Systematic review of dietary intervention trials to lower blood total cholesterol in free-living subjects

British Medical Journal

Volumn 316, Issue 7139, 1998, Pages 1213-1219

  Tang, J L ^a   Armitage, J M ^c   Lancaster, T ^a   Silagy, C A ^b,d   Fowler, G H ^a,b   Neil, H A W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b Department of General Practice ^*

^c RADCLIFFE INFIRMARY   (United Kingdom)

^d FLINDERS UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHOLESTEROL; POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID; SATURATED FATTY ACID;

ARTICLE; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CLINICAL TRIAL; FAT INTAKE; FEMALE; HUMAN; LIPID DIET; MALE; META ANALYSIS; NORMAL HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL;

CHOLESTEROL; COUNSELING; DIET, FAT-RESTRICTED; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMANS; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS;

EID: 0032542896     PISSN: 09598146     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Martin MJ, Hulley SB, Browner WS, Kuller LH, Wentworth D. Serum cholesterol, blood pressure, and mortality: implications from a cohort of 361,662 men. Lancet 1986;2:933-6.
2. Law MR, Wald NJ, Thompson SG. By how much and how quickly does reduction in serum cholesterol concentration lower risk of ischaemic heart disease? BMJ 1994;308:367-72.
3. Clarke R, Frost C, Collins R, Appleby P, Peto R. Dietary lipids and blood cholesterol: a quantitative meta-analysis of metabolic ward studies. BMJ 1997;314:112-7.
4. Hegsted DM, Ausman LM, Johnson JA, Dallal GE. Dietary fat and serum lipids: an evaluation of the experimental data. Am J Clin Nutr 1993;57:875-83.
5. Hegsted DM, McGandy RB, Myers ML, Stare FJ. Quantitative effects of dietary fat on serum cholesterol in man. Am J Clin Nutr 1965;17:281-95.
6. Keys A, Anderson JT, Grande F. Prediction of serum cholesterol responses of man to changes in fat in the diet. Lancet 1957;ii:959-66.
7. Dattilo AM, Kris-Etherton PM. Effects of weight reduction on blood lipids and lipoproteins: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;56:320-8.
8. Ripsin CM, Keenan JM, Jacobs DR Jr, Elmer PJ, Welch RR, Van Horn L, et al. Oat products and lipid lowering: A meta-analysis. JAMA 1992;267:3317-25.
9. Silagy C, Neil A. Garlic as a lipid lowering agent - a meta-analysis. J R Coll Phys Lond 1994;28:39-45.
10. Harris WS. Fish oils and plasma lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in humans: a critical review. J Lipid Res 1989;30:785-807.
11. Secretary of State for Health. The health of the nation: a strategy for health in England. London: HMSO, 1992. (Cm 1986.)
12. Expert Panel. Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Arch Intern Med 1988;148:36-69.
13. Ramsay LE, Yeo WW, Jackson PR. Dietary reduction of serum cholesterol concentration: time to think again. BMJ 1991;303:953-7.
14. Denke MA. Cholesterol-lowering diets. A review of the evidence. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:17-26.
15. Bracken MB. Statistical methods for analysis of effects of treatment in overviews of randomised trials. In: Sinclair JC, Bracken MB, eds. Effective care of the new-born infant. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992:13-8.
16. Follmann D, Elliott P, Suh I, Cutler J. Variance imputation for overviews of clinical trials with continuous response. J. Clin Epidemiol 1992;45:769-73.
17. Thompson SG. Why sources of heterogeneity in meta-analysis should be investigated. BMJ 1994;309:135-5.
18. Neil HA, Roe L, Godlee RJP, Moore JW, Clark GMG, Brown J, et al. Randomised trial of lipid lowering dietary advice in general practice: the effects on serum lipids, lipoproteins, and antioxidants. BMJ 1995;310:569-73.
19. Rivellese AA, Auletta P, Marotta G, Saldalamacchia G, Giacco A, Mastrilli V, et al. Long term metabolic effects of two dietary methods of treating hyperlipidaemia. BMJ 1994;308:227-31.
20. Duffield RG, Lewis B, Miller NE, Jamieson CW, Brunt JN, Colchester AC. Treatment of hyperlipidaemia retards progression of symptomatic femoral atherosclerosis. A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1983;2:639-42.
21. Johnston HJ, Jones M, Ridler Dutton G, Spechler F, Stokes GS, Wyndham LE. Diet modification in lowering plasma cholesterol levels. A randomised trial of three types of intervention. Med J Aust 1995;162:524-6.
22. Kromhout D, Arntzenius AC, van der Velde EA. Diet and coronary heart dissease: the Leiden intervention trial. Bibl Nutr Dieta 1986;37:119-20.
23. Reid CM, Dart AM, Dewar EM, Jennings GL. Interactions between the effects of exercise and weight loss on risk factors, cardiovascular haemodynamics and left ventricular structure in overweight subjects. J Hypertens 1994;12:291-301.
24. Curzio JL, Kennedy SS, Elliott HL, Farish E, Barnes JE, Howie CA, et al. Hypercholesterolaemia in treated hypertensives: A controlled trial of intensive dietary advice. J Hypertens 1989;7:S254-5.
25. Koopman H, Spreeuwenberg C, Westerman RF, Donker AJ. Dietary treatment of patients with mild to moderate hypertension in a general practice: a pilot intervention study. I. The first three months. J Hum Hypertens 1990;4:368-71.
26. Jalkanen L. The effect of a weight reduction program on cardiovascular risk factors among overweight hypertensives in primary health care. Scand J Soc Med 1991;19:66-71.
