Nanocarriers in ocular drug delivery: An update review

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Volumn 15, Issue 23, 2009, Pages 2724-2750

  Wadhwa, Sheetu ^a   Paliwal, Rishi ^a   Paliwal, Shivani Rai ^a   Vyas, S P ^a  

^a ISF COLLEGE OF PHARMACY   (India)

Author keywords

Drug delivery; Eye; Gene therapy; Nanocarrier

Indexed keywords

ACETAZOLAMIDE; BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE; BETAMETHASONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE; CLORICROMEN; CYCLODEXTRIN; CYCLOSPORIN; CYCLOSPORIN A; DENDRIMER; DEXAMETHASONE; EVEROLIMUS; EYE DROPS; FLURBIPROFEN; GATIFLOXACIN; GLUCOCORTICOID; IBUPROFEN; INDOMETACIN; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 12; LIPOSOME; NANOCARRIER; NANOPARTICLE; NIOSOME; PENETRATION ENHANCING AGENT; POLYMER; PRODRUG; TETRACYCLINE; TROPICAMIDE; VANCOMYCIN;

DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG ADMINISTRATION ROUTE; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG DOSAGE FORM; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG IMPLANT; DRUG PENETRATION; DRUG SOLUTION; DRUG STRUCTURE; EYE DISEASE; EYE INFLAMMATION; GENE DELIVERY SYSTEM; HUMAN; HYDROGEL; LASER COAGULATION; LIPOPHILICITY; MICROEMULSION; NONHUMAN; OINTMENT; PARTICLE SIZE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETINOBLASTOMA; REVIEW; SUSPENSION; SUSTAINED DRUG RELEASE; UVEA MELANOMA; UVEORETINITIS;

EID: 70350148188     PISSN: 13816128     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138161209788923886     Document Type: Review

References (200)

1. Urtti A. Challenges and obstacles of ocular pharmacokinetics and drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2006; 58: 1131-35.
2. Gaudana R, Jwala J, Boddu SHS, Mitra AK. Recent perspectives in ocular drug delivery. Pharm Res 2009; 26(5): 1197-216.
3. Bourlais CL, Acar L, Zia H, Sado PA, Needham T, Leverg R. Ophthalmic drug delivery systems- recent advances. Prog Retin Eye Res 1998; 17: 33-58.
4. Kaur IP. Development of effective ocular preparations of antifungal agents. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2008; 24: 481-93.
5. Conway BR. Recent patents on ocular drug delivery systems. Recent Pat Drug Deliv Formul 2008; 2: 1-8.
6. Vandervoort J, Ludwig A. Ocular drug delivery: Nanomedicine applications. Nanomedicine 2007; 2: 11-21.
7. Kaur IP, Garg A, Singla AK, Aggarwal D. Vesicular systems in ocular drug delivery: An overview. Int J Pharm 2004; 269: 1-14.
8. Hughes PM, Olejnik O, Chang-Lin JE, Wilson CG. Topical and systemic drug delivery to the posterior segments. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2005; 57: 2010-32.
9. Hornof M, Toropainen A, Urtti A. Cell culture models of the ocular barriers. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2005; 60: 207-25.
10. Rojanasakul Y, Wang LY, Malanga CJ, Ma JKH, Liaw J. Targeted Gene Delivery to alveolar macrophages via Fc receptor-mediated endocytosis. Pharm Res 1994; 11: 1731-36
11. Chrai SS, Robinson JR. Ocular evaluation of methylcellulose vehicle in albino rabbits. J Pharm Sci 1974; 63: 218-23
12. Grass GM, Robinson JR. Mechanisms of corneal drug penetration: In vivo and in vitro kinetics. J Pharm Sci 1988; 77: 3-14
13. Tonjum AM. Permeability of horseradish peroxidase in the rabbit corneal epithelium. Acta Ophthalmol 1974; 52: 650-8
14. Hedbys BO, Mishima S, Maurice DM. The inhibition pressure of the corneal stroma. Exp Eye Res 1963; 2: 99-111.
15. Schoenwald RD. Ocular drug delivery, pharmacokinetic consideration. Clin Pharm 1990; 18: 255-69.
16. Barar J, Javadzadeh AR, Omidi Y. Ocular novel drug delivery: Impacts of membranes and barriers. Exp Opin Drug Deliv 2008; 5: 567-81.
17. Geroski DH, Edelhauser HF. Drug delivery for posterior segment eye diseases. Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci 2000; 41: 961-64.
18. Amo EM, Urtti A. Current and future ophthalmic drug delivery systems: A shift to the posterior segment. Drug Discovery Today 2008; 13: 135-43
19. Okabe K, Kimura H, Okabe J, Ogura Y. Ocular tissue distribution of betamethasone after anterior-episcleral, posterior-episcleral and anterior intrascleral placement of non-biodegradable implants. Retina 2007; 27: 770-7.
20. Kapoor Y, Chauhan A. Ophthalmic delivery of cyclosporine A from brij-97 microemulsion and surfactant-laden p-HEMA hydrogels. Int J Pharm 2008; 361: 222-9.
21. Furrer P, Mayer JM, Plazonnet B, Gurny R. Ocular tolerance of absorption enhancer in opthalamic preparation. AAPS Pharm Sci 2002; 4: 1-5.
22. Sigurdsson HH, Stefánsson E, Gudmundsdottir E, Eysteinsson T, Thorsteinsdottir M, Loftsson T. Cyclodextrin formulation of dorzolamide and its distribution in the eye after topical administration. J Control Release 2005; 102: 255-62.
