Competencies as a behavioral approach to emotional intelligence

Journal of Management Development

Volumn 28, Issue 9, 2009, Pages 749-770

  Boyatzis, Richard E ^a  

^a CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Assessment; Emotional intelligence; Management development

Indexed keywords

EID: 70350278585     PISSN: 02621711     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/02621710910987647     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Ackerman, P.L. and Heggestad, E.D. (1997), “Intelligence, personality, and interests: evidence for overlapping traits”, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 121, pp. 219-245.
2. American Psychological Association Public Affairs Office (1997), Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns, APA, Washington, DC.
3. Ballou, R., Bowers, D., Boyatzis, R.E. and Kolb, D.A. (1999), “Fellowship in lifelong learning: an executive development program for advanced professionals”, Journal of Management Education, Vol. 23 No. 4, pp. 338-354.
4. Bar-On, R. (1992), “The development of a concept and test of psychological well-being”, unpublished manuscript, Tel Aviv.
5. Bar-On, R. (1997), Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory: Technical Manual, Multi-Health Systems, Toronto.
6. Batista-Foguet, J.M., Boyatzis, R.E., Guillen, L. and Serlavos, R. (n.d.), “Assessing emotional intelligence competencies in two global contexts”, in Ed. Salovey, P., Ed. Mandal, M., Ed. Shanwal, V. and Ed. Emmerling, R. (Eds), Emotional Intelligence: Theoretical and Cultural Perspectives, Nova Science Publishers, San Francisco, CA.
7. Batista, J.M. (2005), “Confirmatory factor analysis of ECI-2 (n = 6,542) others' averaged observations of EI competencies demonstrated”, unpublished research note, ESADE, Barcelona, June 1.
8. Boyatzis, R.E. (1982), The Competent Manager: A Model for Effective Performance, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.
9. Boyatzis, R.E. (1998), Transforming Qualitative Information: Thematic Analysis and Code Development, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
10. Boyatzis, R.E. (2001), “How and why individuals are able to develop emotional intelligence”, in Ed. Cherniss, C. and Ed. Goleman, D. (Eds), The Emotionally Intelligent Workplace: How to Select for, Measure, and Improve Emotional Intelligence in Individuals, Groups, and Organizations, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA, pp. 234-253.
11. Boyatzis, R.E. (2006), “Intentional change theory from a complexity perspective”, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 25 No. 7, pp. 607-623.
12. Boyatzis, R.E. (2008), “Competencies in the twenty-first century”, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 27 No. 1, pp. 5-12.
13. Boyatzis, R.E. and Goleman, D. (1996), Emotional Competency Inventory, The Hay Group, Boston, MA.
14. Boyatzis, R.E. and Saatcioglu, A. (2008), “A 20-year view of trying to develop emotional, social and cognitive intelligence competencies in graduate management education”, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 27 No. 3, pp. 92-108.
15. Boyatzis, R.E. and Sala, F. (2004), “Assessing emotional intelligence competencies”, in Ed. Geher, G. (Ed.), The Measurement of Emotional Intelligence, Novas Science Publishers, Hauppauge, NY, pp. 147-180.
16. Boyatzis, R.E., Goleman, D. and Hay Acquisition (2001 / 2007), Emotional and Social Competency Inventory, The Hay Group, Boston, MA.
17. Boyatzis, R.E., Goleman, D. and Rhee, K. (2000), “Clustering competence in emotional intelligence: insights from the emotional competence inventory (ECI)”, in Ed. Bar-On, R. and Ed. Parker, D.A. (Eds), Handbook of Emotional Intelligence, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA.
18. Boyatzis, R., Mc Kee, A. and Goleman, D. (2002), “Reawakening your passion for work”, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 80 No. 4, pp. 86-94.
19. Boyatzis, R.E., Smith, M. and Blaize, N. (2006), “Sustaining leadership effectiveness through coaching and compassion: it's not what you think”, Academy of Management Learning and Education, Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 8-24.
20. Bradbury, T. and Su, L. (2006), “Ability- versus skill-based assessment of emotional intelligence”, Psicothema, Vol. 18, pp. 55-58.
21. Bray, D.W., Campbell, R.J. and Grant, D.L. (1974), Formative Years in Business: A Long-Term AT&T Study of Managerial Lives, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.
22. Burckle, M. (2000), “ECI and MBTI”, Hay/Mc Ber Research Report, The Hay Group, Boston, MA.
23. Campbell, D.T. and Fiske, D.W. (1959), “Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix”, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 56, pp. 81-105.
