"Ripped Off" By the System: Housing Policy, Poverty, and Territorial Stigmatization in Regent Park Housing Project, 1951-1991

Labour/ Le Travail

Volumn , Issue 52, 2003, Pages

  Purdy, Sean ^a,b  

^a QUEEN S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 85086951045     PISSN: 07003862     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/25149384     Document Type: Review

References (400)

1. Janet Ross and Ozzie Smith as quoted in Warren Gerard, "Regent Park battles its 'hopeless slum' image," Toronto Star, 19 March 1975.
2. "Bluetts Find New Life Across the Street," Globe and Mail, 31 March 1949.
3. 3 See Albert Rose, Regent Park: A Study in Slum Clearance (Toronto 1958), 68, 189, 216-17.
4. City of Toronto Archives (hereafter CTA), Housing Authority of Toronto (hereafter HAT), RG 28, B, Box 36, File: Correspondence Board of Control, 1949-55, Unpublished and Untitled Radio Script, CKEY-Toronto, 14 September 1949. As the Regent Park South (hereafter RPS) project was preparing to open in the late 1950s, the Ontario government also emphasized: "Public housing is not a welfare programme." Cited in "Rental Arrears: Whose Responsibility?" Housing News Letter, 3 (December 1957), 3.
5. CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 36, File: Regent Park North: Statements by Mayor, Allison Grant, "The Regent Park Housing Project in Toronto," Unpublished Radio Script, CBC-Ottawa, 12 April 1949; "Regent Park Housing, An Investment in Better Living," Radio Script, CKEY-Toronto, 30 March 1948; F.H. Cormack, "Toronto's Regent Park North - A Story of Amazing Success," Ontario Housing, 5 (March 1958), 1-3.
6. CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 36, File: Regent Park North: Statements by Mayor, Allison Grant, "The Regent Park Housing Project in Toronto," Unpublished Radio Script, CBC-Ottawa, 12 April 1949; "Regent Park Housing, An Investment in Better Living," Radio Script, CKEY-Toronto, 30 March 1948; F.H. Cormack, "Toronto's Regent Park North - A Story of Amazing Success," Ontario Housing, 5 (March 1958), 1-3.
7. CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 36, File: Regent Park North: Statements by Mayor, Allison Grant, "The Regent Park Housing Project in Toronto," Unpublished Radio Script, CBC-Ottawa, 12 April 1949; "Regent Park Housing, An Investment in Better Living," Radio Script, CKEY-Toronto, 30 March 1948; F.H. Cormack, "Toronto's Regent Park North - A Story of Amazing Success," Ontario Housing, 5 (March 1958), 1-3.
8. CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 36, File: Regent Park North: Statements by Mayor, Allison Grant, "The Regent Park Housing Project in Toronto," Unpublished Radio Script, CBC-Ottawa, 12 April 1949; "Regent Park Housing, An Investment in Better Living," Radio Script, CKEY-Toronto, 30 March 1948; F.H. Cormack, "Toronto's Regent Park North - A Story of Amazing Success," Ontario Housing, 5 (March 1958), 1-3.
9. Jack Brehl, "Heaven in New Homes, Regent Park Dwellers Sure," Toronto Daily Star, 23 July 1948; Harold Greer, "Seven Families Get Preview of 'Heaven' in Regent Park," Toronto Daily Star, 16 March 1949; "Bluett's Find New Life Across the Street."
10. Jack Brehl, "Heaven in New Homes, Regent Park Dwellers Sure," Toronto Daily Star, 23 July 1948; Harold Greer, "Seven Families Get Preview of 'Heaven' in Regent Park," Toronto Daily Star, 16 March 1949; "Bluett's Find New Life Across the Street."
11. Jack Brehl, "Heaven in New Homes, Regent Park Dwellers Sure," Toronto Daily Star, 23 July 1948; Harold Greer, "Seven Families Get Preview of 'Heaven' in Regent Park," Toronto Daily Star, 16 March 1949; "Bluett's Find New Life Across the Street."
12. David Allen, Toronto Star, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 18 December 1968.
13. David Allen, "Regent Park South called colossal flop," Toronto Star, 7 December 1968; Warren Gerard, "Regent Park battles its 'hopeless slum' image," Toronto Star, 19 March 1975.
14. David Allen, "Regent Park South called colossal flop," Toronto Star, 7 December 1968; Warren Gerard, "Regent Park battles its 'hopeless slum' image," Toronto Star, 19 March 1975.
15. Paul Hellyer, Report of the Federal Task Force on Housing and Urban Development (Ottawa 1969), 53-4.
16. Kerry Gillespie, "Don't forget the city's poor, summit urged," Toronto Star, 21 June 2002.
17. Don Gillmor, "The punishment station," Toronto Life (January 1996), 51.
18. John Sewell, Houses and Homes: Housing for Canadians (Toronto 1994), 138-9.
19. Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (hereafter CMHC), Evaluation of the Public Housing Program (Toronto 1990), 26-7.
20. Murdie notes that the trend of social polarization between public housing tenants and general populations has also been found in Britain, the United States, France, and Japan. Robert Murdie, "Social Polarization and Public Housing in Canada: A Case Study of the Metropolitan Toronto Housing Authority," in Frances Frisken, ed., The Changing Canadian Metropolis: A Public Policy Perspective, Volume One (Berkeley and Toronto 1994), 298. On the British case see Rosalind Edwards and Simon Duncan, "Supporting the family: lone mothers, paid work and the underclass debate," Critical Social Policy, 17 (November 1997), 29-49; L.D. Morris, "Is There a British Underclass?" International journal of Urban and Regional Research, 17 (September 1993), 413-28.
21. Murdie notes that the trend of social polarization between public housing tenants and general populations has also been found in Britain, the United States, France, and Japan. Robert Murdie, "Social Polarization and Public Housing in Canada: A Case Study of the Metropolitan Toronto Housing Authority," in Frances Frisken, ed., The Changing Canadian Metropolis: A Public Policy Perspective, Volume One (Berkeley and Toronto 1994), 298. On the British case see Rosalind Edwards and Simon Duncan, "Supporting the family: lone mothers, paid work and the underclass debate," Critical Social Policy, 17 (November 1997), 29-49; L.D. Morris, "Is There a British Underclass?" International journal of Urban and Regional Research, 17 (September 1993), 413-28.
22. Murdie notes that the trend of social polarization between public housing tenants and general populations has also been found in Britain, the United States, France, and Japan. Robert Murdie, "Social Polarization and Public Housing in Canada: A Case Study of the Metropolitan Toronto Housing Authority," in Frances Frisken, ed., The Changing Canadian Metropolis: A Public Policy Perspective, Volume One (Berkeley and Toronto 1994), 298. On the British case see Rosalind Edwards and Simon Duncan, "Supporting the family: lone mothers, paid work and the underclass debate," Critical Social Policy, 17 (November 1997), 29-49; L.D. Morris, "Is There a British Underclass?" International journal of Urban and Regional Research, 17 (September 1993), 413-28.
23. Loïc Wacquant employs this useful term in "Red Belt, Black Belt: Racial Division, Class Inequality and the State in the French Urban Periphery and the American Ghetto," in Enzo Mingione, ed., Urban Poverty and the Underclass: A Reader (Oxford 1996), 237.
24. On the "underclass" and related topics note Michael Katz, "'The Urban Underclass' as a Metaphor of Social Transformation," in Michael Katz, ed., The "Underclass" Debate: Views from History (Princeton 1995), 3-23; David W. Bartelt, "Housing the 'Underclass'," in Katz, The "Underclass" Debate, 119-57; Peter Marcuse, "Space and Race in the Post-Fordist City: The Outcast Ghetto and Advanced Homelessness in the United States Today," in Mingione, Urban Poverty and the Underclass, 176-216; David Ley and Heather Smith, "Is There an Immigrant 'Underclass' in Canadian cities?" Working Paper #97-08, Research on Immigration and Integration in the Metropolis, Working Paper Series, Vancouver Centre of Excellence, Simon Fraser University, October 1997, 1-45.
25. On the "underclass" and related topics note Michael Katz, "'The Urban Underclass' as a Metaphor of Social Transformation," in Michael Katz, ed., The "Underclass" Debate: Views from History (Princeton 1995), 3-23; David W. Bartelt, "Housing the 'Underclass'," in Katz, The "Underclass" Debate, 119-57; Peter Marcuse, "Space and Race in the Post-Fordist City: The Outcast Ghetto and Advanced Homelessness in the United States Today," in Mingione, Urban Poverty and the Underclass, 176-216; David Ley and Heather Smith, "Is There an Immigrant 'Underclass' in Canadian cities?" Working Paper #97-08, Research on Immigration and Integration in the Metropolis, Working Paper Series, Vancouver Centre of Excellence, Simon Fraser University, October 1997, 1-45.
26. On the "underclass" and related topics note Michael Katz, "'The Urban Underclass' as a Metaphor of Social Transformation," in Michael Katz, ed., The "Underclass" Debate: Views from History (Princeton 1995), 3-23; David W. Bartelt, "Housing the 'Underclass'," in Katz, The "Underclass" Debate, 119-57; Peter Marcuse, "Space and Race in the Post-Fordist City: The Outcast Ghetto and Advanced Homelessness in the United States Today," in Mingione, Urban Poverty and the Underclass, 176-216; David Ley and Heather Smith, "Is There an Immigrant 'Underclass' in Canadian cities?" Working Paper #97-08, Research on Immigration and Integration in the Metropolis, Working Paper Series, Vancouver Centre of Excellence, Simon Fraser University, October 1997, 1-45.
27. On the "underclass" and related topics note Michael Katz, "'The Urban Underclass' as a Metaphor of Social Transformation," in Michael Katz, ed., The "Underclass" Debate: Views from History (Princeton 1995), 3-23; David W. Bartelt, "Housing the 'Underclass'," in Katz, The "Underclass" Debate, 119-57; Peter Marcuse, "Space and Race in the Post-Fordist City: The Outcast Ghetto and Advanced Homelessness in the United States Today," in Mingione, Urban Poverty and the Underclass, 176-216; David Ley and Heather Smith, "Is There an Immigrant 'Underclass' in Canadian cities?" Working Paper #97-08, Research on Immigration and Integration in the Metropolis, Working Paper Series, Vancouver Centre of Excellence, Simon Fraser University, October 1997, 1-45.
28. Loïc Wacquant, "Three Pernicious Premises in the Study of the American Ghetto," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 21 (June 1997), 348.
29. For particularly insightful critiques note Wacquant, "Three Pernicious Premises"; Wacquant, "Red Belt, Black Belt"; H.J. Gans, "The dangers of the underclass: its harmfulness as a planning concept," in H.J.Gans, People, Plans and Policies: Essays on Poverty, Racism, and Other National Urban Problems (New York 1991); Harald Bauder, "Neighbourhood Effects and Cultural Exclusion," Urban Studies, 39 (January 2002), 85-93. The author would like to thank Harald Bauder for generously providing copies of several of his articles.
30. For particularly insightful critiques note Wacquant, "Three Pernicious Premises"; Wacquant, "Red Belt, Black Belt"; H.J. Gans, "The dangers of the underclass: its harmfulness as a planning concept," in H.J.Gans, People, Plans and Policies: Essays on Poverty, Racism, and Other National Urban Problems (New York 1991); Harald Bauder, "Neighbourhood Effects and Cultural Exclusion," Urban Studies, 39 (January 2002), 85-93. The author would like to thank Harald Bauder for generously providing copies of several of his articles.
31. For particularly insightful critiques note Wacquant, "Three Pernicious Premises"; Wacquant, "Red Belt, Black Belt"; H.J. Gans, "The dangers of the underclass: its harmfulness as a planning concept," in H.J.Gans, People, Plans and Policies: Essays on Poverty, Racism, and Other National Urban Problems (New York 1991); Harald Bauder, "Neighbourhood Effects and Cultural Exclusion," Urban Studies, 39 (January 2002), 85-93. The author would like to thank Harald Bauder for generously providing copies of several of his articles.
32. For particularly insightful critiques note Wacquant, "Three Pernicious Premises"; Wacquant, "Red Belt, Black Belt"; H.J. Gans, "The dangers of the underclass: its harmfulness as a planning concept," in H.J.Gans, People, Plans and Policies: Essays on Poverty, Racism, and Other National Urban Problems (New York 1991); Harald Bauder, "Neighbourhood Effects and Cultural Exclusion," Urban Studies, 39 (January 2002), 85-93. The author would like to thank Harald Bauder for generously providing copies of several of his articles.
33. On the extent of poverty in Canada see Abdolmohammad Kazemipur, "Ecology of Deprivation: Spatial Concentration of Poverty in Canada," Canadian Journal of Regional Science, 23 (Autumn 2000), 403-26; Eric Fong and Kumiko Shibuya, "The Spatial Separation of the Poor in Canadian Cities," Demography, 37 (November 2000), 453, Table 1.
34. On the extent of poverty in Canada see Abdolmohammad Kazemipur, "Ecology of Deprivation: Spatial Concentration of Poverty in Canada," Canadian Journal of Regional Science, 23 (Autumn 2000), 403-26; Eric Fong and Kumiko Shibuya, "The Spatial Separation of the Poor in Canadian Cities," Demography, 37 (November 2000), 453, Table 1.
35. See Ley and Smith, "Is There an Immigrant Underclass?" 1-5, for the Calgary Herald's use of the term. For more ill-informed and often ideologically laden uses of the concept of "underclass" in the Canadian context note inter alia David Frum, "Chretién's plan for a Canadian underclass," National Post Online, 16 December 2000, 〈http://www.nationalpost.com〉 (15 January 2003); Human Resources Development Canada, "Social Outlook: Five Crucial Challenges for Canadians," Applied Research Bulletin, 2 (Summer 1995), 〈http://www.hrdc-drhc.gc.ca/sp-ps/arb-dgra/publications/bulletin/vol1n2/e/ v1n2_01e.shtml〉 (15 January 2003); and Michael Hatfield, "Concentrations of Poverty and Distressed Neighbourhoods in Canada," Applied Research Branch, Strategic Policy, Human Resources Development Canada, Working Paper 97-1E (Ottawa 1997). Well-intentioned advocates of the poor also frequently misuse the term. For instance Maude Barlow, "Globalization and the future of work. Speaking Notes, National Consultation on Career Development Conference," 26 January 2000, 〈http://www.canadians.org〉 (July 7, 2002); Canadian Council on Social Development, "Open Letter to the Prime Minister," 16 January 2001, 〈http://www.ccsd.ca〉 (7 July 2002).
36. See Ley and Smith, "Is There an Immigrant Underclass?" 1-5, for the Calgary Herald's use of the term. For more ill-informed and often ideologically laden uses of the concept of "underclass" in the Canadian context note inter alia David Frum, "Chretién's plan for a Canadian underclass," National Post Online, 16 December 2000, 〈http://www.nationalpost.com〉 (15 January 2003); Human Resources Development Canada, "Social Outlook: Five Crucial Challenges for Canadians," Applied Research Bulletin, 2 (Summer 1995), 〈http://www.hrdc-drhc.gc.ca/sp-ps/arb-dgra/publications/bulletin/vol1n2/e/ v1n2_01e.shtml〉 (15 January 2003); and Michael Hatfield, "Concentrations of Poverty and Distressed Neighbourhoods in Canada," Applied Research Branch, Strategic Policy, Human Resources Development Canada, Working Paper 97-1E (Ottawa 1997). Well-intentioned advocates of the poor also frequently misuse the term. For instance Maude Barlow, "Globalization and the future of work. Speaking Notes, National Consultation on Career Development Conference," 26 January 2000, 〈http://www.canadians.org〉 (July 7, 2002); Canadian Council on Social Development, "Open Letter to the Prime Minister," 16 January 2001, 〈http://www.ccsd.ca〉 (7 July 2002).
37. See Ley and Smith, "Is There an Immigrant Underclass?" 1-5, for the Calgary Herald's use of the term. For more ill-informed and often ideologically laden uses of the concept of "underclass" in the Canadian context note inter alia David Frum, "Chretién's plan for a Canadian underclass," National Post Online, 16 December 2000, 〈http://www.nationalpost.com〉 (15 January 2003); Human Resources Development Canada, "Social Outlook: Five Crucial Challenges for Canadians," Applied Research Bulletin, 2 (Summer 1995), 〈http://www.hrdc-drhc.gc.ca/sp-ps/arb-dgra/publications/bulletin/vol1n2/e/ v1n2_01e.shtml〉 (15 January 2003); and Michael Hatfield, "Concentrations of Poverty and Distressed Neighbourhoods in Canada," Applied Research Branch, Strategic Policy, Human Resources Development Canada, Working Paper 97-1E (Ottawa 1997). Well-intentioned advocates of the poor also frequently misuse the term. For instance Maude Barlow, "Globalization and the future of work. Speaking Notes, National Consultation on Career Development Conference," 26 January 2000, 〈http://www.canadians.org〉 (July 7, 2002); Canadian Council on Social Development, "Open Letter to the Prime Minister," 16 January 2001, 〈http://www.ccsd.ca〉 (7 July 2002).
38. See Ley and Smith, "Is There an Immigrant Underclass?" 1-5, for the Calgary Herald's use of the term. For more ill-informed and often ideologically laden uses of the concept of "underclass" in the Canadian context note inter alia David Frum, "Chretién's plan for a Canadian underclass," National Post Online, 16 December 2000, 〈http://www.nationalpost.com〉 (15 January 2003); Human Resources Development Canada, "Social Outlook: Five Crucial Challenges for Canadians," Applied Research Bulletin, 2 (Summer 1995), 〈http://www.hrdc-drhc.gc.ca/sp-ps/arb-dgra/publications/bulletin/vol1n2/e/ v1n2_01e.shtml〉 (15 January 2003); and Michael Hatfield, "Concentrations of Poverty and Distressed Neighbourhoods in Canada," Applied Research Branch, Strategic Policy, Human Resources Development Canada, Working Paper 97-1E (Ottawa 1997). Well-intentioned advocates of the poor also frequently misuse the term. For instance Maude Barlow, "Globalization and the future of work. Speaking Notes, National Consultation on Career Development Conference," 26 January 2000, 〈http://www.canadians.org〉 (July 7, 2002); Canadian Council on Social Development, "Open Letter to the Prime Minister," 16 January 2001, 〈http://www.ccsd.ca〉 (7 July 2002).
39. See Ley and Smith, "Is There an Immigrant Underclass?" 1-5, for the Calgary Herald's use of the term. For more ill-informed and often ideologically laden uses of the concept of "underclass" in the Canadian context note inter alia David Frum, "Chretién's plan for a Canadian underclass," National Post Online, 16 December 2000, 〈http://www.nationalpost.com〉 (15 January 2003); Human Resources Development Canada, "Social Outlook: Five Crucial Challenges for Canadians," Applied Research Bulletin, 2 (Summer 1995), 〈http://www.hrdc-drhc.gc.ca/sp-ps/arb-dgra/publications/bulletin/vol1n2/e/ v1n2_01e.shtml〉 (15 January 2003); and Michael Hatfield, "Concentrations of Poverty and Distressed Neighbourhoods in Canada," Applied Research Branch, Strategic Policy, Human Resources Development Canada, Working Paper 97-1E (Ottawa 1997). Well-intentioned advocates of the poor also frequently misuse the term. For instance Maude Barlow, "Globalization and the future of work. Speaking Notes, National Consultation on Career Development Conference," 26 January 2000, 〈http://www.canadians.org〉 (July 7, 2002); Canadian Council on Social Development, "Open Letter to the Prime Minister," 16 January 2001, 〈http://www.ccsd.ca〉 (7 July 2002).
40. See Ley and Smith, "Is There an Immigrant Underclass?" 1-5, for the Calgary Herald's use of the term. For more ill-informed and often ideologically laden uses of the concept of "underclass" in the Canadian context note inter alia David Frum, "Chretién's plan for a Canadian underclass," National Post Online, 16 December 2000, 〈http://www.nationalpost.com〉 (15 January 2003); Human Resources Development Canada, "Social Outlook: Five Crucial Challenges for Canadians," Applied Research Bulletin, 2 (Summer 1995), 〈http://www.hrdc-drhc.gc.ca/sp-ps/arb-dgra/publications/bulletin/vol1n2/e/ v1n2_01e.shtml〉 (15 January 2003); and Michael Hatfield, "Concentrations of Poverty and Distressed Neighbourhoods in Canada," Applied Research Branch, Strategic Policy, Human Resources Development Canada, Working Paper 97-1E (Ottawa 1997). Well-intentioned advocates of the poor also frequently misuse the term. For instance Maude Barlow, "Globalization and the future of work. Speaking Notes, National Consultation on Career Development Conference," 26 January 2000, 〈http://www.canadians.org〉 (July 7, 2002); Canadian Council on Social Development, "Open Letter to the Prime Minister," 16 January 2001, 〈http://www.ccsd.ca〉 (7 July 2002).