23. Sahoo SK, Dilnawaz F, Krishnakumar S. Nanotechnology in ocular drug delivery. Drug Discov Today 2008; 13: 144-51.
24. Mainardes RM, Urban MC, Cinto PO, Khalil NM, Chaud MV, Evangelista RC, et al. Colloidal carriers for ophthalmic drug delivery. Curr Drug Targets 2005; 6: 363-71.
25. Santos P, Watkinson AC, Hadgraft J, Lane ME. Application of microemulsions in dermal and transdermal drug delivery. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2008; 21: 246-59.
26. Jadhav KR, Shaikh IM, Ambade KW, Kadam VJ. Applications of microemulsion based drug delivery system. Curr Drug Deliv 2006; 3: 267-73.
27. Vandamme TF. Microemulsions as ocular drug delivery systems: Recent developments and future challenges. Prog Retin Eye Res 2002; 21: 15-34.
28. Gasco MR, Gallarate M, Trotta M, Bauchiero L, Gremmo E, Chiappero O. Microemulsions as topical delivery vehicles: Ocular administration of timolol. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1989; 7: 433-9.
29. Fialho SL, da Silva-Cunha A. New vehicle based on a microemulsion for topical ocular administration of dexamethasone. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2004; 32: 626-32
30. Lv FF, Li N, Zheng LQ, Tung CH. Studies on the stability of the chloramphenicol in the microemulsion free of alcohols. Eur J Pharma Biopharm 2006; 62: 288-94.
31. Radomska-Soukharev A, Wojciechowska J. Microemulsions as potential ocular drug delivery systems: Phase diagrams and physical properties depending on ingredients. Acta Pol Pharm 2005; 62: 465-71.
32. Baspinar Y, Bertelmann E, Pleyer U, Buech G, Siebenbrodt I, Borchert HH. Corneal permeation studies of everolimus microemulsion. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2008; 4: 399-402.
33. Ma SW, Gan Y, Gan L, Zhu CL, Zhu JB. Preparation and in vitro corneal retention behavior of novel cationic microemulsion/in situ gel system. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2008; 43: 749-55.
34. Vandamme TF. Microemulsions as ocular drug delivery systems: Recent developments and future challenges. Prog Retin Eye Res 2002; 21: 5-34.
35. Patravale VB, Date AA, Kulkarni RM. Nanosuspensions: A promising drug delivery strategy. J Pharm Pharmacol 2004; 56: 827-40.
36. Pignatello R, Bucolo C, Spedalieri G, Maltese A, Puglisi G. Flurbiprofen-loaded acrylate polymer nanosuspensions for ophthalmic application. Biomaterials 2002; 23: 3247-55.
37. Pignatello R, Ricupero N, Bucolo C, Maugeri F, Maltese A, Puglisi G. Preparation and characterization of eudragit retard nanosuspensions for the ocular delivery of cloricromene. AAPS Pharm Sci Tech 2006; 7: E27.
38. Kassem MA, Rahman AAA, Ghorab MM, Ahmed MB, Khalil RM. Nanosuspension as an ophthalmic delivery system for certain glucocorticoid drugs. Int J Pharm 2007; 340: 126-33.
39. Agnihotri SM, Vavia PR. Diclofenac-loaded biopolymeric nanosuspensions for ophthalmic application. Nanomedicine 2008; Sep 25.
40. Desai SD, Blanchard J. Pluronic® F127-based ocular delivery system containing biodegradable polyisobutylcyanoacrylate nanocapsules of pilocarpine. Drug Deliv 2000; 7: 201-7.
41. Losa C, Marchal-Heussler L, Orallo F, Vila Jato JL, Alonso MJ. Design of new formulations for topical ocular administration: Polymeric nanocapsules containing metipranolol. Pharm Res 1993; 10: 80-7.
42. Zimmer A, Kreuter J. Microspheres and nanoparticles used in ocular delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1995; 1: 61-73.
43. Calvo P, Vila-Jato JL, Alonso MJ. Evaluation of cationic polymercoated nanocapsules as ocular drug carriers. Int J Pharm 1997; 153: 41-50.
44. Li VH, Wood RW, Kreuter J, Harmia T, Robinson JR. Ocular drug delivery of progesterone using nanoparticles. J Microencapsul 1986; 3: 213-8
45. Zimmer J, Kreuter J, Robinson JR. Studies on the transport pathway of PBCA nanoparticles in ocular tissues. J Microencapsul 1991; 8: 497-504.
46. De Campos AM, Sánchez A, Alonso MJ. Chitosan nanoparticles: A new vehicle for the improvement of the delivery of drugs to the ocular surface. Application to cyclosporin A. Int J Pharm 2001; 224: 159-68.
47. Merodio M, Espuelas MS, Mirshahi M, Arnedo A, Irache JM. Efficacy of ganciclovir-loaded nanoparticles in human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-infected cells. J Drug Target 2002; 10: 231-8.
48. Chu TC, He Q, Potter DE. Biodegradable calcium phosphate nanoparticles as a new vehicle for delivery of a potential ocular hypotensive agent. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2002; 18: 507-14.
49. Giannavola C, Bucolo C, Maltese A, Paolino D, Vandelli MA, Puglisi G, et al. Influence of preparation conditions on acyclovirloaded poly-d,l-lactic acid nanospheres and effect of PEG coating on ocular drug bioavailability. Pharm Res 2003; 20: 584-90.
50. Bourges JL, Gautier SE, Delie F, Bejjani RA, Jeanny JC, Gurny R, et al. Ocular drug delivery targeting the retina and retinal pigment epithelium using polylactide nanoparticles. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003; 44: 3562-9.
51. de Campos AM, Diebold Y, Carvalho EL, Sanchez A, Alonso MJ. Chitosan nanoparticle as new ocular drug delivery systems: in vitro stability, in vivo fate and cellular toxicity. Pharm Res 2004; 21: 803-10.
