"Recolonization" and public housing: A toronto case study

Studies in Political Economy

Volumn , Issue 83, 2009, Pages 111-139

  Kipfer, Stefan ^a   Petrunia, Jason ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 67449164883     PISSN: 07078552     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/19187033.2009.11675058     Document Type: Article

References (224)

1. Roger Keil, "Third-way Urbanism: Opportunity or Dead-end?" Alternatives 25 (2000), pp. 247-267.
2. 2. Stefan Kipfer and Roger Keil, "Toronto Inc.: Planning the Competitive City in the New Toronto," Antipode 34/2 (2002), pp. 227-264; Karen Wirsig, "Compete or Die: Torontonians at the Mercy of a Decade-long Imperative," Canadian Dimension 38/4 (2004), pp. 21-22; David Kidd, "Measuring the Miller Regime," Relay 20 (2007), pp. 38-40. (Pubitemid 41764635)
3. Christian Schmid and Daniel Weiss, "The New Metropolitan Mainstream," in INURA, (eds.), The Contested Metropolis (Bisei: Bitkhäuser, 2004), pp. 253-260;
4. Heather McClean, "Go West, Young Hipster. The Gentrification of Queen Street West," in Jason McBride and Alana Wilcox, (eds.), Utopia: Towards a New Toronto? (Toronto: Coach House Books, 2005), pp. 156-162.
5. Datejie Green, Karen Wirsig, Punam Khosla, Stefan Kipfer, Kanishka Goonewardena, Doug Young, Debbie Douglas, Grace-Edward Galabuzi, Jason Hackworth, Douglas Young, and Ute Lehrer, "Tearing Regent Up," Now Magazine 23/26 (2004);
6. Stefan Kipfer, "Rebuilding Regent Park: Fewer Affordable Units Now," The Toronto Star (21 January 2005);
7. Eric Lopez and Jason Petrunia, The Edge Is Near (Toronto: York University, Faculty of Environmental Studies, 2004).
8. Stefan Kipfer and Kanishka Goonewardena, "Colonization and the New Imperialism: On the Meaning of Urbicide Today," Theory and Event 10/2 (2007), pp. 1-39.
9. Henri Lefebvre, De L'Etat Volume4 (Paris: Union Générale des Editions, 1978) pp. 173-174.
10. Lefebvre, De L'Etat 4, pp. 308-309.
11. Frantz Fanon, "Racisme et culture," in Pour la revolution africaine (Paris: Francois Maspéro, 1975), p. 33;
12. Stefan Kipfer, "Space and Fanon: Colonization, Urbanization and Liberation from the Colonial to the Global City," Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 25/4 (2007), pp. 701-726.
13. Aimé Césaire, Discours sur le colonialisme (Paris and Dakar: Présence Africaine, 1955), p. 19.
14. Christian Schmid, "Raum und Regulation. Henri Lefebvre und der Regulationsansatz," in Ulrich Brand and Werner Raza, (eds.), Fit für den Postfordismus? Theoretisch-politische Perspektiven des Regulationsansatzes (Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot, 2003), p. 236;
15. Jean DuPasquier and Daniel Marco, "Régulation fordiste et post-fordiste en Suisse depuis 1937" (Geneva: Unité pour l'étude de la régulation en Suisse, 1991).
16. Marco, "Régulation fordiste," pp. 247-248.
17. Lefebvre, De l'Etat 4, pp. 380-382.
18. Lefebvre, De l'Etat 4, pp. 174-175, 178, 183, 186, 308-309;
19. DuPasquier and Marco, "Régulation fordiste," pp. 43-45.
20. Paul Chemetov, "Propos d'avant et d'après..., " in Frédéric Dufaux and Anne Fourcaut, (eds.), Le monde des grands ensembles (Paris: Editions Craéphis, 2004), pp. 7-8.
