
247. Pentland B., and Mawdsley C. Wernicke's encephalopathy following 'hunger strike'. Postgrad Med J 58 681 (1982) 427-428
248. Francini-Pesenti F., Brocadello F., Famengo S., et al. Wernicke's encephalopathy during parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 31 1 (2007) 69-71
249. Messina G., Quartarone E., Console G., et al. Wernicke's encephalopathy after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Tumori 93 2 (2007) 207-209
250. Drenick E.J., Joven C.B., and Swendseid M.E. Occurrence of acute Wernicke's encephalopathy during prolonged starvation for the treatment of obesity. N Engl J Med 274 17 (1966) 937-939
251. Shikata E., Mizutani T., Kokubun Y., et al. 'Iatrogenic' Wernicke's encephalopathy in Japan. Eur Neurol 44 3 (2000) 156-161
252. Reuler J.B., Girard D.E., and Cooney T.G. Current concepts. Wernicke's encephalopathy. N Engl J Med 312 16 (1985) 1035-1039
253. Thomson A.D. Mechanisms of vitamin deficiency in chronic alcohol misusers and the development of the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Alcohol Alcohol Suppl 35 1 (2000) 2-7
254. Blass J.P., and Gibson G.E. Abnormality of a thiamine-requiring enzyme in patients with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. N Engl J Med 297 25 (1977) 1367-1370
255. Blass J.P., and Gibson G.E. Genetic factors in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 3 2 (1979) 126-134
256. Leigh D., McBurney A., and McIlwain H. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in monozygotic twins: a biochemical peculiarity. Br J Psychiatry 139 (1981) 156-159
257. Merkin-Zaborsky H., Ifergane G., Frisher S., et al. Thiamine-responsive acute neurological disorders in nonalcoholic patients. Eur Neurol 45 1 (2001) 34-37
258. Sechi G., Serra A., Pirastru M.I., et al. Wernicke's encephalopathy in a woman on slimming diet. Neurology 58 11 (2002) 1697-1698
259. Fattal-Valevski A., Kesler A., Sela B.A., et al. Outbreak of life-threatening thiamine deficiency in infants in Israel caused by a defective soy-based formula. Pediatrics 115 2 (2005) e233-e238
260. Hilker D.M., and Somogyi J.C. Antithiamins of plant origin: their chemical nature and mode of action. Ann N Y Acad Sci 378 (1982) 137-145
261. Vimokesant S.L., Hilker D.M., Nakornchai S., et al. Effects of betel nut and fermented fish on the thiamin status of northeastern Thais. Am J Clin Nutr 28 12 (1975) 1458-1463
262. Murata K., Yamaoka M., and Ichikawa A. Reactivation mechanisms of thiamine with thermostable factors. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 22 Suppl (1976) 7-12
263. Hilker D.M., and Clifford A.J. Thiamin analysis and separation of thiamin phosphate esters by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 231 2 (1982) 433-438
264. Singh M., Thompson M., Sullivan N., et al. Thiamine deficiency in dogs due to the feeding of sulphite preserved meat. Aust Vet J 83 7 (2005) 412-417
265. Pearce J.M.S. Wernicke-Korsakoff encephalopathy. Eur Neurol 59 1-2 (2008) 101-104
266. Donnino M.W., Vega J., Miller J., et al. Myths and misconceptions of Wernicke's encephalopathy: what every emergency physician should know. Ann Emerg Med 50 6 (2007) 715-721
267. Homewood J., and Bond N.W. Thiamin deficiency and Korsakoff's syndrome: failure to find memory impairments following nonalcoholic Wernicke's encephalopathy. Alcohol 19 1 (1999) 75-84
268. Ohnishi A., Tsuji S., Igisu H., et al. Beriberi neuropathy. Morphometric study of sural nerve. J Neurol Sci 45 2-3 (1980) 177-190
269. Koike H., Misu K., Hattori N., et al. Postgastrectomy polyneuropathy with thiamine deficiency. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 71 3 (2001) 357-362
270. Aguiar A.C., Costa V.M., Ragazzo P.C., et al. Mielinolise pontina e extra-pontina associada a Shoshin beriberi em paciente etilista. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 62 3A (2004) 733-736
271. Gollobin C., and Marcus W.Y. Bariatric beriberi. Obes Surg 12 3 (2002) 309-311
272. Harper C. The incidence of Wernicke's encephalopathy in Australia-a neuropathological study of 131 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 46 7 (1983) 593-598
273. Harper C.G., Giles M., and Finlay-Jones R. Clinical signs in the Wernicke-Korsakoff complex: a retrospective analysis of 131 cases diagnosed at necropsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 49 4 (1986) 341-345
274. Caine D., Halliday G.M., Kril J.J., et al. Operational criteria for the classification of chronic alcoholics: identification of Wernicke's encephalopathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 62 1 (1997) 51-60
275. Torvik A., Lindboe C.F., and Rogde S. Brain lesions in alcoholics. A neuropathological study with clinical correlations. J Neurol Sci 56 2-3 (1982) 233-248
276. Vasconcelos M.M., Silva K.P., Vidal G., et al. Early diagnosis of pediatric Wernicke's encephalopathy. Pediatr Neurol 20 4 (1999) 289-294
