The merging of community ecology and phylogenetic biology

Ecology Letters

Volumn 12, Issue 7, 2009, Pages 693-715

  Cavender Bares, Jeannine ^a   Kozak, Kenneth H ^a   Fine, Paul V A ^b   Kembel, Steven W ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Community assembly; Deterministic vs. neutral processes; Ecosystem processes; Experimental approaches; Functional traits; Phylogenetic community ecology; Phylogenetic diversity; Spatial and phylogenetic scale

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGY; COMMUNITY COMPOSITION; COMMUNITY ECOLOGY; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; EVOLUTION; PHYLOGENY; SPECIATION (BIOLOGY);

ARTICLE; BIODIVERSITY; BIOLOGY; ECOLOGY; ECOSYSTEM; GENE FLOW; PHYLOGENY; POPULATION DYNAMICS; SPECIES DIFFERENTIATION; SPECIES EXTINCTION;

BIODIVERSITY; COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY; ECOLOGY; ECOSYSTEM; EXTINCTION, BIOLOGICAL; GENE FLOW; GENETIC SPECIATION; PHYLOGENY; POPULATION DYNAMICS;

EID: 66349134056     PISSN: 1461023X     EISSN: 14610248     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01314.x     Document Type: Article

References (186)

1. Ackerly, D. D., Reich, P. B. (1999). Convergence and correlations among leaf size and function in seed plants: A comparative test using independent contrasts. Am. J. Bot., 86, 1272 1287.
2. Ackerly, D. (2004). Functional strategies of chaparral shrubs in relation to seasonal water deficit and disturbance. Ecol. Monogr., 74, 25 44. (Pubitemid 41123454)
3. Ackerly, D.D. (2003). Community assembly, niche conservatism and adaptive evolution in changing environments. Int. J. Plant Sci., 164, S165 S184.
4. Ackerly, D.D. (2004). Adaptation, niche conservatism, and convergence: comparative studies of leaf evolution in the California chaparral. Am. Nat., 163, 654 671. (Pubitemid 38718106)
5. Ackerly, D.D., Schwilk, D.W. Webb, C.O. (2006). Niche evolution and adaptive radiation: testing the order of trait divergence. Ecology, 87, S50 S61.
6. Agrawal, A.A. Fishbein, M. (2006). Plant defense syndromes. Ecology, 87, 132 149.
7. Agrawal, A.A. Fishbein, M. (2008). Phylogenetic escalation and decline of plant defense strategies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, 105, 10057 10060.
8. Antonovics, J. (1992). Toward community genetics. In : Plant Resistance to Herbivores and Pathogens: Ecology, Evolution, and Genetics (eds Fritz, R.S. Simms, E.L.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, pp. 426 449.
9. Arnold, M.L. (1992). Natural hybridization as an evolutionary process. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 23, 237 261. (Pubitemid 24412249)
10. Bascompte, J. Jordano, P. (2007). Plant-animal mutualistic networks: the architecture of biodiversity. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 38, 567 593.
11. Bazzaz, F.A. (1991). Habitat selection in plants. Am. Nat., 137, S116 S130.
12. Bazzaz, F.A. (1996). Plants in Changing Environments: Linking Physiological, Population, and Community Ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
13. Becerra, J.X. (1997). Insects on plants: macroevolutionary chemical trends in host use. Science, 276, 253 256.
14. Berenbaum, M.R. (1990). Evolution of specialization in insect-umbellifer associations. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 35, 319 343. (Pubitemid 120024495)
15. Blomberg, S.P., Ives, A.R. Garland, T. (2001). Detecting phylogenetic signal in comparative data. Am. Zool., 41, 1395.
16. Bonan, G.B., Levis, S., Sitch, S., Vertenstein, M. Oleson, K.W. (2003). A dynamic global vegetation model for use with climate models: concepts and description of simulated vegetation dynamics. Glob. Chang. Biol., 9, 1543 1566. (Pubitemid 37481806)