21. Henri Lefebvre, Du rural à l'urbain (Paris: Anthropos, 1970) pp. 109-128, 128-140, 184-193, 233-234;
22. Lefebvre, Introduction to Modernity, John Moore, (trans.), (London: Verso, 1995 (1960), pp. 1-5.
23. Carl Nightingale, "A Tale of Three Global Ghettos," Journal of Urban History 29/3 (2003), pp. 257-271;
24. George Lipsitz, "The Possessive Investment in Whiteness," American Quarterly 47/3 (1995), pp. 369-387;
25. Sean Purdy, "Scaffolding Citizenship: Housing Reform and Nation Formation in Canada, 1900-1950," in Robert Adamoski, Dorothy Chunn and Robert Menzies, (eds.), Contesting Canadian Citizenship (Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, 2002), pp. 129-154;
26. Angel David Nieves, "Memories of Africville," in Katherine McKittrick and Clyde Woods, (eds.), Black Geographies and the Politics of Place (Toronto and Cambridge, MA: Between the Lines, The New Press, 2007), pp. 82-96.
27. Elvin K. Wyly and Daniel J. Hammel, "Capital's Metropolis: Chicago and the Transformation of American Housing Policy," Geografiska Annaler 82/8 (2000), pp. 181-206;
28. Mogniss H. Abdallah, "Banlieue Show -Oder das Politikspektakel der Sprengung abgewirschafteter Cites," in Jochen Becker, (ed.), BIGNES? Size does matter. Image/Politik. Staedtisches Handeln. Kritik der unternehmerischen Stadt, pp. 155-163;
29. Philippe Vignaud, La Ville ou le Chaos (Paris: Non Lieu, 2008), pp. 60-97.
30. Loic Wacquant, Urban Outcasts (Cambridge: Polity, 2008), pp. 169-184.
31. Rowland Atkinson and Gary Bridge, "Introduction," in Atkinson and Bridge, (eds.), Gentrification in a Global Context: The New Urban Colonialism (London: Routledge, 2005), p. 2.
32. Manuel Castells, The Urban Question: A Marxist Approach (London: Edward Arnold, 1977);
33. Manuel Castells, City, Class, and Power (London: Macmillan, 1978).
34. Michael Harloe, The People's Home: Social Rented Housing in Europe and America (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995).
35. Richard Florida and Marshall Feldman, "Housing in U.S. Fordism," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 4/3 (1988), pp. 187-209;
36. Stefan Krätke, "Fordistischer Wohungsbau in Deutschland," in Strukturwandel der Städte (Ftankfurt a.M.: Campus, 1991), pp. 269-285;
37. Neil Brenner, New State Spaces (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004);
38. Jason Hackworth, "Public Housing and the Rescaling of Regulation in the USA," Environment and Planning A 35 (2003), pp. 531-549.
39. Christian Schmid, "Urbane Region und Territorialverhaeltnis -Zur Regulation des Urbanisierungsprozesses," in Michael Bruch and Hans-Peter Krebs, (eds.), Das Unternehmen Globus: Facetten nachfordistischer Regulation (Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot, 1996), p. 250.
40. Harloe, The People's Home.
41. Brenner, New State Spaces, pp. 267-274;
42. Hackworth, "Public Housing."
43. Jason Hackworth and Neil Smith, "The Changing State of Gentrification," Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie92/4 (2001), pp. 468-470;
44. Tom Slater, "Municipally Managed Gentrification in South Parkdale, Toronto," Canadian Geographer 48/3 (2004), pp. 303-325;
45. Tom Slater "Gentrification in Canadian Cities: From Social Mix to 'Social Tectonics,'" in Atkinson and Bridge, Gentrification in a Global Context, pp. 39-56.
