Viral parkinsonism

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular Basis of Disease

Volumn 1792, Issue 7, 2009, Pages 714-721

  Jang, Haeman ^a   Boltz, David A ^a   Webster, Robert G ^a   Smeyne, Richard Jay ^a  

^a ST JUDE CHILDREN S RESEARCH HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

H5N1; Influenza virus; Neurotropism; Parkinson's disease; von Economo's encephalopathy

Indexed keywords

AMANTADINE; LEVODOPA; MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR;

COXSACKIE VIRUS; EPIDEMIC ENCEPHALITIS; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HERPES VIRUS; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; INCIDENCE; INFLUENZA VIRUS; JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS; NEUROTROPISM; NONHUMAN; PARKINSON DISEASE; PARKINSONISM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; ST LOUIS FLAVIVIRUS; VIRUS INFECTION; VIRUS PATHOGENESIS; WEST NILE FLAVIVIRUS; WESTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS ALPHAVIRUS;

ANIMALS; ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE; ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, ST. LOUIS; ENTEROVIRUS; HIV; HUMANS; INFLUENZA, HUMAN; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE; PARKINSON DISEASE, POSTENCEPHALITIC; WEST NILE VIRUS;

JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE;

EID: 68649107627     PISSN: 09254439     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.08.001     Document Type: Review

References (193)

1. Parkinson J. An essay on shaking palsy (1817), Sherwood, Neeley and Jones, London
2. Van Den Eeden S.K., Tanner C.M., Bernstein A.L., Fross R.D., Leimpeter A., Bloch D.A., and Nelson L.M. Incidence of Parkinson's disease: variation by age, gender, and race/ethnicity. Am. J. Epidemiol. 157 (2003) 1015-1022
3. Whetten-Goldstein K., Sloan F., Kulas E., Cutson T., and Schenkman M. The burden of Parkinson's disease on society, family, and the individual. J. Am. Ger. Soc. 45 (1997) 479-485
4. Bertrand E., Lechowicz W., Szpak G.M., and Dymecki J. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of locus coeruleus neurons in Parkinson's disease. Folia Neuropathol. 35 (1997) 80-86
5. Gai W.P., Blumbergs P.C., Geffen L.B., and Blessing W.W. Age-related loss of dorsal vagal neurons in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 42 (1992) 2106-2111
6. Wakabayashi K., and Takahashi H. The intermediolateral nucleus and Clarke's column in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol. 94 (1997) 287-289
7. Wakabayashi K., and Takahashi H. Neuropathology of autonomic nervous system in Parkinson's disease. Eur. Neurol. 38 Suppl. 2 (1997) 2-7
8. German D.C., Manaye K., Smith W.K., Woodward D.J., and Saper C.B. Midbrain dopaminergic cell loss in Parkinson's disease: computer visualization. Ann. Neurol. 26 (1989) 507-514
9. Jankovic J. Parkinson's disease: clinical features and diagnosis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 79 (2008) 368-376
10. Truong D.D., Bhidayasiri R., and Wolters E. Management of non-motor symptoms in advanced Parkinson disease. J. Neurol. Sci. 266 (2008) 216-228
11. Pfeiffer R.F. Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Clin. Neurosci. 5 (1998) 136-146
12. Lewy F. Zur pathologischen Anatomie der Paralysis agitans. Deutsche Zeitschrift fur Nervenheilkunde 50 (1913) 50-55
13. Duda J.E., Lee V.M., and Trojanowski J.Q. Neuropathology of synuclein aggregates. J. Neurosci. Res. 61 (2000) 121-127
