Biochemistry and neurobiology of prosaposin: A potential therapeutic neuro-effector

Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 119-131

  Misasi, Roberta ^a   Hozumi, Isao ^b   Inuzuka, Takashi ^b   Capozzi, Antonella ^a   Mattei, Vincenzo ^a   Kuramoto, Yukako ^c   Shimeno, Hiroshi ^c   Soeda, Shinji ^c   Azuma, Norihiro ^d   Yamauchi, Toyoaki ^e   Hiraiwa, Masao ^b,f,g  

^a SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

^b GIFU UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^c FUKUOKA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^d UTSUNOMIYA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^e NAGOYA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^f UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^g Lpath Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; PEPTIDE DERIVATIVE; PROSAPOSIN; PROSAPTIDE D5; PROTEIN PRECURSOR; SAPOSIN A PROTEIN; SAPOSIN B PROTEIN; SAPOSIN C PROTEIN; SAPOSIN D PROTEIN; SPHINGOLIPID ACTIVATOR PROTEIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY; BRAIN INJURY; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CYTOLOGY; DRUG EFFICACY; HUMAN; LYSOSOME; MOLECULAR GENETICS; NERVE INJURY; NEUROBIOLOGY; NEUROCHEMISTRY; NEUROPHARMACOLOGY; NEUROPROTECTION; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN LIPID INTERACTION; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PROTEIN PROCESSING; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; SCIATIC NERVE INJURY; STAB WOUND;

ALTERNATIVE SPLICING; AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; BIOCHEMISTRY; BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT; CONSERVED SEQUENCE; FEMALE; GLYCOPROTEINS; HUMANS; LACTATION; LIPID METABOLISM; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; NERVE GROWTH FACTORS; NEUROBIOLOGY; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; PROTEIN PRECURSORS; SAPOSINS; SPHINGOLIPID ACTIVATOR PROTEINS; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; TRANSFECTION;

EID: 67049136279     PISSN: 18715249     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/187152409788452045     Document Type: Review

References (103)

1. Kishimoto, Y.; Hiraiwa, M.; O'Brien, J.S. Saposins: structure, function, distribution and molecular genetics. J. Lipid Res., 1992, 33, 1255-1267.
2. Kolter, T.; Sandhoff, K. Principles of lysosomal membrane digestion: stimulation of sphingolipid degradation by sphingolipid activator proteins and anionic lysosomal lipids. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol., 2005, 21, 81-103. (Pubitemid 41740628)
3. Hiraiwa, M.; Martin, B.M.; Kishimoto, Y.; Conner, G.E.; Tsuji, S.; O'Brien, J.S. Lysosomal proteolysis of prosaposin, precursor of saposins [sphingolipid activator proteins]:its mechanism and inhibition by gangliosides. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1997, 341, 17-24. (Pubitemid 27198026)
4. Hineno, T.; Sano, A.; Kondoh, K.; Ueno, S.; Kakimoto, Y.; Yoshida, K. Secretion of sphingolipid hydrolase activator precursor, prosaposin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1991, 176, 668-674.
5. Hiraiwa, M.; O'Brien, J.S.; Kishimoto, Y.; Galdzicka, M.; Fluharty, A.L.; Ginns, E.I.; Martin, B.M. Isolation, characterization, and proteolysis of human prosaposin, the precursor of saposins [Sphingolipid Activator Proteins]. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1993, 304, 110-116. (Pubitemid 23214160)
6. Fu, Q.; Carson, G.F.; Hiraiwa, M.; Grafe, M.; Kishimoto, Y.; O'Brien, J.S. Occurrence of prosaposin as a neuronal surface membrane component. J. Mol. Neurosci., 1994, 5, 59-67.
7. Misasi, R.; Sorice, M.; Garofalo, T.; Griggi, T.; Campana, W.M.; Giammatteo, M.; Pavan, A.; Hiraiwa, M.; Pontieri, G.M.; O'Brien, J.S. Colocalization and complex formation between prosaposin and monosialoganglioside GM3 in neural cells. J. Neurochem., 1998, 71, 2313-2321. (Pubitemid 28531241)
8. Sano, A.; Hineno, T.; Mizuno, T.; Kondoh, K.; Ueno, S.; Kakimoto, Y.; Inui, K. Sphingolipid hydrolase activator proteins and their precursor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1989, 165, 1191-1197.