277. Mumford C.J. Papilloedema delaying diagnosis of Wernicke's encephalopathy in a comatose patient. Postgrad Med J 65 764 (1989) 371-373
278. Majolino I., Caponetto A., Scime R., et al. Wernicke-like encephalopathy after autologous bone marrow transplantation. Haematologica 75 3 (1990) 282-284
279. Ming X., Wang M.M., Zee D., et al. Wernicke's encephalopathy in a child with prolonged vomiting. J Child Neurol 13 4 (1998) 187-189
280. Kulkarni S., Lee A.G., Holstein S.A., et al. You are what you eat. Surv Ophthalmol 50 4 (2005) 389-393
281. Cooke C.A., Hicks E., Page A.B., et al. An atypical presentation of Wernicke's encephalopathy in an 11-year-old child. Eye 20 12 (2006) 1418-1420
282. Longmuir R., Lee A.G., and Rouleau J. Visual loss due to Wernicke syndrome following gastric bypass. Semin Ophthalmol 22 1 (2007) 13-19
283. Surges R., Beck S., Niesen W.D., et al. Sudden bilateral blindness in Wernicke's encephalopathy: case report and review of the literature. J Neurol Sci 260 1-2 (2007) 261-264
284. Tellez I., and Terry R.D. Fine structure of the early changes in the vestibular nuclei of the thiamine-deficient rat. Am J Pathol 52 4 (1968) 777-794
285. Ghez C. Vestibular paresis: a clinical feature of Wernicke's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 32 2 (1969) 134-139
286. Choi K.D., Oh S.Y., Kim H.J., et al. The vestibulo-ocular reflexes during head impulse in Wernicke's encephalopathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 78 10 (2007) 1161-1162
287. Ishibashi S., Yokota T., Shiojiri T., et al. Reversible acute axonal polyneuropathy associated with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: impaired physiological nerve conduction due to thiamine deficiency?. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 74 5 (2003) 674-676
288. Wallis W.E., Willoughby E., and Baker P. Coma in the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Lancet 2 8086 (1978) 400-401
289. Donnan G.A., and Seeman E. Coma and hypothermia in Wernicke's encephalopathy. Aust N Z J Med 10 4 (1980) 438-439
290. Kearsley J.H., and Musso A.F. Hypothermia and coma in the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Med J Aust 2 9 (1980) 504-506
291. Butterworth R.F., Gaudreau C., Vincelette J., et al. Thiamine deficiency and Wernicke's encephalopathy in AIDS. Metab Brain Dis 6 4 (1991) 207-212
292. Onishi H., Kawanishi C., Onose M., et al. Successful treatment of Wernicke encephalopathy in terminally ill cancer patients: report of 3 cases and review of the literature. Support Care Cancer 12 8 (2004) 604-608
293. Jiang W., Gagliardi J.P., Raj Y.P., et al. Acute psychotic disorder after gastric bypass surgery: differential diagnosis and treatment. Am J Psychiatry 163 1 (2006) 15-19
294. Worden R.W., and Allen H.M. Wernicke's encephalopathy after gastric bypass that masqueraded as acute psychosis: a case report. Curr Surg 63 2 (2006) 114-116
295. Birchfield R.I. Postural hypotension in Wernicke's disease. A manifestation of autonomic nervous system involvement. Am J Med 36 (1964) 404-414
296. Koeppen A.H., Daniels J.C., and Barron K.D. Subnormal body temperatures in Wernicke's encephalopathy. Arch Neurol 21 5 (1969) 493-498
297. Ackerman W.J. Stupor, bradycardia, hypotension and hypothermia. A presentation of Wernicke's encephalopathy with rapid response to thiamine. West J Med 121 5 (1974) 428-429
298. Lipton J.M., Payne H., Garza H.R., et al. Thermolability in Wernicke's encephalopathy. Arch Neurol 35 11 (1978) 750-753
299. Harper C. Wernicke's encephalopathy: a more common disease than realised. A neuropathological study of 51 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 42 3 (1979) 226-231
300. Sechi G.P., Bosincu L., Cossu R.P., et al. Hyperthermia, choreic dyskinesias and increased motor tone in Wernicke's encephalopathy. Eur J Neurol 3 Suppl 5 (1996) 133
301. Kinoshita Y., Inoue Y., Tsuru E., et al. [Unusual MR findings of Wernicke encephalopathy with cortical involvement]. No To Shinkei 53 1 (2001) 65-68 [in Japanese]
302. Truedsson M., Ohlsson B., and Sjoberg K. Wernicke's encephalopathy presenting with severe dysphagia: a case report. Alcohol Alcohol 37 3 (2002) 295-296
303. Foster D., Falah M., Kadom N., et al. Wernicke encephalopathy after bariatric surgery: losing more than just weight. Neurology 65 12 (2005) 1987 [discussion: 1847]
304. Buscaglia J., and Faris J. Unsteady, unfocused, and unable to hear. Am J Med 118 11 (2005) 1215-1217
305. Flint A.C., Anziska Y., Rausch M.E., et al. A clinical and radiographic variant of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in a nonalcoholic patient. Neurology 67 11 (2006) 2015
306. Singh S., and Kumar A. Wernicke encephalopathy after obesity surgery. Neurology 68 (2007) 807-811
307. Nasrallah K.M., and Mitsias P.D. Orthostatic tremor due to thiamine deficiency. Mov Disord 22 3 (2007) 440-441