52. de Kozak Y, Andrieux K, Villarroya H, Klein C, Thillaye-Goldenberg B, Naud MC, et al. Intraocular injection of tamoxifenloaded nanoparticles: A new treatment of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. Eur J Immunol 2004; 34: 3702-12.
53. De TK, Bergey EJ, Chung SJ, Rodman DJ, Bharali DJ, Prasad PN. Polycarboxylic acid nanoparticles for ophthalmic drug delivery: An ex vivo evaluation with human cornea. J Microencapsul 2004; 21: 841-55.
54. Amrite AC, Kompella UB. Size-dependent disposition of nanoparticles and microparticles following subconjunctival administration. J Pharm Pharmacol 2005; 57: 1555-63.
55. Sakai T, Kohno H, Ishihara T, Higaki M, Saito S, Matsushima M, et al. Effect of betamethasone phosphate-loaded polyactide nanoparticles on experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. Exp Eye Res 2006; 82: 657-63.
56. Enriquez ADS, Diebold Y, Calonge M, García-Vazquez C, Callejo S, Vila A, et al. Chitosan nanoparticles as a potential drug delivery system for the ocular surface: Toxicity, uptake mechanism and in vivo tolerance. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 47: 1416-25.
57. Vega E, Egea MA, Valls O, Espina M, García ML. Flurbiprofen loaded biodegradable nanoparticles for ophtalmic administration. J Pharm Sci 2006; 95: 2393-405.
58. Kompella UB, Raghavan SS, Escobar ERS. LHRH agonist and transferring functionalization enhance nanoparticle delivery in a novel bovine ex vivo eye model. Mol Vis 2006; 12: 1185-98.
59. Diebold Y, Jarrin M, Saez V, Carvalho ELS, Orea M, Calonge M, et al. Ocular drug delivery by liposome-chitosan nanoparticle complexes. Biomaterials 2007; 28: 1553-64.
60. Motwani SK, Chopra S, Talegaonkar S, Kohli K, Ahmad FJ, Khar RK. Chitosan-sodium alginate nanoparticles as submicroscopic reservoirs for ocular delivery: Formulation, optimisation and in vitro characterisation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 68: 513-25.
61. Eljarrat-Binstock E, Orucov F, Aldouby Y, Frucht-Pery J, Domb AJ. Charged nanoparticles delivery to the eye using hydrogel ion-tophoresis. J Control Release 2008; 126: 156-61.
62. Amrite AC, Edelhauser HF, Singh SR, Kompella UB. Effect of circulation on the disposition and ocular tissue distribution of 20 nm nanoparticles after periocular administration. Mol Vis 2008; 14: 150-60
63. Yenice I, Mocan MC, Palaska E, Bochot A, Bilensoy E, Vural I, et al. Hyaluronic acid coated poly-epsilon-caprolactone nanospheres deliver high concentrations of cyclosporine A into the cornea. Exp Eye Res 2008; 87: 162-7.
64. Badawi AA, El-Laithy HM, El Qidra RK, El Mofty H, El dally M. Chitosan based nanocarriers for indomethacin ocular delivery. Arch Pharm Res 2008; 8: 1040-9.
65. Alonso MJ. Polymeric nanoparticles: New systems for improving ocular bioavailability of drugs. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol 2001; 76: 453-4.
66. Bu HZ, Gukasyan HJ, Goulet L, Lou XJ, Xiang C, Koudriakova T. Ocular disposition, pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of nanoparticle formulated ophthalmic drugs. Curr Drug Metabol 2007; 8: 91-107.
67. Rai S, Paliwal R, Gupta PN, Khatri K, Goyal AK, Vaidya B, et al. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) as a rising tool in drug delivery science: One step up in nanotechnology. Curr Nanosci 2008; 4: 30-44.
68. Cavalli R, Gasco MR, Chetoni P, Burgalassi S, Saettone MF. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) as ocular delivery system for tobramycin. Int J Pharm 2002; 238: 241-45.
69. Attama AA, Reichl S, Goyman M. Diclofenac sodium delivery to the eye, in vitro evaluation of novel SLN using human cornea construct. Int J pharm 2008; 355: 307-13.
70. Durrani AM, Davies NM, Thomas M, Kellaway IW. Pilocarpine bioavailability from a mucoadhesive liposomal ophthalmic drug delivery system. Int J Pharm 1992; 88: 409-15.
71. Wiechens B, Neumann D, Grammer JB, Pleyer U, Hedderich J, Duncker GI. Retinal toxicity of liposome-incorporated and free ofloxacin after intravitreal injection in rabbit eyes. Int Ophthalmol 1998-1999; 22: 133-43.
72. Sun KX, Wang AP, Huang LJ, Liang RC, Liu K. Preparation of diclofenac sodium liposomes and its ocular pharmacokinetics. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2006; 41: 1094-8. Chinese.
73. Shen Y, Tu J. Preparation and ocular pharmacokinetics of ganciclovir liposomes. AAPS J 2007; 9: E371-7.
74. Mahmoud SS, Gehman JD, Azzopardi K, Robins-Browne RM, Separovic F. Liposomal phospholipid preparations of chloramphenicol for ophthalmic applications. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97: 2691-701.
75. Law SL, Hung HY. Properties of acyclovir-containing liposomes for potential ocular delivery. Int J Pharm 1998; 16: 253-259.
76. Hathout RM, Mansour S, Mortada ND, Guinedi AS. Liposomes as an ocular delivery system for acetazolamide: in vitro and in vivo studies. AAPS Pharm Sci Tech 2007; 8: 1.
77. Nagarsenker MS, Londhe VY, Nadkarni GD. Preparation and evaluation of liposomal formulations of tropicamide for ocular delivery. Int J Pharm 1999;190: 63-71.
