"It was tough on everybody": Low-income families and housing hardship in post-world war II Toronto

Journal of Social History

Volumn 37, Issue 2, 2003, Pages

  Purdy, Sean ^a,b  

^a QUEEN S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b Department of History ^*  (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0347594391     PISSN: 00224529     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jsh.2003.0191     Document Type: Review

References (195)

1. Thelma Pilkey, interview by author, Lakefield, Ontario, tape recorded, 21 Match 1996.
2. While Canada consistently placed first on the United Nations (UN) Human Development index in the late 1990s, it failed to place in the top ten countries on the UN human poverty index. Andrew Jackson and David Robinson with Bob Baldwin and Cindy Wiggins, Falling Behind: The State of Working Canada, 2000 (Ottawa, 2000), chap. 1. Moreover, the ratio of social spending to overall government spending has fallen significantly in recent decades. Willem Adema, "Net Social Expenditure," 2nd Edition, Labour Market and Social Policy - Occasional Papers No. 52, Paris: OECD, 2001. Tables 7 and A2.1.
3. While Canada consistently placed first on the United Nations (UN) Human Development index in the late 1990s, it failed to place in the top ten countries on the UN human poverty index. Andrew Jackson and David Robinson with Bob Baldwin and Cindy Wiggins, Falling Behind: The State of Working Canada, 2000 (Ottawa, 2000), chap. 1. Moreover, the ratio of social spending to overall government spending has fallen significantly in recent decades. Willem Adema, "Net Social Expenditure," 2nd Edition, Labour Market and Social Policy - Occasional Papers No. 52, Paris: OECD, 2001. Tables 7 and A2.1.
4. According to Tom. Carter, 63 percent of households in Canada were owner occupied by 1993, paying on average only 9.5 percent of their income for shelter. Renters were less well off but 35 percent were still able to afford the mortgage payments on an average 2-3 bedroom home. Nevertheless, at least 12 percent or more than 1 million households were living in housing considered officially "unacceptable. "Tom Carter, "Current Practices for Procuring Affordable Housing: The Canadian Context," Housing Policy Debate 8 (1997): 593. An illuminating discussion of the importance of house and home can be found in Richard Harris, "Housing," in Trudi Bunting and Pierre Filion eds., Canadian Cities in Transition: the twenty-first century, 2nd Ed. (Toronto, 2000), 380-403.
5. According to Tom. Carter, 63 percent of households in Canada were owner occupied by 1993, paying on average only 9.5 percent of their income for shelter. Renters were less well off but 35 percent were still able to afford the mortgage payments on an average 2-3 bedroom home. Nevertheless, at least 12 percent or more than 1 million households were living in housing considered officially "unacceptable. "Tom Carter, "Current Practices for Procuring Affordable Housing: The Canadian Context," Housing Policy Debate 8 (1997): 593. An illuminating discussion of the importance of house and home can be found in Richard Harris, "Housing," in Trudi Bunting and Pierre Filion eds., Canadian Cities in Transition: the twenty-first century, 2nd Ed. (Toronto, 2000), 380-403.
6. Richard Harris, "More American than the United States: Housing in Urban Canada in the Twentieth Century," Journal of Urban History 26 (2001): 470-71. In other national contexts, consult Gwendolyn Wright, Building the Dream: A Social History of Housing (New York, 1981; Seán Damer, From Moorepark to 'Wine Alley': The rise and fall of a Glasgow housing scheme (Edinburgh, 1989), chap.3; David Widgery, Some Lives! A GP's East End (London, 1991).
7. Richard Harris, "More American than the United States: Housing in Urban Canada in the Twentieth Century," Journal of Urban History 26 (2001): 470-71. In other national contexts, consult Gwendolyn Wright, Building the Dream: A Social History of Housing (New York, 1981; Seán Damer, From Moorepark to 'Wine Alley': The rise and fall of a Glasgow housing scheme (Edinburgh, 1989), chap.3; David Widgery, Some Lives! A GP's East End (London, 1991).
8. Richard Harris, "More American than the United States: Housing in Urban Canada in the Twentieth Century," Journal of Urban History 26 (2001): 470-71. In other national contexts, consult Gwendolyn Wright, Building the Dream: A Social History of Housing (New York, 1981; Seán Damer, From Moorepark to 'Wine Alley': The rise and fall of a Glasgow housing scheme (Edinburgh, 1989), chap.3; David Widgery, Some Lives! A GP's East End (London, 1991).
9. Richard Harris, "More American than the United States: Housing in Urban Canada in the Twentieth Century," Journal of Urban History 26 (2001): 470-71. In other national contexts, consult Gwendolyn Wright, Building the Dream: A Social History of Housing (New York, 1981; Seán Damer, From Moorepark to 'Wine Alley': The rise and fall of a Glasgow housing scheme (Edinburgh, 1989), chap.3; David Widgery, Some Lives! A GP's East End (London, 1991).
10. There is abundant evidence that there was a growing gap between the "haves" and "have nots" between the 1970s-90s. See Trudi Bunting, "Social Differentiation in Canadian Cities," in Trudi Bunting and Pierre Filion eds., Canadian Cities in Transition, 1st Ed., (Toronto, 1991), 286-312; Monica Townson, A Report Card on Women and Poverty (Ottawa, 2000). The loss of stable, well-paid manufacturing jobs and their replacement by various forms of casual and part-time work is discussed in Henry Veltmeyer and James Sacouman, "The Political Economy of Part-Time Work," Studies in Political Economy 56 (Summer 1998): 115-144. For the long-term decline in Canadian capitalism, see Murray E.G. Smith and K.W. Taylor, "Profitability Crisis and the Erosion of Popular Prosperity: The Canadian Economy, 1947-91," Studies in Political Economy 49 (Spring 1996): 101-130. On social polarization within public housing, note Robert Murdle, "Social Polarization and Public Housing in Canada: A Case Study of the Metropolitan Toronto Housing Authority," in Frances Frisken ed., The Changing Canadian Metropolis: A Public Policy Perspective, Vol. 1 (Berkeley and Toronto, 1994), 303-333.
11. There is abundant evidence that there was a growing gap between the "haves" and "have nots" between the 1970s-90s. See Trudi Bunting, "Social Differentiation in Canadian Cities," in Trudi Bunting and Pierre Filion eds., Canadian Cities in Transition, 1st Ed., (Toronto, 1991), 286-312; Monica Townson, A Report Card on Women and Poverty (Ottawa, 2000). The loss of stable, well-paid manufacturing jobs and their replacement by various forms of casual and part-time work is discussed in Henry Veltmeyer and James Sacouman, "The Political Economy of Part-Time Work," Studies in Political Economy 56 (Summer 1998): 115-144. For the long-term decline in Canadian capitalism, see Murray E.G. Smith and K.W. Taylor, "Profitability Crisis and the Erosion of Popular Prosperity: The Canadian Economy, 1947-91," Studies in Political Economy 49 (Spring 1996): 101-130. On social polarization within public housing, note Robert Murdle, "Social Polarization and Public Housing in Canada: A Case Study of the Metropolitan Toronto Housing Authority," in Frances Frisken ed., The Changing Canadian Metropolis: A Public Policy Perspective, Vol. 1 (Berkeley and Toronto, 1994), 303-333.