24. Campbell, J.P., Dunnette, M.D., Lawler, E.E. III and Weick, K.E. Jr (1970), Managerial Behavior, Performance, and Effectiveness, Mc Graw-Hill, New York, NY.
25. Cherniss, C. and Adler, M. (2000), Promoting Emotional Intelligence in Organizations: Make Training in Emotional Intelligence Effective, American Society of Training and Development, Washington, DC.
26. Dailey, C.A. (1971), Assessment of Lives: Personality Evaluation in a Bureaucratic Society, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA.
27. Davies, M., Stankov, L. and Roberts, R.D. (1998), “Emotional intelligence: in search of an elusive construct”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 75, pp. 989-1015.
28. Dreyfus, C. (2008), “Identifying competencies that predict effectiveness of R&D managers”, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 27 No. 1, pp. 76-91.
29. Dulewicz, V., Higgs, M. and Slaski, M. (2003), “Measuring emotional intelligence: content, construct and criterion-related validity”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 18 No. 5, pp. 405-420.
30. Fernández-Berrocal, P. and Extremera, N. (2006), “Emotional intelligence: a theoretical and empirical review of its first 15 years of history”, Psychotema, Vol. 18, pp. 7-12.
31. Flanagan, J.C. (1954), “The critical incident technique”, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 51, pp. 327-335.
32. Gardner, H. (1983), Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences, Basic Books, New York, NY.
33. Goleman, D. (1995), Emotional Intelligence, Bantam Books, New York, NY.
34. Goleman, D. (1998), Working with Emotional Intelligence, Bantam Books, New York, NY.
35. Goleman, D. (2006), Social Intelligence, Bantam Books, New York, NY.
36. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R.E. and Mc Kee, A. (2002), Primal Leadership: Realizing the Power of Emotional Intelligence, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA.
37. Guillen, L., Saris, W. and Boyatzis, R. (n.d.), “Construct and discriminant validity of an emotional intelligence measure”, Organization and Performance, in press.
38. Hopkins, M. and Bilimoria, D. (2008), “Social and emotional competencies predicting success for female and male executives”, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 12 No. 1, pp. 13-35.
39. Howard, A. and Bray, D. (1988), Managerial Lives in Transition: Advancing Age and Changing Times, Guilford Press, New York, NY.
40. Koman, L. and Wolff, S. (2008), “Emotional intelligence competencies in the team and team leader”, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 27 No. 1, pp. 55-75.
41. Kotter, J.P. (1982), The General Managers, Free Press, New York, NY.
42. Law, K.S., Wong, C. and Song, L.J. (2004), “The construct and criterion validity of emotional intelligence and its potential utility in management research”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 87 No. 3, pp. 483-496.
43. Luthans, F., Hodgetts, R.M. and Rosenkrantz, S.A. (1988), Real Managers, Ballinger Press, Cambridge, MA.
44. Mc Clelland, D.C. (1951), Personality, William Sloane Associates, New York, NY.
45. Mc Clelland, D.C. (1973), “Testing for competence rather than intelligence”, American Psychologist, Vol. 28 No. 1, pp. 1-40.
46. Mc Clelland, D.C. (1985), Human Motivation, Scott, Foresman, Glenview, IL.
47. Mc Clelland, D.C. (1998), “Identifying competencies with behavioral event interviews”, Psychological Science, Vol. 9, pp. 331-9.
48. Mc Clelland, D.C. and Boyatzis, R.E. (1982), “The leadership motive pattern and long-term success in management”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 67 No. 6, pp. 737-743.
49. Matthews, G., Zeidner, M. and Roberts, R.D. (2002), Emotional Intelligence: Science and Myth, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
50. Mayer, J.D., Salovey, P. and Caruso, D.R. (1999), “Emotional intelligence meets traditional standards for an intelligence”, Intelligence, Vol. 2, pp. 267-298.
51. Mayer, J.D., Salovey, P., Caruso, D.R. and Sitarenios, G. (2003), “Measuring emotional intelligence with the MSCEIT V2.0”, Emotion, Vol. 3, pp. 97-105.
52. Morrow, C.C., Jarrett, M.Q. and Rupinski, M.T. (1997), “An investigation of the effect and economic utility of corporate-wide training”, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 50, pp. 91-119.
53. Murensky, C.L. (2000), “The relationship between emotional intelligence, personality, critical thinking ability, and organizational leadership performance at upper levels of management”, dissertation, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA.
54. Petrides, K.V. and Furnham, A. (2000), “On the dimensional structure of emotional intelligence”, Personality and Individual Differences, Vol. 29, pp. 313-320.
55. Petrides, K.V. and Furnham, A. (2001), “Trait emotional intelligence: psychometric investigation with reference to established trait taxonomies”, European Journal of Personality, Vol. 17, pp. 425-448.