14. S. Gilman, Parkinsonian syndromes, Clin. Geriatr. Med. 22 (2006) 827-42, vi.
15. Wenning G.K., and Quinn N.P. Parkinsonism. Multiple system atrophy. Baillieres Clin. Neurol. 6 (1997) 187-204
16. Lubarsky M., and Juncos J.L. Progressive supranuclear palsy: a current review. Neurologist 14 (2008) 79-88
17. Arai H., Furuya T., Mizuno Y., and Mochizuki H. Inflammation and infection in Parkinson's disease. Histol. Histopathol. 21 (2006) 673-678
18. Mena M.A., and de Yebenes J.G. Drug-induced parkinsonism. Expert Opin. Drug. Saf. 5 (2006) 759-771
19. Smeyne R.J., and Jackson-Lewis V. The MPTP model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 134 (2005) 57-66
20. Sibon I., and Tison F. Vascular parkinsonism. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 17 (2004) 49-54
21. Bower J.H., Maraganore D.M., Peterson B.J., McDonnell S.K., Ahlskog J.E., and Rocca W.A. Head trauma preceding PD: a case-control study. Neurology 60 (2003) 1610-1615
22. Bostantjopoulou S., Katsarou Z., and Petridis A. Relapsing hemiparkinsonism due to recurrent meningioma. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 13 (2007) 372-374
23. Chang D.C., Lin J.J., and Lin J.C. Parkinsonism as an initial manifestation of brain tumor. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei) 63 (2000) 658-662
24. Di Monte D.A. The environment and Parkinson's disease: is the nigrostriatal system preferentially targeted by neurotoxins?. Lancet Neurol. 2 (2003) 531-538
25. Farrer M.J. Genetics of Parkinson disease: paradigm shifts and future prospects. Nat. Rev. Genet. 7 (2006) 306-318
26. Klein C., and Schlossmacher M.G. Parkinson disease, 10 years after its genetic revolution: multiple clues to a complex disorder. Neurology 69 (2007) 2093-2104
27. Belin A.C., and Westerlund M. Parkinson's disease: a genetic perspective. Febs. J. 275 (2008) 1377-1383
28. Hardy J., Cai H., Cookson M.R., Gwinn-Hardy K., and Singleton A. Genetics of Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism. Ann. Neurol. 60 (2006) 389-398
29. von Economo K. Encepahlitis lethargica. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 30 (1917) 581-585
30. Goldsmith J.R., Herishanu Y.O., Podgaietski M., and Kordysh E. Dynamics of parkinsonism-Parkinson's disease in residents of adjacent kibbutzim in Israel's Negev. Environ. Res. 73 (1997) 156-161
31. Kumar A., Calne S.M., Schulzer M., Mak E., Wszolek Z., Van Netten C., Tsui J.K., Stoessl A.J., and Calne D.B. Clustering of Parkinson disease: shared cause or coincidence?. Arch. Neurol. 61 (2004) 1057-1060
32. Menninger K.A. Psychoses associated with influenza. Arch. Neurol. Psych. 2 (1919) 291-337
33. Menninger K.A. Influenza and schizophrenia. An analysis of post-influenzal "dementia precox" as of 1918 and five years later. Am. J. Psych. 5 (1926) 469-529
34. Lamb R., and Krug R. In: Knipe D.M., and Howley P.M. (Eds). Fields Virology (2001), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 1487-1532
35. Monto A.S., Gravenstein S., Elliott M., Colopy M., and Schweinle J. Clinical signs and symptoms predicting influenza infection. Arch. Intern. Med. 160 (2000) 3243-3247
36. Nicholson K.G., Wood J.M., and Zambon M. Influenza. Lancet 362 (2003) 1733-1745
37. Martin C.M., Kunin C.M., Gottlieb L.S., Barnes M.W., Liu C., and Finland M. Asian influenza A in Boston, 1957-1958. I. Observations in thirty-two influenza-associated fatal cases. AMA Arch. Intern. Med. 103 (1959) 515-531
38. Hayase Y., and Tobita K. Influenza virus and neurological diseases. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 51 (1997) 181-184
39. Ryan M.M., Procopis P.G., and Ouvrier R.A. Influenza A encephalitis with movement disorder. Pediatr. Neurol. 21 (1999) 669-673
40. Guarner J., Paddock C.D., Shieh W.J., Packard M.M., Patel M., Montague J.L., Uyeki T.M., Bhat N., Balish A., Lindstrom S., Klimov A., and Zaki S.R. Histopathologic and immunohistochemical features of fatal influenza virus infection in children during the 2003-2004 season. Clin. Infect. Dis. 43 (2006) 132-140
41. Reid A., Taubenberger J., and Fanning T. The 1918 Spanish influenza: integrating history and biology. Microbes Infect. 3 (2001) 81-87
42. Simonsen L., Clarke M.J., Williamson G.D., Stroup D.F., Arden N.H., and Schonberger L.B. The impact of influenza epidemics on mortality: introducing a severity index. Am. J. Public Health 87 (1997) 1944-1950
43. Olgar S., Ertugrul T., Nisli K., Aydin K., and Caliskan M. Influenza a-associated acute necrotizing encephalopathy. Neuropediatrics 37 (2006) 166-168
44. Drago L., Attia M.W., DePiero A., and Bean C. Influenza A-associated meningoencephalitis. Pediatr. Emerg. Care 21 (2005) 437-439
45. de Jong M.D., Bach V.C., Phan T.Q., Vo M.H., Tran T.T., Nguyen B.H., Beld M., Le T.P., Truong H.K., Nguyen V.V., Tran T.H., Do Q.H., and Farrar J. Fatal avian influenza A (H5N1) in a child presenting with diarrhea followed by coma. N. Engl. J. Med. 352 (2005) 686-691
46. Togashi T., Matsuzono Y., Narita M., and Morishima T. Influenza-associated acute encephalopathy in Japanese children in 1994-2002. Virus Res. 103 (2004) 75-78
47. Chandesris M.O., Bernit E., Schleinitz N., Nicolino C., Bensa P., Tammam D., Zandotti C., Veit V., Kaplanski G., and Harle J.R. [A case of Influenza virus encephalitis in south of France]. Rev. Med. Interne. 25 (2004) 78-82