46. "Project-level histories" - ethno-graphical and social-historical investigations of particular public housing projects -are getting at these textured, everyday dimensions of public housing (Sean Purdy, "By the People, for the People: Tenant Organizing in Toronto's Regent Park Housing Project in the 1960s and 1970s," Journal of Urban History 30/4 (2004), p. 521;
47. Sudhir Alladi Vinkatesh, American Project (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000).
48. See James Lemon, Toronto Since 1918 (Toronto: James Lorimer, 1985) pp. 35-36, 60-69, 74-75, 97-98;
49. Sean Purdy, "Framing Regent Park: The National Film Board of Canada and the Construction of 'Outcast Spaces' in the Inner City," Media, Culture, and Society 27/4 (2005) p. 7;
50. Richard Milgrom, "Sustaining Diversity: Participatory Design and the Production of Urban Space" (PhD dissertation, York University, 2003), pp. 213-214;
51. Purdy, "Scaffolding Citizenship," pp. 141-147.
52. Milgrom, "Sustaining Diversity," pp. 209-210.
53. Sean Purdy, "'Ripped Off by the System: Housing Policy, Poverty and Territorial Sdgmatization in Regent Park Housing Project, 1951-1991," Labour/Le Travails (2003), pp. 45-108;
54. Purdy, "Framing Regent Park."
55. Hugh Garner, Cabbagetown (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1968), p. viii.
56. David Hulchanski, "How Did We Ger Here? The Evolution of Canada's 'Exclusionary' Housing System," in D. Hulchanski and M. Shapcott, (eds.), Finding Room: Options for a Canadian Rental Housing Strategy (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004);
57. Richard Harris, "More American than the United States: Housing in Urban Canada in the 20th Century," Journal of Urban History 26/4 (2000), pp. 456-478.
58. Lemon, Toronto Since 1918, pp. 85, 87-92, 103-110, 122-123, 134-148;
59. Michael Goldrick "The Anatomy of Urban Reform in Toronto," in Dimitros Roussopoli, (ed.), The City and Radical Social Change (Montreal: Black Rose, 1982), p. 264-267;
60. Warren Magnusson, "Toronto," in Magnusson and Andrew Sancton, (eds.), City Politics in Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1983), pp. 110-114;
61. Richard Harris, Creeping Conformity: How Canada Became Suburban 1900-1960 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004);
62. Pierre Filion, "Balancing Concentration and Dispersion? Public Policy and Urban Structure in Toronto," Environment and Planning A 18 (2000), pp. 171-173;
63. Pierre Filion, "Rupture or Continuity? Modern and Postmodern Planning in Toronto," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 23/3 (1999), pp. 427-431;
64. Betsy Donald, "Spinning Toronto's Golden Age: The Making of a 'City that Worked,'" Environment and Planning A 34 (2002), pp. 2132, 2138.
65. Anatole Kopp, Town and Revolution: Soviet Architecture and City Planning 1917-1935, T E. Burton, (trans.), (New York: George Braziller, 1970).
66. Jon Caulfield, City Form and Everyday Life (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994), p. 27;
67. Caulfield, "Toronto: The Form of the City," in Harry Hiller, (ed.), Urban Canada: Sociological Perspectives (Don Mills, ON: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 329;
68. Milgrom, "Sustaining Diversity";
69. Purdy, "'Ripped Off' by the System," p. 80.
70. Nieves, "Memories of Africville," p. 90.
71. Albert Rose, Regent Park: A Study in Slum Clearance (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1958), pp. 150-151, 159-150, 165-166, 176-177, 189, 211, 214, 221-222, 224-225;
72. See also Sean Purdy, "'It Was Tough on Everybody': Low-income Families and Housing Hardship in Post-World War II Toronto," Journal of Social History Winter (2003), pp. 457-482;
73. Sean Purdy, "By the People, for the People: Tenant Organizing in Toronto's Regent Park Housing Project in the 1960s and 1970s," Journal of Urban History 30/4 (2004) pp. 519-548;