56. Petrides, K.V. and Furnham, A. (2003), “Trait emotional intelligence: behavioural validation in two studies of emotion recognition and reactivity to mood induction”, European Journal of Personality, Vol. 17, pp. 39-75.
57. Rosier, R.H. (Ed.) (1994), The Competency Model Handbook: Volumes 1-4, Linkage, Lexington, MA.
58. Rubin, D.C. (1986), Autobiographical Memory, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY.
59. Saarni, C. (1988), “Emotional competence: how emotions and relationships become integrated”, in Ed. Thompson, R.A. (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, Vol. 36, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE, pp. 115-182.
60. Salovey, P. and Mayer, J.D. (1990), “Emotional intelligence”, Imagination, Cognition and Personality, Vol. 9, pp. 185-211.
61. Salovey, P. and Mayer, J.D. (1997), “What is emotional intelligence?”, in Ed. Salovey, P. and Ed. Sluyter, D.J. (Eds), Emotional Development and Emotional Intelligence: Educational Implications, Basic Books, New York, NY.
62. Schutte, N.S., Malouff, J.M., Hall, L.E., Haggerty, D., Cooper, J.T., Golden, C.J. and Dornheim, L. (1998), “Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence”, Personality and Individual Differences, Vol. 25, pp. 167-177.
63. Sharma, R. (2008), “Emotional intelligence from the 17th century to the 21st century: perspectives and directions for future research”, Vision: Journal of Business Perspective, Vol. 12 No. 1, pp. 59-66.
64. Spencer, L.M. Jr and Spencer, S.M. (1993), Competence at Work: Models for Superior Performance, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.
65. Sternberg, R.J. (1996), Successful Intelligence: How Practical and Creative Intelligence Determine Success in Life, Simon & Schuster, New York, NY.
66. Sternberg, R.J. (1997), “The concept of intelligence and its role in lifelong learning and success”, American Psychologist, Vol. 52 No. 10, pp. 1030-7.
67. Thornton, G.C. III and Byham, W.C. (1982), Assessment Centers and Managerial Performance, Academic Press, New York, NY.
68. Williams, H. (2008), “Characteristics that distinguish outstanding urban principals”, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 27 No. 1, pp. 36-54.
69. Williams, R. (2003), personal communication.
70. Winter, D.G. (1973), The Power Motive, Free Press, New York, NY.
71. Wolff, S.B. (2005), Emotional Competence Inventory: Technical Manual, The Hay Group, Boston, MA.
72. Wolff, S.B. (2008), Emotional and Social Competency Inventory: Technical Manual Up-Dated ESCI Research Titles and Abstracts, The Hay Group, Boston, MA.
73. Barlow, D.H. (1988), Anxiety and Disorders: The Nature and Treatment of Anxiety and Panic, The Guilford Press, New York, NY.
74. Boyatzis, R.E. (1994), “Stimulating self-directed change: a required MBA course called managerial assessment and development”, Journal of Management Education, Vol. 18 No. 3, pp. 304-323.
75. Boyatzis, R.E. and Akrivou, K. (2006), “The ideal self as a driver of change”, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 25 No. 7, pp. 624-642.
76. Boyatzis, R. and Mc Kee, A. (2005), Resonant Leadership: Sustaining Yourself and Connecting with Others through Mindfulness, Hope, and Compassion, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA.
77. Boyatzis, R.E., Cowen, S.S. and Kolb, D.A. (1995), Innovation in Professional Education: Steps on a Journey from Teaching to Learning, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA.
78. Boyatzis, R.E., Murphy, A. and Wheeler, J. (2000), “Philosophy as the missing link between values and behavior”, Psychological Reports, Vol. 86, pp. 47-64.
79. Boyatzis, R.E., Stubbs, L. and Taylor, S. (2002), “Learning cognitive and emotional intelligence competencies through graduate management education”, Academy of Management Journal on Learning and Education, Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 150-162.
80. Boyatzis, R.E., Leonard, D., Rhee, K. and Wheeler, J.V. (1996), “Competencies can be developed, but not the way we thought”, Capability, Vol. 2 No. 2, pp. 25-41.
81. Brackett, M. and Salovey, P. (2006), “Measuring emotional intelligence with the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso emotional intelligence test (MSCEIT)”, Psychotema, Vol. 18, pp. 34-41.
82. Burckle, M. (2000), “Can you assess your own emotional intelligence? Evidence supporting multi-rater assessment”, Hay/Mc Ber Research Report, The Hay Group, Boston, MA.