17. Braun, E.L. (1928). Glacial and post-glacial plant migrations indicated by relic colonies of southern Ohio. Ecology, 9, 284 302.
18. Brooks, D.R. McLennan, D.A. (1991). Phylogeny, Ecology, and Behavior: A Research Program in Comparative Biology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
19. Brower, A.V.Z. (1996). Parallel race formation and the evolution of mimicry in Heliconius butterflies: a phylogenetic hypothesis from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Evolution, 50, 195 221. (Pubitemid 126517935)
20. Bryant, J.B., Lamanna, C., Morlon, H., Kerkhoff, A.J., Enquist, B.J. Green, J.L. (2008). Microbes on mountainsides: contrasting elevational patterns of bacterial and plant diversity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 105 (Suppl. 1 1505 11511.
21. Burke, J.M. Arnold, M.L. (2001). Genetics and the fitness of hybrids. Annu. Rev. Genet., 35, 31 52. (Pubitemid 34032969)
22. Cadotte, M.W., Cardinale, B.J. Oakley, T.H. (2008). Evolutionary history and the effect of biodiversity on plant productivity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 105, 17012 17017.
23. Cahill, J.F., Kembel, S.W., Lamb, E.G. Keddy, P.A. (2008). Does phylogenetic relatedness influence the strength of competition among vascular plants? Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst., 10, 41 50.
24. Callaway, R.M. (1997). Positive interactions in plant communities and the individualistic-continuum concept. Oecologia, 112, 143 149. (Pubitemid 27441903)
25. Callaway, R.M., Brooker, R.W., Choler, P., Kikvidze, Z., Lortiek, C.J., Michalet, R. et al. (2002). Positive interactions among alpine plants increase with stress. Nature, 417, 844 848. (Pubitemid 34670329)
26. Carson, W. Root, R. (2000). Herbivory and plant species coexistence: community regulation by an outbreaking phytophagous insect. Ecol. Monogr., 70, 73 99. (Pubitemid 30096343)
27. Cavender-Bares, J. Wilczek, A. (2003). Integrating micro- and macroevolutionary processes in community ecology. Ecology, 84, 592 597. (Pubitemid 36893046)
28. Cavender-Bares, J., Ackerly, D.D., Baum, D.A. Bazzaz, F.A. (2004a). Phylogenetic overdispersion in Floridian oak communities. Am. Nat., 163, 823 843. (Pubitemid 38852137)
29. Cavender-Bares, J., Kitajima, K. Bazzaz, F.A. (2004b). Multiple trait associations in relation to habitat differentiation among 17 Floridian oak species. Ecol. Monogr., 74, 635 662. (Pubitemid 40534051)
30. Cavender-Bares, J., Keen, A. Miles, B. (2006). Phylogenetic structure of Floridian plant communities depends on taxonomic and spatial scale. Ecology, 87, S109 S122.
31. Chase, J.M. Leibold, M.A. (2003). Ecological Niches: Linking Classical and Contemporary Approaches. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
32. Chave, J., Muller-Landau, H.C., Baker, T.R., Easdale, T.A., Ter Steege, H. Webb, C.O. (2006). Regional and phylogenetic variation of wood density across 2456 neotropical tree species. Ecol. Appl., 16, 2356 2367. (Pubitemid 44917592)
33. Chave, J., Chust, G. Thébaud, C. (2007). The importance of phylogenetic structure in biodiversity studies. In : Scaling Biodiversity (eds Storch, D., Marquet, P. Braun, J.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 151 167.
34. Chesson, P.L. (2000). Mechanisms of maintenance of species diversity. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 31, 343 366.
35. Clements, F.E. (1916). Plant Succession: An Analysis of the Development of Vegetation. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC.
36. Cody, M. Mooney, H. (1978). Convergence versus non-convergence in Mediterranean-climate ecosystems. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 9, 265 321.