78. Kawakami S, Harada A, Sakanaka K, Nishida K, Nakamura J, Sakaeda T, et al. In vivo gene transfection via intravitreal injection of cationic liposome/plasmid DNA complexes in rabbits. Int J pharm Sci 2004; 278: 255-62.
79. Camelo S, Lajavardi L, Bochot A, Goldenberg B, Naud MC, Fattal E, et al. Ocular and systemic bio-distribution of rhodamineconjugated liposomes loaded with VIP injected into the vitreous of Lewis rats. Mol Vis 2007; 13: 2263-74.
80. Velpandian T, Narayanan K, Nag TC, Ravi AK, Gupta SK. Retinal toxicity of intravitreally injected plain and liposome formulation of fluconazole in rabbit eye. Ind J Ophthalmol 2006; 54: 237-40.
81. Vyas SP, Mysore N, Jaitely V, Venkatesan N. Discoidal niosome based controlled ocular delivery of timolol maleate. Pharmazie 1998; 53: 466-9.
82. Cortesi R, Esposito E, Corradini F, Sivieri E, Drechsler M, Rossi A, et al. Non phospholipid vesicles as carrier for peptide and proteins: Production, characterization and stability studies. Int J Pharm 2007; 339: 52-60.
83. Abdelbary G, El-Gendy N. Niosome-encapsulated gentamicin for ophthalmic controlled delivery. AAPS Pharm Sci Tech 2008; 9: 740-7.
84. Guinedi AS, Mortada ND, Mansour S, Hathout RM. Preparation and evaluation of reverse-phase evaporation and multilamellar niosomes as ophthalmic carriers of acetazolamide. Int J Pharm 2005; 306: 71-82.
85. Aggarwal D, Kaur IP. Improved pharmacodynamics of timolol maleate from a mucoadhesive niosomal ophthalmic drug delivery system. Int J Pharm 2005; 290: 155-9.
86. Aggarwal D, Pal D, Mitra AK, Kaur IP. Study of the extent of ocular absorption of acetazolamide from a developed niosomal formulation, by microdialysis sampling of aqueous humor. Int J Pharm 2007; 338: 21-6.
87. Kimura H, Ogura Y, Hashizoe M, Nishiwaki H, Honda Y, Ikad Y. A new vitreal drug delivery system using an implantable biodegradable polymeric device. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1994; 35: 2815-9.
88. Kim H, Robinson MR , Lizak MJ, Tansey G, Lutz RJ, Yuan P, et al. Controlled Drug Release from an Ocular Implant: An evaluation using dynamic three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004; 45: 2722-31.
89. Kim H, Csaky KG, Gilger BC, Dunn JP, Lee SS, Tremblay M, et al. Preclinical evaluation of a novel episcleral cyclosporine implant for ocular graft-versus-host disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46: 655-62.
90. Taban M, Lowder CY, Kaiser PK. Outcome of fluocinolone acetonide implant (retisert trade mark) reimplantation for chronic non-infectious posterior uveitis. Retina 2008; [Epub ahead of print].
91. Koelwel C, Rothschenk S, Fuchs-Koelwel B, Gabler B, Lohmann C, Gopferich A. Alginate inserts loaded with epidermal growth factor for the treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Pharm Dev Techno 2008; 13: 221-31.
92. Majumdar S, Mitra AK. Chemical modification and formulation approaches to elevated drug transport across cell membranes. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2006; 3: 511-27.
93. Mandell AI, Stentz F, Kitabchi AE. Dipivalyl epinephrine: A new pro-drug in the treatment of glaucoma. Ophthalmology 1978; 85: 268-75.
94. Chang SC, Bundgaard H, Buur A, Lee VHL. Improved corneal penetration of timolol by Prodrugs a means to reduce systemic drug load. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1987; 28: 487-91.
95. Lallemand F, Perottet P, Felt-Baeyens O, Kloeti W, Philippoz F, Marfurt J, et al. A water-soluble prodrug of cyclosporine A for ocular application: A stability study. Eur J Pharm Sci 2005; 26: 124-9.
96. Kawakami S, Nishida K, Mukai T, Yamamura K, Kobayashi K, Sakaeda T, et al. Ocular absorption behavior of palmitoyl tilisolol, an amphiphilic prodrug of tilisolol, for ocular drug delivery. J Pharm Sci 2001; 90: 2113-20.
97. Savolainen PS, Firvinen TJ, Suhonen P, Urtti A. Amphiphilic properties of pilocarpine prodrugs. Int J Pharm 1996; 133: 171-8.
98. Macha S, Mitra AK. Ocular disposition of ganciclovir and its monoester prodrugs following intravitreal administration using microdialysis. Drug Metab Dispos 2002; 30: 670-5.
99. Nanjawade BK, Manvi FV, Manjappa AS. In situ-forming hydrogels for sustained ophthalmic drug delivery. J Control Release 2007; 122: 119-134.
100. Liu Z, Li J, Nie S, Liu H, Ding P, PanW. Study of an alginate/ HPMC-based in situ gelling ophthalmic delivery system for gatifloxacin. Int J Pharm 2006; 315: 12-7.
101. Cao Y, Zhang C, Shen W, Cheng Z, Yu LL, Ping Q. Poly(Nisopropylacrylamide)- chitosan as thermosensitive in situ gel-forming system for ocular drug delivery. J Control Release 2007; 120: 186-94.
102. Eljarrat-Binstock E, Raiskup F, Frucht-Pery J, Domb AJ. Transcorneal and transscleral iontophoresis of dexamethasone phosphate using drug loaded hydrogel. J Control Release 2005; 106: 386-90.
