What do we know about glass ceiling effects? A taxonomy and critical review to inform higher education research

Research in Higher Education

Volumn 50, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 460-482

  Jackson, Jerlando F L ^a   O'Callaghan, Elizabeth M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

Author keywords

Discrimination; Diversity; Gender inequities; Glass ceiling; Racial disparities

Indexed keywords

EID: 67449168169     PISSN: 03610365     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11162-009-9128-9     Document Type: Article

References (103)

1. S Ards M Brintnall M Woodard 1997 The road to tenure and beyond for African American political scientists The Journal of Negro Education 66 2 159 171 (Pubitemid 127772211)
2. S Athey C Avery P Zemsky 2000 Mentoring and diversity The American Economic Review 90 4 765 786
3. O Bain W Cummings 2000 Academe's glass ceiling: Societal, professional, organizational, and institutional barriers to the career advancement of academic women Comparative Education Review 44 4 493 514
4. NJ Baldwin 1996 Female promotions in male-dominant organizations: The case of the United States military The Journal of Politics 58 4 1184 1197
5. NJ Baldwin 1996 The promotion record of the United States Army: Glass ceilings in the Officer Corps Public Administration Review 56 2 199
6. Bartlett, R. (1997). Report on the committee on the status of women in the economics profession. American Economic Review, 87(2), 506-510.
7. Bartol, K. M., Anderson, C. R., & Schneier, C. E. (1981). Sex and ethnic effects on motivation to manage among college business students. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66(1), 40-44.
8. KM Bartol DC Martin JA Kromkowski 2003 Leadership and the glass ceiling: Gender and ethnic group influences on leader behaviors at middle and executive managerial levels Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies 9 3 8 20
9. J Baxter EO Wright 2000 The glass ceiling hypothesis: A comparative study of the United States, Sweden, and Australia Gender and Society 14 2 275 294
10. MP Bell ME McLaughlin JM Sequeira 2002 Discrimination, harassment and the glass ceiling: Women executives as change agents Journal of Business Ethics 37 1 65
11. Bradburn, E. M., Sikora, A. C., & Zimbler, L. J. (2002). Gender and racial/ethnic differences in salary and other characteristics of postsecondary faculty: Fall 1988, (NCES 2002-170). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
12. CM Braun 1995 Affirmative action and the glass ceiling The Black Scholar 25 3 7 26
13. Burbridge, L. C. (1994). The glass ceiling in different sectors of the economy: Differences between government, non-profit, and for-profit organizations. Wellesley, MA: Wellesley College, Center for Research on Women.
14. PM Buzzanell 1995 Reframing the glass ceiling as a socially constructed process: Implications for understanding and change Communication Monographs 62 327 354
15. Center for Women's Business Research. (2004). Businesses owned by women of color in the United States, 2004. Washington, DC: Author.
16. S Chaffins M Forbes HE Fuqua JP Cangemi 1995 The glass ceiling: Are women where they should be? Education 115 3 380 386
17. K Chanana 2003 Visibility, gender, and the careers of women faculty in an Indian university McGill Journal of Education 38 3 381 389
18. Chao, E. L., & Utgoff, K. P. (2004). Women in the labor force: A databook (Report No. 973). Washington, DC: Department of Labor.
19. R Chernesky 2003 Examining the glass ceiling: Gender influences on promotion decisions Administration in Social Work 27 2 13 18 (Pubitemid 37513625)
20. C Chesterman A Ross-Smith M Peters 2003 Changing the landscape? Women in academic leadership in Australia McGill Journal of Education 38 3 421 435
21. L Chliwniak 1997 Higher education leadership: Analyzing the gender gap ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Reports 25 4 1 97
22. Cleveland, J. N., Stockdale, M., & Murphy, K. R. (2000). Women and men in organizations: Sex and gender issues at work. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
23. LE Cohen JP Broschak HA Haveman 1998 And then there were more? The effect of organizational sex composition on the hiring and promotion of managers American Sociological Review 63 5 711 727 (Pubitemid 28560737)
24. Coleman, J. E. (1998, April 13-17). Barriers to career mobility/advancement by African-American and Caucasian female administrators in Minnesota organizations: A perception or reality? Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Diego, CA.
25. Corrigan, M. E. (2002). The American college president. Washington, DC: The American Council on Education Center for Policy Analysis.
26. DA Cotter JM Hermsen S Ovadia R Vanneman 2001 The glass ceiling effect Social Forces 80 2 655 681
27. DA Cotter JM Hermsen R Vanneman 1999 Systems of gender, race, and class inequality: Multilevel analyses Social Forces 78 2 433 460
28. T Cox Jr 1990 Problems with organizational research on race and ethnicity issues Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 26 1 5 23
29. Cox, T., Jr. (1994). Cultural diversity in organizations: Theory, research and practice. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler, Publishers, Inc.
30. Cox, T., & Nkomo, S. (1990). Factors affecting the upward mobility of Black managers in private sector organisations. Review of Black Political Economy, 18(3), 39-48.