9. Sprecher-Levy, H,; Orr-Urtreger, A.; Lona, P.; Horowitz, M. Murine prosaposin: expression in the reproductive system of a gene implicated in human genetic disease. Cell. Mol. Biol., 1993, 39, 287-299.
10. Sun, Y.; Witte, D.P.; Grabowski, G.A. Developmental and tissue-specific expression of prosaposin mRNA in murine tissues. Am. J. Pathol., 1994, 145, 1390-1398. (Pubitemid 24378493)
11. Kreda, S.M.; Fujita, N.; Suzuki, K. Expression of sphingolipid activator protein gene in brain and systemic organs of developing mice. Dev. Neurosci., 1994, 16, 90-99. (Pubitemid 24330194)
12. Harzer, K.; Paton, B.C.; Poulos, A.; Kustermann-Kuhn, B.; Roggendorf, W.; Grisar, T.; Popp, M. Sphingolipid activator deficiency in a 16 week old atipical Gaucher disease patient and its fetal sibling: biochemical signs of combined sphingolipidoses. Eur. J. Pediatr., 1989, 149, 31-39. (Pubitemid 19256486)
13. Bradovà, V.; Smid, F.; Ulrich-Bott, B.; Roggendorf, W.; Paton, B.C.; Harzer, K. Prosaposin deficiency: further characterization of the sphingolipid activator protein-deficient sibs. Hum. Genet., 1993, 92, 143-152. (Pubitemid 23272279)
14. Sikora, J.; Harzer, K.; Elleder, M. Neurolysosomal pathology in human prosaposin deficiency suggests essential neurotrophic function of prosaposin. Acta Neuropathol., 2007, 113, 163-175. (Pubitemid 46158149)
15. Elleder, M.; Jerábková, M.; Befekadu, A.; Hrebícek, M.; Berná, L.; Ledvinová, J.; Hulková, H.; Rosewich, H.; Schymik, N.; Paton, B.C.; Harzer, K. Prosaposin deficiency - a rarely diagnosed, rapidly progressing, neonatal neurovisceral lipid storage disease. Report of a further patient. Neuropediatrics, 2005, 36, 171-180. (Pubitemid 41117113)
16. Hulková, H.; Cervenková, M.; Ledvinová, J.; Tochácková, M.; Hrebícek, M.; Poupetová, H.; Befekadu, A.; Berná, L.; Paton, B.C.; Harzer, K.; Böör, A.; Smíd, F.; Elleder, M. A novel mutation in the coding region of the prosaposin gene leads to a complete deficiency of prosaposin and saposins, and is associated with a complex sphingolipidosis dominated by lactosylceramide accumulation. Hum. Mol. Genet., 2001, 10, 927-940. (Pubitemid 32401409)
17. Schnabel, D.;, Schroderl, M.; Furst, W.; Klein, A.; Hurwitz, R.; Zenk, T.; Weberg, J.; Harzer, K.; Paton, B.C.; Poulos, A.; Suzuki, K.; Sandhoff, K. Simultaneous deficiency of sphingolipid activator proteins 1 and 2 is caused by a mutation in the initiation codon of their common gene. J. Biol. Chem., 1992, 267, 3312-3315.
18. Fujita, N.; Suzuki, K.; Vanier, M.T.; Popko, B.; Maeda, N.; Klein, A.; Henseler, M.; Sandhoff, K.; Nakayasu, H.; Suzuki, K. Targeted disruption of the mouse sphingolipid activator protein gene: a complex phenotype, including severe leukodystrophy and wide-spread storage of multiple sphingolipids. Hum. Mol. Genet., 1996, 5, 711-725. (Pubitemid 26171286)
19. Oya, Y.; Nakayasu, H.; Fujita, N.; Suzuki, K.; Suzuki, K. Pathological study of mice with total deficiency of sphingolipid activator proteins [SAP knockout mice]. Acta Neuropathol., 1998, 96, 29-40. (Pubitemid 28297846)
20. O'Brien, J.S.; Carson, G.S.; Seo, H.C.; Hiraiwa, M.; Kishimoto, Y. Identification of prosaposin as a neurotrophic factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1994, 91, 9593-9596.