48. Iijima H., Wakasugi K., Ayabe M., Shoji H., and Abe T. A case of adult influenza A virus-associated encephalitis: magnetic resonance imaging findings. J. Neuroimaging 12 (2002) 273-275
49. Mihara M., Utsugisawa K., Konno S., and Tohgi H. Isolated lesions limited to the bilateral substantia nigra on MRI associated with influenza A infection. Eur. Neurol. 45 (2001) 290-291
50. Bayer W.H. Influenza B encephalitis. West J. Med. 147 (1987) 466
51. Lawrence G.H., and Jones R.A. Case report; encephalitis as a complication of the influenza. Mo. Med. 54 (1957) 1164 passim
52. Taubenberger J.K. The origin and virulence of the 1918 "Spanish" influenza virus. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 150 (2006) 86-112
53. Cruchet J.R. Quarante cas d'encéphalo-myélite subaiguë. Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société Médicale des Hôpitaux de Paris 41 (1917) 614-616
54. Vilensky J.A., and Gilman S. Encephalitis lethargica: could this disease be recognised if the epidemic recurred?. Pract. Neurol. 6 (2006) 360-367
55. Maurizi C.P. Why was the 1918 influenza pandemic so lethal? The possible role of a neurovirulent neuraminidase. Med. Hypotheses 16 (1985) 1-5
56. Poskanzer D.C., and Schwab R.S. Cohort analysis of Parkinson's syndrome. Evidence for a single etiology related to subclinical infection about 1920. J. Chronic Dis. 16 (1963) 961-973
57. Ravenholt R.T., and Foege W.H. 1918 influenza, encephalitis lethargica, parkinsonism. Lancet 2 (1982) 860-864
58. Martyn C.N., and Osmond C. Parkinson's disease and the environment in early life. J. Neurol. Sci. 132 (1995) 201-206
59. Martyn C.N. Infection in childhood and neurological diseases in adult life. Br. Med. Bull. 53 (1997) 24-39
60. Klopfleisch R., Werner O., Mundt E., Harder T., and Teifke J.P. Neurotropism of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A/chicken/Indonesia/2003 (H5N1) in experimentally infected pigeons (Columbia livia f. domestica). Vet. Pathol. 43 (2006) 463-470
61. Rigoni M., Shinya K., Toffan A., Milani A., Bettini F., Kawaoka Y., Cattoli G., and Capua I. Pneumo- and neurotropism of avian origin Italian highly pathogenic avian influenza H7N1 isolates in experimentally infected mice. Virology 364 (2007) 28-35
62. Tanaka H., Park C.H., Ninomiya A., Ozaki H., Takada A., Umemura T., and Kida H. Neurotropism of the 1997 Hong Kong H5N1 influenza virus in mice. Vet. Microbiol. 95 (2003) 1-13
63. Gamboa E.T., Wolf A., Yahr M.D., Harter D.H., Duffy P.E., Barden H., and Hsu K.C. Influenza virus antigen in postencephalitic parkinsonism brain. Detection by immunofluorescence. Arch. Neurol. 31 (1974) 228-232
64. McCall S., Henry J.M., Reid A.H., and Taubenberger J.K. Influenza RNA not detected in archival brain tissues from acute encephalitis lethargica cases or in postencephalitic Parkinson cases. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 60 (2001) 696-704
65. Casals J., Elizan T.S., and Yahr M.D. Postencephalitic parkinsonism - a review. J. Neural. Transm. 105 (1998) 645-676
66. Blunt S.B., Lane R.J., Turjanski N., and Perkin G.D. Clinical features and management of two cases of encephalitis lethargica. Mov. Disord. 12 (1997) 354-359
67. Dale R.C., Church A.J., Surtees R.A., Lees A.J., Adcock J.E., Harding B., Neville B.G., and Giovannoni G. Encephalitis lethargica syndrome: 20 new cases and evidence of basal ganglia autoimmunity. Brain 127 (2004) 21-33
68. Vincent A. Encephalitis lethargica: part of a spectrum of post-streptococcal autoimmune diseases?. Brain 127 (2004) 2-3
69. Neumann G., Watanabe T., Ito H., Watanabe S., Goto H., Gao P., Hughes M., Perez D.R., Donis R., Hoffmann E., Hobom G., and Kawaoka Y. Generation of influenza A viruses entirely from cloned cDNAs. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. U. S. A. 96 (1999) 9345-9350
70. Kobasa D., Jones S.M., Shinya K., Kash J.C., Copps J., Ebihara H., Hatta Y., Kim J.H., Halfmann P., Hatta M., Feldmann F., Alimonti J.B., Fernando L., Li Y., Katze M.G., Feldmann H., and Kawaoka Y. Aberrant innate immune response in lethal infection of macaques with the 1918 influenza virus. Nature 445 (2007) 319-323
71. Ghoshal A., Das S., Ghosh S., Mishra M.K., Sharma V., Koli P., Sen E., and Basu A. Proinflammatory mediators released by activated microglia induces neuronal death in Japanese encephalitis. Glia 55 (2007) 483-496
72. Wu K.L., Chan S.H., Chao Y.M., and Chan J.Y. Expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine and caspase genes promotes neuronal apoptosis in pontine reticular formation after spinal cord transection. Neurobiol. Dis. 14 (2003) 19-31
73. Langston J.W., Forno L.S., Tetrud J., Reeves A.G., Kaplan J.A., and Karluk D. Evidence of active nerve cell degeneration in the substantia nigra of humans years after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine exposure. Ann. Neurol. 46 (1999) 598-605
74. Mori I., Imai Y., Kohsaka S., and Kimura Y. Upregulated expression of Iba1 molecules in the central nervous system of mice in response to neurovirulent influenza A virus infection. Microbiol. Immunol. 44 (2000) 729-735
75. Dhib-Jalbut S., Gogate N., Jiang H., Eisenberg H., and Bergey G. Human microglia activate lymphoproliferative responses to recall viral antigens. J. Neuroimmunol. 65 (1996) 67-73