41. Ley and Smith, "Is There an Immigrant Underclass?" 23.
42. In compliance with Access to Information Guidelines, the real names of non-public persons in items of correspondence from all archival collections that may be used to identify them have been given abbreviations in the notes and pseudonyms in the text. The exceptions are people whose names appeared openly in published materials or the names of public officials. The real names of oral informants and those who wrote letters to the author have been used unless they specifically asked for a pseudonym. In the latter case, abbreviations have been used in the citations.
43. On the benefits of this approach in studying families note Cynthia Comacchio, "'The History of Us': Social Science, History, and the Relations of Family in Canada," Labour/Le Travail, 46 (Fall 2000), 189.
44. This quotation, from Diane Reay and Helen Lucy, refers to the similarly skewed public discourse about British council housing residents. See their path-breaking article, "'I don't really like it here but I don't want to be anywhere else': Children and Inner City Council Estates," Antipode, 32 (October 2000), 411.
45. Norman Feltes, "The New Prince in a New Principality: OCAP and the Toronto Poor," Labour/Le Travail, 48 (Fall 2001), 136.
46. See Gerry Mooney, "Urban Disorders," in Steve Pile, Christopher Brook, and Gerry Mooney, eds., Unruly Cities? (London 2000), 54-99.
47. One of the key aims of the Census of Canada in constituting enumeration areas is homogeneity "in terms of economic status and social living conditions." Statistics Canada (hereafter Statscan), Bulletin 95-977," Census of Canada, Selected Population, Dwelling, Household and Census Family Characteristics, For Census Tracts, 1981 (Ottawa 1981), iii. Also consult Murdie, "Social Polarization," 309.
48. One of the key aims of the Census of Canada in constituting enumeration areas is homogeneity "in terms of economic status and social living conditions." Statistics Canada (hereafter Statscan), Bulletin 95-977," Census of Canada, Selected Population, Dwelling, Household and Census Family Characteristics, For Census Tracts, 1981 (Ottawa 1981), iii. Also consult Murdie, "Social Polarization," 309.
49. Household numbers based on Dominion Bureau of Statistics (hereafter DBS), Census of Canada, 1961 - Census Tracts - Toronto (Ottawa 1961), 32; Metropolitan Toronto Housing Authority (hereafter MTHA), Annual Report 1959 (Toronto 1959); Housing Authority of Toronto (hereafter HAT), A Review of Progress, 1947-1964 (Toronto 1965), 9-10.
50. Household numbers based on Dominion Bureau of Statistics (hereafter DBS), Census of Canada, 1961 - Census Tracts - Toronto (Ottawa 1961), 32; Metropolitan Toronto Housing Authority (hereafter MTHA), Annual Report 1959 (Toronto 1959); Housing Authority of Toronto (hereafter HAT), A Review of Progress, 1947-1964 (Toronto 1965), 9-10.
51. Household numbers based on Dominion Bureau of Statistics (hereafter DBS), Census of Canada, 1961 - Census Tracts - Toronto (Ottawa 1961), 32; Metropolitan Toronto Housing Authority (hereafter MTHA), Annual Report 1959 (Toronto 1959); Housing Authority of Toronto (hereafter HAT), A Review of Progress, 1947-1964 (Toronto 1965), 9-10.
52. Murdie, "Social Polarization," 312.
53. Murdie, "Social Polarization," Tables 9.3, 9.4, and 9.5.
54. On the general situation note John Bacher, Keeping to the Marketplace: The Evolution of Canadian Housing Policy (Montréal and Kingston 1993), 174-75; more particularly on veterans' housing see Richard Harris and Tricia Shulist, "Canada's Reluctant Housing Program: The Veterans' Land Act, 1942-75," Canadian Historical Review, 82 (June 2001), 252-83.
55. On the general situation note John Bacher, Keeping to the Marketplace: The Evolution of Canadian Housing Policy (Montréal and Kingston 1993), 174-75; more particularly on veterans' housing see Richard Harris and Tricia Shulist, "Canada's Reluctant Housing Program: The Veterans' Land Act, 1942-75," Canadian Historical Review, 82 (June 2001), 252-83.
56. For similar developments in Australia note Mike Berry, "Unraveling the 'Australian Housing Solution': the Post-War Years," Housing, Theory and Society, 16 (October 1999), 106-23. The author would like to thank Mike Berry for providing a copy of this article.
57. On "slumologists" in the Scottish council housing context see Seán Darner, From Moorepark to 'Wine Alley': The Rise and Fall of a Glasgow Housing Scheme (Edinburgh 1989). Also note the fine work of Kevin Brushett, "'Blots on the Face of the City': the politics of slum housing and urban renewal in Toronto," PhD dissertation, Queen's University, 2001.
58. On "slumologists" in the Scottish council housing context see Seán Darner, From Moorepark to 'Wine Alley': The Rise and Fall of a Glasgow Housing Scheme (Edinburgh 1989). Also note the fine work of Kevin Brushett, "'Blots on the Face of the City': the politics of slum housing and urban renewal in Toronto," PhD dissertation, Queen's University, 2001.
59. See the classic liberal work on the project by Rose, Regent Park. On postwar social reconstruction note Kevin Brushett, "'People and Government Travelling Together': Community Organization, Urban Planning and the Politics of Post-War Reconstruction, 1943-1953," Urban History Review, 27 (March 1999), 44-58.
60. See the classic liberal work on the project by Rose, Regent Park. On postwar social reconstruction note Kevin Brushett, "'People and Government Travelling Together': Community Organization, Urban Planning and the Politics of Post-War Reconstruction, 1943-1953," Urban History Review, 27 (March 1999), 44-58.
61. On HAT's estimate see Alderman Shannon cited in Toronto Daily Star, 22 July 1948. On tenant families from the clearance area note Rose, Regent Park, 151.
62. On HAT's estimate see Alderman Shannon cited in Toronto Daily Star, 22 July 1948. On tenant families from the clearance area note Rose, Regent Park, 151.
63. MTHA, South Regent Park: A Study (Toronto 1962), 10. On the early development of Regent Park South, consult Brushett, "'Blots on the Face of the City,'" 205-32.
64. MTHA, South Regent Park: A Study (Toronto 1962), 10. On the early development of Regent Park South, consult Brushett, "'Blots on the Face of the City,'" 205-32.
65. DBS, Census of Canada, 1951-Population and Housing Characteristics - Census Tracts - Toronto (Ottawa 1953-1955), 36, 42.
66. CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 33, File: Housing Registry, 1958-1963, Minutes of the HAT, No. 6156, 19 March 1964.
67. On Regent Park North (hereafter RPN) see Rose, Regent Park, 151. For RPS consult MTHA, South Regent Park, 17-18. Central Metropolitan Area figures from DBS, Census of Canada, 1961- Census Tracts - Toronto (Ottawa 1961), 48.
68. On Regent Park North (hereafter RPN) see Rose, Regent Park, 151. For RPS consult MTHA, South Regent Park, 17-18. Central Metropolitan Area figures from DBS, Census of Canada, 1961- Census Tracts - Toronto (Ottawa 1961), 48.
69. On Regent Park North (hereafter RPN) see Rose, Regent Park, 151. For RPS consult MTHA, South Regent Park, 17-18. Central Metropolitan Area figures from DBS, Census of Canada, 1961- Census Tracts - Toronto (Ottawa 1961), 48.
70. MTHA, Annual Report 1960-61 (Toronto 1961), unpaginated. Also see "Rental Arrears: Whose Responsibility?" 3.
71. MTHA, Annual Report 1960-61 (Toronto 1961), unpaginated. Also see "Rental Arrears: Whose Responsibility?" 3.
72. Sheila Kieran, "Regent Park North 18 Years Later," Globe and Mail, 18 February 1965.
73. The Inspection report for RPN is reproduced in Rose, Regent Park, 234, Appendix VIII. For RPS, MTHA, South Regent Park, 17.
74. The Inspection report for RPN is reproduced in Rose, Regent Park, 234, Appendix VIII. For RPS, MTHA, South Regent Park, 17.
75. Rose, Regent Park, 234. These categories were far from precise and could measure a variety of overlapping causes of housing hardship. Prospective applicants rarely scored above 60 points. Moreover, the average number of points increased as the size of the family increased. Thus, it took fewer points for a two-person family to obtain a one-bedroom unit than an eight-person family to secure a four-bedroom apartment. Paul Ringer, "Tenant Selection in Metro Toronto," Ontario Housing, 9 (August 1963), 11.
76. Rose, Regent Park, 234. These categories were far from precise and could measure a variety of overlapping causes of housing hardship. Prospective applicants rarely scored above 60 points. Moreover, the average number of points increased as the size of the family increased. Thus, it took fewer points for a two-person family to obtain a one-bedroom unit than an eight-person family to secure a four-bedroom apartment. Paul Ringer, "Tenant Selection in Metro Toronto," Ontario Housing, 9 (August 1963), 11.
77. This topic is thoroughly investigated in Chapter 5 of my forthcoming dissertation. Sean Purdy, "From a Place of Hope to Outcast Space: Territorial Regulation and Tenant Resistance in Regent Park Housing Project, 1949-2001" PhD dissertation, Queen's University, 2003.
78. OHC Tenant Eligibility system reproduced in OHC Applicants Grievance Committee, The Ontario Housing Corporation: Cure or Cause of Your Housing Problems? (Toronto 1974), 8-9.
79. Murdie, "Social Polarization," 302-03; and Nancy Smith, "Challenges of Public Housing in the 1990s: The Case of Ontario, Canada," Housing Policy Debate, 6, 4 (1995), 911.
80. Murdie, "Social Polarization," 302-03; and Nancy Smith, "Challenges of Public Housing in the 1990s: The Case of Ontario, Canada," Housing Policy Debate, 6, 4 (1995), 911.
81. Murdie, "Social Polarization," 303.
82. Humphrey Carver and Alison Hopwood, Rents for Regent Park: a rent-scale system for a public housing project (Toronto 1947).
83. For the history of rental scales see CMHC, Compendium of Rent to Income Scales in Use in Public Housing and Rent Supplement Programmes in Canada (Ottawa 1980). For the figures for social assistance recipients note RPCIA, A New Deal for Ontario Housing Tenants (Toronto 1972), 6.
84. For the history of rental scales see CMHC, Compendium of Rent to Income Scales in Use in Public Housing and Rent Supplement Programmes in Canada (Ottawa 1980). For the figures for social assistance recipients note RPCIA, A New Deal for Ontario Housing Tenants (Toronto 1972), 6.
85. HAT, A Review of Progress, 1947-1964 (Toronto 1964), 9-10.
86. On the internal debate over the rental scale see CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 4, File: CMHC Rent Scale 1949, David Mansur, President, CMHC to Mayor H.E. McCallum, 16 April 1949 and CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 5, File: R.P.H. Project, Memo from Chairman, THA to City Council, September 1958.
87. On the internal debate over the rental scale see CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 4, File: CMHC Rent Scale 1949, David Mansur, President, CMHC to Mayor H.E. McCallum, 16 April 1949 and CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 5, File: R.P.H. Project, Memo from Chairman, THA to City Council, September 1958.
88. Sewell, House and Home, 140. There were slight differences between RPN and RPS in minimum rental rates and the policy on service charges. Moreover, family allowances, which all families received from the federal government, were included in the income formula until 1962. See CMHC, Compendium of Rent, 2.
89. Sewell, House and Home, 140. There were slight differences between RPN and RPS in minimum rental rates and the policy on service charges. Moreover, family allowances, which all families received from the federal government, were included in the income formula until 1962. See CMHC, Compendium of Rent, 2.
90. Homer Borland, "Rent to Income Formula for Public Housing," Ontario Housing, 15 (1970), 19. The quotation is from Karl Marx, Critique of the Gotha Programme (1875; Moscow 1970), 17.
91. Homer Borland, "Rent to Income Formula for Public Housing," Ontario Housing, 15 (1970), 19. The quotation is from Karl Marx, Critique of the Gotha Programme (1875; Moscow 1970), 17.
92. Published in Canadian Organization of Public Housing Tenants, The Raised Roof, 3 (November-December 1974), 2.
93. For examples see Rose, Regent Park, 217-20; HAT, Review of Progress, 4, 11-14, 18; and MTHA, Annual Report 1960-61, unpaginated. For a useful survey of government propaganda on families and the nation at the time see Annalee Golz, "Family Matters: the Canadian Family and the State in the Postwar Period," Left History, 1 (Fall 1993), 9-50. On the historiography of family history in Canada see Comacchio, "'The History of Us,'" 167-220.
94. For examples see Rose, Regent Park, 217-20; HAT, Review of Progress, 4, 11-14, 18; and MTHA, Annual Report 1960-61, unpaginated. For a useful survey of government propaganda on families and the nation at the time see Annalee Golz, "Family Matters: the Canadian Family and the State in the Postwar Period," Left History, 1 (Fall 1993), 9-50. On the historiography of family history in Canada see Comacchio, "'The History of Us,'" 167-220.
95. For examples see Rose, Regent Park, 217-20; HAT, Review of Progress, 4, 11-14, 18; and MTHA, Annual Report 1960-61, unpaginated. For a useful survey of government propaganda on families and the nation at the time see Annalee Golz, "Family Matters: the Canadian Family and the State in the Postwar Period," Left History, 1 (Fall 1993), 9-50. On the historiography of family history in Canada see Comacchio, "'The History of Us,'" 167-220.
96. For examples see Rose, Regent Park, 217-20; HAT, Review of Progress, 4, 11-14, 18; and MTHA, Annual Report 1960-61, unpaginated. For a useful survey of government propaganda on families and the nation at the time see Annalee Golz, "Family Matters: the Canadian Family and the State in the Postwar Period," Left History, 1 (Fall 1993), 9-50. On the historiography of family history in Canada see Comacchio, "'The History of Us,'" 167-220.
97. For examples see Rose, Regent Park, 217-20; HAT, Review of Progress, 4, 11-14, 18; and MTHA, Annual Report 1960-61, unpaginated. For a useful survey of government propaganda on families and the nation at the time see Annalee Golz, "Family Matters: the Canadian Family and the State in the Postwar Period," Left History, 1 (Fall 1993), 9-50. On the historiography of family history in Canada see Comacchio, "'The History of Us,'" 167-220.
98. David Allen, "To its youngsters Regent Park South is a place to wreck," Toronto Star, 9 December 1968.
99. Larry Quinto, letter to the author, 2 January 2002.
100. "How they decide if you will live in public housing," Toronto Star, 19 August 1969.
101. Rose, Regent Park, 83.
102. Bartelt finds that large numbers of children is an important complicating factor in the growth of black poverty in the United States. "Housing the 'Underclass,'" 121-2.
103. RPCIA, By the People: Evaluation of Regent Park Community Improvement Association, 1969-1973 (Ottawa 1973).
104. On sole-support parents see Margaret Little, "A Litmus Test for Democracy: The Impact of Ontario Welfare Changes on Single Mothers," Studies in Political Economy, 66 (August 2001), 9-36.
105. Murdie, "Social Polarization," 318, Table 9.5.
106. D.W. Livingstone and Peter H. Sawchuk, "Beyond Cultural Capital Theory: Hidden Dimensions of Working Class Learning," The Review of Education/Pedagogy/Cultural Studies, 22 (June 2000), 121-46.
107. Livingstone argues that Canada leads the world in levels of post-secondary education even though the benefits of educational achievement are disproportionately reaped by the affluent. See D.W. Livingstone Working and Learning in the Information Age: A Canadian Profile (Toronto 2000).
108. "Children peer into selves in frank study," Toronto Star, 14 March 1966.
109. The form of the indexes are based on Murdie, "Social Polarization," 314.
110. On the loss of stable, well-paid manufacturing jobs and their replacement by various forms of casual and part-time work in Canada consult Henry Veltmeyer and James Sacouman, "The Political Economy of Part-Time Work," Studies in Political Economy, 56 (Summer 1998), 115-44.
111. Gerard, "Regent Park battles its 'hopeless slum' image."
112. Murdie, "Social Polarization," 318, Table 9.5.
113. On the economic "strategies" of working-class families in the late 19th-, early-, and mid-20th centuries see Bettina Bradbury, Working Families: Age, Gender and Daily Survival in Industrializing Montreal (Toronto 1993); Suzanne Morton, Ideal Surroundings: Domestic Life in a Working-Class Suburb in the 1920s (Toronto 1995); and Neil Sutherland, Growing Up: Childhood in English Canada from the Great War to the Age of Television (Toronto 1997).
114. On the economic "strategies" of working-class families in the late 19th-, early-, and mid-20th centuries see Bettina Bradbury, Working Families: Age, Gender and Daily Survival in Industrializing Montreal (Toronto 1993); Suzanne Morton, Ideal Surroundings: Domestic Life in a Working-Class Suburb in the 1920s (Toronto 1995); and Neil Sutherland, Growing Up: Childhood in English Canada from the Great War to the Age of Television (Toronto 1997).
115. On the economic "strategies" of working-class families in the late 19th-, early-, and mid-20th centuries see Bettina Bradbury, Working Families: Age, Gender and Daily Survival in Industrializing Montreal (Toronto 1993); Suzanne Morton, Ideal Surroundings: Domestic Life in a Working-Class Suburb in the 1920s (Toronto 1995); and Neil Sutherland, Growing Up: Childhood in English Canada from the Great War to the Age of Television (Toronto 1997).
116. CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 41, File: Tenancy Information, Summary of Income and Family Size, 1 May 1952.
117. CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 36, File: Board of Control Correspondence, 1949-55, Survey of Families Whose Housing Was Being Demolished to Make Way for Buildings 5-7, 7 June 1949.
118. See the tables for 1965-68 in CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 32, File: Housing Authority Statistics, 1965-1968, HAT, Regent Park (North) Statistics 1966, 1967, and 1968.
119. For details on evictions for failing to report income in RPN consult CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 25, File: 1957-1966 Regent Park North, Analysis of Vacancies from 1 January 1961 to 1 May 1961 Inclusive. For evictions in the 1950s for a variety of reasons see Rose, Regent Park, 176-7; and for memories of this from Cabbagetown residents see the memoir "Law and Disorder in Cabbagetown," Cabbagetown Chronicles Website, 〈http://www.geocities. com/Hollywood/Club/7400〉 (18 October 2002). On claims that some residents were involved in "fencing" stolen goods see "This boy has risen above the slum life," Toronto Star, 9 December 1968. On claims of tenant bootlegging - the illegal sale of alcohol - see CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 29, Case File No. 50. See the documentary film of the National Film Board of Canada (hereafter NFB), Bay Weyman, dir., Return to Regent Park (Montréal 1994) for evidence of illegal activities in the 1980s and 1990s.
120. For details on evictions for failing to report income in RPN consult CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 25, File: 1957-1966 Regent Park North, Analysis of Vacancies from 1 January 1961 to 1 May 1961 Inclusive. For evictions in the 1950s for a variety of reasons see Rose, Regent Park, 176-7; and for memories of this from Cabbagetown residents see the memoir "Law and Disorder in Cabbagetown," Cabbagetown Chronicles Website, 〈http://www.geocities. com/Hollywood/Club/7400〉 (18 October 2002). On claims that some residents were involved in "fencing" stolen goods see "This boy has risen above the slum life," Toronto Star, 9 December 1968. On claims of tenant bootlegging - the illegal sale of alcohol - see CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 29, Case File No. 50. See the documentary film of the National Film Board of Canada (hereafter NFB), Bay Weyman, dir., Return to Regent Park (Montréal 1994) for evidence of illegal activities in the 1980s and 1990s.