21. O'Brien, J.S.; Carson, G.S.; Seo, H.C.; Hiraiwa, M.; Weiler, S.; Tomich, J.M.; Barranger, J.A.; Kahn, M.; Azuma, N.; Kishimoto, Y. Identification of the neurotrophic factor sequence of prosaposin. FASEB J., 1995, 9, 681-685.
22. Hiraiwa, M.; Taylor, E.M.; Campana, W.M.; Darin, S.J.; O'Brien, J.S. Cell death prevention, mitogen-activated protein kinase stimulation, and increased sulfatide concentrations in Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes by prosaposin and prosaptides. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1997, 94, 4778-4781. (Pubitemid 27194320)
23. Campana, W.M.; Hiraiwa, M.; O'Brien, J.S. Prosaptide activates the MAPK pathway by a G-protein-dependent mechanism essential for enhanced sulfatide synthesis by Schwann cells. FASEB J., 1998, 12, 307-314. (Pubitemid 28106778)
24. Campana, W.M.; Darin, S.J.; O'Brien, J.S. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Akt protein kinase mediate IGF-I- and prosaptide-induced survival in Schwann cells. J. Neurosci. Res., 1999, 57, 332-341. (Pubitemid 29339789)
25. Mehl, E.; Jatzkewitz, H. Eine cerebrosidsulfatase aus schweineniere. Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem., 1964, 339, 260-276.
26. O'Brien, J.S.; Kretz, K.A.; Dewji, N.N.; Wenger, D.A.; Esch, F.; Fluharty, A.L. Coding of two sphingolipid activator proteins [SAP-1 and SAP-2] by same genetic locus. Science, 1988, 241, 1098-1101.
27. Inui, K.; Kao, F.T.; Fujibayashi, S.; Jones, C.; Morse, H.G.; Law, M.L.; Wenger, D.A. The gene coding for a sphingolipid activator SAP-2, is on chromosome 10. Hum. Genet., 1985, 69, 197-200. (Pubitemid 15142093)
28. Fujibayashi, S.; Kao, F.T.; Jones, C.; Morse, H.; Law, M.; Wenger, D.A. Assignment of the gene for humansphingolipid activator protein-2 [SAP-2] to chromosome 10. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 1985, 37, 741-748. (Pubitemid 16249432)
29. Kao, F.T.; Law, M.L.; Hartz, J.; Jones, C.; Zhang, X.L.; Dewji, N.N.; O'Brien, J.S.; Wenger, D.A. Regional localization of the gene coding for sphingolipid activator protein [SAF1] on human chromosome 10. Somat. Cell Mol. Genet., 1988, 13, 685-688.
30. Zhang, X.; Rafi, M.A.; DeGala, G.; Wenger, D.A. Insertion in the mRNA of the methacromatic leukodystrophy patient with sphingolipid activator-1 deficiency. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 1990, 87, 1426-1430. (Pubitemid 20080321)
31. Kretz, K.A.; Carson, G.S.; Morimoto, S.; Kishimoto, Y.; Fluharty, A.L.; O'Brien, J.S. Characterization of a mutation in a family with saposin B deficiency: a glycosylation site defect. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1990, 87, 2541-2544. (Pubitemid 20141774)
32. Zhang, X.; Rafi, M.A.; DeGala, G.; Wenger, D.A. The mechanism for a 33-nucleotide insertion in mRNA causing sphingolipid activator protein [SAP-1] deficient methacromatic leukodystrophy. Hum. Genet., 1991, 87, 211-215.
33. Schnabel, D.; Schroder, M.; Sandhoff, K. Mutation in the sphingolipid activator protein 2 in a patient with a variant of Gaucher disease. FEBS Lett., 1991, 284, 57-59.