76. E. Geoffroy. pp. 1-86, L'Institut Colonial de Marseille, Marseille 1895.
77. P.F. Fuller and A.J. Benson. (USGS, ed.) 2008.
78. Bromilow R.H. Paraquat and sustainable agriculture. Pest Manag. Sci. 60 (2004) 340-349
79. P.I. Center. 2008.
80. Michaelis L., and Hill E.S. The Viologen Indicators. J. Gen. Physiol. 16 (1933) 859-873
81. Greenamyre J.T., Sherer T.B., Betarbet R., and Panov A.V. Complex I and Parkinson's disease. IUBMB Life 52 (2001) 135-141
82. Gomez C., Bandez M.J., and Navarro A. Pesticides and impairment of mitochondrial function in relation with the parkinsonian syndrome. Front Biosci. 12 (2007) 1079-1093
83. Di Monte D., Sandy M.S., Ekstrom G., and Smith M.T. Comparative studies on the mechanisms of paraquat and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine (MPP+) cytotoxicity. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 137 (1986) 303-309
84. Richardson J.R., Quan Y., Sherer T.B., Greenamyre J.T., and Miller G.W. Paraquat neurotoxicity is distinct from that of MPTP and rotenone. Toxicol. Sci. 88 (2005) 193-201
85. Purisai M.G., McCormack A.L., Cumine S., Li J., Isla M.Z., and Di Monte D.A. Microglial activation as a priming event leading to paraquat-induced dopaminergic cell degeneration. Neurobiol. Dis. 25 (2007) 392-400
86. Phinney A.L., Andringa G., Bol J.G., Wolters E., van Muiswinkel F.L., van Dam A.M., and Drukarch B. Enhanced sensitivity of dopaminergic neurons to rotenone-induced toxicity with aging. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 12 (2006) 228-238
87. Takahashi M., Yamada T., Nakajima S., Nakajima K., Yamamoto T., and Okada H. The substantia nigra is a major target for neurovirulent influenza A virus. J. Exp. Med. 181 (1995) 2161-2169
88. Rimmelzwaan G.F., van Riel D., Baars M., Bestebroer T.M., van Amerongen G., Fouchier R.A., Osterhaus A.D., and Kuiken T. Influenza A virus (H5N1) infection in cats causes systemic disease with potential novel routes of virus spread within and between hosts. Am. J. Pathol. 168 (2006) 176-183 quiz 364
89. Lipatov A.S., Krauss S., Guan Y., Peiris M., Rehg J.E., Perez D.R., and Webster R.G. Neurovirulence in mice of H5N1 influenza virus genotypes isolated from Hong Kong poultry in 2001. J. Virol. 77 (2003) 3816-3823
90. BloombergNews (2006), Budapest Business Journal
91. Schultz D.R., Barthal J.S., and Garrett G. Western equine encephalitis with rapid onset of parkinsonism. Neurology 27 (1977) 1095-1096
92. Pranzatelli M.R., Mott S.H., Pavlakis S.G., Conry J.A., and Tate E.D. Clinical spectrum of secondary parkinsonism in childhood: a reversible disorder. Pediatr. Neurol. 10 (1994) 131-140
93. Dalldorf G. The Coxsackie group of viruses. Science 110 (1949) 594
94. Dalldorf G., and Sickles G.M. An unidentified, filtrable agent isolated from the feces of children with paralysis. Science 108 (1948) 61-62
95. C.f.D.P.a. Control, Enterovirus surveillance - United States, 1997-1999. MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly Rep. 49 (2000) 913-916
96. Muir P., and van Loon A.M. Enterovirus infections of the central nervous system. Intervirology 40 (1997) 153-166
97. Tam P.E. Coxsackievirus myocarditis: interplay between virus and host in the pathogenesis of heart disease. Viral Immunol. 19 (2006) 133-146
98. Hirschman S.Z., and Hammer G.S. Coxsackie virus myopericarditis. A microbiological and clinical review. Am. J. Cardiol. 34 (1974) 224-232
99. Walters J. Postencephalic Parkinson sydrome after meningoencephalitis due to coxsackie virus group-B, type-2. New England J. Med. 263 (1960) 744
100. Poser C.M., Huntley C.J., and Poland J.D. Para-encephalitic parkinsonism. Report of an acute case due to coxsackie virus type B 2 and re-examination of the etiologic concepts of postencephalitic parkinsonism. Acta Neurol. Scand. 45 (1969) 199-215
101. So E.Y., Kang M.H., and Kim B.S. Induction of chemokine and cytokine genes in astrocytes following infection with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus is mediated by the Toll-like receptor 3. Glia 53 (2006) 858-867
102. Turell M.J., O'Guinn M.L., Wasieloski Jr. L.P., Dohm D.J., Lee W.J., Cho H.W., Kim H.C., Burkett D.A., Mores C.N., Coleman R.E., and Klein T.A. Isolation of Japanese encephalitis and Getah viruses from mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) collected near Camp Greaves, Gyonggi Province, Republic of Korea, 2000. J. Med. Entomol. 40 (2003) 580-584
103. Mackenzie J.S., Gubler D.J., and Petersen L.R. Emerging flaviviruses: the spread and resurgence of Japanese encephalitis, West Nile and dengue viruses. Nat. Med. 10 (2004) S98-109