12. There is abundant evidence that there was a growing gap between the "haves" and "have nots" between the 1970s-90s. See Trudi Bunting, "Social Differentiation in Canadian Cities," in Trudi Bunting and Pierre Filion eds., Canadian Cities in Transition, 1st Ed., (Toronto, 1991), 286-312; Monica Townson, A Report Card on Women and Poverty (Ottawa, 2000). The loss of stable, well-paid manufacturing jobs and their replacement by various forms of casual and part-time work is discussed in Henry Veltmeyer and James Sacouman, "The Political Economy of Part-Time Work," Studies in Political Economy 56 (Summer 1998): 115-144. For the long-term decline in Canadian capitalism, see Murray E.G. Smith and K.W. Taylor, "Profitability Crisis and the Erosion of Popular Prosperity: The Canadian Economy, 1947-91," Studies in Political Economy 49 (Spring 1996): 101-130. On social polarization within public housing, note Robert Murdle, "Social Polarization and Public Housing in Canada: A Case Study of the Metropolitan Toronto Housing Authority," in Frances Frisken ed., The Changing Canadian Metropolis: A Public Policy Perspective, Vol. 1 (Berkeley and Toronto, 1994), 303-333.
13. There is abundant evidence that there was a growing gap between the "haves" and "have nots" between the 1970s-90s. See Trudi Bunting, "Social Differentiation in Canadian Cities," in Trudi Bunting and Pierre Filion eds., Canadian Cities in Transition, 1st Ed., (Toronto, 1991), 286-312; Monica Townson, A Report Card on Women and Poverty (Ottawa, 2000). The loss of stable, well-paid manufacturing jobs and their replacement by various forms of casual and part-time work is discussed in Henry Veltmeyer and James Sacouman, "The Political Economy of Part-Time Work," Studies in Political Economy 56 (Summer 1998): 115-144. For the long-term decline in Canadian capitalism, see Murray E.G. Smith and K.W. Taylor, "Profitability Crisis and the Erosion of Popular Prosperity: The Canadian Economy, 1947-91," Studies in Political Economy 49 (Spring 1996): 101-130. On social polarization within public housing, note Robert Murdle, "Social Polarization and Public Housing in Canada: A Case Study of the Metropolitan Toronto Housing Authority," in Frances Frisken ed., The Changing Canadian Metropolis: A Public Policy Perspective, Vol. 1 (Berkeley and Toronto, 1994), 303-333.
14. There is abundant evidence that there was a growing gap between the "haves" and "have nots" between the 1970s-90s. See Trudi Bunting, "Social Differentiation in Canadian Cities," in Trudi Bunting and Pierre Filion eds., Canadian Cities in Transition, 1st Ed., (Toronto, 1991), 286-312; Monica Townson, A Report Card on Women and Poverty (Ottawa, 2000). The loss of stable, well-paid manufacturing jobs and their replacement by various forms of casual and part-time work is discussed in Henry Veltmeyer and James Sacouman, "The Political Economy of Part-Time Work," Studies in Political Economy 56 (Summer 1998): 115-144. For the long-term decline in Canadian capitalism, see Murray E.G. Smith and K.W. Taylor, "Profitability Crisis and the Erosion of Popular Prosperity: The Canadian Economy, 1947-91," Studies in Political Economy 49 (Spring 1996): 101-130. On social polarization within public housing, note Robert Murdle, "Social Polarization and Public Housing in Canada: A Case Study of the Metropolitan Toronto Housing Authority," in Frances Frisken ed., The Changing Canadian Metropolis: A Public Policy Perspective, Vol. 1 (Berkeley and Toronto, 1994), 303-333.
15. For a summary of these works, see Alan Sears, "The 'Lean' State and Capitalist Restructuring: Towards a Theoretical Account," Studies in Political Economy 60 (Summer 1999): 94-97.
16. David Donnison, "Housing Problems and Policies: An Introduction," in Michael Wheeler ed. The Right to Housing (Montreal, 1969), 24.
17. Humphrey Carver and Alison Hopwood, Rents for Regent Park: a rent-scale system for a public housing project (Toronto, 1947).
18. Regent Park Community Improvement Association (RPCIA), A New Deal for Ontario Housing Tenants (Toronto, 1972).
19. Statistics Canada (Statscan), "Selected Population, Dwelling, Household and Family Distribution," Census of Canada 1981 (Ottawa, 1981), 1-3.
20. John Sewell, Houses and Homes: Housing for Canadians (Toronto, 1994), 18; J.D. Hulchanski, The use of housing expenditure-to-income ratios: Origins, evolution and implications. Toronto: Ontario Human Rights Commission, Background Paper #2, 1994.
21. John Sewell, Houses and Homes: Housing for Canadians (Toronto, 1994), 18; J.D. Hulchanski, The use of housing expenditure-to-income ratios: Origins, evolution and implications. Toronto: Ontario Human Rights Commission, Background Paper #2, 1994.
22. Robert A. Murdie and Carlos Teixeira, Towards a Comfortable Neighbourhood and Appropriate Housing: Immigrant Experiences in Toronto, Centre for Excellence in Research on Immigration and Settlement, Working Paper No. 10, 1999, 1-75.
23. Sewell, Houses and Homes, 18.
24. It is not my intention to revisit the lively and important methodological debates that swirled in the 1980s between advocates of oral and social science history. Suffice it to say that recently there has been an acceptance of a multiplicity of approaches as well an increasing specialization of oral and social science history into their own discrete realms of historical practice. See Louise Tilly, "People's History and Social Science History," Social Science History 7 (Fall 1983): 457-474 reprinted in International Journal of Oral History 6 (February 1985): 5-17; see the same issue of the journal for Responses by Paul Thompson, Luisa Paserini, Isabellle Bertaux-Wiame and Alessandro Portelli (19-39), the counter response of Louis Tilly (40-42) and Concluding Comments by Ronald Grele (42-46). A recent oral history of laid-off workers in Pennsylvania's Anthracite region by Thomas Dublin and Walter Licht vividly shows how oral history can illuminate the more personal aspects of economic misery. "Gender and Economic Decline: The Pennsylvania Anthracite Region, 1920-1970," Oral History Review 27 (Winter/Spring 2000): 81-98.
25. It is not my intention to revisit the lively and important methodological debates that swirled in the 1980s between advocates of oral and social science history. Suffice it to say that recently there has been an acceptance of a multiplicity of approaches as well an increasing specialization of oral and social science history into their own discrete realms of historical practice. See Louise Tilly, "People's History and Social Science History," Social Science History 7 (Fall 1983): 457-474 reprinted in International Journal of Oral History 6 (February 1985): 5-17; see the same issue of the journal for Responses by Paul Thompson, Luisa Paserini, Isabellle Bertaux-Wiame and Alessandro Portelli (19-39), the counter response of Louis Tilly (40-42) and Concluding Comments by Ronald Grele (42-46). A recent oral history of laid-off workers in Pennsylvania's Anthracite region by Thomas Dublin and Walter Licht vividly shows how oral history can illuminate the more personal aspects of economic misery. "Gender and Economic Decline: The Pennsylvania Anthracite Region, 1920-1970," Oral History Review 27 (Winter/Spring 2000): 81-98.