34. Matsuda, J.; Vanier, M.T.; Saito, Y.; Tohyama, J.; Suzuki, K.; Suzuki, K. A mutation in the saposin A domain of the sphingolipid activator protein [prosaposin] gene results in a late-onset, chronic form of globoid cell leukodystrophy in the mouse. Hum. Mol. Genet., 2001, 10, 1191-1199. (Pubitemid 32487542)
35. Rafi, M.A.; Zhang, X.-L.; DeGala, G.; Wenger, D.A. Detection of a point mutation in sphingolipid activator protein-1 mRNA in patients with a variant from of metachromatic leukodystrophy. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1990, 166, 1017-1023. (Pubitemid 20049947)
36. Spiegel, R.; Bach, G.; Sury, V.; Mengistu, G.; Meidan, B.; Shalev, S.; Shneor, Y.; Mandel, H.; Zeigler, M. A mutation in the saposin A coding region of the prosaposin gene in an infant presenting as Krabbe disease: first report of saposin A deficiency in humans. Mol. Genet. Metab., 2005, 84, 160-166. (Pubitemid 40164576)
37. Dewji, N.N.; Wenger, D.A.; O'Brien, J.S. Nucleotide sequence of cloned cDNA for human sphingolipid activator protein 1 precursor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1987, 84, 8652-8656.
38. Nakano, T.; Sandhoff, K.; Stümper, J.; Christomanou, H.; Suzuki, K.Structure of full-length cDNA coding for sulfatide activator, a Co-beta-glucosidase and two other homologous proteins: two alternate forms of the sulfatide activator. J. Biochem., 1989, 105, 152-154. (Pubitemid 19059070)
39. Morimoto, S.; Martin, B.M.; Kishimoto, Y.; O'Brien, J.S. Saposin D: a sphingomyelinase activator. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1988, 156, 403-410.
40. Fürst, W.; Machleidt, W.; Sandhoff, K. The precursor of sulfatide activator protein is processed to three different proteins. Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler, 1988, 369, 317-328. (Pubitemid 18139600)
41. Morimoto, S.; Martin, B.M.; Yamamoto, Y.; Kretz, K.A.; O'Brien, J.S.; Kishimoto, Y. Saposin A: a second cerebrosidase activator protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1989, 86, 3389-3393. (Pubitemid 19129617)
42. Azuma, N.; Seo, H.C.; Lie, O.; Fu, Q.; Gould, R.M.; Hiraiwa, M.; Burt, D.W.; Paton, I.R.; Morrice, D.R.; O'Brien, J.S.; Kishimoto, Y. Cloning, expression and map assignment of chicken prosaposin. Biochem. J., 1998, 330, 321-327. (Pubitemid 28075757)
43. Kondoh, K.; Hineno, T.; Sano, A.; Kakimoto, Y. Isolation and characterization of prosaposin from human milk. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1991, 181, 286-292.
44. Ito, K.; Takahashi, N.; Takahashi, A.; Shimada, I.; Arata, Y.; O'Brien, J.S.; Kishimoto, Y. Structural study of the oligosaccharide moieties of sphingolipid activator proteins, saposins A, C and D obtained from the spleen of a Gaucher patient. Eur. J. Biochem., 1993, 215, 171-179. (Pubitemid 23211139)
45. Hiraiwa, M.; Soeda, S.; Martin, B.M.; Fluharty, A.L.; Hirabayashi, Y.; O'Brien, J.S.; Kishimoto, Y. The effect of carbohydrate removal on stability and activity of saposin B. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1993, 303, 326-331. (Pubitemid 23199829)
46. Munford, R.S.; Sheppard, P.O.; O'Hara, P.J. Saposin-like proteins [SAPLIP] carry out diverse functions on a common backbone structure. J. Lipid Res., 1995, 36, 1653-1663.
47. Ahn, V.E.; Leyko, P.; Alattia, J.R.; Chen, L.; Privé, G.G. Crystal structures of saposins A and C. Protein Sci., 2006, 15, 1849-1857. (Pubitemid 44141503)
48. Ahn, V.E.; Faull, K.F.; Whitelegge, J.P.; Fluharty, A.L.; Privé, G.G. Crystal structure of saposin B reveals a dimeric shell for lipid binding. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2003, 100, 38-43. (Pubitemid 36078026)
49. Rossmann, M.; Schultz-Heienbrok, R.; Behlke, J.; Remmel, N.; Alings, C.; Sandhoff, K.; Saenger, W.; Maier, T. Crystal structures of human saposins C and D: implications for lipid recognition and membrane interactions. Structure, 2008, 16, 809-817.