121. For details on evictions for failing to report income in RPN consult CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 25, File: 1957-1966 Regent Park North, Analysis of Vacancies from 1 January 1961 to 1 May 1961 Inclusive. For evictions in the 1950s for a variety of reasons see Rose, Regent Park, 176-7; and for memories of this from Cabbagetown residents see the memoir "Law and Disorder in Cabbagetown," Cabbagetown Chronicles Website, 〈http://www.geocities. com/Hollywood/Club/7400〉 (18 October 2002). On claims that some residents were involved in "fencing" stolen goods see "This boy has risen above the slum life," Toronto Star, 9 December 1968. On claims of tenant bootlegging - the illegal sale of alcohol - see CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 29, Case File No. 50. See the documentary film of the National Film Board of Canada (hereafter NFB), Bay Weyman, dir., Return to Regent Park (Montréal 1994) for evidence of illegal activities in the 1980s and 1990s.
122. For details on evictions for failing to report income in RPN consult CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 25, File: 1957-1966 Regent Park North, Analysis of Vacancies from 1 January 1961 to 1 May 1961 Inclusive. For evictions in the 1950s for a variety of reasons see Rose, Regent Park, 176-7; and for memories of this from Cabbagetown residents see the memoir "Law and Disorder in Cabbagetown," Cabbagetown Chronicles Website, 〈http://www.geocities. com/Hollywood/Club/7400〉 (18 October 2002). On claims that some residents were involved in "fencing" stolen goods see "This boy has risen above the slum life," Toronto Star, 9 December 1968. On claims of tenant bootlegging - the illegal sale of alcohol - see CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 29, Case File No. 50. See the documentary film of the National Film Board of Canada (hereafter NFB), Bay Weyman, dir., Return to Regent Park (Montréal 1994) for evidence of illegal activities in the 1980s and 1990s.
123. For details on evictions for failing to report income in RPN consult CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 25, File: 1957-1966 Regent Park North, Analysis of Vacancies from 1 January 1961 to 1 May 1961 Inclusive. For evictions in the 1950s for a variety of reasons see Rose, Regent Park, 176-7; and for memories of this from Cabbagetown residents see the memoir "Law and Disorder in Cabbagetown," Cabbagetown Chronicles Website, 〈http://www.geocities. com/Hollywood/Club/7400〉 (18 October 2002). On claims that some residents were involved in "fencing" stolen goods see "This boy has risen above the slum life," Toronto Star, 9 December 1968. On claims of tenant bootlegging - the illegal sale of alcohol - see CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 29, Case File No. 50. See the documentary film of the National Film Board of Canada (hereafter NFB), Bay Weyman, dir., Return to Regent Park (Montréal 1994) for evidence of illegal activities in the 1980s and 1990s.
124. For details on evictions for failing to report income in RPN consult CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 25, File: 1957-1966 Regent Park North, Analysis of Vacancies from 1 January 1961 to 1 May 1961 Inclusive. For evictions in the 1950s for a variety of reasons see Rose, Regent Park, 176-7; and for memories of this from Cabbagetown residents see the memoir "Law and Disorder in Cabbagetown," Cabbagetown Chronicles Website, 〈http://www.geocities. com/Hollywood/Club/7400〉 (18 October 2002). On claims that some residents were involved in "fencing" stolen goods see "This boy has risen above the slum life," Toronto Star, 9 December 1968. On claims of tenant bootlegging - the illegal sale of alcohol - see CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 29, Case File No. 50. See the documentary film of the National Film Board of Canada (hereafter NFB), Bay Weyman, dir., Return to Regent Park (Montréal 1994) for evidence of illegal activities in the 1980s and 1990s.
125. On lack of money for allowances see Ellie Tesher, "But Dad, a kid can't live on 50 cents a week," Toronto Daily Star, 4 February 1977.
126. On babysitting see the memoirs of Patricia Crofts-Lagree, "My Time In Cabbagetown," Cabbagetown Chronicles Website, 〈http://www. geocities.com/Hollywood/Club/7400/cab-contribute.html〉 Thelma Pilkey, interview by the author, tape recording, Lakefield, Ontario, 21 March 1996. On babysitting and part-time work in stores see Taida Hambleton, letter to the author, 18 January 1996.
127. On babysitting see the memoirs of Patricia Crofts-Lagree, "My Time In Cabbagetown," Cabbagetown Chronicles Website, 〈http://www. geocities.com/Hollywood/Club/7400/cab-contribute.html〉 Thelma Pilkey, interview by the author, tape recording, Lakefield, Ontario, 21 March 1996. On babysitting and part-time work in stores see Taida Hambleton, letter to the author, 18 January 1996.
128. On babysitting see the memoirs of Patricia Crofts-Lagree, "My Time In Cabbagetown," Cabbagetown Chronicles Website, 〈http://www. geocities.com/Hollywood/Club/7400/cab-contribute.html〉 Thelma Pilkey, interview by the author, tape recording, Lakefield, Ontario, 21 March 1996. On babysitting and part-time work in stores see Taida Hambleton, letter to the author, 18 January 1996.
129. See Gwyn Thomas and Bob Graham, "Body Was Drowned in a Sink," Toronto Star, 2 August 1977; "Friction Disappears as Regent Park cheers its police," Toronto Star, 6 August 1977.
130. See Gwyn Thomas and Bob Graham, "Body Was Drowned in a Sink," Toronto Star, 2 August 1977; "Friction Disappears as Regent Park cheers its police," Toronto Star, 6 August 1977.
131. Taida Hambleton, letter to the author.
132. See Taida Hambleton, letter to the author; Thelma Pilkey, interview with the author; AG, interview with the author, tape recorded, Toronto, 18 May 1995; Chris, Jackie, and Susie Reading, interview with the author, tape recorded, Toronto, 27 November 1994. On the use of "hand-me-down" and second-hand clothes in Regent Park note Stasia Evasuk and Bonnie Cornell, "Big Families Find Clothing Eats Up Baby Bonuses," Toronto Daily Star, 12 July 1971. On vegetable growing see Peter Rickman, "Single mothers harvest pride with city-grown vegetables," Toronto Star, 19 August 1984; Paula Todd, "Moms in Regent Park celebrate harvest of joy," Toronto Star, 14 August 1987.
133. See Taida Hambleton, letter to the author; Thelma Pilkey, interview with the author; AG, interview with the author, tape recorded, Toronto, 18 May 1995; Chris, Jackie, and Susie Reading, interview with the author, tape recorded, Toronto, 27 November 1994. On the use of "hand-me-down" and second-hand clothes in Regent Park note Stasia Evasuk and Bonnie Cornell, "Big Families Find Clothing Eats Up Baby Bonuses," Toronto Daily Star, 12 July 1971. On vegetable growing see Peter Rickman, "Single mothers harvest pride with city-grown vegetables," Toronto Star, 19 August 1984; Paula Todd, "Moms in Regent Park celebrate harvest of joy," Toronto Star, 14 August 1987.
134. See Taida Hambleton, letter to the author; Thelma Pilkey, interview with the author; AG, interview with the author, tape recorded, Toronto, 18 May 1995; Chris, Jackie, and Susie Reading, interview with the author, tape recorded, Toronto, 27 November 1994. On the use of "hand-me-down" and second-hand clothes in Regent Park note Stasia Evasuk and Bonnie Cornell, "Big Families Find Clothing Eats Up Baby Bonuses," Toronto Daily Star, 12 July 1971. On vegetable growing see Peter Rickman, "Single mothers harvest pride with city-grown vegetables," Toronto Star, 19 August 1984; Paula Todd, "Moms in Regent Park celebrate harvest of joy," Toronto Star, 14 August 1987.
135. See Taida Hambleton, letter to the author; Thelma Pilkey, interview with the author; AG, interview with the author, tape recorded, Toronto, 18 May 1995; Chris, Jackie, and Susie Reading, interview with the author, tape recorded, Toronto, 27 November 1994. On the use of "hand-me-down" and second-hand clothes in Regent Park note Stasia Evasuk and Bonnie Cornell, "Big Families Find Clothing Eats Up Baby Bonuses," Toronto Daily Star, 12 July 1971. On vegetable growing see Peter Rickman, "Single mothers harvest pride with city-grown vegetables," Toronto Star, 19 August 1984; Paula Todd, "Moms in Regent Park celebrate harvest of joy," Toronto Star, 14 August 1987.
136. See Taida Hambleton, letter to the author; Thelma Pilkey, interview with the author; AG, interview with the author, tape recorded, Toronto, 18 May 1995; Chris, Jackie, and Susie Reading, interview with the author, tape recorded, Toronto, 27 November 1994. On the use of "hand-me-down" and second-hand clothes in Regent Park note Stasia Evasuk and Bonnie Cornell, "Big Families Find Clothing Eats Up Baby Bonuses," Toronto Daily Star,
137. See Taida Hambleton, letter to the author; Thelma Pilkey, interview with the author; AG, interview with the author, tape recorded, Toronto, 18 May 1995; Chris, Jackie, and Susie Reading, interview with the author, tape recorded, Toronto, 27 November 1994. On the use of "hand-me-down" and second-hand clothes in Regent Park note Stasia Evasuk and Bonnie Cornell, "Big Families Find Clothing Eats Up Baby Bonuses," Toronto Daily Star, 12 July 1971. On vegetable growing see Peter Rickman, "Single mothers harvest pride with city-grown vegetables," Toronto Star, 19 August 1984; Paula Todd, "Moms in Regent Park celebrate harvest of joy," Toronto Star, 14 August 1987.
138. See Taida Hambleton, letter to the author; Thelma Pilkey, interview with the author; AG, interview with the author, tape recorded, Toronto, 18 May 1995; Chris, Jackie, and Susie Reading, interview with the author, tape recorded, Toronto, 27 November 1994. On the use of "hand-me-down" and second-hand clothes in Regent Park note Stasia Evasuk and Bonnie Cornell, "Big Families Find Clothing Eats Up Baby Bonuses," Toronto Daily Star, 12 July 1971. On vegetable growing see Peter Rickman, "Single mothers harvest pride with city-grown vegetables," Toronto Star, 19 August 1984; Paula Todd, "Moms in Regent Park celebrate harvest of joy," Toronto Star, 14 August 1987.
139. Chris Reading, interview with the author.
140. "500 families catch 5 tons of fish," Toronto Star, 23 January 1975.
141. See for instance the story of resident Carol Walsh in Michelle Osborn, "Regent Park celebrates 50 years of caring about its neighbours," Toronto Star, 4 July 1998.
142. Personal observations by the author from 1992 to 1999.
143. "Soup kitchen in Regent Park serves up first meal," Toronto Star, 14 August 1985. For a sampling of social service agencies active in Regent Park see various issues of the Regent Park Community News, 1969-1978. For recent activities see Kerry Gillespie, "Don't forget the city's poor, summit urged," Toronto Star Online Edition, 21 June 2002, 〈http://www.thestar.com〉 (15 January 2003).
144. "Soup kitchen in Regent Park serves up first meal," Toronto Star, 14 August 1985. For a sampling of social service agencies active in Regent Park see various issues of the Regent Park Community News, 1969-1978. For recent activities see Kerry Gillespie, "Don't forget the city's poor, summit urged," Toronto Star Online Edition, 21 June 2002, 〈http://www.thestar.com〉 (15 January 2003).
145. "Soup kitchen in Regent Park serves up first meal," Toronto Star, 14 August 1985. For a sampling of social service agencies active in Regent Park see various issues of the Regent Park Community News, 1969-1978. For recent activities see Kerry Gillespie, "Don't forget the city's poor, summit urged," Toronto Star Online Edition, 21 June 2002, 〉http://www.thestar.com〉 (15 January 2003).
146. "Services Unit Celebrates Second Anniversary," Regent Park Community News, 1 (December 1972), 5.
147. Toronto Board of Education Archives, Reports File, Duke of York School and Community, "A Brief to the Toronto Board of Education Regarding Future Program Development at Duke of York School," undated, probably late 1970s; Richard Harris and Michael Mercer, "A test for geographers: the geography of educational achievement in Toronto and Hamilton, 1997," The Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe Canadien, 44 (Fall 2000), 217.
148. Toronto Board of Education Archives, Reports File, Duke of York School and Community, "A Brief to the Toronto Board of Education Regarding Future Program Development at Duke of York School," undated, probably late 1970s; Richard Harris and Michael Mercer, "A test for geographers: the geography of educational achievement in Toronto and Hamilton, 1997," The Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe Canadien, 44 (Fall 2000), 217.
149. On this typical mixture of various forms of economic activity among poor urban dwellers in major American cities see Loïc Wacquant, "Scrutinizing the Street: Poverty, Morality and the Pitfalls of Urban Ethnography," The American Journal of Sociology, 107 (Spring 2002), 1468-1522. For a suggestive theoretical discussion of how households manage to use both cash and non-cash sources to meet their shelter needs see David Hulchanski and J.H. Milchalski, "How Households Obtain Resources to Meet Their Needs: The Shifting Mix of Cash and Non-Cash Sources," Unpublished Paper, Housing New Canadians, Research Working Group, 1995.
150. On this typical mixture of various forms of economic activity among poor urban dwellers in major American cities see Loïc Wacquant, "Scrutinizing the Street: Poverty, Morality and the Pitfalls of Urban Ethnography," The American Journal of Sociology, 107 (Spring 2002), 1468-1522. For a suggestive theoretical discussion of how households manage to use both cash and non-cash sources to meet their shelter needs see David Hulchanski and J.H. Milchalski, "How Households Obtain Resources to Meet Their Needs: The Shifting Mix of Cash and Non-Cash Sources," Unpublished Paper, Housing New Canadians, Research Working Group, 1995.
151. Murdie, "Social Polarization," 297-298.
152. CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 32, File: Housing Authority-Statistics, 1965-1968, "Regent Park (North) Statistics 1966, 1967, 1968."
153. Margaret Hillyard Little and Ian Morrison, "'The Pecker Detectors Are Back': Regulation of the Family Form in Ontario Welfare Policy," Journal of Canadian Studies, 34 (Summer 1999), 112.
154. Gillmor, "The punishment station," 51.
155. Ley and Smith, "Is There an Immigrant Underclass?" 35.
156. Statscan, "Bulletin 95-936" Census of Canada, 1981 - Selected Population, Dwelling, Household and Census Family Characteristics, For Census Tracts (Ottawa 1981), Table 1-22; Sewell, Houses and Homes, 140.
157. Statscan, "Bulletin 95-936" Census of Canada, 1981 - Selected Population, Dwelling, Household and Census Family Characteristics, For Census Tracts (Ottawa 1981), Table 1-22; Sewell, Houses and Homes, 140.
158. Murdie, "Social Polarization," Table 9.5.
159. Paul Ringer, The Social Implications of Public Housing in Metropolitan Toronto (Toronto 1963), chapters 4 and 5.
160. Rose, Regent Park, 224.
161. CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 25, File: 1957-66 Regent Park North, General File, "Analysis of Vacancies from 1 January 1961 to 1 May 1961 Inclusive."
162. Statistics from 1965-67 found in CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 32, File: Housing Authority-Statistics, 1965-1968, "Regent Park (North) Statistics 1966, 1967, 1968."
163. Brushett, "'Blots on the Face of the City,'" Chapters 4, 5, and 6; Marcuse, "Space and Race," 189; and Richard Harris, "Housing," in Trudi Bunting and Pierre Filion, eds., Canadian Cities in Transition (Toronto 1991), 372.
164. Brushett, "'Blots on the Face of the City,'" Chapters 4, 5, and 6; Marcuse, "Space and Race," 189; and Richard Harris, "Housing," in Trudi Bunting and Pierre Filion, eds., Canadian Cities in Transition (Toronto 1991), 372.
165. Brushett, "'Blots on the Face of the City,'" Chapters 4, 5, and 6; Marcuse, "Space and Race," 189; and Richard Harris, "Housing," in Trudi Bunting and Pierre Filion, eds., Canadian Cities in Transition (Toronto 1991), 372.
166. Susan Fish and Michael Dennis, Programs in Search of a Policy: Low-Income Housing in Canada (Toronto 1972), 174. Paul Ringer, who worked in various professional capacities in the HAT and MTHA in the 1950s and 1960s, including tenant selection officer for RPN and RPS, told the author that he felt design considerations were determined by the desire to build units that were not "too nice." Paul Ringer, interview by the author, tape recording, 12 November 1996.
167. Susan Fish and Michael Dennis, Programs in Search of a Policy: Low-Income Housing in Canada (Toronto 1972), 174. Paul Ringer, who worked in various professional capacities in the HAT and MTHA in the 1950s and 1960s, including tenant selection officer for RPN and RPS, told the author that he felt design considerations were determined by the desire to build units that were not "too nice." Paul Ringer, interview by the author, tape recording, 12 November 1996.
168. Harris, "Housing," 356-7, 361, 372.
169. As Kevin Brushett notes, concern about escalating costs was one of the reasons for the Hellyer Task Force. In the same period, the Federal government began to cut back on its urban renewal and housing investments. See Brushett, "'Blots on the face of the city,'" 595. By the mid-1970s, there was great concern over the minute details of the costs of assisted housing. See the Metropolitan Toronto Planning Department (hereafter MTPD), Assisted Housing Study (Toronto 1977), Tables T.22.1- T.24.
170. As Kevin Brushett notes, concern about escalating costs was one of the reasons for the Hellyer Task Force. In the same period, the Federal government began to cut back on its urban renewal and housing investments. See Brushett, "'Blots on the face of the city,'" 595. By the mid-1970s, there was great concern over the minute details of the costs of assisted housing. See the Metropolitan Toronto Planning Department (hereafter MTPD), Assisted Housing Study (Toronto 1977), Tables T.22.1- T.24.
171. J.B.S. Rose, "Change to Rent Scale?" Regent Park Community News, 2 (June 1972), 5; Sewell, Houses and Homes, 162-63.
172. J.B.S. Rose, "Change to Rent Scale?" Regent Park Community News, 2 (June 1972), 5; Sewell, Houses and Homes, 162-63.
173. The quotation is from Marcuse, "Space and Race," 189-90. On cutbacks to public housing subsidies by CMHC see David Hulchanski and Glen Drover, "Housing Subsidies in a Period of Restraint: The Canadian Experience," in W. Van Vliet, ed., Housing Markets and Policies Under Fiscal Austerity (New York 1987). For a thought-provoking analysis that links capitalist restructuring responses and overall economic crisis to the larger context of government restraint see Alan Sears, "The 'Lean' State and Capitalist Restructuring: Towards a Theoretical Account," Studies in Political Economy, 60 (Summer 1999), 91-114.
174. The quotation is from Marcuse, "Space and Race," 189-90. On cutbacks to public housing subsidies by CMHC see David Hulchanski and Glen Drover, "Housing Subsidies in a Period of Restraint: The Canadian Experience," in W. Van Vliet, ed., Housing Markets and Policies Under Fiscal Austerity (New York 1987). For a thought-provoking analysis that links capitalist restructuring responses and overall economic crisis to the larger context of government restraint see Alan Sears, "The 'Lean' State and Capitalist Restructuring: Towards a Theoretical Account," Studies in Political Economy, 60 (Summer 1999), 91-114.
175. The quotation is from Marcuse, "Space and Race," 189-90. On cutbacks to public housing subsidies by CMHC see David Hulchanski and Glen Drover, "Housing Subsidies in a Period of Restraint: The Canadian Experience," in W. Van Vliet, ed., Housing Markets and Policies Under Fiscal Austerity (New York 1987). For a thought-provoking analysis that links capitalist restructuring responses and overall economic crisis to the larger context of government restraint see Alan Sears, "The 'Lean' State and Capitalist Restructuring: Towards a Theoretical Account," Studies in Political Economy, 60 (Summer 1999), 91-114.
176. See Neil Tanner, "From the Desk of the President," Regent Park Community News, 3 (March 1973), 2; and RPCI, By the People, 67-73. These struggles are discussed at length in Sean Purdy, "By the People, For the People: Tenant Organizing in Toronto's Regent Park Housing Project in the 1960s and 70s," Journal of Urban History, (forthcoming 2004).
177. See Neil Tanner, "From the Desk of the President," Regent Park Community News, 3 (March 1973), 2; and RPCI, By the People, 67-73. These struggles are discussed at length in Sean Purdy, "By the People, For the People: Tenant Organizing in Toronto's Regent Park Housing Project in the 1960s and 70s," Journal of Urban History, (forthcoming 2004).