37. Coley, P.D. Barone, J.A. (1996). Herbivory and plant defenses in tropical forests. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 27, 305 335.
38. Coley, P.D., Bryant, J.P. Chapin, F.S.I. (1985). Resource availability and plant anti-herbivore defense. Science, 230, 895 899. (Pubitemid 16279700)
39. Coley, P.D., Lokvam, J., Rudolph, K., Bromberg, K., Sackett, T.E., Wright, L. et al. (2005). Divergent defensive strategies of young leaves in two species of Inga. Ecology, 86, 2633 2643. (Pubitemid 41408059)
40. Collins, J.P., Beatty, J. Maienschein, J. (1986). Introduction: between ecology and evolutionary biology. J. Hist. Biol., 19, 169 180.
41. Collwell, R.K. Winkler, D.W. (1984). A null model for null models in biogeography. In : Ecological Communities: Conceptual Issues and the Evidence (eds Strong, D., Simberloff, D., Abele, L. Thistle, A.). Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, pp. 344 359.
42. Connell, J.H. (1971). On the role of natural enemies in preventing competitive exclusion in some marine animals and in rain forest trees. In : Dynamics in populations (eds den Boer, P.J. Gradwell, G.). Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation. Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 298 312.
43. Connell, J.H. (1980). Diversity and the coevolution of competitors, or the ghost of competition past. Oikos, 35, 131 138.
44. Cooper, N., Rodriguez, J. Purvis, A. (2008). A common tendency for phylogenetic overdispersion in mammalian assemblages. Proc. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci., 275, 2031 2037.
45. Cornell, H.V. Washburn, J.O. (1979). Evolution of the richness-area correlation for cynipid gall wasps on oak trees - comparison of two geographic areas. Evolution, 33, 257 274.
46. Davies, K.F., Chesson, P., Harrison, S., Inouye, B., Melbourne, B.A. Rice, K.J. (2005). Spatial heterogeneity explains the scale dependence of the native-exotic diversity relationship. Ecology, 86, 1602 1610. (Pubitemid 40793995)
47. Davies, T., Meiri, S., Barraclough, T. Gittleman, J. (2007). Species co-existence and character divergence across carnivores. Ecol. Lett., 10, 146 152. (Pubitemid 46161114)
48. Davis, M.B. (1981). Quaternary history and the stability of forest communities. In : Forest Succession: Concepts and Application (eds West, D.C., Shugart, H.H. Botkin, D.B.). Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 132 153.
49. Diamond, J.M. (1975). Assembly of species communities. In : Ecology and Evolution of Communities (eds Cody, M.L. Diamond, J.M.). Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, pp. 342 444.
50. Diez, J.M., Sullivan, J.J., Hulme, P.E., Edwards, G. Duncan, R.P. (2008). Darwin's naturalization conundrum: dissecting taxonomic patterns of species invasions. Ecol. Lett., 11, 674 681.
51. DiMichele, W.A., Behrensmeyer, A.K., Olszewski, T.D., Labandeira, C.C., Pandolfi, J.M., Wing, S.L. et al. (2004). Long-term stasis in ecological assemblages: evidence from the fossil record. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst., 35, 285 322. (Pubitemid 40059722)
52. Dobzhansky, T. (1937). Genetics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press, New York.
53. Donoghue, M.J. (2008). A phylogenetic perspective on the distribution of plant diversity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, 105, 11549 11555.
54. Dybzinski, R. Tilman, D. (2007). Resource use patterns predict long-term outcomes of plant competition for nutrients and light. Am. Nat., 170, 305 318. (Pubitemid 47312838)