26. It is not my intention to revisit the lively and important methodological debates that swirled in the 1980s between advocates of oral and social science history. Suffice it to say that recently there has been an acceptance of a multiplicity of approaches as well an increasing specialization of oral and social science history into their own discrete realms of historical practice. See Louise Tilly, "People's History and Social Science History," Social Science History 7 (Fall 1983): 457-474 reprinted in International Journal of Oral History 6 (February 1985): 5-17; see the same issue of the journal for Responses by Paul Thompson, Luisa Paserini, Isabellle Bertaux-Wiame and Alessandro Portelli (19-39), the counter response of Louis Tilly (40-42) and Concluding Comments by Ronald Grele (42-46). A recent oral history of laid-off workers in Pennsylvania's Anthracite region by Thomas Dublin and Walter Licht vividly shows how oral history can illuminate the more personal aspects of economic misery. "Gender and Economic Decline: The Pennsylvania Anthracite Region, 1920-1970," Oral History Review 27 (Winter/Spring 2000): 81-98.
27. Sean Purdy, "From Place of Hope to Outcast Space: Territorial Regulation and Tenant Resistance in Regent Park Housing Project, 1949-2001," Ph.D. Thesis, Queen's University, 2003.
28. For a fuller discussion see Sean Purdy, "Scaffolding Citizenship: Housing Policy and Nation Formation in Canada, 1900-1950," in Robert Menzies, Dorothy Chunn and Robert Adamoski eds. Canadian Citizenship: Historical Readings (Peterborough, 2002), chap.6.
29. John Bacher, Keeping to the Marketplace: The Evolution of Canadian Housing Policy (Kingston-Montreal, 1993), 37-46.
30. Andrew Eric Jones, The Beginnings of Canadian Government Housing Policy, 1918-1924 (Ottawa, 1978), 3, cited in Bacher, Keeping to the Marketplace, 40, 283, n.15.
31. Andrew Eric Jones, The Beginnings of Canadian Government Housing Policy, 1918-1924 (Ottawa, 1978), 3, cited in Bacher, Keeping to the Marketplace, 40, 283, n.15.
32. Annual Report of the Toronto Board of Health (1914) cited in Bacher, 41.
33. Bacher, Keeping to the Marketplace, 55-7. See Ontario, Report of the Ontario Housing Commission, Legislature of Ontario, Sessional Papers, part 10, Report 65, 11-21, for a survey of over sixty Ontario municipalities that faced housing shortages.
34. Bacher, Keeping to the Marketplace, 55-7. See Ontario, Report of the Ontario Housing Commission, Legislature of Ontario, Sessional Papers, part 10, Report 65, 11-21, for a survey of over sixty Ontario municipalities that faced housing shortages.
35. Government of Canada, National Industrial Conference, 1919: Official Report of Proceedings and Discussion (Ottawa, 1919); Government of Canada, Royal Commission on Industrial Relations, Report (Ottawa, 1919), 6.
36. Government of Canada, National Industrial Conference, 1919: Official Report of Proceedings and Discussion (Ottawa, 1919); Government of Canada, Royal Commission on Industrial Relations, Report (Ottawa, 1919), 6.
37. John T. Saywell, Housing Canadians: Essays on the History of Residential Construction in Canada, Economic Council of Canada (ECC), Discussion Paper No. 24 (Ottawa, 1965), 46-50.
38. Archives of Ontario (AO), Sir William Hearst Papers, MU 1311, File 18, W.N. McEachern and Sons Ltd, "A Series of Advertisements," 1918.
39. Racial covenants are discussed in John Bacher and David Hulchanski, "Keeping Warm and Dry: The Policy Response to the Struggle for Shelter among Canada's Homeless, 1900-1960," Urban History Review 16 (October 1987): 151; Michael Doucet and John Weaver, Housing the North American City (Montreal and Kingston, 1991): 99, 123; Kay Anderson, Vancouver's Chinatown: Racial Discourse in Canada, 1875-1980 (Kingston and Montreal, 1991), 127, 269, n.63.
40. Racial covenants are discussed in John Bacher and David Hulchanski, "Keeping Warm and Dry: The Policy Response to the Struggle for Shelter among Canada's Homeless, 1900-1960," Urban History Review 16 (October 1987): 151; Michael Doucet and John Weaver, Housing the North American City (Montreal and Kingston, 1991): 99, 123; Kay Anderson, Vancouver's Chinatown: Racial Discourse in Canada, 1875-1980 (Kingston and Montreal, 1991), 127, 269, n.63.
41. Racial covenants are discussed in John Bacher and David Hulchanski, "Keeping Warm and Dry: The Policy Response to the Struggle for Shelter among Canada's Homeless, 1900-1960," Urban History Review 16 (October 1987): 151; Michael Doucet and John Weaver, Housing the North American City (Montreal and Kingston, 1991): 99, 123; Kay Anderson, Vancouver's Chinatown: Racial Discourse in Canada, 1875-1980 (Kingston and Montreal, 1991), 127, 269, n.63.
42. David Hulchanski, "The 1935 Dominion Housing Act: Setting the Stage for a Permanent Federal Presence in Canada's Housing Sector," Urban History Review 15 (June 1986): 25 cited in Jill Wade, Houses For All: The Struggle For Social Housing in Vancouver, 1919-50 (Vancouver, 1994), 38.
43. David Hulchanski, "The 1935 Dominion Housing Act: Setting the Stage for a Permanent Federal Presence in Canada's Housing Sector," Urban History Review 15 (June 1986): 25 cited in Jill Wade, Houses For All: The Struggle For Social Housing in Vancouver, 1919-50 (Vancouver, 1994), 38.
44. Report of the Lieutenant-Governor's Committee on Housing Conditions in Toronto (Toronto, 1934), 64; Leonard Marsh, Review of the "Report of the Lieutenant-Governor's Committee on Housing Conditions in Toronto," Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science 1 (February 1935): 119-22.
45. Report of the Lieutenant-Governor's Committee on Housing Conditions in Toronto (Toronto, 1934), 64; Leonard Marsh, Review of the "Report of the Lieutenant-Governor's Committee on Housing Conditions in Toronto," Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science 1 (February 1935): 119-22.
46. Like most municipal governments, Toronto City Council considered housing a "government problem," meaning the federal government, and consequently did nothing. City of Toronto Archives (CTA), RG 32, City of Toronto Planning Board (CTPB), B1, Box 1, File: Special Committee on Housing, 1936.
47. On general housing conditions in the 1930s see Bacher, Keeping to the Marketplace, chaps.3-4; Wade, Houses For All, chap.2, Bacher and Hulchanski, "Keeping Warm and Dry." On the relief camps, see "The Report of the Macdonald Commission," in Ronald Liversege, Recollections of the On to Ottawa Trek, Carleton Library No.66 (Toronto, 1973), 137. On the unusually extensive significance of boarding in the Canadian context until the Second World War, note Richard Harris, "The End Justified the Means: Boarding and Rooming in a City of Homes, 1891-1951," Journal of Social History 26 (1992): 331-358.
