An elevation of triglycerides reflecting decreased triglyceride clearance may not be pathogenic - Relevance to high-carbohydrate diets

Medical Hypotheses

Volumn 63, Issue 6, 2004, Pages 1065-1073

  McCarty, Mark F ^a,b  

^a Pantox Laboratories   (United States)

^b NutriGuard Research   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

APOLIPOPROTEIN A1; FISH OIL; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN;

BODY WEIGHT; CARBOHYDRATE DIET; CARBOHYDRATE INTAKE; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; ENDOTHELIUM; ENZYME ACTIVITY; EXERCISE; FOOD INTAKE; GENETICS; GLYCEMIC INDEX; HUMAN; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; LIPOPROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; LOW FAT DIET; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SOCIETY; TRAINING; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

EID: 7044262837     PISSN: 03069877     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2002.11.002     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. Parks E.J., Hellerstein M.K. Carbohydrate-induced hypertriacylglycerolemia: historical perspective and review of biological mechanisms. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71:2000;412-433
2. Krauss R.M. Dietary and genetic effects on low-density lipoprotein heterogeneity. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 21:1902;283-295
3. Reaven G.M. Do high carbohydrate diets prevent the development or attenuate the manifestations (or both) of syndrome X? A viewpoint strongly against. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 8:1997;23-27
4. Jeppesen J., Schaaf P., Jones C., Zhou M.Y., Chen Y.D., Reaven G.M. Effects of low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets on risk factors for ischemic heart disease in postmenopausal women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 65:1997;1027-1033
5. Abbasi F., McLaughlin T., Lamendola C., Kim H.S., Tanaka A., Wang T., et al. High carbohydrate diets, triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, and coronary heart disease risk. Am. J. Cardiol. 85:2000;45-48
6. Taubes G. Nutrition. The soft science of dietary fat. Science. 291:2001;2536-2545
7. Parks E.J., Krauss R.M., Christiansen M.P., Neese R.A., Hellerstein M.K. Effects of a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet on VLDL-triglyceride assembly, production, and clearance. J. Clin. Invest. 104:1999;1087-1096
8. Lithell H., Jacobs I., Vessby B., Hellsing K., Karlsson J. Decrease of lipoprotein lipase activity in skeletal muscle in man during a short-term carbohydrate-rich dietary regime. With special reference to HDL-cholesterol, apolipoprotein and insulin concentrations. Metabolism. 31:1982;994-998
9. Lithell H., Karlstrom B., Selinus I., Vessby B., Fellstrom B. Is muscle lipoprotein lipase inactivated by ordinary amounts of dietary carbohydrates? Hum. Nutr. Clin. Nutr. 39:1985;289-295
10. Farese R.V.J., Yost T.J., Eckel R.H. Tissue-specific regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity by insulin/glucose in normal-weight humans. Metabolism. 40:1991;214-216
11. Mostaza J.M., Vega G.L., Snell P., Grundy S.M. Abnormal metabolism of free fatty acids in hypertriglyceridaemic men: apparent insulin resistance of adipose tissue. J. Intern. Med. 243:1998;265-274
12. Frayn K.N. Adipose tissue and the insulin resistance syndrome. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 60:2001;375-380
13. Sniderman A.D., Cianflone K., Frayn K. The pathogenetic role of impaired fatty acid trapping by adipocytes in generating the pleiotropic features of hyperapoB. Diabetologia. 40(Suppl 2):1997;S152-S154
14. Festa A. Small, dense low density lipoprotein (LDL) and the insulin resistance syndrome (IRS). Clin. Lab. 47:1902;111-118
15. Steinberg H.O., Tarshoby M., Monestel R., Hook G., Cronin J., Johnson A., et al. Elevated circulating free fatty acid levels impair endothelium-dependent vasodilation. J. Clin. Invest. 100:1997;1230-1239
16. Steinberg H.O., Paradisi G., Hook G., Crowder K., Cronin J., Baron A.D. Free fatty acid elevation impairs insulin-mediated vasodilation and nitric oxide production. Diabetes. 49:2000;1231-1238
17. Davda R.K., Stepniakowski K.T., Lu G., Ullian M.E., Goodfriend T.L., Egan B.M. Oleic acid inhibits endothelial nitric oxide synthase by a protein kinase C-independent mechanism. Hypertension. 26:1995;764-770
18. Niu X.L., Liu L.Y., Hu M.L., Chen X. Some similarities in vascular effects of oleic acid and oxidized low-density lipoproteins on rabbit aorta. J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. 27:1995;531-539