308. Flabeau O., Foubert-Samier A., Meissner W., et al. Hearing and seeing: unusual early signs of Wernicke encephalopathy. Neurology 71 9 (2008) 694
309. Karaiskos I., Katsarolis I., and Stefanis L. Severe dysphagia as the presenting symptom of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in a non-alcoholic man. Neurol Sci 29 1 (2008) 45-46
310. Sedel F., Challe G., Mayer J.M., et al. Thiamine responsive pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency in an adult with peripheral neuropathy and optic neuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 79 7 (2008) 846-847
311. Kurtoglu S., Hatipoglu N., Keskin M., et al. Thiamine withdrawal can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis in thiamine responsive megaloblastic anemia: report of two siblings. J Pediatr Endocrinol 21 4 (2008) 393-397
312. Cook C.C., Hallwood P.M., and Thomson A.D. B vitamin deficiency and neuropsychiatric syndromes in alcohol misuse. Alcohol Alcohol 33 4 (1998) 317-336
313. Mair W.G., Warrington E.K., and Weiskrantz L. Memory disorder in Korsakoff's psychosis: a neuropathological and neuropsychological investigation of two cases. Brain 102 4 (1979) 749-783
314. Victor M. Deficiency diseases of the nervous system secondary to alcoholism. Postgrad Med 50 3 (1971) 75-79
315. McEntee W.J., Mair R.G., and Langlais P.J. Neurochemical pathology in Korsakoff's psychosis: implications for other cognitive disorders. Neurology 34 5 (1984) 648-652
316. Kopelman M.D. The Korsakoff syndrome. Br J Psychiatry 166 2 (1995) 154-173
317. Fama R., Pfefferbaum A., and Sullivan E.V. Visuoperceptual learning in alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 30 4 (2006) 680-687
318. Blansjaar B.A., and Van Dijk J.G. Korsakoff minus Wernicke syndrome. Alcohol Alcohol 27 4 (1992) 435-437
319. Toth C., Voll C., and Macaulay R. Primary CNS lymphoma as a cause of Korsakoff syndrome. Surg Neurol 57 1 (2002) 41-45
320. Yoneoka Y., Takeda N., Inoue A., et al. Acute Korsakoff syndrome following mammillothalamic tract infarction. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 25 6 (2004) 964-968
321. Brokate B., Hildebrandt H., Eling P., et al. Frontal lobe dysfunctions in Korsakoff's syndrome and chronic alcoholism: continuity or discontinuity?. Neuropsychology 17 3 (2003) 420-428
322. Kim E., Ku J., Namkoong K., et al. Mammillothalamic functional connectivity and memory function in Wernicke's encephalopathy. Brain 132 Pt 2 (2009) 369-376
323. Rindi G., Patrini C., Comincioli V., et al. Thiamine content and turnover rates of some rat nervous regions, using labeled thiamine as a tracer. Brain Res 181 2 (1980) 369-380
324. Kril J.J. Neuropathology of thiamine deficiency disorders. Metab Brain Dis 11 1 (1996) 9-17
325. Wright H. Changes in neuronal centers in beriberi neuritis. Br Med J 1 (1901) 1610-1616
326. Dreyfus P.M. Thiamine and the nervous system: an overview. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 22 Suppl (1976) 13-16
327. Talwar D., Davidson H., Cooney J., et al. Vitamin B(1) status assessed by direct measurement of thiamin pyrophosphate in erythrocytes or whole blood by HPLC: comparison with erythrocyte transketolase activation assay. Clin Chem 46 5 (2000) 704-710
328. Mancinelli R., Ceccanti M., Guiducci M.S., et al. Simultaneous liquid chromatographic assessment of thiamine, thiamine monophosphate and thiamine diphosphate in human erythrocytes: a study on alcoholics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 789 2 (2003) 355-363
329. Lu J., and Frank E.L. Rapid HPLC measurement of thiamine and its phosphate esters in whole blood. Clin Chem 54 5 (2008) 901-906
330. Donnino M.W., Miller J., Garcia A.J., et al. Distinctive acid-base pattern in Wernicke's encephalopathy. Ann Emerg Med 50 6 (2007) 722-725
331. Antunez E., Estruch R., Cardenal C., et al. Usefulness of CT and MR imaging in the diagnosis of acute Wernicke's encephalopathy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 171 4 (1998) 1131-1137
332. Gallucci M., Bozzao A., Splendiani A., et al. Wernicke encephalopathy: MR findings in five patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 155 6 (1990) 1309-1314
333. Victor M. MR in the diagnosis of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. AJR Am J Roentgenol 155 6 (1990) 1315-1316
334. Maeda M., Tsuchida C., Handa Y., et al. Fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) imaging in acute Wernicke encephalopathy. Radiat Med 13 6 (1995) 311-313
335. Suzuki S., Ichijo M., Fujii H., et al. Acute Wernicke's encephalopathy: comparison of magnetic resonance images and autopsy findings. Intern Med 35 10 (1996) 831-834
336. D'Aprile P., Tarantino A., Santoro N., et al. Wernicke's encephalopathy induced by total parenteral nutrition in patient with acute leukaemia: unusual involvement of caudate nuclei and cerebral cortex on MRI. Neuroradiology 42 10 (2000) 781-783