103. Eljarrat-Binstock E, Raiskup F, Stepensky D, Domb AJ, Frucht- Pery J. Delivery of gentamicin to the rabbit eye by drug-loaded hydrogel iontophoresis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004; 45: 2543-8.
104. Eljarrat-Binstock E, Orucov F, Aldouby Y, Frucht-Pery J, Domb AJ. Charged nanoparticles delivery to the eye using hydrogel iontophoresis. J Control Release 2008; 126: 156-61.
105. Liu W, Griffith M, Li F. Alginate microsphere-collagen composite hydrogel for ocular drug delivery and implantation. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2008; 19: 3365-71.
106. Vandamme TF, Brobeck L. Poly(amidoamine) dendrimers as ophthalmic vehicles for ocular delivery of pilocarpine nitrate and tropicamide. J Control Release 2005; 102: 23-38.
107. Marano RJ, Wimmer N, Kearns PS, Thomas BG, Toth I, Brankov M, et al. Inhibition of in vitro VEGF expression and choroidal neovascularization by synthetic dendrimer peptide mediated delivery of a sense oligonucleotide. Exp Eye Res 2004; 79: 525-35.
108. Mishra DN, Gilhotra RM. Design and characterization of bioadhesive in-situ gelling ocular insert of gatifloxacin sesquihydrate. DARU 2008; 16: 1-8.
109. Lawrenson JG, Edgar DF, Gudgeon AC, Burns JM, Geriant M, Nas BA. Comparison of the efficacy and duration of action of topically applied proxymetacaine using a novel ophthalamic delivery system versus eye drops in healthy young volunteers. Br J Opthalmol 1993; 77: 713-5.
110. Di Colo G, Zambito Y, Burgalassi S, Serafini A, Saettone MF. Effect of chitosan on in vitro release and ocular delivery of ofloxacin from erodible inserts based on poly(ethylene oxide). Int J Pharm 2002; 248: 115-22.
111. Ambati J, Gragoudas ES, Miller JW, You TT, Miyamoto K, Delori FC, et al. Transscleral delivery of bioactive protein to the choroid and retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000; 41: 1186-91.
112. Gavini E, Chetoni P, Cossu M, Alvarez MG, Saettone MF, Giunchedi P. PLGA microspheres for the ocular delivery of a peptide drug, vancomycin using emulsification/spray-drying as the preparation method: in vitro/in vivo studies. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2003; 57: 207-12.
113. Majumdar S, Kansara V, Mitra AK. Vitreal pharmacokinetics of dipeptide monoester prodrugs of ganciclovir. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2006; 22: 231-41.
114. Lajavardi L, Bochot A, Camelo S, Goldenberg B, Naud MC, Behar-Cohen F, et al. Downregulation of endotoxin-induced uveitis by intravitreal injection of vasoactive intestinal peptide encapsulated in liposomes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48: 3230-8.
115. Patel K, Trivedi S, Luo S, Zhu X, Pal D, Kern ER, et al. Synthesis, physicochemical properties and antiviral activities of ester prodrugs of ganciclovir. Int J Pharm 2005; 305: 75-89.
116. Liu xuyang, Curtis BR, Carol RA, Paul KL. Drug delivery: Molecules, cells and genes. J Opthalmol 2008; 42: 447-54.
117. Pitkänen L, Pelkonen J, Ruponen M, Rönkkö S, Urtti A. Neural retina limits the nonviral gene transfer to retinal pigment epithelium in an in vitro bovine eye model. AAPS J 2004; 6: E25.
118. Liaw J, Chang SF, Hsiao FC. In vivo gene delivery into ocular tissues by eye drops of poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PPO-PEO) polymeric micelles. Gene Ther 2001; 8: 999-1004.
119. Chun KW, Lee JB, Kim SH, Park TG. Controlled release of plasmid DNA from photo-crosslinked pluronic hydrogels. Biomaterials 2005; 26: 3319-26
120. Hudde T, Rayner SA, Comer RM, Weber M, Isaacs JD, Waldmann H, et al. Activated polyamidoamine dendrimers, a non-viral vector for gene transfer to the corneal endothelium. Gene Ther 1999; 6: 939-43.
121. Levin LA, Ritch R, Richards JE, Borra T. Stem cell therapy for ocular disorders. Arch Ophthalmol 2008; 122: 621-7.
122. Cai X, Conley S, Naash. Nanoparticle applications in ocular gene therapy. Vis Res 2008; 48: 319-24.
123. Bull ND, Johnson TV, Martin KR. Stem cells for neuroprotection in glaucoma. Prog Brain Res 2008; 173: 511-9.
124. Bull ND, Martin KR. Optic nerve restoration: New perspectives. J Glaucoma 2007; 16: 506-11.
125. Hill RA, Reddi S, Kenney ME, Ryan J, Liaw LH, Garrett J, et al. Photodynamic therapy of ocular melanoma with bis silicon 2,3-naphthalocyanine in a rabbit model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1995; 36: 2476-81.
126. Chen SN, Hwang JF, Tseng LF, Lin CJ. Subthreshold diode micropulse photocoagulation for the treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy with juxtafoveal leakage. Ophthalmology 2008; 115(12): 2229-34.
127. Ahmad S, Bearelly S, Stinnett SS, Cooney MJ, Fekrat S. Photodynamic therapy for predominantly hemorrhagic lesions in neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol 2008; 145: 1052-1057.
128. Scuderi GL, Pasquale N. Laser therapies for glaucoma: New frontiers. Prog Brain Res 2008; 173: 225-36.
129. Rubin B, Taglienti A, Rothman RF, Marcus CH, Serle JB. The effect of selective laser trabeculoplasty on intraocular pressure in patients with intravitreal steroid-induced elevated intraocular pressure. J Glaucoma 2008; 17: 287-92.