104. Luby J.P., Sulkin S.E., and Sanford J.P. The epidemiology of St. Louis encephalitis: a review. Annu. Rev. Med. 20 (1969) 329-350
105. Solomon T., and Winter P.M. Neurovirulence and host factors in flavivirus encephalitis-evidence from clinical epidemiology. Arch. Virol. Suppl. (2004) 161-170
106. Diagana M., Preux P.M., and Dumas M. Japanese encephalitis revisited. J. Neurol. Sci. 262 (2007) 165-170
107. Ishii T., Matsushita M., and Hamada S. Characteristic residual neuropathological features of Japanese B encephalitis. Acta Neuropathol. 38 (1977) 181-186
108. Tiroumourougane S.V., Raghava P., and Srinivasan S. Japanese viral encephalitis. Postgrad. Med. J. 78 (2002) 205-215
109. Abe T., Kojima K., Shoji H., Tanaka N., Fujimoto K., Uchida M., Nishimura H., Hayabuchi N., and Norbash A.M. Japanese encephalitis. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 8 (1998) 755-761
110. Ogata A., Tashiro K., Nukuzuma S., Nagashima K., and Hall W.W. A rat model of Parkinson's disease induced by Japanese encephalitis virus. J. Neurovirol. 3 (1997) 141-147
111. Cerna F., Mehrad B., Luby J.P., Burns D., and Fleckenstein J.L. St. Louis encephalitis and the substantia nigra: MR imaging evaluation. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 20 (1999) 1281-1283
112. Sarngadharan M.G., DeVico A.L., Bruch L., Schupbach J., and Gallo R.C. HTLV-III: the etiologic agent of AIDS. Princess Takamatsu Symp 15 (1984) 301-308
113. Mattos J.P., Rosso A.L., Correa R.B., and Novis S.A. Movement disorders in 28 HIV-infected patients. Arq. Neuropsiquiatr. 60 (2002) 525-530
114. Tse W., Cersosimo M.G., Gracies J.M., Morgello S., Olanow C.W., and Koller W. Movement disorders and AIDS: a review. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 10 (2004) 323-334
115. Krebs F.C., Ross H., McAllister J., and Wigdahl B. HIV-1-associated central nervous system dysfunction. Adv. Pharmacol. 49 (2000) 315-385
116. Budka H. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope and core proteins in CNS tissues of patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Acta Neuropathol. 79 (1990) 611-619
117. Brack-Werner R. Astrocytes: HIV cellular reservoirs and important participants in neuropathogenesis. Aids 13 (1999) 1-22
118. Bell J.E. The neuropathology of adult HIV infection. Rev. Neurol. (Paris) 154 (1998) 816-829
119. Canto-Nogues C., Sanchez-Ramon S., Alvarez S., Lacruz C., and Munoz-Fernandez M.A. HIV-1 infection of neurons might account for progressive HIV-1-associated encephalopathy in children. J. Mol. Neurosci. 27 (2005) 79-89
120. Torres-Munoz J.E., Nunez M., and Petito C.K. Successful application of hyperbranched multidisplacement genomic amplification to detect HIV-1 sequences in single neurons removed from autopsy brain sections by laser capture microdissection. J. Mol. Diagn. 10 (2008) 317-324
121. Wheeler E.D., Achim C.L., and Ayyavoo V. Immunodetection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vpr in brain tissue of HIV-1 encephalitic patients. J. Neurovirol. 12 (2006) 200-210
122. Kaul M., and Lipton S.A. Mechanisms of neuronal injury and death in HIV-1 associated dementia. Curr. HIV Res. 4 (2006) 307-318
123. Brabers N.A., and Nottet H.S. Role of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in HIV-associated dementia. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 36 (2006) 447-458
124. Paul R., Cohen R., Navia B., and Tashima K. Relationships between cognition and structural neuroimaging findings in adults with human immunodeficiency virus type-1. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 26 (2002) 353-359
125. Aylward E.H., Henderer J.D., McArthur J.C., Brettschneider P.D., Harris G.J., Barta P.E., and Pearlson G.D. Reduced basal ganglia volume in HIV-1-associated dementia: results from quantitative neuroimaging. Neurology 43 (1993) 2099-2104
126. Castelo J.M., Courtney M.G., Melrose R.J., and Stern C.E. Putamen hypertrophy in nondemented patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and cognitive compromise. Arch. Neurol. 64 (2007) 1275-1280
127. Hawkins C.P., McLaughlin J.E., Kendall B.E., and McDonald W.I. Pathological findings correlated with MRI in HIV infection. Neuroradiology 35 (1993) 264-268
128. Kodama T., Numaguchi Y., Gellad F.E., and Sadato N. High signal intensity of both putamina in patients with HIV infection. Neuroradiology 33 (1991) 362-363