178. See Neil Tanner, "From the Desk of the President," Regent Park Community News, 3 (March 1973), 2; and RPCI, By the People, 67-73. These struggles are discussed at length in Sean Purdy, "By the People, For the People: Tenant Organizing in Toronto's Regent Park Housing Project in the 1960s and 70s," Journal of Urban History, (forthcoming 2004).
179. For selective figures see CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 1, File: A-B 1948-1959, Frank Dearlove to Gordon Ames, 10 February 1956; MTHA, Annual Report 1960-61, unpaginated; MTHA, "Report on Survey of Family Housing Applications on File, (Toronto 1969), 1; John Sewell, "Trapped by Inaction," Now Magazine, 299 (29 Sept-5 Oct. 1988), 11; and Housing Connections Central Registry Report cited in Jack Lakey, "22-year wait for some low-cost housing," Toronto Star, 13 July 1998. For the most recent figures consult Toronto Social Housing Connections, "Monthly Report," City of Toronto Website, 〈http://www.city.toronto.on.ca/toronto_housing/connections. htm#stats〉 (1 March 2003).
180. For selective figures see CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 1, File: A-B 1948-1959, Frank Dearlove to Gordon Ames, 10 February 1956; MTHA, Annual Report 1960-61, unpaginated; MTHA, "Report on Survey of Family Housing Applications on File, (Toronto 1969), 1; John Sewell, "Trapped by Inaction," Now Magazine, 299 (29 Sept-5 Oct. 1988), 11; and Housing Connections Central Registry Report cited in Jack Lakey, "22-year wait for some low-cost housing," Toronto Star, 13 July 1998. For the most recent figures consult Toronto Social Housing Connections, "Monthly Report," City of Toronto Website, 〈http://www.city.toronto.on.ca/toronto_housing/connections. htm#stats〉 (1 March 2003).
181. For selective figures see CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 1, File: A-B 1948-1959, Frank Dearlove to Gordon Ames, 10 February 1956; MTHA, Annual Report 1960-61, unpaginated; MTHA, "Report on Survey of Family Housing Applications on File, (Toronto 1969), 1; John Sewell, "Trapped by Inaction," Now Magazine, 299 (29 Sept-5 Oct. 1988), 11; and Housing Connections Central Registry Report cited in Jack Lakey, "22-year wait for some low-cost housing," Toronto Star, 13 July 1998. For the most recent figures consult Toronto Social Housing Connections, "Monthly Report," City of Toronto Website, 〈http://www.city.toronto.on.ca/toronto_housing/connections. htm#stats〉 (1 March 2003).
182. For selective figures see CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 1, File: A-B 1948-1959, Frank Dearlove to Gordon Ames, 10 February 1956; MTHA, Annual Report 1960-61, unpaginated; MTHA, "Report on Survey of Family Housing Applications on File, (Toronto 1969), 1; John Sewell, "Trapped by Inaction," Now Magazine, 299 (29 Sept-5 Oct. 1988), 11; and Housing Connections Central Registry Report cited in Jack Lakey, "22-year wait for some low-cost housing," Toronto Star, 13 July 1998. For the most recent figures consult Toronto Social Housing Connections, "Monthly Report," City of Toronto Website, 〈http://www.city.toronto.on.ca/toronto_housing/connections. htm#stats〉 (1 March 2003).
183. For selective figures see CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 1, File: A-B 1948-1959, Frank Dearlove to Gordon Ames, 10 February 1956; MTHA, Annual Report 1960-61, unpaginated; MTHA, "Report on Survey of Family Housing Applications on File, (Toronto 1969), 1; John Sewell, "Trapped by Inaction," Now Magazine, 299 (29 Sept-5 Oct. 1988), 11; and Housing Connections Central Registry Report cited in Jack Lakey, "22-year wait for some low-cost housing," Toronto Star, 13 July 1998. For the most recent figures consult Toronto Social Housing Connections, "Monthly Report," City of Toronto Website, 〈http://www.city.toronto.on.ca/toronto_housing/connections. htm#stats〉 (1 March 2003).
184. For selective figures see CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 1, File: A-B 1948-1959, Frank Dearlove to Gordon Ames, 10 February 1956; MTHA, Annual Report 1960-61, unpaginated; MTHA, "Report on Survey of Family Housing Applications on File, (Toronto 1969), 1; John Sewell, "Trapped by Inaction," Now Magazine, 299 (29 Sept-5 Oct. 1988), 11; and Housing Connections Central Registry Report cited in Jack Lakey, "22-year wait for some low-cost housing," Toronto Star, 13 July 1998. For the most recent figures consult Toronto Social Housing Connections, "Monthly Report," City of Toronto Website, 〈http://www.city.toronto.on.ca/toronto_housing/connections. htm#stats〉 (1 March 2003).
185. Brushett, "'Blots on the Face of the City,'" 49-59 and 353-65; and Bacher, Keeping to the Marketplace, 55-57, 126, 163, 169, and 174-78.
186. Brushett, "'Blots on the Face of the City,'" 49-59 and 353-65; and Bacher, Keeping to the Marketplace, 55-57, 126, 163, 169, and 174-78.
187. For the extremely well-documented housing affordability problems of low-income families in Toronto from the 1970s to 1990s see Jeffrey Patterson and Patricia Streich, A Review of Canadian Social Housing Policy (Toronto 1977); Sewell, Houses and Homes, 34, chapters 2 and 11; and Robert A. Murdie and Carlos Teixeira, Towards a Comfortable Neighbourhood and Appropriate Housing: Immigrant Experiences in Toronto (Toronto 1999).
188. For the extremely well-documented housing affordability problems of low-income families in Toronto from the 1970s to 1990s see Jeffrey Patterson and Patricia Streich, A Review of Canadian Social Housing Policy (Toronto 1977); Sewell, Houses and Homes, 34, chapters 2 and 11; and Robert A. Murdie and Carlos Teixeira, Towards a Comfortable Neighbourhood and Appropriate Housing: Immigrant Experiences in Toronto (Toronto 1999).
189. For the extremely well-documented housing affordability problems of low-income families in Toronto from the 1970s to 1990s see Jeffrey Patterson and Patricia Streich, A Review of Canadian Social Housing Policy (Toronto 1977); Sewell, Houses and Homes, 34, chapters 2 and 11; and Robert A. Murdie and Carlos Teixeira, Towards a Comfortable Neighbourhood and Appropriate Housing: Immigrant Experiences in Toronto (Toronto 1999).
190. CTA, HAT, RG 28, Box 27, File: Housing Registry of Metropolitan Toronto, 1967-68, "Quarterly Report of Family Housing Applications," 31 December 1964; CTA, HAT, Box 27, File: Housing Registry of Metropolitan Toronto 1969, "Report of a Survey of Family Housing Applications on File with the Housing Registry of Metropolitan Toronto and Ontario Housing Corporation," 1 May 1969; and MTA, MTHA, Box 6, File 2.02, Ontario Housing Corporation Housing Registry, "Second Quarter 1974, Applications by Income Source," Table III.
191. CTA, HAT, RG 28, Box 27, File: Housing Registry of Metropolitan Toronto, 1967-68, "Quarterly Report of Family Housing Applications," 31 December 1964; CTA, HAT, Box 27, File: Housing Registry of Metropolitan Toronto 1969, "Report of a Survey of Family Housing Applications on File with the Housing Registry of Metropolitan Toronto and Ontario Housing Corporation," 1 May 1969; and MTA, MTHA, Box 6, File 2.02, Ontario Housing Corporation Housing Registry, "Second Quarter 1974, Applications by Income Source," Table III.
192. CTA, HAT, RG 28, Box 27, File: Housing Registry of Metropolitan Toronto, 1967-68, "Quarterly Report of Family Housing Applications," 31 December 1964; CTA, HAT, Box 27, File: Housing Registry of Metropolitan Toronto 1969, "Report of a Survey of Family Housing Applications on File with the Housing Registry of Metropolitan Toronto and Ontario Housing Corporation," 1 May 1969; and MTA, MTHA, Box 6, File 2.02, Ontario Housing Corporation Housing Registry, "Second Quarter 1974, Applications by Income Source," Table III.
193. I would like to thank Alvin Finkel for clarifications on this particular point.
194. Archives of Ontario (hereafter AO), Ontario Housing Corporation Files (hereafter OHCF), RG 44-19-1, Box 10, File: B1-7-2A1, RPCIA to H.W. Suters, 12 May 1969.
195. "New Rent Scale: Opportunity to Earn Additional Money Without Paying Higher Rent," Ontario Housing, 15 (Summer 1970), 5, and 20.
196. Brushett, "'Blots on the Face of the City,'" 158-9, 276.
197. CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 36, File: Correspondence Board of Control, 1949-55, Survey of Families Whose Housing Was Being Demolished to Make Way for Buildings 5-7, 7 June 1949.
198. A 1953 thesis on public housing and health interviewed what was considered a representative sample of 62 tenants in Regent Park North. The majority were manufacturing workers. Helena Toews, "The Relationship of Public Health and Public Housing in the Regent Park Housing Project," MSW Thesis, University of Toronto, 1953, 63.
199. CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Boxes 29-30. These two archival boxes contain 118 detailed, if inconsistent case histories of tenants who left Regent Park North in 1962. The files in these boxes, labelled by personal names in the archival boxes, were coded by numbers according to their order in the boxes. The names were not recorded. Thus, File No. 1 is the first file and so on. They will subsequently be cited as "Tenant Case File," with the number of their placement in the archival boxes.
200. Pierre Filion and Dennis Mock, "Manufacturing in Canadian Cities," in Bunting and Filion, Canadian Cities in Transition, 417, Table 16.1, and 413. Automobile ownership never surpassed 30 per cent of families in Regent Park before 1971 and the vast majority of workers in both sections of the project worked within the City of Toronto, often within 3 to 5 miles of the project. Automobile ownership figures for Regent Park can be found in DBS, Census of Canada, 1951 - Population and Housing Characteristics - Census Tracts (Ottawa 1953-1955), 25; DBS, Census of Canada, 1961 - Census Tract - Toronto (Ottawa 1961), 32; Statscan, Census of Canada, 1971 - Census Tract - Toronto (Ottawa 1971), 52. On location of employment for RPS residents in 1961 and RPN residents in 1968 see MTHA, Annual Report 1960-61, unpaginated; City of Toronto Development Department, Regent Park North: Canada's Premier Housing Redevelopment Project (Toronto 1971), 17. In 1961, 67.2 per cent of workers in RPS used public transportation to travel to work. MTHA, Annual Report 1960-1961, unpaginated. On the changing labour markets of inner-city Toronto note David Ley, The New Middle Class and the Remaking of the Central City (New York 1996), Chapters 3 and 4; and James Lemon, Liberal Dreams and Nature's Limits (Toronto 1996), 249-50.
201. Pierre Filion and Dennis Mock, "Manufacturing in Canadian Cities," in Bunting and Filion, Canadian Cities in Transition, 417, Table 16.1, and 413. Automobile ownership never surpassed 30 per cent of families in Regent Park before 1971 and the vast majority of workers in both sections of the project worked within the City of Toronto, often within 3 to 5 miles of the project. Automobile ownership figures for Regent Park can be found in DBS, Census of Canada, 1951 - Population and Housing Characteristics - Census Tracts (Ottawa 1953-1955), 25; DBS, Census of Canada, 1961 - Census Tract - Toronto (Ottawa 1961), 32; Statscan, Census of Canada, 1971 - Census Tract - Toronto (Ottawa 1971), 52. On location of employment for RPS residents in 1961 and RPN residents in 1968 see MTHA, Annual Report 1960-61, unpaginated; City of Toronto Development Department, Regent Park North: Canada's Premier Housing Redevelopment Project (Toronto 1971), 17. In 1961, 67.2 per cent of workers in RPS used public transportation to travel to work. MTHA, Annual Report 1960-1961, unpaginated. On the changing labour markets of inner-city Toronto note David Ley, The New Middle Class and the Remaking of the Central City (New York 1996), Chapters 3 and 4; and James Lemon, Liberal Dreams and Nature's Limits (Toronto 1996), 249-50.
202. Pierre Filion and Dennis Mock, "Manufacturing in Canadian Cities," in Bunting and Filion, Canadian Cities in Transition, 417, Table 16.1, and 413. Automobile ownership never surpassed 30 per cent of families in Regent Park before 1971 and the vast majority of workers in both sections of the project worked within the City of Toronto, often within 3 to 5 miles of the project. Automobile ownership figures for Regent Park can be found in DBS, Census of Canada, 1951 - Population and Housing Characteristics - Census Tracts (Ottawa 1953-1955), 25; DBS, Census of Canada, 1961 - Census Tract - Toronto (Ottawa 1961), 32; Statscan, Census of Canada, 1971 - Census Tract - Toronto (Ottawa 1971), 52. On location of employment for RPS residents in 1961 and RPN residents in 1968 see MTHA, Annual Report 1960-61, unpaginated; City of Toronto Development Department, Regent Park North: Canada's Premier Housing Redevelopment Project (Toronto 1971), 17. In 1961, 67.2 per cent of workers in RPS used public transportation to travel to work. MTHA, Annual Report 1960-1961, unpaginated. On the changing labour markets of inner-city Toronto note David Ley, The New Middle Class and the Remaking of the Central City (New York 1996), Chapters 3 and 4; and James Lemon, Liberal Dreams and Nature's Limits (Toronto 1996), 249-50.
203. Pierre Filion and Dennis Mock, "Manufacturing in Canadian Cities," in Bunting and Filion, Canadian Cities in Transition, 417, Table 16.1, and 413. Automobile ownership never surpassed 30 per cent of families in Regent Park before 1971 and the vast majority of workers in both sections of the project worked within the City of Toronto, often within 3 to 5 miles of the project. Automobile ownership figures for Regent Park can be found in DBS, Census of Canada, 1951 - Population and Housing Characteristics - Census Tracts (Ottawa 1953-1955), 25; DBS, Census of Canada, 1961 - Census Tract - Toronto (Ottawa 1961), 32; Statscan, Census of Canada, 1971 - Census Tract - Toronto (Ottawa 1971), 52. On location of employment for RPS residents in 1961 and RPN residents in 1968 see MTHA, Annual Report 1960-61, unpaginated; City of Toronto Development Department, Regent Park North: Canada's Premier Housing Redevelopment Project (Toronto 1971), 17. In 1961, 67.2 per cent of workers in RPS used public transportation to travel to work. MTHA, Annual Report 1960-1961, unpaginated. On the changing labour markets of inner-city Toronto note David Ley, The New Middle Class and the Remaking of the Central City (New York 1996), Chapters 3 and 4; and James Lemon, Liberal Dreams and Nature's Limits (Toronto 1996), 249-50.
204. Pierre Filion and Dennis Mock, "Manufacturing in Canadian Cities," in Bunting and Filion, Canadian Cities in Transition, 417, Table 16.1, and 413. Automobile ownership never surpassed 30 per cent of families in Regent Park before 1971 and the vast majority of workers in both sections of the project worked within the City of Toronto, often within 3 to 5 miles of the project. Automobile ownership figures for Regent Park can be found in DBS, Census of Canada, 1951 - Population and Housing Characteristics - Census Tracts (Ottawa 1953-1955), 25; DBS, Census of Canada, 1961 - Census Tract - Toronto (Ottawa 1961), 32; Statscan, Census of Canada, 1971 - Census Tract - Toronto (Ottawa 1971), 52. On location of employment for RPS residents in 1961 and RPN residents in 1968 see MTHA, Annual Report 1960-61, unpaginated; City of Toronto Development Department, Regent Park North: Canada's Premier Housing Redevelopment Project (Toronto 1971), 17. In 1961, 67.2 per cent of workers in RPS used public transportation to travel to work. MTHA, Annual Report 1960-1961, unpaginated. On the changing labour markets of inner-city Toronto note David Ley, The New Middle Class and the Remaking of the Central City (New York 1996), Chapters 3 and 4; and James Lemon, Liberal Dreams and Nature's Limits (Toronto 1996), 249-50.
205. Pierre Filion and Dennis Mock, "Manufacturing in Canadian Cities," in Bunting and Filion, Canadian Cities in Transition, 417, Table 16.1, and 413. Automobile ownership never surpassed 30 per cent of families in Regent Park before 1971 and the vast majority of workers in both sections of the project worked within the City of Toronto, often within 3 to 5 miles of the project. Automobile ownership figures for Regent Park can be found in DBS, Census of Canada, 1951 - Population and Housing Characteristics - Census Tracts (Ottawa 1953-1955), 25; DBS, Census of Canada, 1961 - Census Tract - Toronto (Ottawa 1961), 32; Statscan, Census of Canada, 1971 - Census Tract - Toronto (Ottawa 1971), 52. On location of employment for RPS residents in 1961 and RPN residents in 1968 see MTHA, Annual Report 1960-61, unpaginated; City of Toronto Development Department, Regent Park North: Canada's Premier Housing Redevelopment Project (Toronto 1971), 17. In 1961, 67.2 per cent of workers in RPS used public transportation to travel to work. MTHA, Annual Report 1960-1961, unpaginated. On the changing labour markets of inner-city Toronto note David Ley, The New Middle Class and the Remaking of the Central City (New York 1996), Chapters 3 and 4; and James Lemon, Liberal Dreams and Nature's Limits (Toronto 1996), 249-50.
206. Pierre Filion and Dennis Mock, "Manufacturing in Canadian Cities," in Bunting and Filion, Canadian Cities in Transition, 417, Table 16.1, and 413. Automobile ownership never surpassed 30 per cent of families in Regent Park before 1971 and the vast majority of workers in both sections of the project worked within the City of Toronto, often within 3 to 5 miles of the project. Automobile ownership figures for Regent Park can be found in DBS, Census of Canada, 1951 - Population and Housing Characteristics - Census Tracts (Ottawa 1953-1955), 25; DBS, Census of Canada, 1961 - Census Tract - Toronto (Ottawa 1961), 32; Statscan, Census of Canada, 1971 - Census Tract - Toronto (Ottawa 1971), 52. On location of employment for RPS residents in 1961 and RPN residents in 1968 see MTHA, Annual Report 1960-61, unpaginated; City of Toronto Development Department, Regent Park North: Canada's Premier Housing Redevelopment Project (Toronto 1971), 17. In 1961, 67.2 per cent of workers in RPS used public transportation to travel to work. MTHA, Annual Report 1960-1961, unpaginated. On the changing labour markets of inner-city Toronto note David Ley, The New Middle Class and the Remaking of the Central City (New York 1996), Chapters 3 and 4; and James Lemon, Liberal Dreams and Nature's Limits (Toronto 1996), 249-50.
207. Pierre Filion and Dennis Mock, "Manufacturing in Canadian Cities," in Bunting and Filion, Canadian Cities in Transition, 417, Table 16.1, and 413. Automobile ownership never surpassed 30 per cent of families in Regent Park before 1971 and the vast majority of workers in both sections of the project worked within the City of Toronto, often within 3 to 5 miles of the project. Automobile ownership figures for Regent Park can be found in DBS, Census of Canada, 1951 - Population and Housing Characteristics - Census Tracts (Ottawa 1953-1955), 25; DBS, Census of Canada, 1961 - Census Tract - Toronto (Ottawa 1961), 32; Statscan, Census of Canada, 1971 - Census Tract - Toronto (Ottawa 1971), 52. On location of employment for RPS residents in 1961 and RPN residents in 1968 see MTHA, Annual Report 1960-61, unpaginated; City of Toronto Development Department, Regent Park North: Canada's Premier Housing Redevelopment Project (Toronto 1971), 17. In 1961, 67.2 per cent of workers in RPS used public transportation to travel to work. MTHA, Annual Report 1960-1961, unpaginated. On the changing labour markets of inner-city Toronto note David Ley, The New Middle Class and the Remaking of the Central City (New York 1996), Chapters 3 and 4; and James Lemon, Liberal Dreams and Nature's Limits (Toronto 1996), 249-50.