50. Hiraiwa, M.; Soeda, S.; Kishimoto, Y.; O'Brien, J.S. Binding and transfport of gangliosides by prosaposin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1991, 89, 11254-11258.
51. Sylvester, S.R.; Morales, C.; Oko, R.; Griswold, M.D. Sulfated glycoprotein-1 [saposin precursor] in the reproductive tract of the male rat. Biol. Reprod., 1989, 41, 941-948. (Pubitemid 20043508)
52. Morales, C.R.; El-Alfy, M.; Zhao, Q.; Igdoura, S.A. Expression and tissue distribution of rat sulphated glycoprotein-1 [prosaposin] J. Histochem. Cytochem., 1996, 44, 327-337. (Pubitemid 26102430)
53. Fujibayashi, S.; Wenger, D.A. Biosynthesis of the sulfatide/GMl activator protein [SAP-1] in control and mutant cultured skin fibroblasts. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1986, 875, 554-562. (Pubitemid 16073608)
54. Rijnboutt, S.; Aert, H.M.F.G.; Geuze, H.J.; Tager, J.M.; Strous, G.J. Mannose 6-phosphate-independent membrane: association of cathepsin D, glucocerebrosidase, and the sphingolipid activating protein in HepGZ cells. J. Biol. Chem., 1991, 266, 4862-4868. (Pubitemid 21909434)
55. Henseler, M.; Klein, A.; Glombitza, G.J.; Suzuki, K.; Sandhoff, K. Expression of the three alternative forms of the sphingolipid activator protein precursor in baby hamster kidney cells and functional assays in a cell culture system. J. Biol. Chem., 1996, 271, 8416-8423. (Pubitemid 26108678)
56. Vielhaber, G.; Hurwitz, R.; Sandhoff, K. Biosynthesis, processing and targeting of sphingolipid activator protein [SAP] precursor in cultured human fibroblasts. mannose 6 phosphate receptor-indipendent endocytosis of SAP precursor. J. Biol. Chem., 1996, 271, 32438-32446. (Pubitemid 26422287)
57. Hiesberger, T.; Huttler, S.; Rohlmann, A.; Schneider, W.; Sandhoff, K.; Herz, J. Cellular uptake of saposin [SAP] precursor and lysosomal delivery by the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein [LRP]. EMBO J., 1998, 17, 4617-4625. (Pubitemid 28377162)
58. Vogel, A.; Schwarzmann, G.; Sandhoff, K. Glycosphingolipid specificity of the human sulfatide activator protein. Eur. J. Biochem., 1991, 200, 591-597.
59. Tsuboi, K.; Hiraiwa, M.; O'Brien, J.S. Prosaposin prevents programmed cell death of rat cerebellar granule neurons in culture. Dev. Brain Res., 1998, 110, 249-255. (Pubitemid 28449066)
60. Qi, X.; Kondoh, K.; Krusling, D.; Kelso, G.J.; Leonova, T.; Grabowski, G.A. Conformational and amino acid residue requirements for the saposin C neuritogenic effect. Biochemistry, 1999, 38, 6284-6291. (Pubitemid 129514923)
61. Campana, W.M.; Hiraiwa, M.; Addison, K.C.; O'Brien, J.S. Induction of MAPK phosphorylation by prosaposin and prosaptide in PC12 cells". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1996, 229, 706-712.
62. Misasi, R.; Sorice, M.; Di Marzio, L.; Campana, W.M.; Molinari, S.; Cifone, M.G.; Pavan, A,; Pontieri, G.M.; O'Brien, J.S. Prosaposin treatment induces PC12 entry in the S phase of the cell cycle and prevents apoptosis: activation of ERK's and sphingosine kinase. FASEB J., 2001, 15, 467-474. (Pubitemid 32141438)
63. Misasi, R.; Garofalo, T.; Di Marzio, L.; Mattei, V.; Gizzi, C.; Hiraiwa, M.; Pavan, A.; Cifone, M.G.; Sorice, M. Prosaposin: a new player in the cell death prevention of U937 monocytic cells. Exp. Cell Res., 2004, 298, 38-47. (Pubitemid 38887305)
64. Misasi, R.; Hiraiwa, M.; Sorice, M.; Garofalo, T.; Pavan, A.; Pontieri, G.M.; O'Brien, J.S. Functional role of ganglioside-prosaposin interaction in neuronal cells. Recent Res. Devel. Neurochem., 2000, 3, 301-316.