337. Shin R.K., Galetta S.L., and Imbesi S.G. Wernicke encephalopathy. Arch Neurol 57 3 (2000) 405
338. Bergui M., Bradac G.B., Zhong J.J., et al. Diffusion-weighted MR in reversible Wernicke encephalopathy. Neuroradiology 43 11 (2001) 969-972
339. Doherty M.J., Watson N.F., Uchino K., et al. Diffusion abnormalities in patients with Wernicke encephalopathy. Neurology 58 4 (2002) 655-657
340. Weidauer S., Nichtweiss M., Lanfermann H., et al. Wernicke encephalopathy: MR findings and clinical presentation. Eur Radiol 13 5 (2003) 1001-1009
341. Ueda Y., Utsunomiya H., Fujii A., et al. [Wernicke encephalopathy in a chronic peritoneal dialysis patient-correlation between diffusion MR and pathological findings]. No To Hattatsu 39 3 (2007) 210-213 [in Japanese]
342. Roh J.H., Kim J.H., Koo Y., et al. Teaching NeuroImage: diverse MRI signal intensities with Wernicke encephalopathy. Neurology 70 15 (2008) e48
343. Zuccoli G., and Motti L. Atypical Wernicke's encephalopathy showing lesions in the cranial nerve nuclei and cerebellum. J Neuroimaging 18 2 (2008) 194-197
344. Yamashita M., and Yamamoto T. Wernicke encephalopathy with symmetric pericentral involvement: MR findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr 19 2 (1995) 306-308
345. Fei G.Q., Zhong C., Jin L., et al. Clinical characteristics and MR imaging features of nonalcoholic Wernicke encephalopathy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 29 1 (2008) 164-169
346. Schroth G., Wichmann W., and Valavanis A. Blood-brain-barrier disruption in acute Wernicke encephalopathy: MR findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr 15 6 (1991) 1059-1061
347. Shogry M.E., and Curnes J.T. Mamillary body enhancement on MR as the only sign of acute Wernicke encephalopathy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 15 1 (1994) 172-174
348. Mascalchi M., Simonelli P., Tessa C., et al. Do acute lesions of Wernicke's encephalopathy show contrast enhancement? Report of three cases and review of the literature. Neuroradiology 41 4 (1999) 249-254
349. Kaineg B., and Hudgins P.A. Images in clinical medicine. Wernicke's encephalopathy. N Engl J Med 352 19 (2005) e18
350. Opdenakker G., Gelin G., De Surgeloose D., et al. Wernicke encephalopathy: MR findings in two patients. Eur Radiol 9 8 (1999) 1620-1624
351. Charness M.E., and DeLaPaz R.L. Mamillary body atrophy in Wernicke's encephalopathy: antemortem identification using magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Neurol 22 5 (1987) 595-600
352. Yokote K., Miyagi K., Kuzuhara S., et al. Wernicke encephalopathy: follow-up study by CT and MR. J Comput Assist Tomogr 15 5 (1991) 835-838
353. Tajima Y., Yoshida A., and Ura S. [Diffusion weighted MR imaging of Wernicke encephalopathy]. No To Shinkei 52 9 (2000) 840-841 [in Japanese]
354. Oka M., Terae S., Kobayashi R., et al. Diffusion-weighted MR findings in a reversible case of acute Wernicke encephalopathy. Acta Neurol Scand 104 3 (2001) 178-181
355. Chu K., Kang D.W., Kim H.J., et al. Diffusion-weighted imaging abnormalities in Wernicke encephalopathy: reversible cytotoxic edema?. Arch Neurol 59 1 (2002) 123-127
356. Hong K.S., Kang D.W., Cho Y.J., et al. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in Wernicke's encephalopathy. Acta Neurol Scand 105 2 (2002) 132-134
357. Chung T.I., Kim J.S., Park S.K., et al. Diffusion weighted MR imaging of acute Wernicke's encephalopathy. Eur J Radiol 45 3 (2003) 256-258
358. Rugilo C.A., Roca M.C., Zurru M.C., et al. Diffusion abnormalities and Wernicke encephalopathy. Neurology 60 4 (2003) 727-728 [author reply 727-8]
359. Johkura K., and Naito M. Wernicke's encephalopathy-like lesions in global cerebral hypoxia. J Clin Neurosci 15 3 (2008) 318-319
360. Thomson A.D., and Marshall E.J. The treatment of patients at risk of developing Wernicke's encephalopathy in the community. Alcohol Alcohol 41 2 (2006) 159-167
361. Cole M., Turner A., Frank O., et al. Extraocular palsy and thiamine therapy in Wernicke's encephalopathy. Am J Clin Nutr 22 1 (1969) 44-51
362. Salas-Salvado J., Garcia-Lorda P., Cuatrecasas G., et al. Wernicke's syndrome after bariatric surgery. Clin Nutr 19 5 (2000) 371-373
363. Lindberg M.C., and Oyler R.A. Wernicke's encephalopathy. Am Fam Physician 41 4 (1990) 1205-1209
364. Fried R.T., Levy M., Leibowitz A.B., et al. Wernicke's encephalopathy in the intensive care patient. Crit Care Med 18 7 (1990) 779-780
365. Bourgeois C., Cervantes-Laurean D., and Moss J. Niacin. In: Shils M.E., Shike M., Ross A.C., et al. (Eds). Modern nutrition in health and disease. 10th edition (2006), Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore (MD) 442-451
366. Serdaru M., Hausser-Hauw C., Laplane D., et al. The clinical spectrum of alcoholic pellagra encephalopathy. A retrospective analysis of 22 cases studied pathologically. Brain 111 Pt 4 (1988) 829-842