74. Purdy, "'Ripped Off' by the System" and "Framing Regent Park";
75. Milgrom, "Sustaining Diversity."
76. Purdy, "By the People." On other women-led movements,
77. see Joyce Watt and Ruth Mott, "Tenants Organize: An Interview with Anne Smith," Canadian Women's Studies 11/2 (1990), pp. 29-30;
78. Roberta M. Feldman and Susan Stall, The Dignity of Resistance: Women Residents' Activism in Chicago Public Housing (New York: Cambridge U. Press, 2004);
79. Vinkatesh, American Project, pp. 29-37, 42-64
80. Purdy, "'Ripped Off' by the System," pp. 45-46.
81. Hulchanski, "How Did We Get Here?";
82. Michael Shapcott, "Where Are We Going? Recent Federal and Provincial Housing Policy," in Hulchanski and Shapcott, (eds.), Options for a Canadian Rental Housing Strategy (Toronto: University of Toronto, 2004), pp. 195-212;
83. Jeanne M. Wolfe, "Canadian Housing Policy in the 1990s,"Housing Studies 13/1 (1998), pp. 121-133;
84. Gerda Wekerle, "The Shift to the Market: Gender and Housing Disadvantage," in P. Evans and G. Wekerle, (eds.), Women and the Canadian Welfare State (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997).
85. Jane Jacobs, Death and Life of Great American Cities (New York: Random House, 1961);
86. John Sewell, The Shape of the City: Toronto Struggles with Modern Planning (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993).
87. Caulfield, City Form; John Sewell, Up Against City Hall (Toronto: John Lorimer, 1972);
88. Goldrick, "Anatomy of Urban Reform";
89. Magnusson, "Toronto."
90. Robert Murdie, "Blacks in Near-ghettos? Black Visible Minority Population in Metropolitan Toronto Housing Units," Housing Studies 6/4 (1994), pp. 435-457.
91. Purdy, "Scaffolding Citizenship," p. 147, and "Framing Regent Park."
92. Purdy, "'Ripped Off by the System," pp. 59-80;
93. Milgrom, "Sustaining Diversity," pp. 222-230.
94. City of Toronto, Community and Neighbhourhood Services, "Regent Park -Social Profile" (Toronto, March 2004).
95. Purdy, "'Ripped Off' by the System," pp. 80-87,
96. and "It Was Tough," pp. 464-66.
97. Purdy, "It Was Tough," pp. 223-224 [These page numbers look wrong; please verify.], 458;
98. Purdy, "'Ripped Off' by the System," pp. 55-58.
99. Purdy, "'Ripped Off by the System," pp. 59-80;
100. Milgrom, "Sustaining Diversity," pp. 222-230;
101. City of Toronto, "Regent Park."
102. Purdy, "Framing Regent Park."
103. Purdy, "'Ripped Off by the System," p. 107.
104. John Bendey Mays, "Regent Park Towers Deserve to Be Saved," The Globe and Mail (25 February 2005), p. G2.
105. Milgrom, "Sustaining Diversity," pp. 230-255.
106. 54. Paul Bedford, "When They Were Kings: Planning for Reinvestment," Plan Canada 38/4 (1997), pp. 18-23. (Pubitemid 28071802)
107. Kipfei and Keil, "Toronto Inc."
108. Karen Wirsig, "Housing Company Prepares for Massive Overhaul," Novae Res Urbis (25 April 2003), p. 4.
109. 57. Jason Hackworth and Abigail Moriah, "Neoliberalism, Contingency, and Urban Policy: The Case of Social Housing in Ontario," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 30/3 (2006) pp. 510-527. (Pubitemid 44593445)
110. Toronto Community Housing Corporation (TCHC), "Creating the Toronto Community Housing Corporation" (Toronto: TCHC, 2002);
111. Karen Wirsig, "City Hands Off Concerns over Housing Corp's Plan," Novae Res Urbis (25 October 2002), p. 1;
112. Helen Armstrong, "Roll of the Dice in Regent," Now Magazine (9-15 January 2003), p. 18;
113. Betsy Powell, "Families with Gang 'Link' Face Eviction," The Toronto Star (24 January 2007), p. Al.
114. Rita Daly and Laurie Monsebraaten, "A Tenant Revolution -But Is Anyone Listening?" The Toronto Star (15 September 2007), pp. ID4-5.