31. David, M., & Woodward, D. (Eds.). (1997). Negotiating the glass ceiling-Careers of senior women in the academic world. Washington, DC: Falmer Press.
32. SA Davies-Netzley 1998 Women above the glass ceiling: Perceptions on corporate mobility and strategies for success Gender and Society 12 3 339 355
33. SL Di Palma GG Topper 2001 Social work academia: Is the glass ceiling beginning to crack? Journal of Women and Social Work 16 1 31 45
34. DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1991). Introduction. In W. W. Powell & P. J. DiMaggio (Eds.), The new institutionalism in organizational analysis (pp. 1-38). Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
35. Eisenhart, M. (1998). An equivocal standard for women in science and engineering. Anthropology Newsletter, 39(4), 10-11.
36. Fagenson, E. A. (1993). Women in management: Trends, issues and challenges. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
37. Federal Glass Ceiling Commission. (1995a). Good for business: Making full use of the nation's human capital. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor.
38. Federal Glass Ceiling Commission. (1995b). A solid investment: Making full use of the nation's human capital. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor.
39. BD Fisher S Motowidlo S Werner 1993 Effects of gender and other factors on rank of law professors in colleges of business: Evidence of a 'glass ceiling' Journal of Business Ethics 12 10 771 778
40. SA Frankforter 1996 The progression of women beyond the glass ceiling Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 11 121 132
41. Galvan, J. L. (2004). Writing literature reviews: A guide for students of the social and behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Simon & Schuster Customer Publishers.
42. Garland, S. B. (1991, August 19). Throwing stones at the glass ceiling. Business Week, 29.
43. Ginther, D. K., & Hayes, K. J. (1999). Gender differences in salary and promotion in the humanities. The American Economic Review, 89(2), 397-402.
44. Glazer-Raymo, J. (1999). Shattering the myths: Women in academe. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
45. Hagedorn, L. S., & Laden, B. V. (2002). Exploring the climate for women as community college faculty. New Directions for Community Colleges, (118), 69-78.
46. Harvey, W. B. (1991). Minorities in higher education 2000-2001: Eighteenth annual status report. Washington, DC: American Council on Education.
47. Harvey, W. B. (Ed.). (1999). Grass roots and glass ceilings: African American administrators in predominantly White colleges and universities. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
48. F Hill 2004 Shattering the glass ceiling: Blacks in coaching Black Issues in Higher Education 21 4 36 37
49. Hymowitz, C., & Schellhardt, T. (1986, March 24). The corporate woman: A special report. The Wall Street Journal, Section 4, 1D-24D.
50. P Inman 1998 Women's career development at the glass ceiling New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education 80 25 44
51. Jackson, M. (1998, February 25). Women start own firms in frustration. Denver Post.
52. Jackson, J. F. L., & O'Callaghan, E. M. (2007). The glass ceiling effect: A misunderstood form of discrimination [Annotated bibliography]. Milwaukee, WI: Institute on Race and Ethnicity, University of Wisconsin System.
53. JA Jacobs 1992 Women's entry into management: Trends in earnings, authority, and values among salaried managers Administrative Science Quarterly 37 2 282 301
54. LK Johnsrud 1991 Administrative promotion: The power of gender The Journal of Higher Education 62 2 119 149
55. LK Johnsrud RH Heck 1994 Administrative promotion within a university: The cumulative impact of gender The Journal of Higher Education 65 1 23 44
56. S Kahn 1993 Gender differences in academic career paths of economists The American Economic Review 83 2 52 56
57. Kanter, R. (1977). Men and women of the corporation. New York: Basic Books.
58. FM Kay J Hagan 1995 The persistent glass ceiling: Gendered inequalities in the earnings of lawyers The British Journal of Sociology 46 2 279 310
59. King, J., & Gomez, G. (2007). The American college president: 2007 Education. Washington, DC: American Council on Education.
60. Klenke, K. (1996). Women and leadership: A contextual perspective. New York: Springer.
61. J Landau 1995 The relationship of race and gender to managers' ratings of promotion potential Journal of Organizational Behavior 16 4 391 400
62. SM Lee 2002 Do Asian American faculty face a glass ceiling? American Educational Research Journal 39 3 695 724
63. M Lemons 2003 Contextual and cognitive determinants of procedural justice perceptions in promotion barriers for women Sex Roles 49 5/6 247 264 (Pubitemid 36989586)
64. Lindsay, B. (1999). Women chief executives and their approaches towards equity in American universities. Comparative Education, 35, 187-199.
65. Luna, G., & Cullen, D. L. (1995). Empowering the faculty: Mentoring redirected and renewed. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Reports, 3, 1-87.
66. Martin, L. (1991). A report on the glass ceiling commission. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor.
67. Martin, L. (1992). Pipelines of progress-A status report on the glass ceiling. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor.
68. DJ Maume Jr 2004 Is the glass ceiling a unique form of inequality? Evidence from a random-effects model of managerial attainment Work and Occupations 31 2 250 274 (Pubitemid 38613377)