130. Soong HK, Malta JB. Femtosecond lasers in ophthalmology. Am J Ophthalmol 2009; 147: 189-97.
131. Christie JG, Kompella UB. Ophthalmic light sensitive nanocarrier systems. Drug Discov Today 2008; 13: 124-34.
132. Sheu SJ, Bee YS, Lin HC, Ho WL, Wu TT. Comparison of multiple reduced-dose and standard light application in photodynamic therapy in an animal model of choroidal neovascularization. J Chin Med Assoc 2008; 71: 135-42.
133. Ockrim ZK, Sivaprasad S, Falk S, Roghani S, Bunce C, Gregor Z, et al. Intravitreal triamcinolone versus laser photocoagulation for persistent diabetic macular oedema. Br J Ophthalmol 2008; 92: 795-9
134. Goulart DG, Sano RY, Cursino SR, Takahashi WY. Transscleral infrared laser retinal photocoagulation experimental study under low visibility conditions. Arq Bras Oftalmol 2008; 71(3): 342-7.
135. Shingleton BJ, Nguyen BK, Eagan EF, Nagao K, O'Donoghue MW. Outcomes of phacoemulsification in fellow eyes of patients with unilateral pseudoexfoliation: Single-surgeon series. J Cataract Refract Surg 2008; 34: 274-9.
136. Kristinsson JK, Fridriksdóttir H, Thórisdóttir S, Sigurdardóttir AM, Stefánsson E, Loftsson T. Dexamethasone-cyclodextrin-polymer co-complexes in aqueous eye drops. Aqueous humor pharmacokinetics in humans. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1996; 37: 1199-203.
137. Gudmundsdottir E, Stefansson E, Bjarnadottir G, Sigurjonsdottir JF, Gudmundsdottir G, Masson M, et al. Methazolamide 1% in cyclodextrin solution lowers iop in human ocular hypertension. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000; 41: 3552-4.
138. Loftsson T, Stefansson E. Cyclodextrins in eye drop formulations: enhanced topical delivery of corticosteroids to the eye. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2002; 80: 144-50.
139. Tirucherai GS, Mitra AK. Effect of hydroxypropyl beta cyclodextrin complexation on aqueous solubility, stability, and corneal permeation of acyl ester prodrugs of ganciclovir. AAPS Pharm SciTech 2003; 4: 1-12.
140. Kaur IP, Kapil M, Smitha R, Aggarwal D. Development of topically effective formulations of acetazolamide using HP-β-CD-polymer co-complexes. Curr Drug Del 2004; 1: 65-72.
141. Sigurdsson HH, Stefansson E, Gudmundsdottir E, Eysteinsson T, Thorsteinsdottir M, Loftsson T. Cyclodextrin formulation of dorzolamide and its distribution in the eye after topical administration. J Control Release 2005; 102: 255-62.
142. Loftsson.T, Hreinsdottir D, Stefansson E. Cyclodextrin microparticles for drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye: Aqueous dexamethasone eye drops. J Pharm Pharmacol 2007; 59: 629-35.
143. Pignatello R, Bucolo C, Puglisi G. Ocular tolerability of Eudragit RS100 and RL100 nanosuspensions as carriers for ophthalmic controlled drug delivery. J Pharm Sci 2002; 91: 2636-41.
144. Pignatello R, Bucolo C, Ferrara P, Maltese A, Puleo A, Puglisi G. Eudragit RS100 nanosuspensions for the ophthalmic controlled delivery of ibuprofen. Eur J Pharm Sci 2002; 16: 53-61.
145. Herrero-Vanrell R, Fernandez-Carballido A, Frutos G, Cadórniga R. Enhancement of the mydriatic response to tropicamide by bioadhesive polymers. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2000; 16: 419-28.
146. Fresta M, Fontana G, Bucolo C, Cavallaro G, Giammona G, Puglisi G. Ocular tolerability and in vivo bioavailability of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-coated polyethyl-2-cyanoacrylate nanosphere-encapsulated acyclovir. J Pharm Sci 2001; 90: 288-97.
147. El-Kamel AH. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of Pluronic F127-based ocular delivery system for timolol maleate. Int J Pharm 2002; 241: 47-55.
148. Budai L, Hajdu M, Budai M, Grof P, Beni S, Noszal B, et al. Gels and liposomes in optimized ocular drug delivery: Studies on ciprofloxacin formulations. Int J Pharm 2007; 343: 34-40.
149. Tuovinen L, Ruhanen E, Kinnarinen T, Ronkko S, Pelkonen J, Urtti A, et al. Starch acetate microparticles for drug delivery into retinal pigment epithelium - in vitro study. J Control Release 2004; 98: 407-13.
150. Ayalasomayajula SP, Kompella UB. Subconjunctivally administered celecoxib-PLGA microparticles sustain retinal drug levels and alleviate diabetes-induced oxidative stress in a rat model. Eur J Pharm 2005; 511: 191-8.
151. Gupta AK, Madan S, Majumdar DK, Maitra AK. Ketorolac entrapped in polymeric micelles: Preparation, characterization and ocular anti-inflammatory studies. Int J Pharm 2000; 209: 1-14.
152. Xu J, Wang Y, Li Y, Yang X, Zhang P, Hou H, et al. Inhibitory efficacy of intravitreal dexamethasone acetate-loaded PLGA nanoparticles on choroidal neovascularization in a laser-induced rat model. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2007; 23: 527-39.
153. Papadimitriou S, Bikiaris D, Avgoustakis K, Karavas E, Georgarakis M. Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with dorzolamide and pramipexole. Carbohyd Polym 2008; 73: 44-54.