19. Moers A., Schrezenmeir J. Palmitic acid but not stearic acid inhibits NO-production in endothelial cells. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes. 105(Suppl 2):1997;78-80
20. Inoguchi T., Li P., Umeda F., Yu H.Y., Kakimoto M., Imamura M., et al. High glucose level and free fatty acid stimulate reactive oxygen species production through protein kinase C-dependent activation of NAD (P)H oxidase in cultured vascular cells. Diabetes. 49:2000;1939-1945
21. Sniderman A.D. Apolipoprotein B and apolipoprotein Al as predictors of coronary artery disease. Can. J. Cardiol. 4(Suppl A):1988;24A-30A
22. Lamarche B., Tchernof A., Mauriege P., Cantin B., Dagenais G.R., Lupien P.J., et al. Fasting insulin and apolipoprotein B levels and low-density lipoprotein particle size as risk factors for ischemic heart disease [see comments]. JAMA. 279:1998;1955-1961
23. Walldius G., Jungner I., Holme I., Aastveit A.H., Kolar W., Steiner E. High apolipoprotein B, low apolipoprotein A-I, and improvement in the prediction of fatal myocardial infarction (AMORIS study): a prospective study. Lancet. 358:2001;2026-2033
24. Kashiwagi A., Shinozaki K., Nishio Y., Maegawa H., Maeno Y., Kanazawa A., et al. Endothelium-specific activation of NAD (P)H oxidase in aortas of exogenously hyperinsulinemic rats. Am. J. Physiol. 277:1999;E976-E983
25. Kashiwagi A., Shinozaki K., Nishio Y., Okamura T., Toda N., Kikkawa R. Free radical production in endothelial cells as a pathogenetic factor for vascular dysfunction in the insulin resistance state. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 45:1999;199-203
26. Jonkers I.J., van de Ree M.A., Smelt A.H., de Man F.H., Jansen H., Meinders A.E., et al. Insulin resistance but not hypertriglyceridemia per se is associated with endothelial dysfunction in chronic hypertriglyceridemia. Cardiovasc. Res. 53:2002;496-501
27. Chowienczyk P.J., Watts G.F., Wierzbicki A.S., Cockcroft J.R., Brett S.E., Ritter J.M. Preserved endothelial function in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia and low functional lipoprotein lipase activity. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 29:1997;964-968
28. Chowienczyk P.J., Watts G.F., Cockcroft J.R., Ritter J.M. Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation of forearm resistance vessels in hypercholesterolaemia. Lancet. 340:1992;1430-1432
29. Lewis T.V., Dart A.M., Chin-Dusting J.P. Endothelium-dependent relaxation by acetylcholine is impaired in hypertriglyceridemic humans with normal levels of plasma LDL cholesterol. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 33:1999;805-812
30. de Man F.H., Weverling-Rijnsburger A.W., van der Laarse A., Smelt A.H., Jukema J.W., Blauw G.J. Not acute but chronic hypertriglyceridemia is associated with impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation: reversal after lipid-lowering therapy by atorvastatin. Arterioscl. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 20:2000;744-750
31. Lundman P., Tornvall P., Nilsson L., Pernow J. A triglyceride-rich fat emulsion and free fatty acids but not very low density lipoproteins impair endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. Atherosclerosis. 159:2001;35-41
32. Hayashi T., Ishikawa T., Naito M., Kuzuya M., Funaki C., Asai K., et al. Low level hyperlipidemia impairs endothelium-dependent relaxation of porcine coronary arteries by two mechanisms. Functional change in endothelium and impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation by two mediators. Atherosclerosis. 87:1991;23-38
33. Lewis T.V., Dart A.M., Chin-Dusting J.P. Non-specific inhibition by human lipoproteins of endothelium dependent relaxation in rat aorta may be attributed to lipoprotein phospholipids. Cardiovasc. Res. 34:1997;590-596
34. Hokanson J.E., Austin M.A. Plasma triglyceride level is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease independent of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level: a meta-analysis of population-based prospective studies. J. Cardiovasc. Risk. 3:1996;213-219
35. Bessesen D.H. The role of carbohydrates in insulin resistance. J. Nutr. 131:2001;2782S-2786S
36. Anderson J.W., Ward K. High-carbohydrate, high-fiber diets for insulin-treated men with diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 32:1979;2312-2321
37. Kolterman O.G., Greenfield M., Reaven G.M., Saekow M., Olefsky J.M. Effect of a high carbohydrate diet on insulin binding to adipocytes and on insulin action in vivo in man. Diabetes. 28:1979;731-736