48. On general housing conditions in the 1930s see Bacher, Keeping to the Marketplace, chaps.3-4; Wade, Houses For All, chap.2, Bacher and Hulchanski, "Keeping Warm and Dry." On the relief camps, see "The Report of the Macdonald Commission," in Ronald Liversege, Recollections of the On to Ottawa Trek, Carleton Library No.66 (Toronto, 1973), 137. On the unusually extensive significance of boarding in the Canadian context until the Second World War, note Richard Harris, "The End Justified the Means: Boarding and Rooming in a City of Homes, 1891-1951," Journal of Social History 26 (1992): 331-358.
49. On general housing conditions in the 1930s see Bacher, Keeping to the Marketplace, chaps.3-4; Wade, Houses For All, chap.2, Bacher and Hulchanski, "Keeping Warm and Dry." On the relief camps, see "The Report of the Macdonald Commission," in Ronald Liversege, Recollections of the On to Ottawa Trek, Carleton Library No.66 (Toronto, 1973), 137. On the unusually extensive significance of boarding in the Canadian context until the Second World War, note Richard Harris, "The End Justified the Means: Boarding and Rooming in a City of Homes, 1891-1951," Journal of Social History 26 (1992): 331-358.
50. On general housing conditions in the 1930s see Bacher, Keeping to the Marketplace, chaps.3-4; Wade, Houses For All, chap.2, Bacher and Hulchanski, "Keeping Warm and Dry." On the relief camps, see "The Report of the Macdonald Commission," in Ronald Liversege, Recollections of the On to Ottawa Trek, Carleton Library No.66 (Toronto, 1973), 137. On the unusually extensive significance of boarding in the Canadian context until the Second World War, note Richard Harris, "The End Justified the Means: Boarding and Rooming in a City of Homes, 1891-1951," Journal of Social History 26 (1992): 331-358.
51. On general housing conditions in the 1930s see Bacher, Keeping to the Marketplace, chaps.3-4; Wade, Houses For All, chap.2, Bacher and Hulchanski, "Keeping Warm and Dry." On the relief camps, see "The Report of the Macdonald Commission," in Ronald Liversege, Recollections of the On to Ottawa Trek, Carleton Library No.66 (Toronto, 1973), 137. On the unusually extensive significance of boarding in the Canadian context until the Second World War, note Richard Harris, "The End Justified the Means: Boarding and Rooming in a City of Homes, 1891-1951," Journal of Social History 26 (1992): 331-358.
52. CTA, Toronto Reconstruction Council/Civic Advisory Commission (TRC), RG 249, Box 4, File 7, Civic Advisory Council, City of Toronto, Metropolitan Problems Committee, Tables 1-2: Population Growth and Housing Provision for Suburban Municipalities in the Toronto Area By Years, 1931-1947 and Population Growth and Housing Provision for the City of Toronto, By Years, 1931-1947.
53. CTA, RG 28, Housing Authority of Toronto (HAT), B, Box 25, File: RP North 1947-66 General, Emergency Housing: Projects Undertaken or Financially Assisted by City of Toronto, 1947.
54. Bacher, Keeping to the Marketplace, 163.
55. Bacher, Keeping to the Marketplace, 178. As Bacher details, these emergency housing units would last until the 1960s, housing what were deemed "problem" families. In addition to being substandard, they were managed like private rental housing, effectively making the City of Toronto a "slum" landlord itself (187-188).
56. Bacher, Keeping to the Marketplace, 126.
57. Cited in Bacher, Keeping to the Marketplace, 169.
58. Humphrey Carver, Houses for Canadians: A Study of Housing Problems in the Toronto Area (Toronto, 1948), 75.
59. Kevin Brushett, "Blots on the Face of the City: The Politics of Slum Housing and Urban Renewal in Toronto, 1940-1970" (Ph,D. diss, Queen's University, 2001), 51 and Humphrey Carver, "Toronto in the Housing Crisis," Planning Action (October 1947): 246.
60. Kevin Brushett, "Blots on the Face of the City: The Politics of Slum Housing and Urban Renewal in Toronto, 1940-1970" (Ph,D. diss, Queen's University, 2001), 51 and Humphrey Carver, "Toronto in the Housing Crisis," Planning Action (October 1947): 246.
61. "Voice of the People, House Hunting," Toronto Star, 20 August 1943, 6 quoted in Brushett, "Blots on the Face of the City," 51.
62. "Voice of the People, House Hunting," Toronto Star, 20 August 1943, 6 quoted in Brushett, "Blots on the Face of the City," 51.
63. Bacher, Keeping to the Marketplace, 174. For a full discussion of wartime shortages see Brushett, "Blots on the Face of the City," 49-59.
64. Bacher, Keeping to the Marketplace, 174. For a full discussion of wartime shortages see Brushett, "Blots on the Face of the City," 49-59.
65. Bacher, Keeping to the Marketplace, 174-175. On housing protest movements see Purdy, "Building Homes, Building Citizens," 499-504; Wade, Houses For All, chaps. 3-4 and Marc Choko, Crises du logement à Montréal, (Montréal, 1980). For a broad survey of housing struggles in the USA see Peter Marcuse, "Housing Movements in the United States," Housing, Theory and Society 6 (1999): 67-86. For a ground-breaking study of the persistent struggles of public housing tenants, especially black women in Baltimore, consult Rhonda Y. Williams, "Living Just Enough in the City: Change and Activism in Baltimore's Public Housing, 1940-1980," (Ph.D. Thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 1998).
66. Bacher, Keeping to the Marketplace, 174-175. On housing protest movements see Purdy, "Building Homes, Building Citizens," 499-504; Wade, Houses For All, chaps. 3-4 and Marc Choko, Crises du logement à Montréal, (Montréal, 1980). For a broad survey of housing struggles in the USA see Peter Marcuse, "Housing Movements in the United States," Housing, Theory and Society 6 (1999): 67-86. For a ground-breaking study of the persistent struggles of public housing tenants, especially black women in Baltimore, consult Rhonda Y. Williams, "Living Just Enough in the City: Change and Activism in Baltimore's Public Housing, 1940-1980," (Ph.D. Thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 1998).
67. Bacher, Keeping to the Marketplace, 174-175. On housing protest movements see Purdy, "Building Homes, Building Citizens," 499-504; Wade, Houses For All, chaps. 3-4 and Marc Choko, Crises du logement à Montréal, (Montréal, 1980). For a broad survey of housing struggles in the USA see Peter Marcuse, "Housing Movements in the United States," Housing, Theory and Society 6 (1999): 67-86. For a ground-breaking study of the persistent struggles of public housing tenants, especially black women in Baltimore, consult Rhonda Y. Williams, "Living Just Enough in the City: Change and Activism in Baltimore's Public Housing, 1940-1980," (Ph.D. Thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 1998).