129. Luttmann S., Husstedt I.W., Schuierer G., Kuhlenbaumer G., Stodieck S., Riedasch M., Reichelt D., and Zidek W. High-signal lesions in the midbrain on T1-weighted MRI in an HIV-infected patient. Neuroradiology 39 (1997) 136-138
130. Rottenberg D.A., Moeller J.R., Strother S.C., Sidtis J.J., Navia B.A., Dhawan V., Ginos J.Z., and Price R.W. The metabolic pathology of the AIDS dementia complex. Ann. Neurol. 22 (1987) 700-706
131. Fodor E., and Brownlee G.G. In: Potter C.W. (Ed). Influenza (2002), Elsevier, Amsterdam 1-29
132. Staeheli P., Grob R., Meier E., Sutcliffe J.G., and Haller O. Influenza virus-susceptible mice carry Mx genes with a large deletion or a nonsense mutation. Mol. Cell Biol. 8 (1988) 4518-4523
133. Horisberger M.A. Interferons, Mx genes, and resistance to influenza virus. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 152 (1995) S67-S71
134. Engelhardt O.G., Ullrich E., Kochs G., and Haller O. Interferon-induced antiviral Mx1 GTPase is associated with components of the SUMO-1 system and promyelocytic leukemia protein nuclear bodies. Exp. Cell Res. 271 (2001) 286-295
135. Takahashi M., and Yamada T. A possible role of influenza A virus infection for Parkinson's disease. Adv. Neurol. 86 (2001) 91-104
136. Yamada T. Further observations on MxA-positive Lewy bodies in Parkinson's disease brain tissues. Neurosci. Lett. 195 (1995) 41-44
137. Yamada T., Horisberger M.A., Kawaguchi N., Moroo I., and Toyoda T. Immunohistochemistry using antibodies to alpha-interferon and its induced protein, MxA, in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease brain tissues. Neurosci. Lett. 181 (1994) 61-64
138. Wang C., Takeuchi K., Pinto L.H., and Lamb R.A. Ion channel activity of influenza A virus M2 protein: characterization of the amantadine block. J. Virol. 67 (1993) 5585-5594
139. Intharathep P., Laohpongspaisan C., Rungrotmongkol T., Loisruangsin A., Malaisree M., Decha P., Aruksakunwong O., Chuenpennit K., Kaiyawet N., Sompornpisut P., Pianwanit S., and Hannongbua S. How amantadine and rimantadine inhibit proton transport in the M2 protein channel. J. Mol. Graph Model (2008)
140. Pahwa R., Factor S.A., Lyons K.E., Ondo W.G., Gronseth G., Bronte-Stewart H., Hallett M., Miyasaki J., Stevens J., and Weiner W.J. Practice parameter: treatment of Parkinson disease with motor fluctuations and dyskinesia (an evidence-based review): report of the quality standards subcommittee of the american academy of neurology. Neurology 66 (2006) 983-995
141. Oertel W.H., and Quinn N.P. Parkinson's disease: drug therapy. Baillieres Clin. Neurol. 6 (1997) 89-108
142. Aronsson F., Robertson B., Ljunggren H.G., and Kristensson K. Invasion and persistence of the neuroadapted influenza virus A/WSN/33 in the mouse olfactory system. Viral Immunol. 16 (2003) 415-423
143. Iwasaki T., Itamura S., Nishimura H., Sato Y., Tashiro M., Hashikawa T., and Kurata T. Productive infection in the murine central nervous system with avian influenza virus A (H5N1) after intranasal inoculation. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl) 108 (2004) 485-492
144. Matsuda K., Park C.H., Sunden Y., Kimura T., Ochiai K., Kida H., and Umemura T. The vagus nerve is one route of transneural invasion for intranasally inoculated influenza a virus in mice. Vet. Pathol. 41 (2004) 101-107
145. Reinacher M., Bonin J., Narayan O., and Scholtissek C. Pathogenesis of neurovirulent influenza A virus infection in mice. Route of entry of virus into brain determines infection of different populations of cells. Lab. Invest. 49 (1983) 686-692
146. Shinya K., Shimada A., Ito T., Otsuki K., Morita T., Tanaka H., Takada A., Kida H., and Umemura T. Avian influenza virus intranasally inoculated infects the central nervous system of mice through the general visceral afferent nerve. Arch. Virol. 145 (2000) 187-195
147. Hawkes C.H., Del Tredici K., and Braak H. Parkinson's disease: a dual-hit hypothesis. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 33 (2007) 599-614
148. Finberg R., Spriggs D.R., and Fields B.N. Host immune response to reovirus: CTL recognize the major neutralization domain of the viral hemagglutinin. J. Immunol. 129 (1982) 2235-2238
149. Cook R., Lu L., Gu J., Williams R.W., and Smeyne R.J. Identification of a single QTL, Mptp1, for susceptibility to MPTP-induced substantia nigra pars compacta neuron loss in mice. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 110 (2003) 279-288