367. Said H.M., Ortiz A., and Ma T.Y. A carrier-mediated mechanism for pyridoxine uptake by human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells: regulation by a PKA-mediated pathway. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 285 5 (2003) C1219-C1225
368. Bhagavan H.N., and Brin M. Drug-vitamin B6 interaction. Curr Concepts Nutr 12 (1983) 1-12
369. Vilter R.W., and Mueller J.F. Glazer HSea. The effect of vitamin B6 deficiency induced by desoxypyridoxine in human beings. J Lab Clin Med 42 (1953) 335-357
370. Lumeng L. The role of acetaldehyde in mediating the deleterious effect of ethanol on pyridoxal 5′-phosphate metabolism. J Clin Invest 62 2 (1978) 286-293
371. Mackey A.D., Davis S.R., and Gregory J.F.I. Vitamin B6. In: Shils M.E., Shike M., Ross A.C., et al. (Eds). Modern nutrition in health and disease. 10th edition (2006), Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore (MD) 452-461
372. Plecko B., Paul K., Paschke E., et al. Biochemical and molecular characterization of 18 patients with pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy and mutations of the antiquitin (ALDH7A1) gene. Hum Mutat 28 1 (2007) 19-26
373. Goldman A.L., and Braman S.S. Isoniazid: a review with emphasis on adverse effects. Chest 62 1 (1972) 71-77
374. Victor M., and Adams R.D. The neuropathology of experimental vitamin B6 deficiency in monkeys. Am J Clin Nutr 4 (1956) 346-353
375. Mason D.Y., and Emerson P.M. Primary acquired sideroblastic anaemia: response to treatment with pyridoxal-5-phosphate. Br Med J 1 5850 (1973) 389-390
376. Schaumburg H., Kaplan J., Windebank A., et al. Sensory neuropathy from pyridoxine abuse. A new megavitamin syndrome. N Engl J Med 309 8 (1983) 445-448
377. Parry G.J., and Bredesen D.E. Sensory neuropathy with low-dose pyridoxine. Neurology 35 10 (1985) 1466-1468
378. de Lau L.M., Koudstaal P.J., Witteman J.C., et al. Dietary folate, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6 and the risk of Parkinson disease. Neurology 67 2 (2006) 315-318
379. Leklem J.E. Vitamin B-6: a status report. J Nutr 120 Suppl 11 (1990) 1503-1507
380. Okada H., Moriwaki K., Kanno Y., et al. Vitamin B6 supplementation can improve peripheral polyneuropathy in patients with chronic renal failure on high-flux haemadialysis and human recombinant erythropoietin. Nephrol Dial Transplant 15 9 (2000) 1410-1413
381. Keating J.P., and Feigin R.D. Increased intracranial pressure associated with probable vitamin A deficiency in cystic fibrosis. Pediatrics 46 1 (1970) 41-46
382. Russell J.A. Osteomalacic myopathy. Muscle Nerve 17 6 (1994) 578-580
383. Gloth III F.M., Lindsay J.M., Zelesnick L.B., et al. Can vitamin D deficiency produce an unusual pain syndrome?. Arch Intern Med 151 8 (1991) 1662-1664
384. Plotnikoff G.A., and Quigley J.M. Prevalence of severe hypovitaminosis D in patients with persistent, nonspecific musculoskeletal pain. Mayo Clin Proc 78 12 (2003) 1463-1470
385. Mouyis M., Ostor A.J., Crisp A.J., et al. Hypovitaminosis D among rheumatology outpatients in clinical practice. Rheumatology (Oxford) 47 9 (2008) 1348-1351
386. Warner A.E., and Arnspiger S.A. Diffuse musculoskeletal pain is not associated with low vitamin D levels or improved by treatment with vitamin D. J Clin Rheumatol 14 1 (2008) 12-16
387. Munger K.L., Zhang S.M., O'Reilly E., et al. Vitamin D intake and incidence of multiple sclerosis. Neurology 62 1 (2004) 60-65
388. Munger K.L., Levin L.I., Hollis B.W., et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis. JAMA 296 23 (2006) 2832-2838
389. Torkildsen O., Knappskog P.M., Nyland H.I., et al. Vitamin D-dependent rickets as a possible risk factor for multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 65 6 (2008) 809-811
390. Kragt J., van Amerongen B., Killestein J., et al. Higher levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D are associated with a lower incidence of multiple sclerosis only in women. Mult Scler 15 1 (2009) 9-15
391. Derex L., and Trouillas P. Reversible parkinsonism, hypophosphoremia, and hypocalcemia under vitamin D therapy. Mov Disord 12 4 (1997) 612-613
392. Seamans K.M., and Cashman K.D. Existing and potentially novel functional markers of vitamin D status: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 89 6 (2009) 1997S-2008S
393. Brolin R.E. Bariatric surgery and long-term control of morbid obesity. JAMA 288 22 (2002) 2793-2796
394. Buchwald H., and Buchwald J.N. Evolution of operative procedures for the management of morbid obesity 1950-2000. Obes Surg 12 5 (2002) 705-717
395. Deitel M., and Shikora S.A. The development of the surgical treatment of morbid obesity. J Am Coll Nutr 21 5 (2002) 365-371
396. Livingston E.H. Obesity and its surgical management. Am J Surg 184 2 (2002) 103-113