55. Dyer, L.A., Singer, M.S., Lill, J.T., Sitreman, J.O., Gentry, G.L., Marquis, R.J. et al. (2007). Host specificity of Lepidoptera in tropical and temperate forests. Nature, 448, 696 699. (Pubitemid 47236853)
56. Edwards, E.J., Still, C.J. Donoghue, M.J. (2007). The relevance of phylogeny to studies of global change. Trends Ecol. Evol., 22, 243 249. (Pubitemid 46590498)
57. Edwards, E.J. Still, C.J. (2008). Climate, phylogeny and the ecological distribution of C4 grasses. Ecol. Lett., 11, 266 276.
58. Ehrlich, P.R. Raven, P.H. (1964). Butterflies and plants: a study in coevolution. Evolution, 18, 586 608.
59. Elton, C. (1927). Animal Ecology. Sidgwick and Jackson, London.
60. Elton, C. (1946). Competition and the structure of ecological communities. J. Anim. Ecol., 15, 54 68.
61. Emerson, B.C. Gillespie, R.G. (2008). Phylogenetic analysis of community assembly and structure over space and time. Trends Ecol. Evol., 23, 619 630.
62. Faith, D.P. (1992). Conservation evaluation and phylogenetic diversity. Biol. Conserv., 61, 1 10.
63. Fargione, J., Brown, C.S. Tilman, D. (2003). Community assembly and invasion: An experimental test of neutral versus niche processes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 101, 8916 8920. (Pubitemid 36899198)
64. Farrell, B.D. (1998). Inordinate Fondness explained: why are there so many beetles? Science, 281, 555 559. (Pubitemid 28357369)
65. Ferrier, S., Manion, G., Elith, J. Richardson, K. (2007). Using generalized dissimilarity modelling to analyse and predict patterns of beta diversity in regional biodiversity assessment. Divers. Distrib., 13, 252 264. (Pubitemid 46633445)
66. Fine, P.V.A., Mesones, I. Coley, P.D. (2004). Herbivores promote habitat specialization by trees in Amazonian forests. Science, 305, 663 665. (Pubitemid 39006753)
67. Fine, P.V.A., Daly, D.C., Munoz, G.V., Mesones, I. Cameron, K.M. (2005). The contribution of edaphic heterogeneity to the evolution and diversity of Burseraceae trees in the western Amazon. Evolution, 59, 1464 1478. (Pubitemid 41098438)
68. Fine, P.V.A., Miller, Z.J., Mesones, I., Irazuzta, S., Appel, H.M., Stevens, M.H.H. et al. (2006). The growth-defense trade-off and habitat specialization by plants in Amazonian forests. Ecology, 87, S150 S162.
69. Finke, D.L. Snyder, W.E. (2008). Niche partitioning increases resource exploitation by diverse communities. Science, 321, 1488 1490.
70. Funk, D.J., Nosil, P. Etges, W.J. (2006). Ecological divergence exhibits consistently positive associations with reproductive isolation in disparate taxa. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 103, 3202 3209.
71. Gerhold, P., Partel, M., Liira, J., Zobel, K. Prinzing, A. (2008). Phylogenetic structure of local communities predicts the size of the regional species pool. J. Ecol., 96, 709 712.
72. Gilbert, G.S. Webb, C.O. (2007). Phylogenetic signal in plant pathogen-host range. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 104, 4979 4983. (Pubitemid 47186162)
73. Gillespie, R. (2004). Community assembly through adaptive radiation in Hawaiian spiders. Science, 303, 356 359. (Pubitemid 38095772)
74. Gillespie, R.G. (2005). The ecology and evolution of Hawaiian spider communities. Am. Sci., 93, 122 131. (Pubitemid 40367656)
75. Givnish, T.J., Millam, K.C., Mast, A.R., Paterson, T.B., Theim, T.J., Hipp, A.L., Henss, J.M., Smith, J.F., Wood, K.R. Sytsma, K.J. (2009). Origin, adaptive radiation and diversification of the Hawaiian lobeliads (Asterales: Campanulaceae). Proc. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci., 276, 407 416.
76. Gleason, H. (1926). The individualistic concept of the plant association. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 53, 7 26.