208. Pierre Filion and Dennis Mock, "Manufacturing in Canadian Cities," in Bunting and Filion, Canadian Cities in Transition, 417, Table 16.1, and 413. Automobile ownership never surpassed 30 per cent of families in Regent Park before 1971 and the vast majority of workers in both sections of the project worked within the City of Toronto, often within 3 to 5 miles of the project. Automobile ownership figures for Regent Park can be found in DBS, Census of Canada, 1951 - Population and Housing Characteristics - Census Tracts (Ottawa 1953-1955), 25; DBS, Census of Canada, 1961 - Census Tract - Toronto (Ottawa 1961), 32; Statscan, Census of Canada, 1971 - Census Tract - Toronto (Ottawa 1971), 52. On location of employment for RPS residents in 1961 and RPN residents in 1968 see MTHA, Annual Report 1960-61, unpaginated; City of Toronto Development Department, Regent Park North: Canada's Premier Housing Redevelopment Project (Toronto 1971), 17. In 1961, 67.2 per cent of workers in RPS used public transportation to travel to work. MTHA, Annual Report 1960-1961, unpaginated. On the changing labour markets of inner-city Toronto note David Ley, The New Middle Class and the Remaking of the Central City (New York 1996), Chapters 3 and 4; and James Lemon, Liberal Dreams and Nature's Limits (Toronto 1996), 249-50.
209. In the 1960s, more and more applications for public housing appear to have been motivated by the desire to escape from abusive men. Robert Bradley, Regent Park North manager, claimed that applications from "broken families," 98 per cent of them women and the majority fleeing abuse, increased over 100 per cent in 1965. CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 8, File: 1965-1968 C, Robert Bradley to ADM, 25 August 1965.
210. Margaret Little, 'No Car, No Radio, No Liquor Permit': The Moral Regulation of Single Mothers in Ontario, 1920-1997 (Toronto 1998), 142-3.
211. James Struthers, The Limits of Affluence: Welfare in Ontario, 1920-1970 (Toronto 1994), 235. For a personal story about the inadequacy of welfare benefits for one Regent Park family note Bonnie Cornell, "Jobless family of five has to eat on $16 a week," Toronto Daily Star, 27 May 1970.
212. James Struthers, The Limits of Affluence: Welfare in Ontario, 1920-1970 (Toronto 1994), 235. For a personal story about the inadequacy of welfare benefits for one Regent Park family note Bonnie Cornell, "Jobless family of five has to eat on $16 a week," Toronto Daily Star, 27 May 1970.
213. On lack of affordable daycare opportunities in Regent Park see Susan Anderson, "Volunteers will teach skills to bored mothers in hostel," Globe and Mail, 15 December 1967. In 1971, the Social Planning Council of Metropolitan Toronto complained that there was a substantial waiting list for the meagre daycare offered in Regent Park South. MTA Archives, RG 5.1 86.4 vol.3, File: "Nursery and Day Care Centres - Regent Park South Day Care, January 1963-March 1971," Donna Snipper to John Anderson, Commissioner, Department of Social Services, 24 March 1971.
214. On lack of affordable daycare opportunities in Regent Park see Susan Anderson, "Volunteers will teach skills to bored mothers in hostel," Globe and Mail, 15 December 1967. In 1971, the Social Planning Council of Metropolitan Toronto complained that there was a substantial waiting list for the meagre daycare offered in Regent Park South. MTA Archives, RG 5.1 86.4 vol.3, File: "Nursery and Day Care Centres - Regent Park South Day Care, January 1963-March 1971," Donna Snipper to John Anderson, Commissioner, Department of Social Services, 24 March 1971.
215. Little and Morrison, "The Pecker Detectors Are Back," 112. On baby bonuses see Bill Schiller, "Planned baby bonus curbs worry single moms," Toronto Star, 1 July 1985.
216. Little and Morrison, "The Pecker Detectors Are Back," 112. On baby bonuses see Bill Schiller, "Planned baby bonus curbs worry single moms," Toronto Star, 1 July 1985.
217. Murdie and Teixeira, Towards a Comfortable Neighbourhood, 35.
218. Robert Murdie, "'Blacks in Near-Ghettos?' Black Visible Minority Population in Metropolitan Toronto Housing Authority Public Housing Units," Housing Studies, 9 (October 1994), 435-57.
219. Mark Edward Pfeifer, "Community, Adaptation and the Vietnamese in Toronto," PhD dissertation, University of Toronto, 1999, 86-97.
220. Lillian Allen is the foremost representative in Toronto of dub poetry - a form of politically themed poetry set to reggae music. The lyrics cited are from Lillian Allen, "Rub a Dub Inna Regent Park," Revolutionary Tea Party (Toronto 1986), compact disk.
221. Harald Bauder, "Agency, Place, Scale: Representations of Inner-City Youth Identities," Journal of Economic and Social Geography, 92 (August 2001), 281.
222. David Ley, "The Inner-City," in Bunting and Filion, Canadian Cities in Transition, 277-81.
223. Patricia M. Evans and Karen J. Swift, "Single Mothers and the Press: Rising Tides, Moral Panic, and Restructuring Discourses," in Sheila M. Neysmith, ed., Restructuring Caring Labour: Discourse, State Practice and Everyday Life (Toronto 2000), 73-77; Graham Knight, "Hegemony, the Press and Business Discourse: News Coverage of Strike-Breaker Reform in Québec and Ontario," Studies in Political Economy, 55 (Spring 1998), 93-125; Pfeifer, "Community, Adaptation and the Vietnamese in Toronto," chapter 10; and Robert M. Entman, "Blacks in the news: Television, modern racism and cultural change," Journalism Quarterly, 69 (Summer 1992), 341-61.
224. Patricia M. Evans and Karen J. Swift, "Single Mothers and the Press: Rising Tides, Moral Panic, and Restructuring Discourses," in Sheila M. Neysmith, ed., Restructuring Caring Labour: Discourse, State Practice and Everyday Life (Toronto 2000), 73-77; Graham Knight, "Hegemony, the Press and Business Discourse: News Coverage of Strike-Breaker Reform in Québec and Ontario," Studies in Political Economy, 55 (Spring 1998), 93-125; Pfeifer, "Community, Adaptation and the Vietnamese in Toronto," chapter 10; and Robert M. Entman, "Blacks in the news: Television, modern racism and cultural change," Journalism Quarterly, 69 (Summer 1992), 341-61.
225. Patricia M. Evans and Karen J. Swift, "Single Mothers and the Press: Rising Tides, Moral Panic, and Restructuring Discourses," in Sheila M. Neysmith, ed., Restructuring Caring Labour: Discourse, State Practice and Everyday Life (Toronto 2000), 73-77; Graham Knight, "Hegemony, the Press and Business Discourse: News Coverage of Strike-Breaker Reform in Québec and Ontario," Studies in Political Economy, 55 (Spring 1998), 93-125; Pfeifer, "Community, Adaptation and the Vietnamese in Toronto," chapter 10; and Robert M. Entman, "Blacks in the news: Television, modern racism and cultural change," Journalism Quarterly, 69 (Summer 1992), 341-61.
226. Patricia M. Evans and Karen J. Swift, "Single Mothers and the Press: Rising Tides, Moral Panic, and Restructuring Discourses," in Sheila M. Neysmith, ed., Restructuring Caring Labour: Discourse, State Practice and Everyday Life (Toronto 2000), 73-77; Graham Knight, "Hegemony, the Press and Business Discourse: News Coverage of Strike-Breaker Reform in Québec and Ontario," Studies in Political Economy, 55 (Spring 1998), 93-125; Pfeifer, "Community, Adaptation and the Vietnamese in Toronto," chapter 10; and Robert M. Entman, "Blacks in the news: Television, modern racism and cultural change," Journalism Quarterly, 69 (Summer 1992), 341-61.
227. For some examples note Richard Mackie, "Public housing code will stress privacy," Toronto Telegram, 23 May 1968; "Prejudice in Ontario Housing," Toronto Telegram, 19 November 1971; "OHC houses not ghettoes," Toronto Telegram, 4 March 1971; "Evictions from public housing," Toronto Star, 21 March 1974; Arnie Hakala, "Regent Park new world when you reach 10," Toronto Star, 20 October 1976; Dick Beddoes, "Return Fire on vote front," Globe and Mail, 3 December 1976; Yves Lavigne, "Black families suffer culture clash," Globe and Mail, 11 June 1981; Kathy English, "Regent Park residents fight to rid housing project of its loser image," Toronto Star Online Edition, 9 April 1989, 〈http://www.thestar.com〉 (15 January 2003); Heward Grafftey, "There must be a better way," Canadian Business, 45 (September 1972), 40; Robert Fulford, "The making of a neighbourhood," Toronto Life (March 1995), 27-8, 30-2; Jeb Blount, "In praise of shanty-towns: Beyond the crime and grime, Third World slums get it right," The Next City, Online Edition, July 1997, 〈http://nextcity.com/main/town/2shanty.htm〉 and Gillmor, "The punishment station," 46-55.
228. For some examples note Richard Mackie, "Public housing code will stress privacy," Toronto Telegram, 23 May 1968; "Prejudice in Ontario Housing," Toronto Telegram, 19 November 1971; "OHC houses not ghettoes," Toronto Telegram, 4 March 1971; "Evictions from public housing," Toronto Star, 21 March 1974; Arnie Hakala, "Regent Park new world when you reach 10," Toronto Star, 20 October 1976; Dick Beddoes, "Return Fire on vote front," Globe and Mail, 3 December 1976; Yves Lavigne, "Black families suffer culture clash," Globe and Mail, 11 June 1981; Kathy English, "Regent Park residents fight to rid housing project of its loser image," Toronto Star Online Edition, 9 April 1989, 〈http://www.thestar.com〉 (15 January 2003); Heward Grafftey, "There must be a better way," Canadian Business, 45 (September 1972), 40; Robert Fulford, "The making of a neighbourhood," Toronto Life (March 1995), 27-8, 30-2; Jeb Blount, "In praise of shanty-towns: Beyond the crime and grime, Third World slums get it right," The Next City, Online Edition, July 1997, 〉http://nextcity.com/main/town/2shanty.htm〉; and Gillmor, "The punishment station," 46-55.
229. For some examples note Richard Mackie, "Public housing code will stress privacy," Toronto Telegram, 23 May 1968; "Prejudice in Ontario Housing," Toronto Telegram, 19 November 1971; "OHC houses not ghettoes," Toronto Telegram, 4 March 1971; "Evictions from public housing," Toronto Star, 21 March 1974; Arnie Hakala, "Regent Park new world when you reach 10," Toronto Star, 20 October 1976; Dick Beddoes, "Return Fire on vote front," Globe and Mail, 3 December 1976; Yves Lavigne, "Black families suffer culture clash," Globe and Mail, 11 June 1981; Kathy English, "Regent Park residents fight to rid housing project of its loser image," Toronto Star Online Edition, 9 April 1989, 〈http://www.thestar.com〉 (15 January 2003); Heward Grafftey, "There must be a better way," Canadian Business, 45 (September 1972), 40; Robert Fulford, "The making of a neighbourhood," Toronto Life (March 1995), 27-8, 30-2; Jeb Blount, "In praise of shanty-towns: Beyond the crime and grime, Third World slums get it right," The Next City, Online Edition, July 1997, 〉http://nextcity.com/main/town/2shanty.htm〉; and Gillmor, "The punishment station," 46-55.
230. For some examples note Richard Mackie, "Public housing code will stress privacy," Toronto Telegram, 23 May 1968; "Prejudice in Ontario Housing," Toronto Telegram, 19 November 1971; "OHC houses not ghettoes," Toronto Telegram, 4 March 1971; "Evictions from public housing," Toronto Star, 21 March 1974; Arnie Hakala, "Regent Park new world when you reach 10," Toronto Star, 20 October 1976; Dick Beddoes, "Return Fire on vote front," Globe and Mail, 3 December 1976; Yves Lavigne, "Black families suffer culture clash," Globe and Mail, 11 June 1981; Kathy English, "Regent Park residents fight to rid housing project of its loser image," Toronto Star Online Edition, 9 April 1989, 〈http://www.thestar.com〉 (15 January 2003); Heward Grafftey, "There must be a better way," Canadian Business, 45 (September 1972), 40; Robert Fulford, "The making of a neighbourhood," Toronto Life (March 1995), 27-8, 30-2; Jeb Blount, "In praise of shanty-towns: Beyond the crime and grime, Third World slums get it right," The Next City, Online Edition, July 1997, 〈http://nextcity.com/main/town/2shanty.htm〉; and Gillmor, "The punishment station," 46-55.
231. For some examples note Richard Mackie, "Public housing code will stress privacy," Toronto Telegram, 23 May 1968; "Prejudice in Ontario Housing," Toronto Telegram, 19 November 1971; "OHC houses not ghettoes," Toronto Telegram, 4 March 1971; "Evictions from public housing," Toronto Star, 21 March 1974; Arnie Hakala, "Regent Park new world when you reach 10," Toronto Star, 20 October 1976; Dick Beddoes, "Return Fire on vote front," Globe and Mail, 3 December 1976; Yves Lavigne, "Black families suffer culture clash," Globe and Mail, 11 June 1981; Kathy English, "Regent Park residents fight to rid housing project of its loser image," Toronto Star Online Edition, 9 April 1989, 〈http://www.thestar.com〉 (15 January 2003); Heward Grafftey, "There must be a better way," Canadian Business, 45 (September 1972), 40; Robert Fulford, "The making of a neighbourhood," Toronto Life (March 1995), 27-8, 30-2; Jeb Blount, "In praise of shanty-towns: Beyond the crime and grime, Third World slums get it right," The Next City, Online Edition, July 1997, 〈http://nextcity.com/main/town/2shanty.htm〉; and Gillmor, "The punishment station," 46-55.
232. For some examples note Richard Mackie, "Public housing code will stress privacy," Toronto Telegram, 23 May 1968; "Prejudice in Ontario Housing," Toronto Telegram, 19 November 1971; "OHC houses not ghettoes," Toronto Telegram, 4 March 1971; "Evictions from public housing," Toronto Star, 21 March 1974; Arnie Hakala, "Regent Park new world when you reach 10," Toronto Star, 20 October 1976; Dick Beddoes, "Return Fire on vote front," Globe and Mail, 3 December 1976; Yves Lavigne, "Black families suffer culture clash," Globe and Mail, 11 June 1981; Kathy English, "Regent Park residents fight to rid housing project of its loser image," Toronto Star Online Edition, 9 April 1989, 〈http://www.thestar.com〉 (15 January 2003); Heward Grafftey, "There must be a better way," Canadian Business, 45 (September 1972), 40; Robert Fulford, "The making of a neighbourhood," Toronto Life (March 1995), 27-8, 30-2; Jeb Blount, "In praise of shanty-towns: Beyond the crime and grime, Third World slums get it right," The Next City, Online Edition, July 1997, 〈http://nextcity.com/main/town/2shanty.htm〉; and Gillmor, "The punishment station," 46-55.
233. For some examples note Richard Mackie, "Public housing code will stress privacy," Toronto Telegram, 23 May 1968; "Prejudice in Ontario Housing," Toronto Telegram, 19 November 1971; "OHC houses not ghettoes," Toronto Telegram, 4 March 1971; "Evictions from public housing," Toronto Star, 21 March 1974; Arnie Hakala, "Regent Park new world when you reach 10," Toronto Star, 20 October 1976; Dick Beddoes, "Return Fire on vote front," Globe and Mail, 3 December 1976; Yves Lavigne, "Black families suffer culture clash," Globe and Mail, 11 June 1981; Kathy English, "Regent Park residents fight to rid housing project of its loser image," Toronto Star Online Edition, 9 April 1989, 〈http://www.thestar.com〉 (15 January 2003); Heward Grafftey, "There must be a better way," Canadian Business, 45 (September 1972), 40; Robert Fulford, "The making of a neighbourhood," Toronto Life (March 1995), 27-8, 30-2; Jeb Blount, "In praise of shanty-towns: Beyond the crime and grime, Third World slums get it right," The Next City, Online Edition, July 1997, 〈http://nextcity.com/main/town/2shanty.htm〉; and Gillmor, "The punishment station," 46-55.
234. For some examples note Richard Mackie, "Public housing code will stress privacy," Toronto Telegram, 23 May 1968; "Prejudice in Ontario Housing," Toronto Telegram, 19 November 1971; "OHC houses not ghettoes," Toronto Telegram, 4 March 1971; "Evictions from public housing," Toronto Star, 21 March 1974; Arnie Hakala, "Regent Park new world when you reach 10," Toronto Star, 20 October 1976; Dick Beddoes, "Return Fire on vote front," Globe and Mail, 3 December 1976; Yves Lavigne, "Black families suffer culture clash," Globe and Mail, 11 June 1981; Kathy English, "Regent Park residents fight to rid housing project of its loser image," Toronto Star Online Edition, 9 April 1989, 〈http://www.thestar.com〉 (15 January 2003); Heward Grafftey, "There must be a better way," Canadian Business, 45 (September 1972), 40; Robert Fulford, "The making of a neighbourhood," Toronto Life (March 1995), 27-8, 30-2; Jeb Blount, "In praise of shanty-towns: Beyond the crime and grime, Third World slums get it right," The Next City, Online Edition, July 1997, 〈http://nextcity.com/main/town/2shanty.htm〉; and Gillmor, "The punishment station," 46-55.
235. For some examples note Richard Mackie, "Public housing code will stress privacy," Toronto Telegram, 23 May 1968; "Prejudice in Ontario Housing," Toronto Telegram, 19 November 1971; "OHC houses not ghettoes," Toronto Telegram, 4 March 1971; "Evictions from public housing," Toronto Star, 21 March 1974; Arnie Hakala, "Regent Park new world when you reach 10," Toronto Star, 20 October 1976; Dick Beddoes, "Return Fire on vote front," Globe and Mail, 3 December 1976; Yves Lavigne, "Black families suffer culture clash," Globe and Mail, 11 June 1981; Kathy English, "Regent Park residents fight to rid housing project of its loser image," Toronto Star Online Edition, 9 April 1989, 〈http://www.thestar.com〉 (15 January 2003); Heward Grafftey, "There must be a better way," Canadian Business, 45 (September 1972), 40; Robert Fulford, "The making of a neighbourhood," Toronto Life (March 1995), 27-8, 30-2; Jeb Blount, "In praise of shanty-towns: Beyond the crime and grime, Third World slums get it right," The Next City, Online Edition, July 1997, 〈http://nextcity.com/main/town/2shanty.htm〉; and Gillmor, "The punishment station," 46-55.
236. For some examples note Richard Mackie, "Public housing code will stress privacy," Toronto Telegram, 23 May 1968; "Prejudice in Ontario Housing," Toronto Telegram, 19 November 1971; "OHC houses not ghettoes," Toronto Telegram, 4 March 1971; "Evictions from public housing," Toronto Star, 21 March 1974; Arnie Hakala, "Regent Park new world when you reach 10," Toronto Star, 20 October 1976; Dick Beddoes, "Return Fire on vote front," Globe and Mail, 3 December 1976; Yves Lavigne, "Black families suffer culture clash," Globe and Mail, 11 June 1981; Kathy English, "Regent Park residents fight to rid housing project of its loser image," Toronto Star Online Edition, 9 April 1989, 〈http://www.thestar.com〉 (15 January 2003); Heward Grafftey, "There must be a better way," Canadian Business, 45 (September 1972), 40; Robert Fulford, "The making of a neighbourhood," Toronto Life (March 1995), 27-8, 30-2; Jeb Blount, "In praise of shanty-towns: Beyond the crime and grime, Third World slums get it right," The Next City, Online Edition, July 1997, 〉http://nextcity.com/main/town/2shanty.htm〉; and Gillmor, "The punishment station," 46-55.
237. For some examples note Richard Mackie, "Public housing code will stress privacy," Toronto Telegram, 23 May 1968; "Prejudice in Ontario Housing," Toronto Telegram, 19 November 1971; "OHC houses not ghettoes," Toronto Telegram, 4 March 1971; "Evictions from public housing," Toronto Star, 21 March 1974; Arnie Hakala, "Regent Park new world when you reach 10," Toronto Star, 20 October 1976; Dick Beddoes, "Return Fire on vote front," Globe and Mail, 3 December 1976; Yves Lavigne, "Black families suffer culture clash," Globe and Mail, 11 June 1981; Kathy English, "Regent Park residents fight to rid housing project of its loser image," Toronto Star Online Edition, 9 April 1989, 〈http://www.thestar.com〉 (15 January 2003); Heward Grafftey, "There must be a better way," Canadian Business, 45 (September 1972), 40; Robert Fulford, "The making of a neighbourhood," Toronto Life (March 1995), 27-8, 30-2; Jeb Blount, "In praise of shanty-towns: Beyond the crime and grime, Third World slums get it right," The Next City, Online Edition, July 1997, 〈http://nextcity.com/main/town/2shanty.htm〉; and Gillmor, "The punishment station," 46-55.