150. Abiola O., Angel J.M., Avner P., Bachmanov A.A., Belknap J.K., Bennett B., Blankenhorn E.P., Blizard D.A., Bolivar V., Brockmann G.A., Buck K.J., Bureau J.F., Casley W.L., Chesler E.J., Cheverud J.M., Churchill G.A., Cook M., Crabbe J.C., Crusio W.E., Darvasi A., de Haan G., Dermant P., Doerge R.W., Elliot R.W., Farber C.R., Flaherty L., Flint J., Gershenfeld H., Gibson J.P., Gu J., Gu W., Himmelbauer H., Hitzemann R., Hsu H.C., Hunter K., Iraqi F.F., Jansen R.C., Johnson T.E., Jones B.C., Kempermann G., Lammert F., Lu L., Manly K.F., Matthews D.B., Medrano J.F., Mehrabian M., Mittlemann G., Mock B.A., Mogil J.S., Montagutelli X., Morahan G., Mountz J.D., Nagase H., Nowakowski R.S., O'Hara B.F., Osadchuk A.V., Paigen B., Palmer A.A., Peirce J.L., Pomp D., Rosemann M., Rosen G.D., Schalkwyk L.C., Seltzer Z., Settle S., Shimomura K., Shou S., Sikela J.M., Siracusa L.D., Spearow J.L., Teuscher C., Threadgill D.W., Toth L.A., Toye A.A., Vadasz C., Van Zant G., Wakeland E., Williams R.W., Zhang H.G., and Zou F. The nature and identification of quantitative trait loci: a community's view. Nat. Rev. Genet. 4 (2003) 911-916
151. Crusio W. In: Goldowitz D., W. D., and Wimer R.E. (Eds). Techniques for the genetic analysis of brain and behavior (1992), Elsevier, Amsterdam 231-250
152. Brown S.D. The Mouse Genome Project and human genetics. A report from the 5th International Mouse Genome Mapping Workshop, Lunteren, Holland. Genomics 13 (1992) 490-492
153. Ferraro T.N., Smith G.G., Schwebel C.L., Lohoff F.W., Furlong P., Berrettini W.H., and Buono R.J. Quantitative trait locus for seizure susceptibility on mouse chromosome 5 confirmed with reciprocal congenic strains. Physiol. Genomics 31 (2007) 458-462
154. Lorenzana A., Chancer Z., and Schauwecker P.E. A quantitative trait locus on chromosome 18 is a critical determinant of excitotoxic cell death susceptibility. Eur. J. Neurosci. 25 (2007) 1998-2008
155. Ryman D., Gao Y., and Lamb B.T. Genetic loci modulating amyloid-beta levels in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging (2007)
156. Rubin S., Liu D., Pletnikov M., McCullers J., Ye Z., Levandowski R., Johannessen J., and Carbone K. Wild-type and attenuated influenza virus infection of the neonatal rat brain. J. Neurovirol. 10 (2004) 305-314
157. Shinya K., Suto A., Kawakami M., Sakamoto H., Umemura T., Kawaoka Y., Kasai N., and Ito T. Neurovirulence of H7N7 influenza A virus: brain stem encephalitis accompanied with aspiration pneumonia in mice. Arch. Virol. 150 (2005) 1653-1660
158. Braak H., Del Tredici K., Rub U., de Vos R.A., Jansen Steur E.N., and Braak E. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol. Aging 24 (2003) 197-211
159. Hemling N., Roytta M., Rinne J., Pollanen P., Broberg E., Tapio V., Vahlberg T., and Hukkanen V. Herpesviruses in brains in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Ann. Neurol. 54 (2003) 267-271
160. Marttila R.J., Rinne U.K., Halonen P., Madden D.L., and Sever J.L. Herpesviruses and parkinsonism. Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, and cytomegalovirus antibodies in serum and CSF. Arch. Neurol. 38 (1981) 19-21
161. Irkec C. [The role of viral antibodies in the pathogenesis of degenerative and demyelinating diseases]. Mikrobiyol. Bul. 23 (1989) 40-50
162. Elizan T.S., Madden D.L., Noble G.R., Herrmann K.L., Gardner J., Schwartz J., Smith Jr. H., Sever J.L., and Yahr M.D. Viral antibodies in serum and CSF of Parkinsonian patients and controls. Arch. Neurol. 36 (1979) 529-534
163. Woulfe J., Hoogendoorn H., Tarnopolsky M., and Munoz D.G. Monoclonal antibodies against Epstein-Barr virus cross-react with alpha-synuclein in human brain. Neurology 55 (2000) 1398-1401
164. Bastian F.O., Rabson A.S., Yee C.L., and Tralka T.S. Herpesvirus hominis: isolation from human trigeminal ganglion. Science 178 (1972) 306-307
165. Tomonaga K., Kobayashi T., and Ikuta K. [The neuropathogenesis of Borna disease virus infection]. Nippon Rinsho 59 (2001) 1605-1613
166. Iwahashi J., Tsuji K., Ishibashi T., Kajiwara J., Imamura Y., Mori R., Hara K., Kashiwagi T., Ohtsu Y., Hamada N., Maeda H., Toyoda M., and Toyoda T. Isolation of amantadine-resistant influenza a viruses (H3N2) from patients following administration of amantadine in Japan. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39 (2001) 1652-1653
167. Gamboa E.T., Wolf A., Yahr M.D., Barden H., Hsu C.C., Duffy P.E., and Harter D.H. Influenza A virus as a possible cause of postencephalitic Parkinsonism. Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc. 98 (1973) 177-180
168. Isgreen W.P., Chutorian A.M., and Fahn S. Sequential parkinsonism and chorea following "mild" inluenza. Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc. 101 (1976) 56-60