65. Ledesma, M.; Simons, K.; Dotti, C.G. Neuronal polarity: essential role of protein-lipid complexes is axonal sorting. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1998, 95, 3966-3971. (Pubitemid 28173237)
66. Simons, K.; Toomre, D. Lipid rafts and signal transduction, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol., 2000, 1, 31-41.
67. Parolini, I.; Sargiacomo, M.; Lisanti, M.P.; Peschle, C. Signal transduction and glycophosphatidylinositol-linked proteins [lyn, lck, CD4, CD45, G-proteins, and CD55] selectively localize in Triton-insoluble plasma membrane domains of human leukemic cell lines and normal granulocytes. Blood, 1996, 87, 3783-3794. (Pubitemid 26129606)
68. Hiraiwa, M.; Campana, W.M.; Martin, B.M.; O'Brien, J.S. Prosaposin receptor: evidence for a G-protein-associated receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1997, 240, 415-418.
69. Stewart, H.J.; Bradke, F.; Tabernero, A.; Morrell, D.; Jessen, K.R.; Mirsky, R. Regulation of rat Schwan cell P0 expression and DNA synthesis by insulin-like growth factors in vitro. Eur. J. Neurosci., 1996, 8, 553-564. (Pubitemid 26090760)
70. Koochekpour, S.; Sartor, O.; Hiraiwa, M.; Lee, T.J.; Rayford, W.; Remmel, M.; Sandhoff, K.; Minokadeh, A.; Patten, D.Y. Saposin C stimulates growth and invasion, activates p42/44 and SAPK/JNK signaling pathways of MAPK and upregulates uPA/uPAR. Expression in prostate cancer and stromal cells. Asian J. Androl., 2005, 7, 147-158. (Pubitemid 41051420)
71. Koochekpour, S.; Zhuang, Y.J.; Beroukhim, R.; Hsieh, C.L.; Hofer, M.D.; Zhau, H.E.; Hiraiwa, M.; Patten, D.Y.; Ware, J.L.; Luftig, R.B.; Sandhoff, K.; Sawyers, C.L.; Pienta, K.J.; Rubin, M.A.; Vessella, R.L.; Sellers, W.R.; Sartor, O. Amplification and overexpression of prosaposin in prostate cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer, 2005, 44, 351-364. (Pubitemid 41476786)
72. Koochekpour, S.; Lee, T.J.; Wang, R.; Sun, Y.; Delorme, N.; Hiraiwa, M.; Grabowski, G.A.; Culig, Z.; Minokadeh, A. Prosaposin is a novel androgen-regulated gene in prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. J. Cell Biochem., 2007, 101, 631-641. (Pubitemid 46698848)
73. Koochekpour, S.; Lee, L.J.; Wang, R.; Sun, Y.; Delorme, N.; Hiraiwa, M.; Grabowski, G.A.; Culig, Z.; Minokadeh, A. Prosaposin is a novel androgen-regulated gene in prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. J. Cell Biochem., 2007, 101, 631-641. (Pubitemid 46698848)
74. Heemers, H.V.; Verhoeven, G.; Swinnen, J.V. Androgen activation of the sterol regulatory element-binding protein pathway: Current insights. Mol. Endocrinol., 2006, 10, 2265-2277. (Pubitemid 44496400)
75. Ochiai, T.; Takenaka, Y.; Kuramoto, Y.; Sakata, A.; Kimura, M.; Shimeno, H.; Hiraiwa, M.; Misasi, R.; Soeda, S. Molecular mechanism for neuroprotective effect of prosaposin against oxidative stress: its regulation of dimeric transcription factor formation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2008, 1780, 1441-1447.