68. Bacher, Keeping to the Marketplace, 174-175. On housing protest movements see Purdy, "Building Homes, Building Citizens," 499-504; Wade, Houses For All, chaps. 3-4 and Marc Choko, Crises du logement à Montréal, (Montréal, 1980). For a broad survey of housing struggles in the USA see Peter Marcuse, "Housing Movements in the United States," Housing, Theory and Society 6 (1999): 67-86. For a ground-breaking study of the persistent struggles of public housing tenants, especially black women in Baltimore, consult Rhonda Y. Williams, "Living Just Enough in the City: Change and Activism in Baltimore's Public Housing, 1940-1980," (Ph.D. Thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 1998).
69. Bacher, Keeping to the Marketplace, 174-175. On housing protest movements see Purdy, "Building Homes, Building Citizens," 499-504; Wade, Houses For All, chaps. 3-4 and Marc Choko, Crises du logement à Montréal, (Montréal, 1980). For a broad survey of housing struggles in the USA see Peter Marcuse, "Housing Movements in the United States," Housing, Theory and Society 6 (1999): 67-86. For a ground-breaking study of the persistent struggles of public housing tenants, especially black women in Baltimore, consult Rhonda Y. Williams, "Living Just Enough in the City: Change and Activism in Baltimore's Public Housing, 1940-1980," (Ph.D. Thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 1998).
70. Bacher, Keeping to the Marketplace, 174-175. On housing protest movements see Purdy, "Building Homes, Building Citizens," 499-504; Wade, Houses For All, chaps. 3-4 and Marc Choko, Crises du logement à Montréal, (Montréal, 1980). For a broad survey of housing struggles in the USA see Peter Marcuse, "Housing Movements in the United States," Housing, Theory and Society 6 (1999): 67-86. For a ground-breaking study of the persistent struggles of public housing tenants, especially black women in Baltimore, consult Rhonda Y. Williams, "Living Just Enough in the City: Change and Activism in Baltimore's Public Housing, 1940-1980," (Ph.D. Thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 1998).
71. Bacher, Keeping to the Marketplace, 197, 193.
72. Community Planning Association of Canada, Bulletin (March 1, 1949): 1.
73. MTHA, Regent Park South Relocation Study: Interim Report (Toronto, 1958), 35-37.
74. On improvements in housing quality, see Sewell, Houses and Homes, 39.
75. Alvin Finkel, Our Lives: Canada After 1945 (Toronto, 1997), 45.
76. Metropolitan Toronto Archives (MTA), Department of Public Welfare (DPW), RG 5.1, Box 2, File 2, Vol.4, Metropolitan Toronto, Department of Public Welfare, Comparative Monthly Operational and Statistical Report, May 1958, 1.
77. Average calculated by author. Dominion Bureau of Statistics, "Census Metropolitan Area of Toronto," Census of Canada 1961 (Ottawa, 1961).
78. MTA, DPW, R.G. 5.1, Box 8, File 2.09, Vol.2, Department of Public Welfare, Analysis of Questionnaires re: Leaving Accommodation as reported by Recipients of Welfare Assistance, 1965. A 1969 study of applications for public housing revealed the same reasons for housing need: 36.6 percent found the rent too high; 40.2 percent lived in overcrowded or substandard dwellings; 10 percent moved because their house was being sold or re-rented; and just over 5 percent suffered health problems. MTHA, Report on Survey of Family Housing Applications on File (Toronto, June 1969), Table 4.
79. MTHA, Annual Report 1959 (Toronto, MTHA, 1959), unpaginated.
80. MTHA, Metropolitan Toronto Interim Housing Committee Report (Toronto, 1959), unpaginated; "End the Buck Passing on Housing," Toronto Star, 3 December 1959, 4.
81. MTHA, Metropolitan Toronto Interim Housing Committee Report (Toronto, 1959), unpaginated; "End the Buck Passing on Housing," Toronto Star, 3 December 1959, 4.
82. Paul Ringer, interview by author, tape recorded, Toronto, Ontario, 12 November 1996. Also see Graham Fraser with photographs by Michael Mitchell, Fighting Back: Urban Renewal in Trefann Court (Toronto, 1972), 59. Interesting indications of shelter need in a competitive, capitalist housing market are the frequent complaints of rejected applicants about the unfair allocation of public housing to other families. See various letters in CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 36, File "City of Toronto, Mayor's Office, 1950-1957."
83. Paul Ringer, interview by author, tape recorded, Toronto, Ontario, 12 November 1996. Also see Graham Fraser with photographs by Michael Mitchell, Fighting Back: Urban Renewal in Trefann Court (Toronto, 1972), 59. Interesting indications of shelter need in a competitive, capitalist housing market are the frequent complaints of rejected applicants about the unfair allocation of public housing to other families. See various letters in CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 36, File "City of Toronto, Mayor's Office, 1950-1957."
84. CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 29, File No.2, Boxes 29-30. This figure was based on 59 tenant case files where evidence existed of waiting time. Calculations by the author. Albert Rose claimed in 1969 that the wait for a vacancy in Ontario public housing was from 6 months to two years. See "Brave New Worlds," in Michael Wheeler, Housing Policies, 132.
85. CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 9, File: 1965-1968 H, M.H. to Robert Bradley, 9 August 1965.
86. CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 8, File: 1965-1968 C, Robert Bradley to Alfred De Manche, Editor, Canadian Register, 25 August 1965.
87. CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 9, Files "Hostel Reports 1966-1967," Manager to Robert Bradley, 30 November 1967 and "1968 Hostel Self-Improvement Course," Robert Bradley to RF, 1 March 1968.
88. CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 9, Files "Hostel Reports 1966-1967," Manager to Robert Bradley, 30 November 1967 and "1968 Hostel Self-Improvement Course," Robert Bradley to RF, 1 March 1968.
89. Murdie and Teixeira, "Towards a Comfortable Neighbourhood."
90. Sewell, Houses and Homes, chap. 8.
91. Sean Purdy, "'Ripped Off' By the System: Housing Policy, Poverty and Territorial Stigmatization in Regent Park Housing Project, 1951-1991," Labour/Le Travail, no. 50 (forthcoming, Fall 2003), contains a detailed statistical analysis of various socio-economic indicators including ethnic origin.
92. A thorough synthesis of the literature on immigrant families and home ownership in Toronto during the 1950s and 1960s can be found in Murdie and Teixeira, "Towards a Comfortable Neighbourhood," 20-25. See also Franca Iacovetta, Such Hardworking People: Italian Immigrants in Postwar Toronto (Toronto, 1993), IX, chap.6.
93. A thorough synthesis of the literature on immigrant families and home ownership in Toronto during the 1950s and 1960s can be found in Murdie and Teixeira, "Towards a Comfortable Neighbourhood," 20-25. See also Franca Iacovetta, Such Hardworking People: Italian Immigrants in Postwar Toronto (Toronto, 1993), IX, chap.6.
94. Franca Iacovetta, "From Contadina to Worker: Southern Italian Working Women in Toronto, 1947-1962," in Veronica Strong-Boag and Anita Clair Fellman eds., Rethinking Canada: The Promise of Women's History, 3rd ed. (Toronto, 1997), 349. On the Italian community in Montreal see B. Ramirez and M. Del Balzo, "The Italians of Montreal: from sojourning to settlement, 1900-1921," in R.F. Harney and J.V. Scarpaci eds., Little Italies in North America (Toronto, 1981).