154. Prow TW, Bhutto I, Kim SY, Grebe R, Merges C, McLeod DS, et al. Ocular nanoparticle toxicity and transfection of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium Nanomed: Nanotech, Biol Med 2008; 4: 340-9.
155. del Pozo-Rodriguez A, Delgado D, Solinis MA, Gascon AR, Pedraz JL. Solid lipid nanoparticles for retinal gene therapy: Transfection and intracellular trafficking in RPE cells. Int J Pharm 2008; 360: 177-83
156. Law SL, Hung HY. Properties of acyclovir-containing liposomes for potential ocular delivery. Int J Pharm 1998; 16: 253-9.
157. Jain AK, Chalasani KB, Khar RK, Ahmed FJ, Diwan PV. Mucoadhesive multivesicular liposomes as an effective carrier for transmucosal insulin delivery. J Drug Target 2007; 15: 417-27.
158. Felt-Baeyens O, Eperon S, Mora P, Limal D, Sagodira S, Breton P, et al. Biodegradable scleral implants as new triamcinolone acetonide delivery systems. Int J Pharm 2006; 322: 6-12.
159. Natu MV, Sardinha JP, Correia IJ, Gil MH. Controlled release gelatin hydrogels and lyophilisates with potential application as ocular inserts. Biomed Mater 2007; 2: 241-9.
160. Steffansen B, Ashton P, Buur A. Intraocular drug delivery in vitro release studies of 5-fluorouracil from N1-alkoxycarbonyl prodrugs in silicone oil. Int J Pharm 1996; 132: 243-50.
161. Geraldine C, Jordan AM, Davis GW, Timoney RF. Studies showing the effect of enzymes on the stability of ester prodrugs of propranolol and oxprenolol in biological samples. Int J Pharm 1996; 141: 125-35.
162. Foroutan S, Watson DG. The in vitro evaluation of polyethylene glycol esters of hydrocortisone 21-succinate as ocular prodrugs. Int J Pharm 1999; 182: 79-92.
163. Anand BS, Katragadda S, Gunda S, Mitra AK. In vivo ocular pharmacokinetics of acyclovir dipeptide ester prodrugs by microdialysis in rabbits. Mol Pharm 2006; 3: 431-40.
164. Gunda S, Hariharan S, Mitra AK. Corneal absorption and anterior chamber pharmacokinetics of dipeptide monoester prodrugs of ganciclovir (GCV): in vivo comparative evaluation of these prodrugs with Val-GCV and GCV in rabbits. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2006; 22: 465-76.
165. Lallemand F, Perottet P, Felt-Baeyens O, Kloeti W, Philippoz F, Marfurt J, et al. A water-soluble prodrug of cyclosporine A for ocular application: A stability study. Eur J Pharm Sci 2005; 26: 124-9.
166. Talluri RS, Samanta SK, Gaudana R, Mitra AK. Synthesis, metabolism and cellular permeability of enzymatically stable dipeptide prodrugs of acyclovir. Int J Pharm 2008; 361: 118-24.
167. Katragadda S, Gunda S, Hariharan S, Mitra A. Ocular pharmacokinetics of acyclovir amino acid ester prodrugs in the anterior chamber: Evaluation of their utility in treating ocular HSV infection. Int J Pharm 2008; 359: 15-24.
168. Miyazaki S, Suzuki S, Kawasaki N, Endo K, Takahashi A, Attwood D. In situ gelling xyloglucan formulations for sustained release ocular delivery of pilocarpine hydrochloride. Int J Pharm 2001; 229: 29-36
169. Ali M, Horikawa S, Venkatesh S, Saha J, Hong JW, Byrne ME. Zero-order therapeutic release from imprinted hydrogel contact lenses within in vitro physiological ocular tear flow. J Control Release 2007; 124: 154-62.
170. Qi H, Chen W, Huang C, Li L, Chen C, Li W, et al. Development of a poloxamer analogs/carbopol-based in situ gelling and mucoadhesive ophthalmic delivery system for puerarin. Int J Pharm 2007; 337: 178-87.
171. Hui A, Boone A, Jones L. Uptake and release of ciprofloxacin-HCl from conventional and silicone hydrogel contact lens materials. Eye Contact Lens 2008; 34: 266-71.
172. Ma WD, Xu H, Wang C, Nie SF, Pan WS. Pluronic F127-g-poly(acrylic acid) copolymers as in situ gelling vehicle for ophthalmic drug delivery system. Int J Pharm 2008; 350: 247-56.
173. Hollins AJ, Benboubetra M, Omidi Y, Zinselmeyer BH, Schatzlein AG, Uchegbu IF, et al. Evaluation of generation 2 and 3 poly(propylenimine) dendrimers for the potential cellular delivery of antisense oligonucleotides targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor. Pharm Res 2004; 21: 458-66.
174. Marano RJ, Toth I, Wimmer N, Brankov M, Rakoczy PE. Dendrimer delivery of an anti-VEGF oligonucleotide into the eye: A long-term study into inhibition of laser-induced CNV, distribution, uptake and toxicity. Gene Ther 2005; 12: 1544-50
175. Blair-Parks K, Weston BC, Dean DA. High-level gene transfer to the cornea using electroporation. J Gene Med 2002; 4: 92-100.
176. Hu D, Hou X, Hui Y. Effect of adenovirally delivered brain-derived neurotrophic factor on superoxide dismutase within the retina of experimentally injured optic nerve of rat eyes. Yan Ke Xue Bao. 2002; 18(4): 249-52.
177. Nakamura H, Siddiqui SS, Shen X, Malik AB, Pulido JS, Kumar NM, et al. RNA interference targeting transforming growth factor-beta type II receptor suppresses ocular inflammation and fibrosis. Mol Vis 2004; 10: 703-11.