69. JM McDowell J Singell D Larry JP Ziliak 1999 Cracks in the glass ceiling: Gender and promotion in the economics profession The American Economic Review 89 2 392 396
70. Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
71. LA Morgan 1998 Glass-ceiling effect or cohort effect? A longitudinal study of the gender earnings gap for engineers, 1982 to 1989 American Sociological Review 63 4 479 493 (Pubitemid 128769034)
72. Morrison, A. M., & Von Glinow, M. A. (1990). Women and minorities in management. American Psychologist, 45(2), 200-208.
73. Morrison, A. M., White, R. P., & Von Velsor, E. (1987). Breaking the glass ceiling: Can women reach the top of America's largest corporations?. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
74. National Center for Education Statistics. (2008). Digest of education statistics, 2007 (NCES 2008-022). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
75. Ogilvie, D., & Jones, K. (1996, September 25-29). African American women executives' communications strategies: Using the power of the word to break through concrete ceilings. Paper presented at the 18th Annual National Black MBA Association, Inc. National Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana.
76. PJ Ohlott MN Ruderman CD McCauley 1994 Gender differences in managers' developmental job experiences The Academy of Management Journal 37 1 46 67
77. RD Opp PP Gosetti 2002 Equity for women administrators of color in 2-year colleges: Progress and prospects Community College Journal of Research and Practice 26 591 608
78. Padavic, I., & Reskin, B. (2002). Men and women at work. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
79. Pettigrew, T. F., & Martin, J. (1987). Shaping the organizational context for Black American inclusion. Journal of Social Issues, 43(1), 41-78.
80. Powell, G. N. (1988). Men and women of the organization. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
81. Powell, G. N. (1999). Reflections on the glass ceiling: Recent trends and future prospects. In G. N. Powell (Ed.), Handbook of gender and work. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
82. GN Powell DA Butterfield 1994 Investigating the glass ceiling phenomenon: An empirical study of actual promotions to top management The Academy of Management Journal 37 1 68 86
83. GN Powell DA Butterfield 1997 Effect of race on promotions to top management in a federal department The Academy of Management Journal 40 1 112 128
84. GN Powell DA Butterfield 2002 Exploring the influence of decision makers' race and gender on actual promotions to top management Personnel Psychology 55 397 428
85. B Reskin 1988 Bringing the men back in: Sex differentiation and the devaluation of women's work Gender and Society 2 1 58 81
86. Reskin, B. (1998). The realities of affirmative action in employment. Washington, DC: American Sociological Association.
87. Reskin, B. F., & Roos, P. A. (Eds.). (1990). Job queues, gender queues: Explaining women's inroads into male occupations. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
88. CL Ridgeway 2001 Gender, status and leadership Journal of Social Issues 57 4 637 655 (Pubitemid 33122390)
89. S Riger P Galligan 1980 An exploration of competing paradigms American Psychologist 35 902 910
90. Rothstein, D. (1997). Supervisor gender, race, and ethnicity and the labor market outcomes of young workers. Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
91. Sagaria, M. (1988). Administrative mobility and gender: Patterns and processes in higher education. The Journal of Higher Education, 59, 305-326.
92. M Sagaria L Johnsrud 1991 Administrative promotion: The structuring of opportunity within a university Review of Higher Education 15 2 191 211
93. KC Scanlon 1997 Mentoring women administrators: Breaking through the glass ceiling Initiatives 58 39 53
94. Shultz, E., Montoya, A. L., & Briere, P. M. (1992). Perceptions of institutional climate. Kutztown, PA: Kutztown University.
95. R Simpson D Holley 2001 Can restructuring fracture the glass ceiling? The case of women transport and logistics managers Women in Management Review 16 4 174 182
96. Spurr, S. J. (1990). Sex discrimination in the legal profession: A study of promotion. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 43(4), 406-417.
97. Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
98. Tesch, B. J., & Nattinger, A. (1997). Career advancement and gender in academic medicine. Journal of Irish Colleges of Physicians and Surgery, 26(July), 172-176.
99. BJ Tesch HM Wood AL Helwing AB Nattinger 1995 Promotion of women physicians in academic medicine: Glass ceiling or sticky floor? Journal of the American Medical Association 273 13 1022 1025
100. Toossi, M. (2005). Labor force projections to 2014: Retiring boomers. Monthly Labor Review, 128(11), 25-44. (Pubitemid 41819502)
101. EMA Van Vianen AH Fischer 2002 Illuminating the glass ceiling: The role of organizational culture preferences Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 75 315 337 (Pubitemid 37239676)
102. S Weiler A Bernasek 2001 Dodging the glass ceiling? Networks and the new wave of women entrepreneurs Social Science Journal 38 1 85 104
103. H Yamagata KS Yeh S Stewman H Dodge 1997 Sex segregation and glass ceilings: A comparative statics model of women's career opportunities in the federal government over a quarter century The American Journal of Sociology 103 3 566 632