115. TCHC, "Creating the TCHC"
116. Regent Park Collaborative Team (RPCT), Regent Park Revitalization Study (Toronto: TCHC, 2002), p. 8.
117. RPCT, Regent Park, p. 5.
118. Susan Feinstein, "Cities and Diversity," Urban Affairs Review 41/1 (2005), pp. 3-19.
119. On the whiteness of gentrification in Toronto, see David Hulchanski, "The Suburbanization of the 'Non-gentry': The Impoverishment and Racialization of Toronto's Inner Suburbs" (Toronto: Centre for Urban and Community Studies, 2006), .
120. Mitchell Kosny, "Unlocking Value in Toronto's East Downtown: the Revitalization of Regent Park" (address to the Economic Club of Toronto, Sutton Place Hotel (8 March 2005) (Toronto: TCHC, 2005).
121. RPCT, Regent Park Revitalization Plan: Financial Plan and Proposed Strategies (Toronto: TCHC, 2003).
122. Cited in Kerri Gillespie, "New Face for Regent Park," The Toronto StarDecember 2002), p. 17 B2.
123. TCHC, "Regent Park Backgrounder" (Toronto: TCHC, March 2005).
124. RPCT, Regent Park Revitalization Study, pp. 65-66.
125. Jennifer Lewington, "Builder Chosen for First Phase of Regent Park," The Toronto Star (21 March (2006).
126. RPCT, Regent Park Revitalization Study, p. 63.
127. Mike Labbé, cited in John Barber, "Regent Park Gets a Fix: Make Way for the Condo Crowd," The Globe and MailSeptember 2003), p. 6 M2.
128. Barber, "Regent Park Gets a Fix";
129. Rashmi Nathwani, "Regent Park Revitalization at the Cusp," Novae Res Urbis (23 May 2003), p. 3.
130. Also, Mitch Cohen, Personal Interview, (6 February 2004).
131. City of Toronto, Chief Administrative Officer, "Regent Park Revitalization - City Actions" (Toronto, 26 June 2003), p. 2.
132. John Gladki, interview by Jason Petrunia and Eric Lopez, Toronto (29 January 2004);
133. TCHC, Management of Revitalization Study (Toronto: TCHC, 2003) pp. 3-9.
134. Derek Ballantyne, cited in Rita Daly, "The Big Fix," The Toronto Star (12 Febtuary 2005), p. B4;
135. Sarah Barmak, "Anothet Attempt at 'Heaven,'" The Toronto Star (18 January 2008), p. CO8.
136. City of Toronto, "By-Law No. 140-2005 to Adopt Amendment to the Official Plan for the Former City of Toronto with Respect to the Regent Park Area" (Toronto, 16 February 2005).
137. TCHC, "Regent Park Backgrounder."
138. City of Toronto, Director, Community Planning, "Final Report - Rezoning Application 05 126972 STE 28 OZ and Residential Demolition Application" (Toronto, 2 September 2005);
139. TCHC, "Regent Park Revitalization Project: Request for Proposals to Develop Blocks 11, 12, and 13 of Phase One" (Toronto: TCHC, 2005);
140. John Sewell, "When Good Design Meets Bad Planning," Eye MagazineJuly 2005), p. 7 9.
141. TCHC, "Comprehensive Toronto Community Housing Regent Park Tenant Agreement" (Toronto: TCHC, n.d.), (accessed 15 January 2008).