178. Akiyama H, Mohamedali KA, E Silva RL, Kachi S, Shen J, Hatara C, et al. Vascular targeting of ocular neovascularization with a vascular endothelial growth factor121/gelonin chimeric protein. Mol Pharmacol 2005; 68: 1543-50.
179. Bhisitkul RB, Robinson GS, Moulton RS, Claffey KP, Gragoudas ES, Miller JW. An antisense oligodeoxynucleotide against vascular endothelial growth factor in a nonhuman primate model of iris neovascularization. Arch Ophthalmol 2005; 123: 214-9.
180. Trousdale MD, Zhu Z, Stevenson D, Schechter JE, Ritter T, Mircheff AK. Expression of TNF inhibitor gene in the lacrimal gland promotes recovery of tear production and tear stability and reduced immunopathology in rabbits with induced autoimmune dacryoadenitis. J Autoimmune Dis 2005; 2: 6.
181. Fang IM, Lin CP, Yang CH, Chiang BL, Yang CM, Chau LY, et al. Inhibition of experimental autoimmune anterior uveitis by adenovirus-mediated transfer of the interleukin-10 gene. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2005; 21: 420-8.
182. Smith JR, Verwaerde C, Rolling F, Naud MC, Delanoye A, Thillaye-Goldenberg B, et al. Tetracycline-inducible viral interleukin-10 intraocular gene transfer, using adeno-associated virus in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. Hum Gene Ther 2005; 16: 1037-46.
183. Campochiaro PA, Nguyen QD, Shah SM, Klein ML, Holz E, Frank RN, et al. Adenoviral vector-delivered pigment epithelium-derived factor for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: Results of a phase I clinical trial. Hum Gene Ther 2006; 17: 167-76.
184. Bloquel C, Bejjani R, Bigey P, Bedioui F, Doat M, BenEzra D, et al. Plasmid electrotransfer of eye ciliary muscle: Principles and therapeutic efficacy using hTNF-alpha soluble receptor in uveitis. FASEB J 2006; 20: 389-91.
185. Farjo R, Skaggs J, Quiambao AB, Cooper MJ, Naash MI. Efficient non-viral ocular gene transfer with compacted DNA nanoparticles. PLoS ONE 2006; 1: e38.
186. Sonoda S, Tachibana K, Uchino E, Okubo A, Yamamoto M, Sakoda K, et al. Gene transfer to corneal epithelium and keratocytes mediated by ultrasound with microbubbles. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 47: 558-64.
187. Chen Z, Mok H, Pflugfelder SC, Li DQ, Barry MA. Improved transduction of human corneal epithelial progenitor cells with cell-targeting adenoviral vectors. Exp Eye Res 2006; 83: 798-806.
188. Tolentino M. Interference RNA technology in the treatment of CNV. Ophthalmol Clin North Am 2006; 19: 393-9.
189. Sanders NN, Peeters L, Lentacker I, Demeester J, De Smedt SC. Wanted and unwanted properties of surface PEGylated nucleic acid nanoparticles in ocular gene transfer. J Control Release 2007; 122: 226-35.
190. Kojima T, Chang JH, Azar DT. Proangiogenic Role of ephrinB1/EphB1 in basic fibroblast growth factor-induced corneal angiogenesis. Am J Pathol 2007; 170: 764-73.
191. Yamashita T, Sonoda S, Suzuki R, Arimura N, Tachibana K, Maruyama K, et al. A novel bubble liposome and ultrasound-mediated gene transfer to ocular surface: RC-1 cells in vitro and conjunctiva in vivo. Exp Eye Res 2007; 85: 741-8.
192. Albini A, Fassina G, Nicolò M, Dell'Eva R, Vené R, Cammarota R, et al. Inhibition of a vascular ocular tumor growth by IL-12 gene transfer. Clin Exp Metastasis 2007; 24: 485-93.
193. Oh-i K, Keino H, Goto H, Yamakawa N, Murase K, Usui Y, et al. Intravitreal injection of Tacrolimus (FK506) suppresses ongoing experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in Rats. Br J Ophthalmol 2007; 91: 237-42.
194. Johnson LN, Cashman SM, Kumar-Singh R. Cell-penetrating peptide for enhanced delivery of nucleic acids and drugs to ocular tissues including retina and cornea. Mol Ther 2008; 16: 107-14.
195. de la Fuente M, Seijo B, Alonso MJ. Novel hyaluronic acid-chitosan nanoparticles for ocular gene therapy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49: 2016-24.
196. de la Fuente M, Seijo B, Alonso MJ. Bioadhesive hyaluronan-chitosan nanoparticles can transport genes across the ocular mucosa and transfect ocular tissue. Gene Ther 2008; 15: 668-76.
197. Pechan P, Rubin H, Lukason M, Ardinger J, Dufresne E, Hauswirth WW, et al. Novel anti-VEGF chimeric molecules delivered by AAV vectors for inhibition of retinal neovascularization. Gene Ther 2009; 16(1): 10-6.
198. Bhattacharjee PS, Neumann DM, Foster TP, Clement C, Singh G, Thompson HW, et al. Effective treatment of ocular HSK with a human apolipoprotein E mimetic peptide in a mouse eye model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49: 4263-8.
199. Michelini FM, Berra A, Alché LE. The in vitro immunomodulatory activity of a synthetic brassinosteroid analogue would account for the improvement of herpetic stromal keratitis in mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 108: 164-70.
200. Wadhwa L, Hurwitz MY, Chévez-Barrios P, Hurwitz RL. Treatment of invasive retinoblastoma in a murine model using an oncolytic picornavirus. Cancer Res 2007 67: 10653-6.