238. For some examples note Richard Mackie, "Public housing code will stress privacy," Toronto Telegram, 23 May 1968; "Prejudice in Ontario Housing," Toronto Telegram, 19 November 1971; "OHC houses not ghettoes," Toronto Telegram, 4 March 1971; "Evictions from public housing," Toronto Star, 21 March 1974; Arnie Hakala, "Regent Park new world when you reach 10," Toronto Star, 20 October 1976; Dick Beddoes, "Return Fire on vote front," Globe and Mail, 3 December 1976; Yves Lavigne, "Black families suffer culture clash," Globe and Mail, 11 June 1981; Kathy English, "Regent Park residents fight to rid housing project of its loser image," Toronto Star Online Edition, 9 April 1989, 〈http://www.thestar.com〉 (15 January 2003); Heward Grafftey, "There must be a better way," Canadian Business, 45 (September 1972), 40; Robert Fulford, "The making of a neighbourhood," Toronto Life (March 1995), 27-8, 30-2; Jeb Blount, "In praise of shanty-towns: Beyond the crime and grime, Third World slums get it right," The Next City, Online Edition, July 1997, 〈http://nextcity.com/main/town/2shanty.htm〉; and Gillmor, "The punishment station," 46-55.
239. Jacqueline Leavitt and Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris, "A Decent Home and a Stable Environment: Dilemmas of Public Residents in Los Angeles," Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 12 (August 1995), 224.
240. Sudhir Venkatesh, American Project: The Rise and Fall of a Modern Ghetto (Cambridge, MA 2000).
241. Cited from film footage of a 1969 public meeting. See NFB, Return to Regent Park.
242. Hellyer, Report of the Federal Task Force, 54. Note as well Grafftey, "There must be a better way," 40.
243. Hellyer, Report of the Federal Task Force, 54. Note as well Grafftey, "There must be a better way," 40.
244. "OHC Houses not ghettoes," Toronto Telegram, 4 March 1971.
245. Nina Corfu, letter to the author, 2 March 2002.
246. Letter from the president of the Ontario Federation of Food Co-Operatives and Clubs Inc., Doug Holland to the Toronto Star, 25 June 1980; "Regent Park residents try out co-op shopping," Toronto Star, 20 February 1983; Janice Turner, "Regent Park mothers seeking more full-service grocery stores," Toronto Star, 11 June 1984.
247. Letter from the president of the Ontario Federation of Food Co-Operatives and Clubs Inc., Doug Holland to the Toronto Star, 25 June 1980; "Regent Park residents try out co-op shopping," Toronto Star, 20 February 1983; Janice Turner, "Regent Park mothers seeking more full-service grocery stores," Toronto Star, 11 June 1984.
248. Letter from the president of the Ontario Federation of Food Co-Operatives and Clubs Inc., Doug Holland to the Toronto Star, 25 June 1980; "Regent Park residents try out co-op shopping," Toronto Star, 20 February 1983; Janice Turner, "Regent Park mothers seeking more full-service grocery stores," Toronto Star, 11 June 1984.
249. Cited in Bob Pomerantz, "We're short on service, Regent Park residents say," Toronto Star, 30 March 1981.
250. Bauder, "Neighbourhood Effects and Cultural Exclusion," 85-93.
251. Wacquant, "Red Belt, Black Belt," 240.
252. Allen, "Regent Park called colossal flop," Toronto Star, 7 December 1968; Glen Allen, "'Cures' for Regent Park range from rebuilding to adult-only policy," Toronto Star, 14 December 1968; Quinto, letter to the author; and Hellyer, Report of the Federal Task Force, 61.
253. Allen, "Regent Park called colossal flop," Toronto Star, 7 December 1968; Glen Allen, "'Cures' for Regent Park range from rebuilding to adult-only policy," Toronto Star, 14 December 1968; Quinto, letter to the author; and Hellyer, Report of the Federal Task Force, 61.
254. Allen, "Regent Park called colossal flop," Toronto Star, 7 December 1968; Glen Allen, "'Cures' for Regent Park range from rebuilding to adult-only policy," Toronto Star, 14 December 1968; Quinto, letter to the author; and Hellyer, Report of the Federal Task Force, 61.
255. Allen, "Regent Park called colossal flop," Toronto Star, 7 December 1968; Glen Allen, "'Cures' for Regent Park range from rebuilding to adult-only policy," Toronto Star, 14 December 1968; Quinto, letter to the author; and Hellyer, Report of the Federal Task Force, 61.
256. "Park School's time running out," Toronto Star, 22 May 1982.
257. Margaret Mays, Felies Einhorn, and William Barlow, Buddy, Can You Spare A Job?: Youth Unemployment in a Low-Income Area of Toronto (Toronto 1978); "Regent Park Study says at least 70 percent out of work," Toronto Star, 11 July 1978.
258. Margaret Mays, Felies Einhorn, and William Barlow, Buddy, Can You Spare A Job?: Youth Unemployment in a Low-Income Area of Toronto (Toronto 1978); "Regent Park Study says at least 70 percent out of work," Toronto Star, 11 July 1978.
259. Carolyn Bennett, "Black like Clement Virgo," Eye Magazine: Online Edition, 19 May 1994 〈http:www.eye.net〉 (August 15, 2002).
260. Stubbs and Virgo are interviewed in A Way Out, Christene Brown, dir., (Toronto 2000). Also see the story of ten-year-old Jesse in Lindalee Tracey, On the Edge: A Journey Into the Heart of Canada (Vancouver and Toronto 1993), 109.
261. Stubbs and Virgo are interviewed in A Way Out, Christene Brown, dir., (Toronto 2000). Also see the story of ten-year-old Jesse in Lindalee Tracey, On the Edge: A Journey Into the Heart of Canada (Vancouver and Toronto 1993), 109.
262. Harald Bauder, "Work, young people and neighbourhood representations," Social and Cultural Geography, 2 (December 2001), 465; Bauder, "Agency, Place, Scale," 279-90.
263. Harald Bauder, "Work, young people and neighbourhood representations," Social and Cultural Geography, 2 (December 2001), 465; Bauder, "Agency, Place, Scale," 279-90.
264. Interview with Mark Thurman from David Zapparoli, Regent Park: The Public Experiment in Housing (Toronto 1999), 58. On general stereotyping of kids see a quote by a Regent Park mother on her son being singled out as a "Regent Park kid" in Grafferty, "There must be a better way," 39-40.
265. Interview with Mark Thurman from David Zapparoli, Regent Park: The Public Experiment in Housing (Toronto 1999), 58. On general stereotyping of kids see a quote by a Regent Park mother on her son being singled out as a "Regent Park kid" in Grafferty, "There must be a better way," 39-40.
266. Christene Brown, letter to the author, 5 August 2002.
267. AG, interview with author.
268. Cited in Christopher Hume, "Regent Park: At 50 it's still going strong," Toronto Star Online Edition, 15 March 1999, 〈http://www. thestar.com〉 (15 January 2003).
269. For a discussion of how working-class children were frequently denied a decent education through biased "streaming" see R.D. Gidney, From Hope to Harris: The Reshaping of Ontario's Schools (Toronto 1999), 42-43. On the adverse health conditions among poor people see the comments by Alan Tai-Wai Li, one of the staff doctors at the Regent Park Community Health Centre: "It surprises me every day - the complexity of the human condition and how nonclinical conditions affect health" cited in Ann Silversides, "An activist in practice and politics," Canadian Medical Association Journal, 165 (August 2001), 512.
270. For a discussion of how working-class children were frequently denied a decent education through biased "streaming" see R.D. Gidney, From Hope to Harris: The Reshaping of Ontario's Schools (Toronto 1999), 42-43. On the adverse health conditions among poor people see the comments by Alan Tai-Wai Li, one of the staff doctors at the Regent Park Community Health Centre: "It surprises me every day - the complexity of the human condition and how nonclinical conditions affect health" cited in Ann Silversides, "An activist in practice and politics," Canadian Medical Association Journal, 165 (August 2001), 512.
271. Brown, letter to the author.
272. Reading, interview with author.
273. For instance see the story of Ainsworth Morgan, a retired professional football player (CFL), who after retirement became an elementary school teacher in Regent Park. Andrew Stawicki, "Welcome back, Morgan," Toronto Star Online Edition, 26 May 2001, 〈http://www.thestar.com〉 (15 January 2003).
274. Cited in Allen, "To its youngsters, Regent Park south is a place to wreck."
275. Irene Atkinson, chair of the TBOE, admitted in 2001 that such schoolyard inequities have been "ever thus." Sean Fine, "A Tale of Two Cities," Globe and Mail: Online Edition, 2 July 2001, 〈http://www. globeandmail.com〉 (15 January 2003). On teachers in Regent Park using their own money to buy supplies for their students see Louise Brown, "Rescue our schools, task force told," Toronto Star Online Edition, 28 Sept. 2002, 〉http://www.thestar.com〉 (15 January 2003).
276. Irene Atkinson, chair of the TBOE, admitted in 2001 that such schoolyard inequities have been "ever thus." Sean Fine, "A Tale of Two Cities," Globe and Mail: Online Edition, 2 July 2001, 〈http://www. globeandmail.com〉 (15 January 2003). On teachers in Regent Park using their own money to buy supplies for their students see Louise Brown, "Rescue our schools, task force told," Toronto Star Online Edition, 28 Sept. 2002, 〉http://www.thestar.com〉 (15 January 2003).
277. This story is told in Nina Corfu, letter to the author.
278. Howard Fluxgold, "All teachers at city school seek transfers," Globe and Mail, 29 May 1979. For more recent cutbacks, see David Crane, "Mindless Tories hurt preschoolers," Toronto Star Online Edition, 3 November 2002, 〈http://www.thestar.com〉 (15 January 2003).
279. Howard Fluxgold, "All teachers at city school seek transfers," Globe and Mail, 29 May 1979. For more recent cutbacks, see David Crane, "Mindless Tories hurt preschoolers," Toronto Star Online Edition, 3 November 2002, 〈http://www.thestar.com〉 (15 January 2003).
280. "Reading problems at public school blamed on parents," Toronto Daily Star, 30 April 1971. On the struggles of Regent Park mothers see Brief to the Management Committee of the Toronto Board of Education, 16 November 1971 as cited in Judith M. Newman, "Downtown Kids Aren't Dumb: They Need A Better Program," in George Martell, ed., The Politics of the Canadian Public School (Toronto 1974), 39-68.
281. "Reading problems at public school blamed on parents," Toronto Daily Star, 30 April 1971. On the struggles of Regent Park mothers see Brief to the Management Committee of the Toronto Board of Education, 16 November 1971 as cited in Judith M. Newman, "Downtown Kids Aren't Dumb: They Need A Better Program," in George Martell, ed., The Politics of the Canadian Public School (Toronto 1974), 39-68.
282. "Reading problems at public school blamed on parents," Toronto Daily Star, 30 April 1971. On the struggles of Regent Park mothers see Brief to the Management Committee of the Toronto Board of Education, 16 November 1971 as cited in Judith M. Newman, "Downtown Kids Aren't Dumb: They Need A Better Program," in George Martell, ed., The Politics of the Canadian Public School (Toronto 1974), 39-68.
283. George Martell, interview with the author, notes taken, 22 January 2002.
284. On the program note Anne Moon, "Private $82,000 grant to train, pay parents as teachers' aides," Toronto Daily Star, 15 November 1971; Margaret Daly, "A Rich Foundation helps out poor citizens' groups," Toronto Daily Star, 4 April 1972. For evaluations see Guy Cable, Park School: The Donner Project (Toronto 1974), 5-8; Alan Pomfret, Parental Intervention and the Process of Planned Social Change in an Inner-City School: Final Evaluation Report on the Donner Project at Park School (Toronto 1974), 85-6. On tenants' views of the success of the program see "Park School," Regent Park Community News, 1 (May 1972), 4. On the general political climate and the effects of cutbacks note Gidney, From Hope to Harris, 113-5. On the continuing struggles of Regent Park parents and teachers in the late 1970s against cutbacks see "Parents, teachers fight for jobs," Seven News, 4 May 1979; and "Teachers at Park School can too hack it," Seven News, 29 June 1979.
285. On the program note Anne Moon, "Private $82,000 grant to train, pay parents as teachers' aides," Toronto Daily Star, 15 November 1971; Margaret Daly, "A Rich Foundation helps out poor citizens' groups," Toronto Daily Star, 4 April 1972. For evaluations see Guy Cable, Park School: The Donner Project (Toronto 1974), 5-8; Alan Pomfret, Parental Intervention and the Process of Planned Social Change in an Inner-City School: Final Evaluation Report on the Donner Project at Park School (Toronto 1974), 85-6. On tenants' views of the success of the program see "Park School," Regent Park Community News, 1 (May 1972), 4. On the general political climate and the effects of cutbacks note Gidney, From Hope to Harris, 113-5. On the continuing struggles of Regent Park parents and teachers in the late 1970s against cutbacks see "Parents, teachers fight for jobs," Seven News, 4 May 1979; and "Teachers at Park School can too hack it," Seven News, 29 June 1979.
286. On the program note Anne Moon, "Private $82,000 grant to train, pay parents as teachers' aides," Toronto Daily Star, 15 November 1971; Margaret Daly, "A Rich Foundation helps out poor citizens' groups," Toronto Daily Star, 4 April 1972. For evaluations see Guy Cable, Park School: The Donner Project (Toronto 1974), 5-8; Alan Pomfret, Parental Intervention and the Process of Planned Social Change in an Inner-City School: Final Evaluation Report on the Donner Project at Park School (Toronto 1974), 85-6. On tenants' views of the success of the program see "Park School," Regent Park Community News, 1 (May 1972), 4. On the general political climate and the effects of cutbacks note Gidney, From Hope to Harris, 113-5. On the continuing struggles of Regent Park parents and teachers in the late 1970s against cutbacks see "Parents, teachers fight for jobs," Seven News, 4 May 1979; and "Teachers at Park School can too hack it," Seven News, 29 June 1979.
287. On the program note Anne Moon, "Private $82,000 grant to train, pay parents as teachers' aides," Toronto Daily Star, 15 November 1971; Margaret Daly, "A Rich Foundation helps out poor citizens' groups," Toronto Daily Star, 4 April 1972. For evaluations see Guy Cable, Park School: The Donner Project (Toronto 1974), 5-8; Alan Pomfret, Parental Intervention and the Process of Planned Social Change in an Inner-City School: Final Evaluation Report on the Donner Project at Park School (Toronto 1974), 85-6. On tenants' views of the success of the program see "Park School," Regent Park Community News, 1 (May 1972), 4. On the general political climate and the effects of cutbacks note Gidney, From Hope to Harris, 113-5. On the continuing struggles of Regent Park parents and teachers in the late 1970s against cutbacks see "Parents, teachers fight for jobs," Seven News, 4 May 1979; and "Teachers at Park School can too hack it," Seven News, 29 June 1979.
288. On the program note Anne Moon, "Private $82,000 grant to train, pay parents as teachers' aides," Toronto Daily Star, 15 November 1971; Margaret Daly, "A Rich Foundation helps out poor citizens' groups," Toronto Daily Star, 4 April 1972. For evaluations see Guy Cable, Park School: The Donner Project (Toronto 1974), 5-8; Alan Pomfret, Parental Intervention and the Process of Planned Social Change in an Inner-City School: Final Evaluation Report on the Donner Project at Park School (Toronto 1974), 85-6. On tenants' views of the success of the program see "Park School," Regent Park Community News, 1 (May 1972), 4. On the general political climate and the effects of cutbacks note Gidney, From Hope to Harris, 113-5. On the continuing struggles of Regent Park parents and teachers in the late 1970s against cutbacks see "Parents, teachers fight for jobs," Seven News, 4 May 1979; and "Teachers at Park School can too hack it," Seven News, 29 June 1979.
289. On the program note Anne Moon, "Private $82,000 grant to train, pay parents as teachers' aides," Toronto Daily Star, 15 November 1971; Margaret Daly, "A Rich Foundation helps out poor citizens' groups," Toronto Daily Star, 4 April 1972. For evaluations see Guy Cable, Park School: The Donner Project (Toronto 1974), 5-8; Alan Pomfret, Parental Intervention and the Process of Planned Social Change in an Inner-City School: Final Evaluation Report on the Donner Project at Park School (Toronto 1974), 85-6. On tenants' views of the success of the program see "Park School," Regent Park Community News, 1 (May 1972), 4. On the general political climate and the effects of cutbacks note Gidney, From Hope to Harris, 113-5. On the continuing struggles of Regent Park parents and teachers in the late 1970s against cutbacks see "Parents, teachers fight for jobs," Seven News, 4 May 1979; and "Teachers at Park School can too hack it," Seven News, 29 June 1979.
290. On the program note Anne Moon, "Private $82,000 grant to train, pay parents as teachers' aides," Toronto Daily Star, 15 November 1971; Margaret Daly, "A Rich Foundation helps out poor citizens' groups," Toronto Daily Star, 4 April 1972. For evaluations see Guy Cable, Park School: The Donner Project (Toronto 1974), 5-8; Alan Pomfret, Parental Intervention and the Process of Planned Social Change in an Inner-City School: Final Evaluation Report on the Donner Project at Park School (Toronto 1974), 85-6. On tenants' views of the success of the program see "Park School," Regent Park Community News, 1 (May 1972), 4. On the general political climate and the effects of cutbacks note Gidney, From Hope to Harris, 113-5. On the continuing struggles of Regent Park parents and teachers in the late 1970s against cutbacks see "Parents, teachers fight for jobs," Seven News, 4 May 1979; and "Teachers at Park School can too hack it," Seven News, 29 June 1979.
291. On the program note Anne Moon, "Private $82,000 grant to train, pay parents as teachers' aides," Toronto Daily Star, 15 November 1971; Margaret Daly, "A Rich Foundation helps out poor citizens' groups," Toronto Daily Star, 4 April 1972. For evaluations see Guy Cable, Park School: The Donner Project (Toronto 1974), 5-8; Alan Pomfret, Parental Intervention and the Process of Planned Social Change in an Inner-City School: Final Evaluation Report on the Donner Project at Park School (Toronto 1974), 85-6. On tenants' views of the success of the program see "Park School," Regent Park Community News, 1 (May 1972), 4. On the general political climate and the effects of cutbacks note Gidney, From Hope to Harris, 113-5. On the continuing struggles of Regent Park parents and teachers in the late 1970s against cutbacks see "Parents, teachers fight for jobs," Seven News, 4 May 1979; and "Teachers at Park School can too hack it," Seven News, 29 June 1979.
292. Howard Fluxgold, "Joblessness forecast for Park School pupils," Globe and Mail, 19 October 1979.
293. See the comments by black Regent Park teen Marsha Ng-You on the racism she faced in local schools in Zapparoli, Regent Park, 48-53. Henry Clarke, John Woodroof, and Lois de Shield, A Study of Cultural and/or Racial Conflicts in Regent Park (Toronto 1976), 41, also discusses complaints by Black Regent Park students against racist teachers but stresses that such educators were few. Later reports, however, stressed that some teachers had not fully embraced multicultural practices in the classroom leaving some Regent Park parents upset. "Teachers under fire from immigrant parents," Globe and Mail, 22 May 1978. A more general study of how racism shapes the educational outcomes of Black students in Toronto can be found in George J. Sefa Dei and Irma Marcia James, "African-Canadian Youth and the Politics of Negotiating Racial and Racialized Identities," Race, Ethnicity and Education, 1 (March 1998), 91-110.1 would like to thank Professor Sefa Dei for providing a copy of this article.
294. See the comments by black Regent Park teen Marsha Ng-You on the racism she faced in local schools in Zapparoli, Regent Park, 48-53. Henry Clarke, John Woodroof, and Lois de Shield, A Study of Cultural and/or Racial Conflicts in Regent Park (Toronto 1976), 41, also discusses complaints by Black Regent Park students against racist teachers but stresses that such educators were few. Later reports, however, stressed that some teachers had not fully embraced multicultural practices in the classroom leaving some Regent Park parents upset. "Teachers under fire from immigrant parents," Globe and Mail, 22 May 1978. A more general study of how racism shapes the educational outcomes of Black students in Toronto can be found in George J. Sefa Dei and Irma Marcia James, "African-Canadian Youth and the Politics of Negotiating Racial and Racialized Identities," Race, Ethnicity and Education, 1 (March 1998), 91-110.1 would like to thank Professor Sefa Dei for providing a copy of this article.