142. Cited in Anne Marie Aikins, "Advocates Ready to Fight Plans," Novae Res Urbis January 2005), p. 21 4.
143. Cited in Sandro Contenta, "A Loss Close to the Heart," The Toronto Star (19 May 2007) p. E3.
144. TCHC expects that some tenants "will opt out of returning" (Ballantyne, cited in Tim Shufelt, "Moving People around like Pawns," The Globe and Mail(3 November 2007), p. M3).
145. Tenants fear TCHC is shirking its replacement obligations by not filling vacancies before demolition (John Duncansen and Betsy Powell, "Ruffling Regent Park," The Toronto Star (13 November 2006), p. D7).
146. The ownership units for the first phase of redevelopment are advertised to cost between $189,000 and $350,000 (Editorial, "Long-awaited Redevlopment Under Way," The Globe and Mail (9 November 2007), p. G16).
147. These will be out of reach for most Regent residents. This is true as well for the small number of "affordable" market options (ownership and rental) TCHC proposes as a buffer between RGI units and straight market housing (Connelly Consulting Services, Options and Strategies for Realizing Affordable Home Ownership in Regent Park (Toronto: TCHC, 10 June 2004) pp. 4, 15-17;
148. Peter Cheney, "The $200,000 Dream," The Globe and Mail ( 12 November 2005).
149. Slatet, "Gentrification in Canadian Cities," p. 14.
150. Philippe Subra, "Heurs et malheurs d'une loi anti- ségrégation,' Hérodote 122 (2006), pp. 138-171.
151. Kosny, "Unlocking Value," p. 5.
152. City of Toronto, Director, Community Planning, South District, "Final Report: Application to Amend the Official Plan and the Zoning By - Law - Regent Park Revitalization" (Toronto, 4 January 2005), p. 37.
153. TCHC, "Regent Park Revitalization Process," pamphlet distributed at Doors Open Toronto (May 2004);
154. TCHC, "Regent Park - A Place to Call Home," pamphlet (Toronto, n.d.), p. 1.
155. City of Toronto and TCHC, "Urban Design Guidelines" (draft) (Toronto: TCHC, 2005), p. 1.0/4.
156. See also the secondary plan and the plan of subdivision, City of Toronto, "By-Law No. 140-2005";
157. and City of Toronto, Director, Community Planning, South District, "Final Report: Application for Draft Plan Subdivision Approval 04 18031900000 SB - Regent Park Revitalization" (Toronto, 16 March 2005).
158. City of Toronto and TCHC, "Urban Design Guidelines," p. 2.0/4.
159. RPCT, Regent Park Revitalization Study, p. 31 ;
160. Pam McConnell, "Regent Park Gets the Green Light," Newsletter 5.2 (2003), p. 1.
161. Sean Purdy, "Facelift Alone Won't Fix Regent Park Problems," The Toronto Star (17 February 2005).
162. In the fitst phase of the projects, buildings for public housing will be separate from those with market units. TCHC, "Regent Park Revitalization Project: Request for Proposals";
163. John Sewell, "When Good Design."
164. Barber, "Regent Park Gets a Fix."
165. RPCT, Regent Park Revitalization Study, p. 78.
166. Emmanuel Kedini, volunteer at Regent Park Focus, cited in Wallace Immen, "Regent Park Public Housing to Receive Makeover," The Globe and Mail (28 April 2003).
167. Regent resident Viriginia Gibbons, cited in Contenta, "A Loss Close to the Heart."
168. See also Kevin van Passen and Peter Cheney, "Regent Revival," The Globe and MailApril 2005), p. 2 M8.
169. Linda Bennett, cited in n.a., "Housing Company Launches Redevelopment Plan," Novae Res Urbis 2003 (15 October 2002), p. 2.
170. Diane MacClean (Chair, Regent Park Resident Council, Revitalization Committee), "Regent Park Revitalization," Submission to Toronto and East York Community Council (17 January 2005).