76. Holtschmidt, H.; Sandhoff, K.; Furst, W.; Kwon, H.Y.; Schnabel, D.; Suzuki, K. The organization of the gene for the human cerebroside sulfate activator protein. FEBS Lett., 1991, 280, 267-270.
77. Rorman, E.G.; Scheinker, V.; Grabowski, G.A. Structure and evolution of the human prosaposin chromosomal gene. Genomics, 1992, 13, 312-318.
78. Jin, P.; Sun, Y.; Grabowski, G.A. Role of Sp proteins and RORalpha in transcription regulation of murine prosaposin. J. Biol. Chem., 1998, 273, 13208-13216. (Pubitemid 28246892)
79. Lindvall, O.; Kokaia, Z.; Bengzon, J.; Elmér, E.; Kokaia, M. Neurotrophins and brain insults. Trends Neurosci., 1994, 17, 490-496.
80. Gillen, C.; Gleichmann, M.; Spreyer, P.; Müller, H.W. Differential expressed gene after peripheral nerve injury. J. Neurosci. Res., 1995, 42, 159-171.
81. Yokota, N.; Uchijima, M.; Nishizawa, S.; Namba, H.; Koide, Y. Identification of differential expressed genes in rat hippocampus after transient global cerebral ischemia using subtractive cDNA clon ing based on polymerase chain reaction. Stroke, 2001, 32, 168-174. (Pubitemid 32063842)
82. Hiraiwa, M.; Liu, J.; Lu, A.G.; Wang, C.Y.; Misasi, R.; Yamauchi, T.; Hozumi, I.; Imuzuka, T.; O'Brien, J.S. Regulation of gene expression in response to brain injury: enhanced expression and alternative splicing of rat prosaposin [SGP-1] mRNA in injured brain. J. Nuerotrauma, 2003, 20, 755-765. (Pubitemid 36993449)
83. Holtschmidt, H.; Sandhoff, K.; Kwon, H.Y.; Harzer, K.; Nakano, T.; Suzuki, K. Sulfatide activator protein. Alternative splicing that generates three mRNAs and a newly found mutation responsible for a clinical disease. J. Biol. Chem., 1991, 266, 7556-7560. (Pubitemid 21906401)
84. Lamontagne, S.; Potier, M. Modulation of human saposin B sphingolipid-binding specificity by alternative splicing. A study with saposin B-derived synthetic peptides. J. Biol. Chem., 1994, 269, 20528-20532. (Pubitemid 24982734)
85. Madar-Shapiro, L.; Pasmanik-Chor, M.; Vaccaro, A.M.; Dinur, T.; Dagan, A.; Gatt, S.; Horowitz, M. Importance of splicing for prosaposin sorting. Biochem. J., 1999, 337, 433-443. (Pubitemid 129510982)
86. Cohen, T.; Auerbach, W.; Ravid, L.; Bodennec, J.; Fein, A.; Futerman, A.H.; Joyner, A.L.; Horowitz, M. The exon 8-containing prosaposin gene splice variant is dispensable for mouse development, lysosomal function, and secretion. Mol. Cell. Biol., 2005, 25, 2431-2440. (Pubitemid 40354636)
87. Gallo, J.M.; Jin, P.; Thornton, C.A.; Lin, H.; Robertson, J.; D'Souza, I.; Schlaepfer, W.W. The role of RNA and RNA processing in neurodegeneration. J. Neurosci., 2005, 25, 10372-10375. (Pubitemid 41628440)
88. D'Souza, I.; Schellenberg, G.D. Regulation of tau isoform expression and dementia. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2005, 1739, 104-115.