295. See the comments by black Regent Park teen Marsha Ng-You on the racism she faced in local schools in Zapparoli, Regent Park, 48-53. Henry Clarke, John Woodroof, and Lois de Shield, A Study of Cultural and/or Racial Conflicts in Regent Park (Toronto 1976), 41, also discusses complaints by Black Regent Park students against racist teachers but stresses that such educators were few. Later reports, however, stressed that some teachers had not fully embraced multicultural practices in the classroom leaving some Regent Park parents upset. "Teachers under fire from immigrant parents," Globe and Mail, 22 May 1978. A more general study of how racism shapes the educational outcomes of Black students in Toronto can be found in George J. Sefa Dei and Irma Marcia James, "African-Canadian Youth and the Politics of Negotiating Racial and Racialized Identities," Race, Ethnicity and Education, 1 (March 1998), 91-110.1 would like to thank Professor Sefa Dei for providing a copy of this article.
296. See the comments by black Regent Park teen Marsha Ng-You on the racism she faced in local schools in Zapparoli, Regent Park, 48-53. Henry Clarke, John Woodroof, and Lois de Shield, A Study of Cultural and/or Racial Conflicts in Regent Park (Toronto 1976), 41, also discusses complaints by Black Regent Park students against racist teachers but stresses that such educators were few. Later reports, however, stressed that some teachers had not fully embraced multicultural practices in the classroom leaving some Regent Park parents upset. "Teachers under fire from immigrant parents," Globe and Mail, 22 May 1978. A more general study of how racism shapes the educational outcomes of Black students in Toronto can be found in George J. Sefa Dei and Irma Marcia James, "African-Canadian Youth and the Politics of Negotiating Racial and Racialized Identities," Race, Ethnicity and Education, 1 (March 1998), 91-110.1 would like to thank Professor Sefa Dei for providing a copy of this article.
297. "Terms poor ill at ease among richer neighbours," Globe and Mail, 10 September 1966.
298. "Will Ask 13 Families to Move to Suburbs From Regent Park," Globe and Mail, 30 September 1965.
299. Ken Dear, interview with the author, tape recorded, Toronto, 20 March 1996.
300. Rude (Toronto 1993) and The Planet of Junior Brown, dir. Clement Virgo (Toronto 1997).
301. Rude (Toronto 1993) and The Planet of Junior Brown, dir. Clement Virgo (Toronto 1997).
302. "Letter to the Editor," Toronto Star, 18 April 1991. For other positive memories and experiences of the Regent Park community see Quinto, letter to the author; the interviews in Zapparoli, Regent Park, 34-58; CTA, SC 302, Box 9, File: Regent Park, 1965-1970, PB to Mayor Dennison, 10 December 1968; Keiran, "Regent Park North 18 Years Later"; David Allen, "6,000 words later, Regent Park still Needs Help"; Gerard, "Regent Park battles its image as 'hopeless slum'"; RPCIA, By the People, 93-103; and Tracey, On the Edge, 108-12. For similar sentiments among women on welfare living in private market housing in Toronto see W.E. Mann, "The Lower Ward," in W.E. Mann, The Underside of Toronto (Toronto 1970), 33-64.
303. "Letter to the Editor," Toronto Star, 18 April 1991. For other positive memories and experiences of the Regent Park community see Quinto, letter to the author; the interviews in Zapparoli, Regent Park, 34-58; CTA, SC 302, Box 9, File: Regent Park, 1965-1970, PB to Mayor Dennison, 10 December 1968; Keiran, "Regent Park North 18 Years Later"; David Allen, "6,000 words later, Regent Park still Needs Help"; Gerard, "Regent Park battles its image as 'hopeless slum'"; RPCIA, By the People, 93-103; and Tracey, On the Edge, 108-12. For similar sentiments among women on welfare living in private market housing in Toronto see W.E. Mann, "The Lower Ward," in W.E. Mann, The Underside of Toronto (Toronto 1970), 33-64.
304. "Letter to the Editor," Toronto Star, 18 April 1991. For other positive memories and experiences of the Regent Park community see Quinto, letter to the author; the interviews in Zapparoli, Regent Park, 34-58; CTA, SC 302, Box 9, File: Regent Park, 1965-1970, PB to Mayor Dennison, 10 December 1968; Keiran, "Regent Park North 18 Years Later"; David Allen, "6,000 words later, Regent Park still Needs Help"; Gerard, "Regent Park battles its image as 'hopeless slum'"; RPCIA, By the People, 93-103; and Tracey, On the Edge, 108-12. For similar sentiments among women on welfare living in private market housing in Toronto see W.E. Mann, "The Lower Ward," in W.E. Mann, The Underside of Toronto (Toronto 1970), 33-64.
305. "Letter to the Editor," Toronto Star, 18 April 1991. For other positive memories and experiences of the Regent Park community see Quinto, letter to the author; the interviews in Zapparoli, Regent Park, 34-58; CTA, SC 302, Box 9, File: Regent Park, 1965-1970, PB to Mayor Dennison, 10 December 1968; Keiran, "Regent Park North 18 Years Later"; David Allen, "6,000 words later, Regent Park still Needs Help"; Gerard, "Regent Park battles its image as 'hopeless slum'"; RPCIA, By the People, 93-103; and Tracey, On the Edge, 108-12. For similar sentiments among women on welfare living in private market housing in Toronto see W.E. Mann, "The Lower Ward," in W.E. Mann, The Underside of Toronto (Toronto 1970), 33-64.
306. "Letter to the Editor," Toronto Star, 18 April 1991. For other positive memories and experiences of the Regent Park community see Quinto, letter to the author; the interviews in Zapparoli, Regent Park, 34-58; CTA, SC 302, Box 9, File: Regent Park, 1965-1970, PB to Mayor Dennison, 10 December 1968; Keiran, "Regent Park North 18 Years Later"; David Allen, "6,000 words later, Regent Park still Needs Help"; Gerard, "Regent Park battles its image as 'hopeless slum'"; RPCIA, By the People, 93-103; and Tracey, On the Edge, 108-12. For similar sentiments among women on welfare living in private market housing in Toronto see W.E. Mann, "The Lower Ward," in W.E. Mann, The Underside of Toronto (Toronto 1970), 33-64.
307. "Letter to the Editor," Toronto Star, 18 April 1991. For other positive memories and experiences of the Regent Park community see Quinto, letter to the author; the interviews in Zapparoli, Regent Park, 34-58; CTA, SC 302, Box 9, File: Regent Park, 1965-1970, PB to Mayor Dennison, 10 December 1968; Keiran, "Regent Park North 18 Years Later"; David Allen, "6,000 words later, Regent Park still Needs Help"; Gerard, "Regent Park battles its image as 'hopeless slum'"; RPCIA, By the People, 93-103; and Tracey, On the Edge, 108-12. For similar sentiments among women on welfare living in private market housing in Toronto see W.E. Mann, "The Lower Ward," in W.E. Mann, The Underside of Toronto (Toronto 1970), 33-64.
308. "Letter to the Editor," Toronto Star, 18 April 1991. For other positive memories and experiences of the Regent Park community see Quinto, letter to the author; the interviews in Zapparoli, Regent Park, 34-58; CTA, SC 302, Box 9, File: Regent Park, 1965-1970, PB to Mayor Dennison, 10 December 1968; Keiran, "Regent Park North 18 Years Later"; David Allen, "6,000 words later, Regent Park still Needs Help"; Gerard, "Regent Park battles its image as 'hopeless slum'"; RPCIA, By the People, 93-103; and Tracey, On the Edge, 108-12. For similar sentiments among women on welfare living in private market housing in Toronto see W.E. Mann, "The Lower Ward," in W.E. Mann, The Underside of Toronto (Toronto 1970), 33-64.
309. "Letter to the Editor," Toronto Star, 18 April 1991. For other positive memories and experiences of the Regent Park community see Quinto, letter to the author; the interviews in Zapparoli, Regent Park, 34-58; CTA, SC 302, Box 9, File: Regent Park, 1965-1970, PB to Mayor Dennison, 10 December 1968; Keiran, "Regent Park North 18 Years Later"; David Allen, "6,000 words later, Regent Park still Needs Help"; Gerard, "Regent Park battles its image as 'hopeless slum'"; RPCIA, By the People, 93-103; and Tracey, On the Edge, 108-12. For similar sentiments among women on welfare living in private market housing in Toronto see W.E. Mann, "The Lower Ward," in W.E. Mann, The Underside of Toronto (Toronto 1970), 33-64.
310. "Letter to the Editor," Toronto Star, 18 April 1991. For other positive memories and experiences of the Regent Park community see Quinto, letter to the author; the interviews in Zapparoli, Regent Park, 34-58; CTA, SC 302, Box 9, File: Regent Park, 1965-1970, PB to Mayor Dennison, 10 December 1968; Keiran, "Regent Park North 18 Years Later"; David Allen, "6,000 words later, Regent Park still Needs Help"; Gerard, "Regent Park battles its image as 'hopeless slum'"; RPCIA, By the People, 93-103; and Tracey, On the Edge, 108-12. For similar sentiments among women on welfare living in private market housing in Toronto see W.E. Mann, "The Lower Ward," in W.E. Mann, The Underside of Toronto (Toronto 1970), 33-64.
311. "Letter to the Editor," Toronto Star, 18 April 1991. For other positive memories and experiences of the Regent Park community see Quinto, letter to the author; the interviews in Zapparoli, Regent Park, 34-58; CTA, SC 302, Box 9, File: Regent Park, 1965-1970, PB to Mayor Dennison, 10 December 1968; Keiran, "Regent Park North 18 Years Later"; David Allen, "6,000 words later, Regent Park still Needs Help"; Gerard, "Regent Park battles its image as 'hopeless slum'"; RPCIA, By the People, 93-103; and Tracey, On the Edge, 108-12. For similar sentiments among women on welfare living in private market housing in Toronto see W.E. Mann, "The Lower Ward," in W.E. Mann, The Underside of Toronto (Toronto 1970), 33-64.
312. English, "Regent Park residents."
313. Cited in Michelle Osborn, "Regent Park celebrates 50 years of caring about its neighbours," Toronto Star, 4 July 1998.
314. English, "Regent Park residents."
315. "Lives Lived: Bette Tupling," Toronto Christian Resource Center Website, 〈http://www.tcrc.on.carang; (September 14, 2002).
316. Cited in Glen Allen, "One day in the life of RP South." For similar critiques of the sensationalist media by public housing residents in Chicago see Studs Terkel, Race: How Blacks and Whites Think and Feel About the American Obsession (New York 1992), 107-9. On public housing residents and the struggle against stigma see Rhonda Y. Williams, "'We're tired of being treated like dogs': Poor women and Power Politics in Black Baltimore," The Black Scholar, 31 (Fall-Winter 2001), 31-41.
317. Cited in Glen Allen, "One day in the life of RP South." For similar critiques of the sensationalist media by public housing residents in Chicago see Studs Terkel, Race: How Blacks and Whites Think and Feel About the American Obsession (New York 1992), 107-9. On public housing residents and the struggle against stigma see Rhonda Y. Williams, "'We're tired of being treated like dogs': Poor women and Power Politics in Black Baltimore," The Black Scholar, 31 (Fall-Winter 2001), 31-41.
318. Cited in Glen Allen, "One day in the life of RP South." For similar critiques of the sensationalist media by public housing residents in Chicago see Studs Terkel, Race: How Blacks and Whites Think and Feel About the American Obsession (New York 1992), 107-9. On public housing residents and the struggle against stigma see Rhonda Y. Williams, "'We're tired of being treated like dogs': Poor women and Power Politics in Black Baltimore," The Black Scholar, 31 (Fall-Winter 2001), 31-41.
319. AO, OHC, RG 44-19-1, Box 10, File: Tenant Associations in Metro, Central Neighbourhood House, "Assessment of Youth Problems in Regent Park South, June 1965," 13, 10. On the "us versus them" attitude also see Quinto, letter to the author; AG, interview with the author; and Clarke, Woodroof, and de Shield, A Study of Cultural and/or Racial Conflicts in Regent Park.
320. AO, OHC, RG 44-19-1, Box 10, File: Tenant Associations in Metro, Central Neighbourhood House, "Assessment of Youth Problems in Regent Park South, June 1965," 13, 10. On the "us versus them" attitude also see Quinto, letter to the author; AG, interview with the author; and Clarke, Woodroof, and de Shield, A Study of Cultural and/or Racial Conflicts in Regent Park.
321. AO, OHC, RG 44-19-1, Box 10, File: Tenant Associations in Metro, Central Neighbourhood House, "Assessment of Youth Problems in Regent Park South, June 1965," 13, 10. On the "us versus them" attitude also see Quinto, letter to the author; AG, interview with the author; and Clarke, Woodroof, and de Shield, A Study of Cultural and/or Racial Conflicts in Regent Park.
322. AO, OHC, RG 44-19-1, Box 10, File: Tenant Associations in Metro, Central Neighbourhood House, "Assessment of Youth Problems in Regent Park South, June 1965," 13, 10. On the "us versus them" attitude also see Quinto, letter to the author; AG, interview with the author; and Clarke, Woodroof, and de Shield, A Study of Cultural and/or Racial Conflicts in Regent Park.
323. Allen, "Regent Park South called colossal flop."
324. "Letter to the Editor," Seven News, 1 October 1978.
325. Norma Penner, interview with the author, tape recorded, Toronto, 14 November 1996.
326. See Zapparoli in Hume, "Regent Park: At 50 it's still going strong"; Allen, "One day in the life of Regent Park"; Allen, "6,000 words later, Regent Park still Needs Help"; any issue of the Regent Park Community News; NFB, Return to Regent Park; Gerard, "Regent Park battles its 'hopeless slum' image."
327. See Zapparoli in Hume, "Regent Park: At 50 it's still going strong"; Allen, "One day in the life of Regent Park"; Allen, "6,000 words later, Regent Park still Needs Help"; any issue of the Regent Park Community News; NFB, Return to Regent Park; Gerard, "Regent Park battles its 'hopeless slum' image."
328. See Zapparoli in Hume, "Regent Park: At 50 it's still going strong"; Allen, "One day in the life of Regent Park"; Allen, "6,000 words later, Regent Park still Needs Help"; any issue of the Regent Park Community News; NFB, Return to Regent Park; Gerard, "Regent Park battles its 'hopeless slum' image."
329. See Zapparoli in Hume, "Regent Park: At 50 it's still going strong"; Allen, "One day in the life of Regent Park"; Allen, "6,000 words later, Regent Park still Needs Help"; any issue of the Regent Park Community News; NFB, Return to Regent Park; Gerard, "Regent Park battles its 'hopeless slum' image."
330. See Zapparoli in Hume, "Regent Park: At 50 it's still going strong"; Allen, "One day in the life of Regent Park"; Allen, "6,000 words later, Regent Park still Needs Help"; any issue of the Regent Park Community News; NFB, Return to Regent Park; Gerard, "Regent Park battles its 'hopeless slum' image."
331. See Zapparoli in Hume, "Regent Park: At 50 it's still going strong"; Allen, "One day in the life of Regent Park"; Allen, "6,000 words later, Regent Park still Needs Help"; any issue of the Regent Park Community News; NFB, Return to Regent Park; Gerard, "Regent Park battles its 'hopeless slum' image."
332. See Purdy, "By the People, For the People."
333. 181 On this point in the French public housing experience consult Wacquant, "Red Belt, Black Belt," 242-5.
334. Brown, letter to the author. Also note Kieran, "Regent Park North 18 Years Later"; Corfu, letter to the author; Zapparoli in Hume, "Regent Park: At 50 it's still going strong"; and Reading, interview with the author.
335. Brown, letter to the author. Also note Kieran, "Regent Park North 18 Years Later"; Corfu, letter to the author; Zapparoli in Hume, "Regent Park: At 50 it's still going strong"; and Reading, interview with the author.
336. Brown, letter to the author. Also note Kieran, "Regent Park North 18 Years Later"; Corfu, letter to the author; Zapparoli in Hume, "Regent Park: At 50 it's still going strong"; and Reading, interview with the author.
337. Brown, letter to the author. Also note Kieran, "Regent Park North 18 Years Later"; Corfu, letter to the author; Zapparoli in Hume, "Regent Park: At 50 it's still going strong"; and Reading, interview with the author.
338. Brown, letter to the author. Also note Kieran, "Regent Park North 18 Years Later"; Corfu, letter to the author; Zapparoli in Hume, "Regent Park: At 50 it's still going strong"; and Reading, interview with the author.
339. Jackie Reading, interview with the author.
340. David Zapparoli, letter to the author.
341. Brown, letter to the author. For similar sentiments see Chris, Jackie, and Susie Reading, interview with the author; and Simon Mielniczuk, letter to the author, 2 February 2002.
342. Brown, letter to the author. For similar sentiments see Chris, Jackie, and Susie Reading, interview with the author; and Simon Mielniczuk, letter to the author, 2 February 2002.
343. Brown, letter to the author. For similar sentiments see Chris, Jackie, and Susie Reading, interview with the author; and Simon Mielniczuk, letter to the author, 2 February 2002.
344. Simon Mielniczuk,letter to the author. See the letters by the RPCIA and the Regent Park Services Unit condemning the rise of white supremacists in East End Toronto in 1980. RPCIA "Letter to the Editor," Seven News, 26 September 1980.
345. Simon Mielniczuk,letter to the author. See the letters by the RPCIA and the Regent Park Services Unit condemning the rise of white supremacists in East End Toronto in 1980. RPCIA "Letter to the Editor," Seven News, 26 September 1980.
346. On the racism and "constrained choice" that has led to a disproportionate number of blacks in MTHA see Murdie, "Blacks in Near-Ghettos," 435-57. On racial tensions caused by deprivation consult Dorothy Quann, Racial Discrimination in Housing (Ottawa 1979), 33-4.
347. On the racism and "constrained choice" that has led to a disproportionate number of blacks in MTHA see Murdie, "Blacks in Near-Ghettos," 435-57. On racial tensions caused by deprivation consult Dorothy Quann, Racial Discrimination in Housing (Ottawa 1979), 33-4.
348. Racist practices by the OHC were criticized by human rights advocates in the late 1970s. See Quann, Racial Discrimination in Housing, 33-4.
349. The Globe and Mail portrayed the brawls as blacks against whites. The Toronto Star saw it more as a territorial conflict between youths, citing local police to that effect. Arthur Johnson and Darryl Dean, "Eight charged in Regent Park fights," Globe and Mail, 9 June 1976; and "Youths go on rampage in Regent Park," Toronto Star, 8 June 1976.
350. The Globe and Mail portrayed the brawls as blacks against whites. The Toronto Star saw it more as a territorial conflict between youths, citing local police to that effect. Arthur Johnson and Darryl Dean, "Eight charged in Regent Park fights," Globe and Mail, 9 June 1976; and "Youths go on rampage in Regent Park," Toronto Star, 8 June 1976.
351. "Boredom, heat led to violence, Regent Park residents say," Toronto Star, 9 June 1976; and Editorial, "Cooling tempers," Toronto Star, 9 June 1976.
352. "Boredom, heat led to violence, Regent Park residents say," Toronto Star, 9 June 1976; and Editorial, "Cooling tempers," Toronto Star, 9 June 1976.
353. "Boredom, heat led to violence, Regent Park residents say," Toronto Star, 9 June 1976.
354. "Regent park youths on rampage," Toronto Star, 8 June 1976.
355. Untitled Article, Regent Park Community News, 6 (June 1977), 2
356. Mielniczuk, letter to the author; "Regent Festival to Combat Racism," Seven News, 23 October 1976; CTA, Sewell Papers, SC 306, Box 7, File: Regent Park, 1972-1977, RPCIA Agencies meeting, 1 September 1976, and, in CTA, Sewell Papers, SC 306, Box 7, File: Regent Park, 1972-1977, John Sewell and Janet Howard to Janet Ross, 8 September 1976.
357. Mielniczuk, letter to the author; "Regent Festival to Combat Racism," Seven News, 23 October 1976; CTA, Sewell Papers, SC 306, Box 7, File: Regent Park, 1972-1977, RPCIA Agencies meeting, 1 September 1976, and, in CTA, Sewell Papers, SC 306, Box 7, File: Regent Park, 1972-1977, John Sewell and Janet Howard to Janet Ross, 8 September 1976.