171. John Clarke, Ontario Coalition against Poverty,
172. cited in Steve Blair and Jerry Zabarte, "In Conversation with John Clarke," Catch da Flava 12/3 (2007) p. 11 ; Wendy Forrest from the Socialist Alternative was alone to run for City Council in 2003 in Ward 28 on a platform opposed to the privatization of Regent Park.
173. Editorial, "From Rags to Riches: The New Regent Park," Catch da Flava 10/1 (2005) p. 6;
174. Laurie Monsebraaten, "Going Places, Building Community: Ahmed Hussen," The Toronto Star (1 January 2004), p. A4.
175. Sean Purdy, "By the People";
176. Vinkatesh, American Project, Jason Hackworth, "Progressive Activism in Neoliberal Context: The Case of Efforts to Retain Public Housing in the United States," Studies in Political Economy 75 (2005), pp. 29-51.
177. Frantz Fanon, Black Skin -White Masks, Charles Lam Markmann, (trans.), (New York: Grove, 1967), pp. 116-117.
178. Tony Boston, interview by Jason Petrunia and Eric Lopez, Toronto (9 February 2004);
179. Sean Meagher and Tony Boston, Community Engagement and the Regent Park Redevelopment (Toronto: TCHC, 2003), pp. 51-53; 73-76, 80, 87;
180. Personal observations by Stefan Kipfer, TCHC, "Community Presentation: The Proposed Plan for Redeveloping Regent Park," Regent Park Community Centre (16 December 2002).
181. David Kidd, interview by Jason Petrunia and Eric Lopez, Toronto (6 February 2004); Regent Park Resident Council, Revitalization Committee -Terms of Reference (Toronto: TCHC, 2003).
182. City of Toronto, Staff Report to Executive Committee, "Regent Park Social Development Plan - Approval" (September 2007), p. 4.
183. City of Toronto, "Regent Park Social Development Plan," p. 2.
184. Ahmed Allahwala, "Weak Policies for Strong Neighbourhoods?" Relay13 (2006), pp. 17-19.
185. Brenner, New State Spaces-,
186. Christian Bachmann and Nicole le Guennec, Violences urbaines (Paris: Hachette, 2002);
187. Alain Bertho, Banlieue, banlieue, banlieue (Paris: La Dispute, 1997);
188. Patrick Simon and Jean-Pierre Lévy, "Questions sociologiques et politiques sur la 'mixité sociale,'" ContreTemps 13 (2005), pp. 83-92;
189. Janet Smith, "Cleaning Up Public Housing by Sweeping Up the Poor," Habitat International23/1 (1998), pp. 59-60.
190. Bob Jessop, "Liberalism, Neo-liberalism and Urban Governance: A State-Theoretical Perspective," in Neil Brenner and Nick Theodore, (eds.), Spaces of Neoliberalism (Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 2002), pp. 105-125.
191. City of Toronto, Regent Park Social Development Plan, p. 5.
192. Structurally similar to American mixed-income development programs and the HOPE VI public housing demolition/reconstruction policy, the Regent project differs from its American counterparts because it is not based on national policy; proposes to increase, not decrease, density on site; cannot rely on housing vouchers to help disperse public housing tenants; and is still legally bound by a one-to-one replacement mandate (which US legislation abandoned in 1998).
193. Charles S. Laven, cited in RPCT, Regent Park Revitalization Study, p. 77-78.
194. Rachel Garshick Kleit, "Hope VI New Communities: Neighbhourhood Relationships in Mixed-income Housing," Environment and Planning A 37/8 (2005), pp. 1413-1441;
195. Edward Goetz, "Housing Dispersal Programs," Journal of Planning Literature 18/1 (2003), pp. 3-16.
196. City of Toronto, Regent Park Social Development Plan, p. 7.
197. Milgrom, "Sustaining Diversity."
198. Punam Khosla, interview by Jason Petrunia and Eric Lopez, Toronto (5 February 2004).
199. Marshall Berman, All That Is Solid Melts into Air (London: Verso, 1982) pp. 324-325.
200. Jane Jacobs, cited in TCHC, Regent Park, inside cover.
201. Cited in Kerry Gillespie, "Regent Park Overhaul Wins Council's Approval," The Toronto Star (4 February 2005), p. B2.