89. Chambers, C.B.; Muma, N.A. Tau mRNA isoforms following sciatic nerve axotomy with and without regeneration. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res., 1997, 48, 115-124. (Pubitemid 27298135)
90. Liu, W.K.; Dickson, D.W.; Yen, S.H. Heterogeneity of tau proteins in Alzheimer's disease. Evidence for increased expression of an isoform and preferential distribution of a phosphorylated isoform in neurites. Am. J. Pathol., 1993, 142, 387-394. (Pubitemid 23057451)
91. Hiraiwa, M.; Campana, W.M.; Mizisin, A.P.; Mohiuddin, L.; O'Brien, J.S. Prosaposin: a myelinotrophic protein that promotes expression of myelin constituents and is secreted after nerve injury. Glia, 1999, 26, 353-360. (Pubitemid 29257197)
92. Yan, L.; Otero, D.A.; Hiraiwa, M.; O'Brien, J.S. Prosaptide D5 reverses hyperalgesia: inhibition of calcium channels through a pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein mechanism in the rat. Neurosci. Lett., 2000, 278, 120-122. (Pubitemid 30009912)
93. Sano, A.; Matsuda, S.; Wen, T.C.; Kotani, Y.; Kondoh, K.; Ueno, S.; Kakimoto, Y.; Yoshimura, H.; Sakanaka, M. Protection by prosaposin against ischemia-induced learning disability and neuronal loss. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1994, 204, 994-1000. (Pubitemid 24344019)
94. Kotani, Y.; Matsuda, S.; Wen, T.C.; Sakanaka, M.; Tanaka, J.; Maeda, N.; Kondoh, K.; Ueno, S.; Sano, A. A hydrophilic peptide comprising 18 amino acid residues of the prosaposin sequence has neurotrophic activity in vitro and in vivo. J. Neurochem., 1996, 66, 2197-2200. (Pubitemid 26118814)
95. Igase, K.; Tanaka, J.; Kumon, Y.; Zhang, B.; Sadamoto, Y.; Maeda, N.; Sakaki, S.; Sakanaka, M. An 18-mer peptide fragment of prosaposin ameliorates place navigation disability, cortical infarction, and retrograde thalamic degeneration in rats with focal cerebral ischemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 1999, 19, 298-306. (Pubitemid 30026920)
96. Lu, A.G.; Otero, D.A.; Hiraiwa, M.; O'Brien, J.S. Neuroprotective effect of retro-inverso prosaptide D5 on focal cerebral ischemia in rat. Neuroreport, 2000, 11, 1791-1794. (Pubitemid 30350355)
97. Hozumi, I.; Hiraiwa, M.; Inuzuka, T.; Yoneoka, Y.; Akiyama, K.; Tanaka, R.; Kikugawa, K.; Nakano, R.; Tsuji, S.; O'Brien, J.S. Administration of prosaposin ameliorates spatial learning disturbance and reduces cavity formation following stab wounds in rat brain. Neurosci. Lett., 1999, 267, 73-76. (Pubitemid 29251626)
98. Kotani, Y.; Matsuda, S.; Sakanaka, M.; Kondoh, K.; Ueno, S.; Sano, A. Prosaposin facilitates sciatic nerve regeneration in vivo. J. Neurochem., 1996, 66, 2019-2025. (Pubitemid 26118793)
99. Calcutt, N.A.; Freshwater, J.D.; O'Brien, J.S. Protection of sensory function and antihyperalgesic properties of a prosaposin-derived peptide in diabetic rats. Anesthesiology, 2000, 93, 1271-1278.
100. Jolivalt, C.G.; Vu, Y.; Mizisin, L.M.; Mizisin, A.P.; Calcutt, N.A. Impaired prosaposin secretion during nerve regeneration in diabetic rats and protection of nerve regeneration by a prosaposin-derived peptide. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 2008, 67, 702-710.
101. Jolivalt, C.G.; Ramos, K.M.; Herbetsson, K.; Esch, F.S.; Calcutt, N.A. Therapeutic efficacy of prosaposin-derived peptide on different models of allodynia. Pain, 2006, 121, 14-21. (Pubitemid 43261627)
102. Jolivalt, C.G.; Dacunha, J.M.; Esch, F.S.; Calcutt, N.A. Central action of prosaptide TX14[A] against gp120-induced allodynia in rats. Eur. J. Pain, 2008, 12, 76-81. (Pubitemid 350046368)
103. Hiraiwa, M.; Campana, W.M.; Wang, C.Y.; Otero, D.A.; O'Brien, J.S. A retro-inverso prosaptide D5 promotes a myelination process in developing rats. Dev. Brain Res., 2001, 128, 73-76. (Pubitemid 32441798)