397. Presutti R.J., Gorman R.S., and Swain J.M. Primary care perspective on bariatric surgery. Mayo Clin Proc 79 9 (2004) 1158-1166 [quiz 1166]
398. MacLean L.D., Rhode B.M., and Shizgal H.M. Nutrition following gastric operations for morbid obesity. Ann Surg 198 3 (1983) 347-355
399. Crowley L.V., and Olson R.W. Megaloblastic anemia after gastric bypass for obesity. Am J Gastroenterol 78 7 (1983) 406-410
400. Crowley L.V., Seay J., and Mullin G. Late effects of gastric bypass for obesity. Am J Gastroenterol 79 11 (1984) 850-860
401. Amaral J.F., Thompson W.R., Caldwell M.D., et al. Prospective hematologic evaluation of gastric exclusion surgery for morbid obesity. Ann Surg 201 2 (1985) 186-193
402. Halverson J.D. Micronutrient deficiencies after gastric bypass for morbid obesity. Am Surg 52 11 (1986) 594-598
403. Provenzale D., Reinhold R.B., Golner B., et al. Evidence for diminished B12 absorption after gastric bypass: oral supplementation does not prevent low plasma B12 levels in bypass patients. J Am Coll Nutr 11 1 (1992) 29-35
404. Koffman B.M., Greenfield L.J., Ali I.I., et al. Neurologic complications after surgery for obesity. Muscle Nerve 33 2 (2006) 166-176
405. Abarbanel J.M., Berginer V.M., Osimani A., et al. Neurologic complications after gastric restriction surgery for morbid obesity. Neurology 37 2 (1987) 196-200
406. Shimomura T., Mori E., Hirono N., et al. Development of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome after long intervals following gastrectomy. Arch Neurol 55 9 (1998) 1242-1245
407. Chaves L.C., Faintuch J., Kahwage S., et al. A cluster of polyneuropathy and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in a bariatric unit. Obes Surg 12 3 (2002) 328-334
408. Sola E., Morillas C., Garzon S., et al. Rapid onset of Wernicke's encephalopathy following gastric restrictive surgery. Obes Surg 13 4 (2003) 661-662
409. Berger J.R. The neurological complications of bariatric surgery. Arch Neurol 61 8 (2004) 1185-1189
410. Sanchez-Crespo N.E., and Parker M. Wernicke's encephalopathy: a tragic complication of gastric bypass. J Hosp Med 1 Suppl 2 (2006) 72
411. Al-Fahad T., Ismael A., Soliman M.O., et al. Very early onset of Wernicke's encephalopathy after gastric bypass. Obes Surg 16 5 (2006) 671-672
412. Lakhani S.V., Shah H.N., Alexander K., et al. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and thiamine deficiency after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery in obese patients. Nutr Res 28 5 (2008) 293-298
413. Carrodeguas L., Kaidar-Person O., Szomstein S., et al. Preoperative thiamine deficiency in obese population undergoing laparoscopic bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis 1 6 (2005) 517-522 [discussion: 522]
414. Flancbaum L., Belsley S., Drake V., et al. Preoperative nutritional status of patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity. J Gastrointest Surg 10 7 (2006) 1033-1037
415. Banerji N.K., and Hurwitz L.J. Nervous system manifestations after gastric surgery. Acta Neurol Scand 47 4 (1971) 485-513
416. Marinella M.A. Ophthalmoplegia: an unusual manifestation of hypocalcemia. Am J Emerg Med 17 1 (1999) 105-106
417. Alvarez-Leite J.I. Nutrient deficiencies secondary to bariatric surgery. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 7 5 (2004) 569-575
418. Marinella M.A. Anemia following Roux-en-Y surgery for morbid obesity: a review. Southampt Med J 101 10 (2008) 1024-1031
419. Hayton B.A., Broome H.E., and Lilenbaum R.C. Copper deficiency-induced anemia and neutropenia secondary to intestinal malabsorption. Am J Hematol 48 1 (1995) 45-47
420. Feit H., Glasberg M., Ireton C., et al. Peripheral neuropathy and starvation after gastric partitioning for morbid obesity. Ann Intern Med 96 4 (1982) 453-455
421. Paulson G.W., Martin E.W., Mojzisik C., et al. Neurologic complications of gastric partitioning. Arch Neurol 42 7 (1985) 675-677
422. Dahlquist N.R., Perrault J., Callaway C.W., et al. D-Lactic acidosis and encephalopathy after jejunoileostomy: response to overfeeding and to fasting in humans. Mayo Clin Proc 59 3 (1984) 141-145
423. Hu W.T., Kantarci O.H., Merritt II J.L., et al. Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency presenting as encephalopathy during adulthood following bariatric surgery. Arch Neurol 64 1 (2007) 126-128
424. Banerji N.K. Acute polyneuritis cranialis with total external ophthalmoplegia and areflexia. Ulster Med J 40 1 (1971) 14-16
425. Hoffman P.M., and Brody J.A. Neurological disorders in patients following surgery for peptic ulcer. Neurology 22 (1972) 450
426. Thaisetthawatkul P., Collazo-Clavell M.L., Sarr M.G., et al. A controlled study of peripheral neuropathy after bariatric surgery. Neurology 63 8 (2004) 1462-1470
427. Chang C.G., Adams-Huet B., and Provost D.A. Acute post-gastric reduction surgery (APGARS) neuropathy. Obes Surg 14 (2004) 182-189