38. Fukagawa N.K., Anderson J.W., Hageman G., Young V.R., Minaker K.L. High-carbohydrate, high-fiber diets increase peripheral insulin sensitivity in healthy young and old adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 52:1990;524-528
39. Barnard R.J., Ugianskis E.J., Martin D.A., Inkeles S.B. Role of diet and exercise in the management of hyperinsulinemia and associated atherosclerotic risk factors. Am. J. Cardiol. 69:1992;440-444
40. Barnard R.J. Effects of life-style modification on serum lipids. Arch. Intern. Med. 151:1991;1389-1394
41. Barnard N.D., Scialli A.R., Bertron P., Hurlock D., Edmonds K., Talev L. Effectiveness of a low-fat vegetarian diet in altering serum lipids in healthy premenopausal women. Am. J. Cardiol. 85:2000;969-972
42. Ornish D., Brown S.E., Scherwitz L.W., Billings J.H., Armstrong W.T., Ports T.A., et al. Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary heart disease? The Lifestyle Heart Trial [see comments]. Lancet. 336:1990;129-133
43. Ornish D., Scherwitz L.W., Billings J.H., Brown S.E., Gould K.L., Merritt T.A., et al. Intensive lifestyle changes for reversal of coronary heart disease. JAMA. 280:1998;2001-2007
44. Esselstyn C.B., Ellis S.G., Medendorp S.V., Crowe T.D. A strategy to arrest and reverse coronary artery disease: a 5-year longitudinal study of a single physician's practice. J. Fam. Pract. 41:1995;560-568
45. Esselstyn C.B. Updating a 12-year experience with arrest and reversal therapy for coronary heart disease (an overdue requiem for palliative cardiology). Am. J. Cardiol. 84:1999;339-341. A8
46. Trowell H.C. Non-infectious disease in Africa. 1960;Edward Arnold, London
47. Burkitt D.P., Trowell H.C. Refined carbohydrate foods and disease. 1975;Academic Press, London
48. Trowell H.C., Burkitt D.P. Western diseases: their emergence and prevention. 1981;Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
49. Connor W.E., Cerqueira M.T., Connor R.W., Wallace R.B., Malinow M.R., Casdorph H.R. The plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and diet of the Tarahumara indians of Mexico. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 31:1978;1131-1142
50. Parks E.J., Hellerstein M.K. Carbohydrate-induced hypertriacylglycerolemia: historical perspective and review of biological mechanisms. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71:2000;412-433
51. Mann C.J., Yen F.T., Grant A.M., Bihain B.E. Mechanism of plasma cholesteryl ester transfer in hypertriglyceridemia. J. Clin. Invest. 88:1991;2059-2066
52. Chait A., Brazg R.L., Tribble D.L., Krauss R.M. Susceptibility of small, dense, low-density lipoproteins to oxidative modification in subjects with the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype, pattern B. Am. J. Med. 94:1993;350-356
53. Austin M.A. Small, dense low-density lipoprotein as a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Int. J. Clin. Lab. Res. 24:1994;187-192
54. Lamarche B., Lemieux I., Despres J.P. The small, dense LDL phenotype and the risk of coronary heart disease: epidemiology, patho-physiology and therapeutic aspects. Diabetes Metab. 25:1999;199-211
55. Caslake M.J., Packard C.J., Suckling K.E., Holmes S.D., Chamberlain P., Macphee C.H. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2), platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase: a potential new risk factor for coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis. 150:2000;413-419
56. Leach C.A., Hickey D.M., Ife R.J., Macphee C.H., Smith S.A., Tew D.G. Lipoprotein-associated PLA2 inhibition - a novel, non-lipid lowering strategy for atherosclerosis therapy. Farmaco. 56:2001;45-50
57. Mertens A., Holvoet P. Oxidized LDL and HDL: antagonists in atherothrombosis. FASEB J. 15:2001;2073-2084
58. Carr A.C., McCall M.R., Frei B. Oxidation of LDL by myeloperoxidase and reactive nitrogen species: reaction pathways and antioxidant protection. Arterioscl. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 20:2000;1716-1723
59. Hazell L.J., Davies M.J., Stacker R. Secondary radicals derived from chloramines of apolipoprotein B-100 contribute to HOCl-induced lipid peroxidation of low-density lipoproteins. Biochem. J. 339(Pt 3):1999;489-495
60. Krauss R.M. Atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype and diet-gene interactions. J. Nutr. 131:2001;340S-343S
61. Marcovina S., Zoppo A., Graziani M.S., Vassanelli C., Catapano A.L. Evaluation of apolipoproteins A-I and B as markers of angiographically assessed coronary artery disease. Ric Clin. Lab. 18:1988;319-328