27. MacMahon S, Macdonald G. Treatment of high blood pressure in overweight patients. Nephron 1987;47 (suppl 1):8-12.
28. Marniemi J, Seppanen A, Hakala P. Long-term effects on lipid metabolism of weight reduction on lactovegetarian and mixed diet. Int J Obes 1990;14:113-25.
29. De Lorgeril M, Renaud S, Mamelle N, Salen P, Martin JL, Monjaund I, et al. Mediterranean alpha-linolenic acid-rich diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Lancet 1994;343:1454-9. [Erratum appears in Lancet 1995;345:738.]
30. Singh RB, Rastogi SS, Sircar AR, Mehta PJ, Sharma KK. Dietary strategies for risk-factor modification to prevent cardiovascular diseases. Nutrition 1991;7:210-4.
31. Buzzard IM, Asp EH, Chlebowski RT, Boyar AP, Jeffrey RW, Nixon DW, et al. Diet intervention methods to reduce fat intake: nutrient and food group composition of self-selected low-fat diets. J Am Diet Assoc 1990;90:42-50, 53.
32. Demark-Wahnefried W, Bowering J, Cohen PS. Reduced serum cholesterol with dietary change using fat-modified and oat bran supplemented diets. J Am Diet Assoc 1990;90:223-9.
33. Bloemberg BPM, Kromhout D, Goddijn HE, Jansen A, Obermann de Boer GL. The impact of the guidelines for a healthy diet of the Netherlands Nutrition Council on total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic free-living men. Am J Epidemiol 1991;134:39-48.
34. Sarkkinen ES, Uusitupa MI, Pietinen P, Aro A, Ahola I, Penttila I, et al. Long-term effects of three fat-modified diets in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Atherosclerosis 1994;105:9-23.
35. Burr ML, Fehily AM, Gilbert JF, Rogers S, Holliday RM, Sweetnam PM, et al. Effects of changes in fat, fish, and fibre intakes on death and myocardial reinfarction: diet and reinfarction trial (DART). Lancet 1989;2:757-61.
36. Sciarrone SEG, Beilin LJ, Rouse IL, Rogers PB. A factorial study of salt restriction and a low-fat/high-fibre diet in hypertensive subjects. J Hypertens 1992;10:287-98.
37. Anonymous. The national diet-heart study final report. Circulation 1968:37:11-428.
38. Ehnholm C, Huttunen JK, Pietinen P, Leino U, Mutanen M, Kostiainen E, et al. Effect of diet on serum lipoproteins in a population with a high risk of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 1982;307:850-5.
39. Baron JA, Gleason R, Crowe B, Mann JI. Preliminary trial of the effect of general practice based nutritional advice. Br J Gen Pract 1990;40:137-41.
40. Watts GF, Lewis B, Brunt JNH, Lewis ES, Coltart DJ, Smith LDR, et al. Effects on coronary artery disease of lipid-lowering diet, or diet plus cholestyramine, in the St Thomas' atherosclerosis regression study (STARS). Lancet 1992;339:563-9.
41. Hunninghake DB, Stein EA, Dujovne CA, Harris WS, Feldman EB, Miller VT, et al. The efficacy of intensive dietary therapy alone or combined with lovastatin in outpatients with hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1213-9.
42. Anderson JW, Garrity TF, Wood CL, Whitis SE, Smith BM, Oeltgen PR. Prospective, randomised, controlled comparison of the effects of low- fat and low-fat plus high-fiber diets on serum lipid concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;56:887-94.
43. Writing Group for the DISC Collaborative Research Group. Efficacy and safety of lowering dietary intake of fat and cholesterol in children with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The dietary intervention study in children (DISC). JAMA 1995;273:1429-35.
44. Leren P. The Oslo diet-heart study. Eleven-year report. Circulation 1970;42:935-42.
45. Leren P. The effect of plasma-cholesterol-lowering diet in male survivors of myocardial infarction. A controlled clinical trial. Bull N Y Acad Med 1968;44:1012-20.
46. Leren P. The effect of plasma cholesterol lowering diet in male survivors of myocardial infarction. A controlled clinical trial. Acta Med Scand Suppl 1966;466:1-92.
47. Woodhill JM, Palmer AJ, Leelarthaepin B, McGilchrist C, Blacket RB. Low fat, low cholesterol diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Adv Exp Med Biol 1978;109:317-30.
48. Kuusi T, Ehnholm C, Huttunen JK, Kostiainen E, Pietinen P, Leino U, et al. Concentration and composition of serum lipoproteins during a low-fat diet at two levels of polyunsaturated fat. J Lipid Res 1985;26:360-7.
49. Dreon DM, Vranizan KM, Krauss RM, Austin MA, Wood PD. The effects of polyunsaturated fat vs monounsaturated fat on plasma lipoproteins. JAMA 1990;263:2462-6.
50. Research Committee. Low-fat diet in myocardial infarction: A controlled trial. Lancet 1965;2:501-4.
51. Insull W Jr, Henderson MM, Prentice RL, Thompson DJ, Clifford C, Goldman S, et al. Results of a randomised feasibility study of a low-fat diet. Arch Intern Med 1990;150:421-7.
52. Boyd NF, Cousins M, Beaton M, Fishell E, Wright B, Fish E, et al. Clinical trial of low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet in subjects with mammographic dysplasia: report of early outcomes. J Natl Cancer Inst 1988;80:1244-8.
53. Gregory J, Foster K, Tyler H, Wiseman M. The dietary and nutritional survey of British adults. London: HMSO, 1990.
54. Simes RJ. Publication bias: the case for an international registry of clinical trials. J Clin Oncol 1986;4:1529-41.
55. Stewart LA, Parmar MK. Meta-analysis of the literature or of individual patient data: is there a difference? Lancet 1993;341:418-22.