428. Chang C.G., Helling T.S., Black W.E., et al. Weakness after gastric bypass. Obes Surg 12 4 (2002) 592-597
429. Choi J.Y., and Scarborough T.K. Stroke and seizure following a recent laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Obes Surg 14 6 (2004) 857-860
430. Brolin R.E. Gastric bypass. Surg Clin North Am 81 5 (2001) 1077-1095
431. Mason M.E., Jalagani H., and Vinik A.I. Metabolic complications of bariatric surgery: diagnosis and management issues. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 34 1 (2005) 25-33
432. Brolin R.E., Gorman R.C., Milgrim L.M., et al. Multivitamin prophylaxis in prevention of post-gastric bypass vitamin and mineral deficiencies. Int J Obes 15 10 (1991) 661-667
433. D'Amour M.L., and Butterworth R.F. Pathogenesis of alcoholic peripheral neuropathy: direct effect of ethanol or nutritional deficit?. Metab Brain Dis 9 2 (1994) 133-142
434. Behse F., and Buchthal F. Alcoholic neuropathy: clinical, electrophysiological, and biopsy findings. Ann Neurol 2 (1977) 95-110
435. Monforte R., Estruch R., Valls-Sole J., et al. Autonomic and peripheral neuropathies in patients with chronic alcoholism. A dose-related toxic effect of alcohol. Arch Neurol 52 1 (1995) 45-51
436. Koike H., Mori K., Misu K., et al. Painful alcoholic polyneuropathy with predominant small-fiber loss and normal thiamine status. Neurology 56 12 (2001) 1727-1732
437. Koike H., Iijima M., Sugiura M., et al. Alcoholic neuropathy is clinicopathologically distinct from thiamine-deficiency neuropathy. Ann Neurol 54 1 (2003) 19-29
438. Victor M., and Adams R.D. On the etiology of alcoholic neurologic disease with special reference to the role of nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 9 (1961) 379-397
439. Tabaraud F., Vallat J.M., Hugon J., et al. Acute or subacute alcoholic neuropathy mimicking Guillain-Barre syndrome. J Neurol Sci 97 2-3 (1990) 195-205
440. Johnson R.H., and Robinson B.J. Mortality in alcoholics with autonomic neuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 51 4 (1988) 476-480
441. Yokota O., Tsuchiya K., Terada S., et al. Alcoholic cerebellar degeneration: a clinicopathological study of six Japanese autopsy cases and proposed potential progression pattern in the cerebellar lesion. Neuropathology 27 2 (2007) 99-113
442. Maschke M., Weber J., Bonnet U., et al. Vermal atrophy of alcoholics correlate with serum thiamine levels but not with dentate iron concentrations as estimated by MRI. J Neurol 252 6 (2005) 704-711
443. Gilman S., Adams K., Koeppe R.A., et al. Cerebellar and frontal hypometabolism in alcoholic cerebellar degeneration studied with positron emission tomography. Ann Neurol 28 6 (1990) 775-785
444. Victor M. Tobacco-alcohol amblyopia. A critique of current concepts of this disorder, with special reference to the role of nutritional deficiency in its causation. Arch Ophthalmol 70 (1963) 313-318
445. Samples J.R., and Younge B.R. Tobacco-alcohol amblyopia. J Clin Neuroophthalmol 1 3 (1981) 213-218
446. Krumsiek J., Kruger C., and Patzold U. Tobacco-alcohol amblyopia neuro-ophthalmological findings and clinical course. Acta Neurol Scand 72 2 (1985) 180-187
447. Behbehani R., Sergott R.C., and Savino P.J. Tobacco-alcohol amblyopia: a maculopathy?. Br J Ophthalmol 89 11 (2005) 1543-1544
448. Heinrich A., Runge U., and Khaw A.V. Clinicoradiologic subtypes of Marchiafava-Bignami disease. J Neurol 251 9 (2004) 1050-1059
449. Raina S., Mahesh D.M., Mahajan J., et al. Marchiafava-Bignami disease. J Assoc Physicians India 56 (2008) 633-635
450. Helenius J., Tatlisumak T., Soinne L., et al. Marchiafava-Bignami disease: two cases with favourable outcome. Eur J Neurol 8 3 (2001) 269-272
451. Menegon P., Sibon I., Pachai C., et al. Marchiafava-Bignami disease: diffusion-weighted MRI in corpus callosum and cortical lesions. Neurology 65 3 (2005) 475-477
452. Roman G.C. An epidemic in Cuba of optic neuropathy, sensorineural deafness, peripheral sensory neuropathy and dorsolateral myeloneuropathy. J Neurol Sci 127 1 (1994) 11-28
453. Epidemic optic neuropathy in Cuba - clinical characterization and risk factors. TheCuba Neuropathy Field Investigation Team. N Engl J Med 333 (1995) 1176-1182
454. Roman G.C., Spencer P.S., and Schoenberg B.S. Tropical myeloneuropathies: the hidden endemias. Neurology 35 8 (1985) 1158-1170
455. Osuntokun B.O. An ataxic neuropathy in Nigeria. A clinical, biochemical and electrophysiological study. Brain 91 2 (1968) 215-248
456. Roman G.C., and Osame M. Identity of HTLV-I-associated tropical spastic paraparesis and HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. Lancet 1 8586 (1988) 651
457. Jacobson S., Lehky T., Nishimura M., et al. Isolation of HTLV-II from a patient with chronic, progressive neurological disease clinically indistinguishable from HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Ann Neurol 33 4 (1993) 392-396