83. Davidson, R. (2003), personal communication.
84. Davidson, R., Jackson, D.C. and Kalin, N.H. (2000), “Emotion, plasticity, context and regulation: perspectives from affective neuroscience”, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 126, pp. 890-909.
85. Dawda, D. and Hart, S.D. (2000), “Assessing emotional intelligence: reliability and validity of the Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) in university students”, Personality and Individual Differences, Vol. 28, pp. 797-812.
86. Dreyfus, C. (1990), “The characteristics of high performing managers of scientists and engineers”, unpublished doctoral dissertation, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.
87. Goleman, D. (1985), Vital Lies, Simple Truths: The Psychology of Self-Deception, Simon & Schuster, New York, NY.
88. Guillén Ramo, L. (2007), “A behavioural approach to emotional intelligence: conceptual and measurement issues”, unpublished PhD dissertation, ESADE University, Barcelona.
89. Hubble, M.A., Duncan, B.L. and Miller, S.D. (Eds) (1999), The Heart and Soul of Change: What Works in Therapy?, American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.
90. Jacobs, R.L. and Mc Clelland, D.C. (1994), “Moving up the corporate ladder: a longitudinal study of the leadership motive pattern and managerial success in women and women”, Consulting Psychology Journal Practice and Research, Vol. 46, pp. 32-41.
91. Kanfer, F.H. and Goldstein, A.P. (Eds) (1991), Helping People Change: A Textbook of Methods, 4th ed., Allyn & Bacon, Boston, MA.
92. Kolb, D.A. (1984), Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
93. Kolb, D.A. and Boyatzis, R.E. (1970), “Goal-setting and self -directed behavior change”, Human Relations, Vol. 23 No. 5, pp. 439-457.
94. Kram, K.E. (1996), “A relational approach to careers”, in Ed. Hall, D.T. (Ed.), The Career Is Dead: Long Live the Career, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA, pp. 132-157.
95. Kridel, J. (1998), Personal communication from the Director of Professional Development Programs for the AACSB.
96. Latham, G.P. and Saari, L.M. (1979), “Application of social-learning theory to training supervisors through behavioral modeling”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 64 No. 3, pp. 239-246.
97. Leonard, D. (2008), “The impact of learning goals on emotional, social and cognitive competency development”, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 27 No. 1, pp. 109-128.
98. Mc Clelland, D.C. and Jemmott, J.B. (1980), “Power motivation, stress, and physical illness”, Journal of Human Stress, Vol. 6, pp. 6-15.
99. Mc Clelland, D.C. and Kirshnit, C. (1982), “Effects of motivational arousal on immune function”, unpublished manuscript, Harvard University, Cambridge MA.
100. Mc Clelland, D.C., Ross, G. and Patel, V. (1985), “The effect of an academic examination on salivary norepinephrine and immunoglobulin levels”, Journal of Human Stress, Vol. 11, pp. 52-59.
101. Mc Clelland, D.C., Floor, E., Davidson, R.J. and Saron, C. (1980), “Stressed power motivation, sympathetic activation, immune function, and illness”, Journal of Human Stress, Vol. 67, pp. 737-743.
102. Mc Clelland, D.C., Locke, S.E., Williams, R.M. and Hurst, M.W. (1982), “Power motivation, distress and immune function”, unpublished manuscript, Harvard University, Cambridge MA.
103. Mc Kee, A., Boyatzis, R.E. and Johnston, F. (2008), Becoming a Resonant Leader and Renewing Yourself and Others, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA.
104. Petrides, K.V., Frederickson, N. and Furnham, A. (2004), “The role of trait emotional intelligence in academic performance and deviant behavior at school”, Personality and Individual Differences, Vol. 36, pp. 277-293.
105. Rhee, K. (2008), “The beat and rhythm of competency development over two years”, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 27 No. 1, pp. 146-160.
106. Schultheiss, O.C. (1999 a), “Psychophysiological and health correlates of implicit motives”, paper presented at the 107th American Psychological Association Annual Meeting, Boston, MA, August.
107. Schultheiss, O.C. (1999 b), “A neurobiological perspective on implicit power motivation, testosterone, and learning”, paper presented at the 107th American Psychological Association Annual Meeting, Boston, MA, August.
108. Wheeler, J.V. (2008), “The impact of social environments on emotional, social, and cognitive competency development”, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 27 No. 1, pp. 129-145.
109. Williams, R.B., Barefoot, J.C., Blumenthal, J.A., Helms, M.J., Ruecken, L., Pieper, C.F., Siegler, I.C. and Suarez, E.C. (1997), “Psychosocial correlates of job strain in a sample of working women”, Archives of General Psychiatry, Vol. 54, pp. 543-8.