95. Franca Iacovetta, "From Contadina to Worker: Southern Italian Working Women in Toronto, 1947-1962," in Veronica Strong-Boag and Anita Clair Fellman eds., Rethinking Canada: The Promise of Women's History, 3rd ed. (Toronto, 1997), 349. On the Italian community in Montreal see B. Ramirez and M. Del Balzo, "The Italians of Montreal: from sojourning to settlement, 1900-1921," in R.F. Harney and J.V. Scarpaci eds., Little Italies in North America (Toronto, 1981).
96. Finkle, Our Lives, chap.2.
97. Brushett, "Blots on the Face of the City," 353.
98. Brushett, "Blots on the Face of the City," 353.
99. Dominion Bureau of Statistics, "Metropolitan Toronto Region," Census of Canada 1951-1981 (Ottawa, 1951-81). On home affordability in Ontario see George Fallis, Housing Programs and Income Distribution in Ontario (Toronto, 1980), 36. On immigrants and homeownership, see E. Moore and B. Ray, "Access to homeownership among immigrant groups in Canada," Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 28 (1991): 1-27 and Harris, "Housing," 390.
100. Dominion Bureau of Statistics, "Metropolitan Toronto Region," Census of Canada 1951-1981 (Ottawa, 1951-81). On home affordability in Ontario see George Fallis, Housing Programs and Income Distribution in Ontario (Toronto, 1980), 36. On immigrants and homeownership, see E. Moore and B. Ray, "Access to homeownership among immigrant groups in Canada," Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 28 (1991): 1-27 and Harris, "Housing," 390.
101. Dominion Bureau of Statistics, "Metropolitan Toronto Region," Census of Canada 1951-1981 (Ottawa, 1951-81). On home affordability in Ontario see George Fallis, Housing Programs and Income Distribution in Ontario (Toronto, 1980), 36. On immigrants and homeownership, see E. Moore and B. Ray, "Access to homeownership among immigrant groups in Canada," Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 28 (1991): 1-27 and Harris, "Housing," 390.
102. Dominion Bureau of Statistics, "Metropolitan Toronto Region," Census of Canada 1951-1981 (Ottawa, 1951-81). On home affordability in Ontario see George Fallis, Housing Programs and Income Distribution in Ontario (Toronto, 1980), 36. On immigrants and homeownership, see E. Moore and B. Ray, "Access to homeownership among immigrant groups in Canada," Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 28 (1991): 1-27 and Harris, "Housing," 390.
103. Robert Cochrane, "Thousands Caught in High Rent Trap," Toronto Star, 17 March 1962, 17.
104. Cited in James Lemon, Toronto Since 1918, An Illustrated History (Toronto, 1985), 126. Note also Desmond Morton and Leon Kumove, Housing: The Predictable Crisis (Toronto, 1967), 2.
105. Cited in James Lemon, Toronto Since 1918, An Illustrated History (Toronto, 1985), 126. Note also Desmond Morton and Leon Kumove, Housing: The Predictable Crisis (Toronto, 1967), 2.
106. CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 32, File: Housing Authority Statistics, 1965-1968, HAT, Analysis of Investigated Applications - Ratio or Rent Paid to Income.
107. Ministry of Community and Social Services, "Housing and Social Policy," Brief Prepared for the Ontario Advisory Task Force on Housing Policy, 1973, Tables 12 and 13. James Struthers has thoroughly shown that welfare benefits were always less than adequate in Toronto even in the 1960s and 70s during the federal government's US-inspired "War on Poverty." The Limits of Affluence: Welfare in Ontario, 1920-1970 (Toronto, 1994), chaps. 7-8.
108. Ministry of Community and Social Services, "Housing and Social Policy," Brief Prepared for the Ontario Advisory Task Force on Housing Policy, 1973, Tables 12 and 13. James Struthers has thoroughly shown that welfare benefits were always less than adequate in Toronto even in the 1960s and 70s during the federal government's US-inspired "War on Poverty." The Limits of Affluence: Welfare in Ontario, 1920-1970 (Toronto, 1994), chaps. 7-8.
109. MTA, Social Planning Council of Metropolitan Toronto (SPCMT), R.G. 5.1, File 2.02, Box 6, Vol.9, "Summary of The Rent Race," 1-2. For more data on the worsening situation of the very poor, note Jeffrey Patterson and Patricia Streich, A Review of Canadian Social Housing Policy (Toronto, 1977). For the affordability problems of renters in Canada as a whole see Sewell, Houses and Homes, chap.2.
110. MTA, Social Planning Council of Metropolitan Toronto (SPCMT), R.G. 5.1, File 2.02, Box 6, Vol.9, "Summary of The Rent Race," 1-2. For more data on the worsening situation of the very poor, note Jeffrey Patterson and Patricia Streich, A Review of Canadian Social Housing Policy (Toronto, 1977). For the affordability problems of renters in Canada as a whole see Sewell, Houses and Homes, chap.2.
111. MTA, Social Planning Council of Metropolitan Toronto (SPCMT), R.G. 5.1, File 2.02, Box 6, Vol.9, "Summary of The Rent Race," 1-2. For more data on the worsening situation of the very poor, note Jeffrey Patterson and Patricia Streich, A Review of Canadian Social Housing Policy (Toronto, 1977). For the affordability problems of renters in Canada as a whole see Sewell, Houses and Homes, chap.2.
112. MTA, SPCMT, R.G. 5.1, File 49, Box 121, ". . . And the Poor Get Poorer: A Study of Social Welfare Programs in Ontario," 19 May 1981, 2-4.
113. Sewell, Houses and Homes, 34.
114. David Hulchanski, Canada's Housing and Housing Policy: An Introduction (Vancouver, 1988), 9.
115. Hulchanski, The use of housing expenditure-to-income ratios, 21.
116. Social Assistance Review Committee, Transitions: Executive Summary (Toronto, 1988).
117. "Affordability of Housing," Focus on Canada (Ottawa, 1989).
118. Sewell, Houses and Homes, chap. 11; Bacher, Keeping to the Marketplace, 259-263.
119. Sewell, Houses and Homes, chap. 11; Bacher, Keeping to the Marketplace, 259-263.
120. Murdie and Teixeira, "Towards a Comfortable Neighbourhood;" Eric Fong and Kumiko Shibuya, "The Spatial Separation of the Poor in Canadian Cities," Demography 37 (November 2000), Table 1; Mark Edward Pfeifer, "Community, Adaptation and the Vietnamese in Toronto," (Ph.D. diss., University of Toronto, 1999).
121. Murdie and Teixeira, "Towards a Comfortable Neighbourhood;" Eric Fong and Kumiko Shibuya, "The Spatial Separation of the Poor in Canadian Cities," Demography 37 (November 2000), Table 1; Mark Edward Pfeifer, "Community, Adaptation and the Vietnamese in Toronto," (Ph.D. diss., University of Toronto, 1999).
122. Murdie and Teixeira, "Towards a Comfortable Neighbourhood;" Eric Fong and Kumiko Shibuya, "The Spatial Separation of the Poor in Canadian Cities," Demography 37 (November 2000), Table 1; Mark Edward Pfeifer, "Community, Adaptation and the Vietnamese in Toronto," (Ph.D. diss., University of Toronto, 1999).