358. Mielniczuk, letter to the author; "Regent Festival to Combat Racism," Seven News, 23 October 1976; CTA, Sewell Papers, SC 306, Box 7, File: Regent Park, 1972-1977, RPCIA Agencies meeting, 1 September 1976, and, in CTA, Sewell Papers, SC 306, Box 7, File: Regent Park, 1972-1977, John Sewell and Janet Howard to Janet Ross, 8 September 1976.
359. Mielniczuk, letter to the author; "Regent Festival to Combat Racism," Seven News, 23 October 1976; CTA, Sewell Papers, SC 306, Box 7, File: Regent Park, 1972-1977, RPCIA Agencies meeting, 1 September 1976, and, in CTA, Sewell Papers, SC 306, Box 7, File: Regent Park, 1972-1977, John Sewell and Janet Howard to Janet Ross, 8 September 1976.
360. Clarke, Woodroof, and de Shield, A Study of Cultural and/or Racial Conflicts in Regent Park, 8; and Christene Brown, letter to the author.
361. Clarke, Woodroof, and de Shield, A Study of Cultural and/or Racial Conflicts in Regent Park, 8; and Christene Brown, letter to the author.
362. The quotation is from lain Ferguson and Michael Lavalette, "Beyond Power Discourse: Alienation and Social Work," European Journal of Social Work (forthcoming 2003). The author would like to thank lain Ferguson for providing copies of several of his publications. The three studies conducted after the 1976 "race riot" were Clarke, Woodroof, and de Shield, A Study of Cultural and/or Racial Conflicts in Regent Park; CTA, John Sewell Papers, SC 306, Box 7, File: Regent Park, 1972-1977, Ontario Human Rights Commission, "Report and Recommendation Regarding Regent Park Incidents," July 1976; and CTA, Sewell Papers, SC 306, File: Regent Park, 1972-1977, RPCIA Agencies meeting, 1 September 1976. A more detailed 1981 study lists the same tensions, including media stigmatization and exaggerated treatment of racial conflicts. "Cultural awareness not always racial, says expert," Ontario Housing, 25 (January-February 1981), 6-7.
363. The quotation is from lain Ferguson and Michael Lavalette, "Beyond Power Discourse: Alienation and Social Work," European Journal of Social Work (forthcoming 2003). The author would like to thank lain Ferguson for providing copies of several of his publications. The three studies conducted after the 1976 "race riot" were Clarke, Woodroof, and de Shield, A Study of Cultural and/or Racial Conflicts in Regent Park; CTA, John Sewell Papers, SC 306, Box 7, File: Regent Park, 1972-1977, Ontario Human Rights Commission, "Report and Recommendation Regarding Regent Park Incidents," July 1976; and CTA, Sewell Papers, SC 306, File: Regent Park, 1972-1977, RPCIA Agencies meeting, 1 September 1976. A more detailed 1981 study lists the same tensions, including media stigmatization and exaggerated treatment of racial conflicts. "Cultural awareness not always racial, says expert," Ontario Housing, 25 (January-February 1981), 6-7.
364. The quotation is from lain Ferguson and Michael Lavalette, "Beyond Power Discourse: Alienation and Social Work," European Journal of Social Work (forthcoming 2003). The author would like to thank lain Ferguson for providing copies of several of his publications. The three studies conducted after the 1976 "race riot" were Clarke, Woodroof, and de Shield, A Study of Cultural and/or Racial Conflicts in Regent Park; CTA, John Sewell Papers, SC 306, Box 7, File: Regent Park, 1972-1977, Ontario Human Rights Commission, "Report and Recommendation Regarding Regent Park Incidents," July 1976; and CTA, Sewell Papers, SC 306, File: Regent Park, 1972-1977, RPCIA Agencies meeting, 1 September 1976. A more detailed 1981 study lists the same tensions, including media stigmatization and exaggerated treatment of racial conflicts. "Cultural awareness not always racial, says expert," Ontario Housing, 25 (January-February 1981), 6-7.
365. The quotation is from lain Ferguson and Michael Lavalette, "Beyond Power Discourse: Alienation and Social Work," European Journal of Social Work (forthcoming 2003). The author would like to thank lain Ferguson for providing copies of several of his publications. The three studies conducted after the 1976 "race riot" were Clarke, Woodroof, and de Shield, A Study of Cultural and/or Racial Conflicts in Regent Park; CTA, John Sewell Papers, SC 306, Box 7, File: Regent Park, 1972-1977, Ontario Human Rights Commission, "Report and Recommendation Regarding Regent Park Incidents," July 1976; and CTA, Sewell Papers, SC 306, File: Regent Park, 1972-1977, RPCIA Agencies meeting, 1 September 1976. A more detailed 1981 study lists the same tensions, including media stigmatization and exaggerated treatment of racial conflicts. "Cultural awareness not always racial, says expert," Ontario Housing, 25 (January-February 1981), 6-7.
366. The quotation is from lain Ferguson and Michael Lavalette, "Beyond Power Discourse: Alienation and Social Work," European Journal of Social Work (forthcoming 2003). The author would like to thank lain Ferguson for providing copies of several of his publications. The three studies conducted after the 1976 "race riot" were Clarke, Woodroof, and de Shield, A Study of Cultural and/or Racial Conflicts in Regent Park; CTA, John Sewell Papers, SC 306, Box 7, File: Regent Park, 1972-1977, Ontario Human Rights Commission, "Report and Recommendation Regarding Regent Park Incidents," July 1976; and CTA, Sewell Papers, SC 306, File: Regent Park, 1972-1977, RPCIA Agencies meeting, 1 September 1976. A more detailed 1981 study lists the same tensions, including media stigmatization and exaggerated treatment of racial conflicts. "Cultural awareness not always racial, says expert," Ontario Housing, 25 (January-February 1981), 6-7.
367. See various comments by residents in NFB, Return to Regent Park, and Taida Hambleton, letter to the author.
368. See various comments by residents in NFB, Return to Regent Park, and Taida Hambleton, letter to the author.
369. Cathy Norris, interview with the author, tape recorded, Kingston, 27 October 1995.
370. Suzie Reading, interview with the author.
371. AG, interview with the author.
372. David Blackmore, interview with the author.
373. CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 8, File: 1965-1968 Special Committees, GA to Robert Bradley, 7 September 1965; Box 7, File: 1964-1968, Members of the City and Metro Councils, Alderman Helen Johnston to Robert Bradley, 3 November 1967; CTA, HAT, RG 28, Box 7, File: 1964-67 Mayor W. Dennison, HN to Robert Bradley, 7 November 1967; and "Welfare Workers Accused of Humiliations." For evidence of snitching see CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Boxes 29-30, Tenant Case Files 4, 6, 10, 12, 13, 24, 41, 44, 50, 58, 75, and 101; and on "unsigned letters" from tenants complaining about other tenants see CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 7, File: 1965-1968 General Housing Authority Information, Robert Bradley to William Dennison, 30 August 1965. See as well the comments about "snitches" in another housing project in Toronto by W.R. Delgran, "Life in the Heights," in Mann, The Underside of Toronto, 81; and the discussion of the contradictions of social life in public housing by June Pankevich Austin, "Women's Sorority: Social Life Among Women in Low-Income Housing," PhD dissertation, Boston University, 1981, 28.
374. CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 8, File: 1965-1968 Special Committees, GA to Robert Bradley, 7 September 1965; Box 7, File: 1964-1968, Members of the City and Metro Councils, Alderman Helen Johnston to Robert Bradley, 3 November 1967; CTA, HAT, RG 28, Box 7, File: 1964-67 Mayor W. Dennison, HN to Robert Bradley, 7 November 1967; and "Welfare Workers Accused of Humiliations." For evidence of snitching see CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Boxes 29-30, Tenant Case Files 4, 6, 10, 12, 13, 24, 41, 44, 50, 58, 75, and 101; and on "unsigned letters" from tenants complaining about other tenants see CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 7, File: 1965-1968 General Housing Authority Information, Robert Bradley to William Dennison, 30 August 1965. See as well the comments about "snitches" in another housing project in Toronto by W.R. Delgran, "Life in the Heights," in Mann, The Underside of Toronto, 81; and the discussion of the contradictions of social life in public housing by June Pankevich Austin, "Women's Sorority: Social Life Among Women in Low-Income Housing," PhD dissertation, Boston University, 1981, 28.
375. CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 8, File: 1965-1968 Special Committees, GA to Robert Bradley, 7 September 1965; Box 7, File: 1964-1968, Members of the City and Metro Councils, Alderman Helen Johnston to Robert Bradley, 3 November 1967; CTA, HAT, RG 28, Box 7, File: 1964-67 Mayor W. Dennison, HN to Robert Bradley, 7 November 1967; and "Welfare Workers Accused of Humiliations." For evidence of snitching see CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Boxes 29-30, Tenant Case Files 4, 6, 10, 12, 13, 24, 41, 44, 50, 58, 75, and 101; and on "unsigned letters" from tenants complaining about other tenants see CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 7, File: 1965-1968 General Housing Authority Information, Robert Bradley to William Dennison, 30 August 1965. See as well the comments about "snitches" in another housing project in Toronto by W.R. Delgran, "Life in the Heights," in Mann, The Underside of Toronto, 81; and the discussion of the contradictions of social life in public housing by June Pankevich Austin, "Women's Sorority: Social Life Among Women in Low-Income Housing," PhD dissertation, Boston University, 1981, 28.
376. CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 8, File: 1965-1968 Special Committees, GA to Robert Bradley, 7 September 1965; Box 7, File: 1964-1968, Members of the City and Metro Councils, Alderman Helen Johnston to Robert Bradley, 3 November 1967; CTA, HAT, RG 28, Box 7, File: 1964-67 Mayor W. Dennison, HN to Robert Bradley, 7 November 1967; and "Welfare Workers Accused of Humiliations." For evidence of snitching see CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Boxes 29-30, Tenant Case Files 4, 6, 10, 12, 13, 24, 41, 44, 50, 58, 75, and 101; and on "unsigned letters" from tenants complaining about other tenants see CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 7, File: 1965-1968 General Housing Authority Information, Robert Bradley to William Dennison, 30 August 1965. See as well the comments about "snitches" in another housing project in Toronto by W.R. Delgran, "Life in the Heights," in Mann, The Underside of Toronto, 81; and the discussion of the contradictions of social life in public housing by June Pankevich Austin, "Women's Sorority: Social Life Among Women in Low-Income Housing," PhD dissertation, Boston University, 1981, 28.
377. CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 8, File: 1965-1968 Special Committees, GA to Robert Bradley, 7 September 1965; Box 7, File: 1964-1968, Members of the City and Metro Councils, Alderman Helen Johnston to Robert Bradley, 3 November 1967; CTA, HAT, RG 28, Box 7, File: 1964-67 Mayor W. Dennison, HN to Robert Bradley, 7 November 1967; and "Welfare Workers Accused of Humiliations." For evidence of snitching see CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Boxes 29-30, Tenant Case Files 4, 6, 10, 12, 13, 24, 41, 44, 50, 58, 75, and 101; and on "unsigned letters" from tenants complaining about other tenants see CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 7, File: 1965-1968 General Housing Authority Information, Robert Bradley to William Dennison, 30 August 1965. See as well the comments about "snitches" in another housing project in Toronto by W.R. Delgran, "Life in the Heights," in Mann, The Underside of Toronto, 81; and the discussion of the contradictions of social life in public housing by June Pankevich Austin, "Women's Sorority: Social Life Among Women in Low-Income Housing," PhD dissertation, Boston University, 1981, 28.
378. CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 8, File: 1965-1968 Special Committees, GA to Robert Bradley, 7 September 1965; Box 7, File: 1964-1968, Members of the City and Metro Councils, Alderman Helen Johnston to Robert Bradley, 3 November 1967; CTA, HAT, RG 28, Box 7, File: 1964-67 Mayor W. Dennison, HN to Robert Bradley, 7 November 1967; and "Welfare Workers Accused of Humiliations." For evidence of snitching see CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Boxes 29-30, Tenant Case Files 4, 6, 10, 12, 13, 24, 41, 44, 50, 58, 75, and 101; and on "unsigned letters" from tenants complaining about other tenants see CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 7, File: 1965-1968 General Housing Authority Information, Robert Bradley to William Dennison, 30 August 1965. See as well the comments about "snitches" in another housing project in Toronto by W.R. Delgran, "Life in the Heights," in Mann, The Underside of Toronto, 81; and the discussion of the contradictions of social life in public housing by June Pankevich Austin, "Women's Sorority: Social Life Among Women in Low-Income Housing," PhD dissertation, Boston University, 1981, 28.
379. CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 8, File: 1965-1968 Special Committees, GA to Robert Bradley, 7 September 1965; Box 7, File: 1964-1968, Members of the City and Metro Councils, Alderman Helen Johnston to Robert Bradley, 3 November 1967; CTA, HAT, RG 28, Box 7, File: 1964-67 Mayor W. Dennison, HN to Robert Bradley, 7 November 1967; and "Welfare Workers Accused of Humiliations." For evidence of snitching see CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Boxes 29-30, Tenant Case Files 4, 6, 10, 12, 13, 24, 41, 44, 50, 58, 75, and 101; and on "unsigned letters" from tenants complaining about other tenants see CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 7, File: 1965-1968 General Housing Authority Information, Robert Bradley to William Dennison, 30 August 1965. See as well the comments about "snitches" in another housing project in Toronto by W.R. Delgran, "Life in the Heights," in Mann, The Underside of Toronto, 81; and the discussion of the contradictions of social life in public housing by June Pankevich Austin, "Women's Sorority: Social Life Among Women in Low-Income Housing," PhD dissertation, Boston University, 1981, 28.
380. Wacquant, "Red Belt, Black Belt," 244.
381. "Uneasiness" was the word used by Nina Corfu to describe the feeling of walking in the area. Corfu, letter to the author. Also see Corfu, letter to the author; NFB, Return to Regent Park; and Toronto Star articles cited in footnotes 7 and 8. Also note Shahid Alvi, Martin D. Schwartz, Walter S. DeKeseredy, and Michael O. Maume, "Women's Fear of Crime in Canadian Public Housing," Violence Against Women, 7 (June 2001), 638-61; and Regent Park Community Redesign Study, "Regeneration Through Innovation: Final Report," December 1989.
382. "Uneasiness" was the word used by Nina Corfu to describe the feeling of walking in the area. Corfu, letter to the author. Also see Corfu, letter to the author; NFB, Return to Regent Park; and Toronto Star articles cited in footnotes 7 and 8. Also note Shahid Alvi, Martin D. Schwartz, Walter S. DeKeseredy, and Michael O. Maume, "Women's Fear of Crime in Canadian Public Housing," Violence Against Women, 7 (June 2001), 638-61; and Regent Park Community Redesign Study, "Regeneration Through Innovation: Final Report," December 1989.
383. "Uneasiness" was the word used by Nina Corfu to describe the feeling of walking in the area. Corfu, letter to the author. Also see Corfu, letter to the author; NFB, Return to Regent Park; and Toronto Star articles cited in footnotes 7 and 8. Also note Shahid Alvi, Martin D. Schwartz, Walter S. DeKeseredy, and Michael O. Maume, "Women's Fear of Crime in Canadian Public Housing," Violence Against Women, 7 (June 2001), 638-61; and Regent Park Community Redesign Study, "Regeneration Through Innovation: Final Report," December 1989.
384. "Uneasiness" was the word used by Nina Corfu to describe the feeling of walking in the area. Corfu, letter to the author. Also see Corfu, letter to the author; NFB, Return to Regent Park; and Toronto Star articles cited in footnotes 7 and 8. Also note Shahid Alvi, Martin D. Schwartz, Walter S. DeKeseredy, and Michael O. Maume, "Women's Fear of Crime in Canadian Public Housing," Violence Against Women, 7 (June 2001), 638-61; and Regent Park Community Redesign Study, "Regeneration Through Innovation: Final Report," December 1989.
385. "Uneasiness" was the word used by Nina Corfu to describe the feeling of walking in the area. Corfu, letter to the author. Also see Corfu, letter to the author; NFB, Return to Regent Park; and Toronto Star articles cited in footnotes 7 and 8. Also note Shahid Alvi, Martin D. Schwartz, Walter S. DeKeseredy, and Michael O. Maume, "Women's Fear of Crime in Canadian Public Housing," Violence Against Women, 7 (June 2001), 638-61; and Regent Park Community Redesign Study, "Regeneration Through Innovation: Final Report," December 1989.
386. Peter Moon, "North York Plaza Like a Ravaged Section of New York," Globe and Mail, 4 June 1979.
387. For turf allegiance see Peter Marcuse, "What's So New About Divided Cities," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 17 (September 1993), 360-1.
388. AO, OHCF, RG 44-19-1, Box 10, File: Tenant Associations in Metro, Central Neighbourhood House, "Assessment of Youth Problems in Regent Park South, June 1965. See also Taida Hambleton, letter to the author; Chris Reading, interview with the author; AG, interview with the author; and Glen Burkett, interviewed by Zapparoli in Regent Park, 35-7.
389. AO, OHCF, RG 44-19-1, Box 10, File: Tenant Associations in Metro, Central Neighbourhood House, "Assessment of Youth Problems in Regent Park South, June 1965. See also Taida Hambleton, letter to the author; Chris Reading, interview with the author; AG, interview with the author; and Glen Burkett, interviewed by Zapparoli in Regent Park, 35-7.
390. AO, OHCF, RG 44-19-1, Box 10, File: Tenant Associations in Metro, Central Neighbourhood House, "Assessment of Youth Problems in Regent Park South, June 1965. See also Taida Hambleton, letter to the author; Chris Reading, interview with the author; AG, interview with the author; and Glen Burkett, interviewed by Zapparoli in Regent Park, 35-7.
391. AO, OHCF, RG 44-19-1, Box 10, File: Tenant Associations in Metro, Central Neighbourhood House, "Assessment of Youth Problems in Regent Park South, June 1965. See also Taida Hambleton, letter to the author; Chris Reading, interview with the author; AG, interview with the author; and Glen Burkett, interviewed by Zapparoli in Regent Park, 35-7.
392. AO, OHCF, RG 44-19-1, Box 10, File: Tenant Associations in Metro, Central Neighbourhood House, "Assessment of Youth Problems in Regent Park South, June 1965. See also Taida Hambleton, letter to the author; Chris Reading, interview with the author; AG, interview with the author; and Glen Burkett, interviewed by Zapparoli in Regent Park, 35-7.
393. Quotation from Quinto, letter to the author; Clarke, Woodroof, and de Shield, A Study of Cultural and/or Racial Conflicts in Regent Park, 7-9.
394. Quotation from Quinto, letter to the author; Clarke, Woodroof, and de Shield, A Study of Cultural and/or Racial Conflicts in Regent Park, 7-9.
395. NFB, Return to Regent Park.
396. Brown, interview with the author and the interviews in Brown, A Way Out.
397. Brandi Costain, "Youth in action: Egbo-Egbo Thompson strives for excellence," Catch da Flava, 16 April 2001.
398. My conclusions about tenant agency in the face of material deprivation echo recent United States studies on public housing tenants. See Venkatesh, American Project; Jane Roessner, A Decent Place to Live, From Columbia Point to Harbor Point, A Community History (Boston 2000); and Rhonda Y. Williams, "Living Just Enough in the City: Change and Activism in Baltimore's Public Housing, 1940-1980," PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1998.
399. My conclusions about tenant agency in the face of material deprivation echo recent United States studies on public housing tenants. See Venkatesh, American Project; Jane Roessner, A Decent Place to Live, From Columbia Point to Harbor Point, A Community History (Boston 2000); and Rhonda Y. Williams, "Living Just Enough in the City: Change and Activism in Baltimore's Public Housing, 1940-1980," PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1998.
400. My conclusions about tenant agency in the face of material deprivation echo recent United States studies on public housing tenants. See Venkatesh, American Project; Jane Roessner, A Decent Place to Live, From Columbia Point to Harbor Point, A Community History (Boston 2000); and Rhonda Y. Williams, "Living Just Enough in the City: Change and Activism in Baltimore's Public Housing, 1940-1980," PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1998.