62. Kwiterovich P.O.J., Coresh J., Smith H.H., Bachorik P.S., Derby C.A., Pearson T.A. Comparison of the plasma levels of apolipoproteins B and A-l, and other risk factors in men and women with premature coronary artery disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 69:1992;1015-1021
63. Woo J., Ho S.C., Wong S.L., Woo K.S., Tse C.Y., Chan K.K., et al. Lipids, lipoproteins and other coronary risk factors in Chinese male survivors of myocardial infarction. Int. J. Cardiol. 39:1993;195-202
64. Stampfer M.J., Sacks F.M., Salvini S., Willett W.C., Hennekens C.H. A prospective study of cholesterol, apolipoproteins, and the risk of myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 325:1991;373-381
65. von Eckardstein A., Fischer F., Schulte H., Tataru M., Kohler E., Assmann G. Association of serum apolipoprotein A-I (but not high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) with healed myocardial infarction in men independent of serum insulin and C-peptide. Am. J. Cardiol. 88:2001;723-726
66. Couillard C., Lamarche B., Tchernof A., Prud'Homme D., Tremblay A., Bouchard C., et al. Plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol but not apolipoprotein A-I is a good correlate of the visceral obesity-insulin resistance dyslipidemic syndrome. Metabolism. 45:1996;882-888
67. Gervois P., Torra I.P., Fruchart J.C., Staels B. Regulation of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism by PPAR activators. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 38:2000;3-11
68. Staels B., Auwerx J. Regulation of apo A-I gene expression by fibrates. Atherosclerosis. 137(Suppl):1998;S19-S23
69. Maison P., Mennen L., Sapinho D., Balkau B., Sigalas J., Chesnier M.C., et al. A pharmacoepidemiological assessment of the effect of statins and fibrates on fibrinogen concentration. Atherosclerosis. 160:2002;155-160
70. Bucher H.C., Griffith L.E., Guyatt G.H. Systematic review on the risk and benefit of different cholesterol-lowering interventions. Arterioscl. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 19:1999;187-195
71. Anon. Secondary prevention by raising HDL cholesterol and reducing triglycerides in patients with coronary artery disease: the Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) study. Circulation 2000;102:21-7
72. Rubins H.B., Robins S.J., Collins D., Fye C.L., Anderson J.W., Elam M.B., et al. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 341:1999;410-418
73. Spieker L.E., Sudano I., Hurlimann D., Lerch P.G., Lang M.G., Binggeli C., et al. High-density lipoprotein restores endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic men. Circulation. 105:2002;1399-1402
74. Azrolan N., Odaka H., Breslow J.L., Fisher E.A. Dietary fat elevates hepatic apoA-I production by increasing the fraction of apolipoprotein A-I mRNA in the translating pool. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1995;19833-19838
75. Velez-Carrasco W., Lichtenstein A.H., Welty F.K., Li Z., Lamon-Fava S., Dolnikowski G.G., et al. Dietary restriction of saturated fat and cholesterol decreases HDL ApoA-I secretion. Arterioscl. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 19:1999;918-924
76. Mensink R.P., Katan M.B. Effect of dietary fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins. A meta-analysis of 27 trials. Arterioscl. Thromb. 12:1992;911-919
77. Sacks F.M., Castelli W.P., Dormer A., Kass E.H. Plasma lipids and lipoproteins in vegetarians and controls. N. Engl. J. Med. 292:1975;1148-1151
78. Ornish D., Brown S.E., Scherwitz L.W., Billings J.H., Armstrong W.T., Ports T.A., et al. Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary heart disease? The Lifestyle Heart Trial. Lancet. 336:1990;129-133
79. Carroll K.K. Hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis: effects of dietary protein. Fed. Proc. 41:1982;2792-2796
80. Kurowska E.M., Carroll K.K. Effect of high levels of selected dietary essential amino acids on hypercholesterolemia and down-regulation of hepatic LDL receptors in rabbits. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1126:1992;185-191
81. Sirtori C.R., Agradi E., Conti F., Mantero O., Gatti E. Soybean-protein diet in the treatment of type-II hyperlipoproteinaemia. Lancet. 1:1977;275-277
82. Hopkins P.N. Effects of dietary cholesterol on serum cholesterol: a meta-analysis and review. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 55:1992;1060-1070
83. Barnard R.J., Jung T., Inkeles S.B. Diet and exercise in the treatment of NIDDM. The need for early emphasis. Diabetes Care. 17:1994;1469-1472
84. Snowdon D.A., Phillips R.L. Does a vegetarian diet reduce the occurrence of diabetes? Am. J. Public Health. 75:1985;507-512