123. Robert Murdie, " 'Blacks in Near-ghettos?' Black Visible Minority Population in Metropolitan Toronto Housing Authority Public Housing Units, " Housing Studies 9 (1994): 435-457. Racist practices by the Ontario Housing Corporation, responsible for overseeing public housing in the province, also contributed to housing hardship. It was usual for some Afro-Caribbean single mothers to immigrate to Toronto in search of work and then send for their children when the time was appropriate. Those desiring to do this who already lived in OHC projects were evicted and put on the bottom of the waiting list when they informed the authorities that their children were coming to Canada. It then became standard practice at OHC to ask applicants if they had children living elsewhere; if they said yes they would be denied public housing and would have to wait to reapply when the children arrived. See Dorothy Quann, Racial Discrimination in Housing (Ottawa, 1979), 33-34.
124. Robert Murdie, " 'Blacks in Near-ghettos?' Black Visible Minority Population in Metropolitan Toronto Housing Authority Public Housing Units, " Housing Studies 9 (1994): 435-457. Racist practices by the Ontario Housing Corporation, responsible for overseeing public housing in the province, also contributed to housing hardship. It was usual for some Afro-Caribbean single mothers to immigrate to Toronto in search of work and then send for their children when the time was appropriate. Those desiring to do this who already lived in OHC projects were evicted and put on the bottom of the waiting list when they informed the authorities that their children were coming to Canada. It then became standard practice at OHC to ask applicants if they had children living elsewhere; if they said yes they would be denied public housing and would have to wait to reapply when the children arrived. See Dorothy Quann, Racial Discrimination in Housing (Ottawa, 1979), 33-34.
125. MTHA, Annual Report 1959, unpagtnated.
126. "Betty Meredith Really Cares for the People Who Need an OHC Home," Ontario Housing 15 (June 1970): 9.
127. Carter, "Current Practices," 601.
128. Sewell, Houses and Homes, 32-33.
129. Sewell, Houses and Homes, 144.
130. Housing Connections Central Registry Report cited in Jack Lakey, "22-year wait for some low-cost housing," Toronto Star, 13 July 1998, B5.
131. I have consciously chosen to "mine" the files for information that sheds light on the larger question of housing need. For a valuable discussion of how case files can be also be fruitfully analyzed as forms of narration and self-representation see Franca Iacovetta and Wendy Mitchinson, "Introduction: Social History and Case Files Research," in Iacovetta and Mitchinson eds., On the Case: Explorations in Social History (Toronto, 1998), 11-13, The Housing Authority of Toronto papers at the City of Toronto archives are rich in case files and other documents that permit researchers to probe the lives of low-income families. CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Boxes 29-30, for example, contain 118 detailed if inconsistent case histories of tenants who left RPN in 1962. They include rental histories, incomes, occupation and family composition information, original applications to RP including inspection reports of their previous housing, reasons for applying to public housing and reasons for acceptance, and miscellaneous information regarding their tenancy in RP. In compliance with Access to Information Guidelines, the files, labelled by names in the archival boxes, were coded by numbers according to their order in the boxes. The names were not recorded. Thus, File No. 1 is the first file and so on. The people referred to in these files have been given pseudonyms. These files will be subsequently cited as "Tenant Case File" with the number of their placement in the archival boxes. Numerous letters from prospective tenants and comments by housing officials on the situations of low-income families can be found throughout the HAT records. Items of correspondence or other documents from all archival collections that may identify non-public persons have been given abbreviations. If the correspondence is directly quoted, pseudonyms have been used. I have used the real names of the interviewees unless they specifically requested to have pseudonyms. In the latter case, abbreviations have been used in the citations.
132. Cynthia Comacchio, " 'The History of Us': Social Science, History, and the Relations of Family in Canada," Labour/Le Travail 46 (Fall 2000): 189.
133. See Murdie, "Social Polarization and Public Housing," 295 and Sacouman and Veltmeyer, "The Political Economy of Part-Time Work," 115-117.
134. Tenant Case File 2.
135. Tenant Case File 13. For other families who were asked or ordered to leave by landlords see Files 4, 12, 17, 22-23, 36, 46, 48-49, 57, 59-61, 68, 75, 77, 80, 82, 87, 89, 91, and 99. For one interesting case of a rich woman pleading for public housing for her servant who was evicted see CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 36, File: City of Toronto Mayor's Office, 1950-1957, Mrs. C to the Mayor, 25 June 1956.
136. Tenant Case File 24. For other families who were paying more than 30 percent of their income in rent see Files 6, 7, 20, 36, 37, 52, 64, and 116. For overcrowding see Files 3, 17, 33, 56, 58, 71, 79-81, 83, 85-86, 88, 93, 101, 104, 115.
137. CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 8, File: 1965-68 F, HF to Robert Bradley, 20 March 1968.
138. Taida Hambleton to author, 15 January 1996.
139. Larry Quinto to author, 2 January 2002.
140. Tenant Case File 8. For other cases of applicants who had lost their houses, see Files 87 and 112.
141. Tenant Case Files 34 and 40.
142. Dave Norris, interview by author, tape recorded, Cambridge, Ontario, 7 May 1996.
143. This was a long-standing practice of landlords reaching back to the nineteenth century. See "Evidence of Arthur Short," in Greg Kealey ed., Canada Investigates Industrialism: The Royal Commission on the Relations of Labour and Capital, 1889 (Toronto, 1973), 254.
144. Interview, anonymous, circa 1956 cited in Albert Rose, Albert Rose, Regent Park: A Study in Slum Clearance (Toronto, 1958), 109.
145. Tenant Case File 61.
146. Tenant Case File 110. For other residents who explicitly moved into RP because of landlord dislike of children see Files 14, 19, 44, 84, 94, 99, 103, and 110.
147. CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 36, File: City of Toronto Mayor's Office, 1950-57, Tenants to Mayor Lamport, 11 February 1952. See in the same file, Mr. And Mrs. GC to Mayor Lamport, 11 February, 1952.
148. CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 9, File "1965-68 H," MH to Robert Bradley, 9 August 1965.
149. Tenant Case File 35.
150. Tenant Case File 19. For other cases of dilapidated housing see Files 6, 8, 24, 27, 37, 39, 40, 51, 56, 58-59, 60-64, 66, 69, 70, 72-76, 78, 97, 100, 103, 105, 108, and 115. See as well evidence from a 1954 report from a doctor
151. Tenant Case File 36.
152. Tenant Case File 81.
153. Tenant Case File 93.
154. Tenant Case File 18.
155. Laurie Monsebraaten, "The new 'gimme shelter" debate," Toronto Star, 7 May 1994, C1.
156. CTA, RG 28, Series B, Box 8, File: 1965-68 B, Robert Bradley to Mr. Borins, Counsel to the Judicial Inquiry on Housing, 15 September 1965.
157. Interview, anonymous, circa 1956 cited in full in Rose, Regent Park, 110-111.
158. Interview, anonymous, circa 1956 cited in full in Rose, Regent Park, 109. For more families with medical problems see Files 26, 44, 52-53, 62, 99.