169. Maurizi C.P. Was a neurovirulent influenza virus the cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-dementia on Guam?. Med. Hypotheses 23 (1987) 325-326
170. Moore G. Influenza and Parkinson's disease. Public Health Rep. 92 (1977) 79-80
171. Takahashi M., and Yamada T. Viral etiology for Parkinson's disease - a possible role of influenza A virus infection. Jpn J. Infect. Dis. 52 (1999) 89-98
172. Ball M.J. Unexplained sudden amnesia, postencephalitic Parkinson disease, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, and Alzheimer disease: does viral synergy produce neurofibrillary tangles?. Arch. Neurol. 60 (2003) 641-642
173. Sasco A.J., and Paffenbarger Jr. R.S. Measles infection and Parkinson's disease. Am. J. Epidemiol. 122 (1985) 1017-1031
174. Peatfield R.C. Basal ganglia damage and subcortical dementia after possible insidious Coxsackie virus encephalitis. Acta Neurol. Scand. 76 (1987) 340-345
175. Kamei S., Hersch S.M., Kurata T., and Takei Y. Coxsackie B antigen in the central nervous system of a patient with fatal acute encephalitis: immunohistochemical studies of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. Acta Neuropathol. 80 (1990) 216-221
176. Horta-Barbosa L., Fuccillo D.A., and Sever J.L. Chronic viral infections of the central nervous system. Jama 218 (1971) 1185-1188
177. Nielsen N.M., Rostgaard K., Hjalgrim H., Aaby P., and Askgaard D. Poliomyelitis and Parkinson disease. Jama 287 (2002) 1650-1651
178. Hersh B.P., Rajendran P.R., and Battinelli D. Parkinsonism as the presenting manifestation of HIV infection: improvement on HAART. Neurology 56 (2001) 278-279
179. Maggi P., de Mari M., Moramarco A., Fiorentino G., Lamberti P., and Angarano G. Parkinsonism in a patient with AIDS and cerebral opportunistic granulomatous lesions. Neurol. Sci. 21 (2000) 173-176
180. Mirsattari S.M., Power C., and Nath A. Parkinsonism with HIV infection. Mov. Disord. 13 (1998) 684-689
181. de la Fuente-Aguado J., Bordon J., Moreno J.A., Sopena B., Rodriguez A., and Martinez-Vazquez C. Parkinsonism in an HIV-infected patient with hypodense cerebral lesion. Tuber. Lung Dis. 77 (1996) 191-192
182. Wang G.J., Chang L., Volkow N.D., Telang F., Logan J., Ernst T., and Fowler J.S. Decreased brain dopaminergic transporters in HIV-associated dementia patients. Brain 127 (2004) 2452-2458
183. Koutsilieri E., Sopper S., Scheller C., ter Meulen V., and Riederer P. Parkinsonism in HIV dementia. J. Neural. Transm. 109 (2002) 767-775
184. Robinson R.L., Shahida S., Madan N., Rao S., and Khardori N. Transient parkinsonism in West Nile virus encephalitis. Am. J. Med. 115 (2003) 252-253
185. Minami M., Hamaue N., Hirafuji M., Saito H., Hiroshige T., Ogata A., Tashiro K., and Parvez S.H. Isatin, an endogenous MAO inhibitor, and a rat model of Parkinson's disease induced by the Japanese encephalitis virus. J. Neural. Transm. Suppl. (2006) 87-95
186. Hamaue N., Ogata A., Terado M., Ohno K., Kikuchi S., Sasaki H., Tashiro K., Hirafuji M., and Minami M. Brain catecholamine alterations and pathological features with aging in Parkinson disease model rat induced by Japanese encephalitis virus. Neurochem. Res. 31 (2006) 1451-1455
187. Misra U.K., Kalita J., Pandey S., Khanna V.K., and Babu G.N. Cerebrospinal fluid catecholamine levels in Japanese encephalitis patients with movement disorders. Neurochem. Res. 30 (2005) 1075-1078
188. Nishimura M., Mizuta I., Mizuta E., Yamasaki S., Ohta M., Kaji R., and Kuno S. Tumor necrosis factor gene polymorphisms in patients with sporadic Parkinson's disease. Neurosci. Lett. 311 (2001) 1-4
189. Ogata A., Tashiro K., and Pradhan S. Parkinsonism due to predominant involvement of substantia nigra in Japanese encephalitis. Neurology 55 (2000) 602
190. Haraguchi T., Ishizu H., Terada S., Takehisa Y., Tanabe Y., Nishinaka T., Kawai K., Kuroda S., Komoto Y., and Namba M. An autopsy case of postencephalitic parkinsonism of von Economo type: some new observations concerning neurofibrillary tangles and astrocytic tangles. Neuropathology 20 (2000) 143-148
191. Shoji H., Watanabe M., Itoh S., Kuwahara H., and Hattori F. Japanese encephalitis and parkinsonism. J. Neurol. 240 (1993) 59-60
192. Miyasaki K., and Takayoshi F. Parkinsonism following encephalitis of unknown etiology. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 36 (1977) 1-8
193. Reyes M.G., Gardner J.J., Poland J.D., and Monath T.P. St Louis encephalitis. Quantitative histologic and immunofluorescent studies. Arch. Neurol. 38 (1981) 329-334