85. Beilin L.J., Rouse I.L., Armstrong B.K., Margetts B.M., Vandongen R. Vegetarian diet and blood pressure levels: incidental or causal association? Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 48:1988;806-810
86. Campbell T.C., Junshi C. Diet and chronic degenerative diseases: perspectives from China. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 59:1994;1153S-1161S
87. McCarty M.F. Mortality from Western cancers rose dramatically among African-Americans during the 20th century: are dietary animal products to blame? Med. Hypotheses. 57:2001;169-174
88. Jodoin I., Bussieres L.M., Tardif J.C., Juneau M. Effect of a short-term primary prevention program on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in adults at risk for atherosclerosis. Can. J. Cardiol. 15:1999;83-88
89. Tang J.L., Armitage J.M., Lancaster T., Silagy C.A., Fowler G.H., Neil H.A. Systematic review of dietary intervention trials to lower blood total cholesterol in free-living subjects. BMJ. 316:1998;1213-1220
90. Willett W.C. Is dietary fat a major determinant of body fat? Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 67:1998;5568-5628
91. Willett W.C. Will high-carbohydrate/low-fat diets reduce the risk of coronary heart disease? Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 225:2000;187-190
92. Lundman P., Tornvall P., Nilsson L., Pernow J. A triglyceride-rich fat emulsion and free fatty acids but not very low density lipoproteins impair endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. Atherosclerosis. 159:2001;35-41
93. Balletshofer B.M., Rittig K., Volk A., Maerker E., Jacob S., Rett K., et al. Impaired non-esterified fatty acid suppression is associated with endothelial dysfunction in insulin resistant subjects. Horm. Metab. Res. 33:2001;428-431
94. Sarabi M., Fugmann A., Karlstrom B., Berne C., Lithell H., Lind L. An ordinary mixed meal transiently impairs endothelium-dependent vasodilation in healthy subjects. Acta Physiol. Scand. 172:2001;107-113
95. Vogel R.A., Corretti M.C., Plotnick G.D. Effect of a single high-fat meal on endothelial function in healthy subjects. Am. J. Cardiol. 79:1997;350-354
96. Ng C.K., Chan A.P., Cheng A. Impairment of endothelial function - a possible mechanism for atherosclerosis of a high-fat meal intake. Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore. 30:2001;499-502
97. Frayn K.N. Non-esterified fatty acid metabolism and postprandial lipaemia. Atherosclerosis. 141(Suppl 1):1998;841-846
98. Anderson J.W. Dietary fiber prevents carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia. Curr. Atheroscl. Rep. 2:2000;536-541
99. Koutsari C., Karpe F., Humphreys S.M., Frayn K.N., Hardman A.E. Exercise prevents the accumulation of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their remnants seen when changing to a high-carbohydrate diet. Arterioscl. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 21:2001;1520-1525
100. Harris W.S., Connor W.E., Inkeles S.B., Illingworth D.R. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids prevent carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia. Metabolism. 33:1984;1016-1019
101. Turley M.L., Skeaff C.M., Mann J.I., Cox B. The effect of a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet on serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 52:1998;728-732
102. Jenkins D.J., Axelsen M., Kendall C.W., Augustin L.S., Vuksan V., Smith U. Dietary fibre, lente carbohydrates and the insulin-resistant diseases. Br. J. Nutr. 83(Suppl 1):2000;S157-S163
103. Liu S., Willett W.C., Stampfer M.J., Hu F.B., Franz M., Sampson L., et al. A prospective study of dietary glycemic load, carbohydrate intake, and risk of coronary heart disease in US women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71:2000;1455-1461
104. Salmeron J., Manson J.E., Stampfer M.J., Colditz G.A., Wing A.L., Willett W.C. Dietary fiber, glycemic load, and risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. JAMA. 277:1997;472-477
105. Salmeron J., Ascherio A., Rimm E.B., Colditz G.A., Spiegelman D., Jenkins D.J., et al. Dietary fiber, glycemic load, and risk of NIDDM in men. Diabetes Care. 20:1997;545-550
106. Augustin L.S., Dal Maso L., La Vecchia C., Parpinel M., Negri E., Vaccarella S., et al. Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load, and breast cancer risk: a case-control study. Ann. Oncol. 12:2001;1533-1538
107. Franceschi S., Dal Maso L., Augustin L., Negri E., Parpinel M., Boyle P., et al. Dietary glycemic load and colorectal cancer risk. Ann. Oncol. 12:2001;173-178
108. Ludwig D.S. Dietary glycemic index and obesity. J. Nutr. 130:2000;280S-283S