159. David Blackmore, interview by author, tape recorded, Toronto, Ontario, 6 May 1996.
160. Tenant Case File 15.
161. Hal Tennant, "Our Second Chance at Public Housing," Maclean's (March 20, 1965): 20.
162. "A Litmus Test for Democracy: The Impact of Ontario Welfare Changes on Single Mothers," Studies in Political Economy 66 (August 2001): 18.
163. Tenant Case File 37.
164. Tenant Case File 80.
165. CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 11, File: 1965-1968, MP to Robert Bradley, 7 October 1965.
166. Neu Ruttle, interview by author, tape recorded, Toronto, Ontario, 15 May 1995.
167. CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 9, File: 1964-68 G, CH to Robert Bradley, 15 February 1966.
168. Jack Lakey, "Housing wait now 12-22 years," Toronto Star, 17 July 1998, B3.
169. Harold Troper, "History of Immigration to Toronto Since the Second World War: From Toronto 'the Good' to Toronto 'the World in a City,'" Centre for Excellence in Research on Immigration and Settlement, Working Paper No. 12, March 2000.
170. See the brief profile in "Unit Rep of the Month," Regent Park Community News 1 (August 1972): 2.
171. AG, interview by author, tape recorded, Toronto, Ontario, 18 May 1995.
172. George Fallis and Alex Murray eds. Housing the Homeless and Poor (Toronto, 1990), 54-55 cited in Sewell, Houses and Homes, 33.
173. George Fallis and Alex Murray eds. Housing the Homeless and Poor (Toronto, 1990), 54-55 cited in Sewell, Houses and Homes, 33.
174. MTHA, Regent Park South Relocation Study, 40.
175. CTA, HAT, RG 28, B, Box 8, File: 1965-1968 D, VD to Robert Bradley, 2 March 1966.
176. Sylvia Novae, A Place To Call One's Own; New Voices ofDislocation and Dispossession (Ottawa, 1996); Frances Henry, The Caribbean Diaspora in Toronto: Learning to Live with Racism (Toronto, 1994), 230.
177. Sylvia Novae, A Place To Call One's Own; New Voices ofDislocation and Dispossession (Ottawa, 1996); Frances Henry, The Caribbean Diaspora in Toronto: Learning to Live with Racism (Toronto, 1994), 230.
178. See the profile in "Candidates for RPCIA Executive," Eegent Park Community News 1 (March 1973): 3.
179. "Foreword," in David Zapparoli, Regent Park: The Public Experiment in Housing, A Photographic Exhibit at The Market Gallery, March 13-July 11, 1999 (Toronto, 1999).
180. Hilary Silver cautions that despite global economic trends, national politics still play a central role in shaping inequality. "National Conceptions of the New Urban Poverty: Social Structural Change in Britain, France and the United States," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 17 (September 1993): 336-354.
181. On the US case, note Peter Marcuse, "Interpreting 'Public Housing' History,"Journal of Architectural and Planning Research 12 (1995): 240-258. David Ley charts the development of "inner-city populations" in various Canadian cities who faced housing problems, See "The Inner City," in Bunting and Filion eds. Canadian Cities in Transition, 2nd Ed., 284-285. On the owner building option note Richard Harris, "Owner-Building," in W. van Vliet ed., Encyclopedia of Housing (Beverly Hills, 1998).
182. On the US case, note Peter Marcuse, "Interpreting 'Public Housing' History,"Journal of Architectural and Planning Research 12 (1995): 240-258. David Ley charts the development of "inner-city populations" in various Canadian cities who faced housing problems, See "The Inner City," in Bunting and Filion eds. Canadian Cities in Transition, 2nd Ed., 284-285. On the owner building option note Richard Harris, "Owner-Building," in W. van Vliet ed., Encyclopedia of Housing (Beverly Hills, 1998).
183. On the US case, note Peter Marcuse, "Interpreting 'Public Housing' History,"Journal of Architectural and Planning Research 12 (1995): 240-258. David Ley charts the development of "inner-city populations" in various Canadian cities who faced housing problems, See "The Inner City," in Bunting and Filion eds. Canadian Cities in Transition, 2nd Ed., 284-285. On the owner building option note Richard Harris, "Owner-Building," in W. van Vliet ed., Encyclopedia of Housing (Beverly Hills, 1998).
184. Harris, "Housing," 398. On housing affordability in the US, consult Joan H. Rollins, Renee N. Saris and Ingrid Johnston-Robledo, "Low-Income Women Speak Out About Housing: A High-Stakes Game of Musical Chairs," Journal of Social Issues 57 (2001): 277-298 and Janet L. Smith, "Cleaning Up Public Housing By Sweeping Out the Poor," Habitat International 23 (1999): 53.
185. Harris, "Housing," 398. On housing affordability in the US, consult Joan H. Rollins, Renee N. Saris and Ingrid Johnston-Robledo, "Low-Income Women Speak Out About Housing: A High-Stakes Game of Musical Chairs," Journal of Social Issues 57 (2001): 277-298 and Janet L. Smith, "Cleaning Up Public Housing By Sweeping Out the Poor," Habitat International 23 (1999): 53.
186. Harris, "Housing," 398. On housing affordability in the US, consult Joan H. Rollins, Renee N. Saris and Ingrid Johnston-Robledo, "Low-Income Women Speak Out About Housing: A High-Stakes Game of Musical Chairs," Journal of Social Issues 57 (2001): 277-298 and Janet L. Smith, "Cleaning Up Public Housing By Sweeping Out the Poor," Habitat International 23 (1999): 53.
187. Richard Harris, Unplanned Suburbs: Toronto's American Tragedy, 1900-1950 (Baltimore and London, 1996), 5.
188. Murdie notes that social polarization between public housing tenants and the general population are evident in the United States, Britain, France and Japan. "Social Polarization and Public Housing," 298. For similar developments in Australia note Mike Berry, "Unraveling the 'Australian Housiing Solution,': the Post-War Years," Housing, Theory and Society 16 (1999): 106-123. The author would like to thank Mike Berry for providing a copy of this article.
189. Murdie notes that social polarization between public housing tenants and the general population are evident in the United States, Britain, France and Japan. "Social Polarization and Public Housing," 298. For similar developments in Australia note Mike Berry, "Unraveling the 'Australian Housiing Solution,': the Post-War Years," Housing, Theory and Society 16 (1999): 106-123. The author would like to thank Mike Berry for providing a copy of this article.
190. Harris, "Housing," 399.
191. Loïc Wacquant employs this useful term in "Red Belt, Black Belt: Racial Division, Class Inequality and the State in the French Urban Periphery and the American Ghetto, " in Enzo Mingione, ed., Urban Poverty and the Underclass: A Reader (Oxford, 1996), 237.
192. Wacquant, "Red Belt, Black Belt;" Purdy, " 'Ripped Off By the System;" Murdie, "Social Polarization."
193. Wacquant, "Red Belt, Black Belt;" Purdy, " 'Ripped Off By the System;" Murdie, "Social Polarization."
194. Wacquant, "Red Belt, Black Belt;" Purdy, " 'Ripped Off By the System;" Murdie, "Social Polarization."
195. Thelma Pilkey, interview by author.