202. Punam Khosla, "Precarious Life, Political Possibility -Talking Across Tightening Urban Borders in New York and Toronto," Fuse Magazine 30/4 (2007), p. 28.
203. Catherine Porter and Bruce de Mara, "Social Housing Plan Gets Okay," The Toronto Star (19 January 2005), p. B7.
204. David Hulchanski, "Planning New Urban Neighbhourhoods: Lessons from Toronto's St. Lawrence Neighbhourhood," Canadian Planning Issues 28 (1990), pp. 1-18.
205. Regent planners have tried hard to redefine St. Lawrence as a precursor to state-led privatization and gentri- fication, which it was not (Regent Park Collaborative Team, Lessons from St. Lawrence for the Regent Park Redevelopment Process (Toronto: TCHC, 2003)).
206. Stefan Kipfer, "Mayor Miller and Toronto's Suburbs: Colonization and Competition," New Socialists (2007), pp. 28-29.
207. Slater, "Gentrification in Canadian Cities."
208. Friedrich Engels, Zur Wohungsfrage (Berlin: Dietz, 1948 [1887]), p. 47.
209. Carl Nightingale, "The Transnational Contexts of Early Twentieth-Century American Urban Segregation," Journal of Social History 39/3 (2006), pp. 667-702.
210. Albert Memmi, Portrait du colonisé;portrait du colonisateur (Paris: Gallimard, 1985), pp. 105, 114.
211. Neil Bradford, "Placing Social Policy? Reflections on Canada's New Deal for Cities and Communities," Canadian Journal of Urban Research 16/2 (2007), pp. 1-26.
212. TCHC, "Lawrence Heights Revitalization," Report CBC:2006-2015 (Toronto, 10 July 2006).
213. Hackworth and Moriah, "Neoliberalism...." p. 525;
214. J. Hackworth, "The Durability of Roll- Out Neoliberalism under Centre-Left Governance," Studies in Political Economy 81 (2008), pp. 7-26.
215. This refers to concerned residents in the Lawrence Heights public housing district, the Ontario Coalition Against Poverty (and its maintenance campaign), and other activists associated with the new community paper, Basics (Donovan Vincent, "Lawrence Heights Plan Draws Residents' Anger," The Toronto Star (15 May 2007), pp. Bl, B7;
216. n.a., "Organize Lawrence Heights for Better Housing," Basics 4 (2007), p. 1;
217. n.a., "Force TCHC to Carry Out Repairs ... Now!" Basics 7 (2008): pp. 1,3;
218. John Clarke, "Saving Toronto from the Condo Developers," Basics 8 (2008), pp. 1,3.
219. Janet Smith, "Cleaning Up Public Housing," p. 60;
220. Hacène Belmessous, Mixité Sociale: une imposture (Nantes: 1'Atalante, 2006), p. 12;
221. Hervé Viellard-Baron, Les Banlieues (Paris: Hachette, 2001), pp. 173-191.
222. John Clarke, "Out of Sight - Out of Mind: Toronto's 'Streets to Homes' Response to Homelessness," The Bullet (27 August 2008), (accessed 30 August 2008).
223. This is acknowledged by Derek Ballantyne, interview by Jason Petrunia and Eric Lopez, Toronto (3 March 2004). For the latest data, see Hulchanski, "The Suburbanization of the 'Non-gentry.'"
224. On the Right to the City Alliance, see Tony Roshan Samara, "Gentrifying Downtown," ColorLines 39/ July-August (2007). On die Coordination anti-démolition des quartiers populaires, see (accessed 15 September 2008).