458. Harrington Jr. W.J., Sheremata W., Hjelle B., et al. Spastic ataxia associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type II infection. Ann Neurol 33 4 (1993) 411-414
459. Misra U.K., Nag D., Husain M., et al. Endemic fluorosis presenting as cervical cord compression. Arch Environ Health 43 1 (1988) 18-21
460. Morgan J.P., and Penovich P. Jamaica ginger paralysis. Forty-seven-year follow-up. Arch Neurol 35 8 (1978) 530-532
461. Senanayake N., and Jeyaratnam J. Toxic polyneuropathy due to gingili oil contaminated with tri-cresyl phosphate affecting adolescent girls in Sri Lanka. Lancet 1 8211 (1981) 88-89
462. Senanayake N. Tri-cresyl phosphate neuropathy in Sri Lanka: a clinical and neurophysiological study with a three year follow up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 44 9 (1981) 775-780
463. Senanayake N., and Karalliedde L. Neurotoxic effects of organophosphorus insecticides. An intermediate syndrome. N Engl J Med 316 13 (1987) 761-763
464. Weiner M.L., and Jortner B.S. Organophosphate-induced delayed neurotoxicity of triarylphosphates. Neurotoxicology 20 4 (1999) 653-673
465. Lotti M., Becker C.E., and Aminoff M.J. Organophosphate polyneuropathy: pathogenesis and prevention. Neurology 34 5 (1984) 658-662
466. Jaga K., and Dharmani C. Sources of exposure to and public health implications of organophosphate pesticides. Rev Panam Salud Publica 14 3 (2003) 171-185
467. Spencer P.S., Roy D.N., Ludolph A., et al. Lathyrism: evidence for role of the neuroexcitatory aminoacid BOAA. Lancet 2 8515 (1986) 1066-1067
468. Ludolph A.C., Hugon J., Dwivedi M.P., et al. Studies on the aetiology and pathogenesis of motor neuron diseases. 1. Lathyrism: clinical findings in established cases. Brain 110 Pt 1 (1987) 149-165
469. Drory V.E., Rabey M.J., and Cohn D.F. Electrophysiologic features in patients with chronic neurolathyrism. Acta Neurol Scand 85 6 (1992) 401-403
470. Striefler M., Cohn D.F., Hirano A., et al. The central nervous system in a case of neurolathyrism. Neurology 27 12 (1977) 1176-1178
471. Getahun H., Lambein F., Vanhoorne M., et al. Food-aid cereals to reduce neurolathyrism related to grass-pea preparations during famine. Lancet 362 9398 (2003) 1808-1810
472. Spencer P.S., and Palmer V.S. Lathyrism: aqueous leaching reduces grass-pea neurotoxicity. Lancet 362 9398 (2003) 1775-1776
473. Howlett W.P., Brubaker G.R., Mlingi N., et al. Konzo, an epidemic upper motor neuron disease studied in Tanzania. Brain 113 Pt 1 (1990) 223-235
474. Tylleskar T., Banea M., Bikangi N., et al. Cassava cyanogens and konzo, an upper motoneuron disease found in Africa. [erratum appears in Lancet 1992;339(8790):440]. Lancet 339 8787 (1992) 208-211
475. Tylleskar T., Howlett W.P., Rwiza H.T., et al. Konzo: a distinct disease entity with selective upper motor neuron damage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 56 6 (1993) 638-643
476. Osuntokun B.O. Cassava diet, chronic cyanide intoxication and neuropathy in the Nigerian Africans. World Rev Nutr Diet 36 (1981) 141-173
477. Konagaya M., Matsumoto A., Takase S., et al. Clinical analysis of longstanding subacute myelo-optico-neuropathy: sequelae of clioquinol at 32 years after its ban. J Neurol Sci 218 1-2 (2004) 85-90
478. Baumgartner G., Gawel M.J., Kaeser H.E., et al. Neurotoxicity of halogenated hydroxyquinolines: clinical analysis of cases reported outside Japan. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 42 12 (1979) 1073-1083
479. Shibasaki H., Kakigi R., Ohnishi A., et al. Peripheral and central nerve conduction in subacute myelo-optico-neuropathy. Neurology 32 10 (1982) 1186-1189
480. Konno H., Takase S., and Fukui T. Neuropathology of longstanding subacute myelo-optico-neuropathy (SMON): an autopsy case of SMON with duration of 28 years. No To Shinkei 53 9 (2001) 875-880
481. Shiraki H. The neuropathology of subacute myelo-optico-neuropathy, "SMON", in the humans: -with special reference to the quinoform intoxication. Jpn J Med Sci Biol 28 Suppl (1975) 101-164
482. Muller O., and Krawinkel M. Malnutrition and health in developing countries. CMAJ 173 3 (2005) 279-286
483. Garruto R.M., Yanagihara R., and Gajdusek D.C. Disappearance of high-incidence amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-dementia on Guam. Neurology 35 2 (1985) 193-198
484. McGeer P.L., Schwab C., McGeer E.G., et al. Familial nature and continuing morbidity of the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-parkinsonism dementia complex of Guam. Neurology 49 2 (1997) 400-409
485. Borenstein A.R., Mortimer J.A., Schofield E., et al. Cycad exposure and risk of dementia, MCI, and PDC in the Chamorro population of Guam. Neurology 68 21 (2007) 1764-1771
486. Steele J.C., and McGeer P.L. The ALS/PDC syndrome of Guam and the cycad hypothesis. Neurology 70 21 (2008) 1984-1990