77. Gotelli, N.J. (2000). Null model analysis of species co-occurrence patterns. Ecology, 81, 2606 2621.
78. Gotelli, N.J. Graves, G.R. (1996). Null Models in Ecology. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
79. Graham, C. Fine, P. (2008). Phylogenetic beta diversity: linking ecological and evolutionary processes across space and time. Ecol. Lett., 11, 1265 1277.
80. Grant, P.R. Grant, B.R. (2006). Evolution of character displacement in Darwin's finches. Science, 313, 224 226. (Pubitemid 44066253)
81. Grant, B.R. Grant, P.R. (2008). Fission and fusion of Darwin's finches populations. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B, Biol. Sci., 363, 2821 2829.
82. Grinnell, J. (1924). Geography and evolution. Ecology, 5, 225 229.
83. Haloin, J.R. Strauss, S.Y. (2008). Interplay between ecological communities and evolution: review of feedbacks from microevolutionary to macroevolutionary scales. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1133, 87 125.
84. Hardy, O.J. (2008). Testing the spatial phylogenetic structure of local communities: statistical performances of different null models and test statistics on a locally neutral community. J. Ecol., 96, 914 926.
85. Hardy, O.J. Senterre, B. (2007). Characterizing the phylogenetic structure of communities by an additive partitioning of phylogenetic diversity. J. Ecol., 95, 493 506. (Pubitemid 46624078)
86. Harmon, L.J., Melville, J., Larson, A. Losos, J.B. (2008). The role of geography and ecological opportunity in the diversification of day geckos (Phelsuma). Syst. Biol., 57, 562 573.
87. Heard, S.B. Cox, G.H. (2007). The shapes of phylogenetic trees of clades, faunas, and local assemblages: exploring spatial pattern in differential diversification. Am. Nat., 169, E107 E118.
88. Helmus, M.R. (2007a). Phylogenetic measures of biodiversity. Am. Nat., 169, E68 E83.
89. Helmus, M.R. (2007b). Separating the determinants of phylogenetic community structure. Ecol. Lett., 10, 917 925. (Pubitemid 47383376)
90. Hoberg, E.P. Brooks, D.R. (2008). A macroevolutionary mosaic: episodic host-switching, geographical colonization and diversification in complex host-parasite systems. J. Biogeogr., 35, 1533 1550.
91. Horner-Devine, M.C. Bohannan, B.J.M. (2006). Phylogenetic clustering and overdispersion in bacterial communities. Ecology, 87, S100 S108.
92. Hubbell, S. (2001). The Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
93. Hutchinson, G.E. (1959). Homage to Santa Rosalia, or why are there so many kinds of animals. Am. Nat., 93, 145 159.
94. Jablonski, D. (2008). Biotic interactions and macroevolution: extensions and mismatches across scales and levels. Evolution, 62, 715 739.
95. Jabot, F. Chave, J. (2009). Inferring the parameters of the neutral theory of biodiversity using phylogenetic information and implications for tropical forests. Ecol. Lett., 12, 239 248.
96. Janzen, D.H. (1970). Herbivores and the number of tree species in tropical forests. Am. Nat., 104, 501 528.
97. Janzen, D.H. (1985). On ecological fitting. Oikos, 45, 308 310.
98. Johnson, M.T.J. Stinchcombe, J.R. (2007). An emerging synthesis between community ecology and evolutionary biology. Trends Ecol. Evol., 22, 250 257. (Pubitemid 46590497)
99. Kawecki, T.J. (1998). Red Queen meets Santa Rosalia: arms races and the evolution of host specialization in organisms with parasitic lifestyles. Am. Nat., 152, 635 651. (Pubitemid 28445568)
100. Kelly, C.K., Bowler, M.G., Pybus, O. Harvey, P.H. (2008). Phylogeny, niches, and relative abundance in natural communities. Ecology, 89, 962 970.
101. Kembel, S. Hubbell, S.P. (2006). The phylogenetic structure of a neotropical forest tree community. Ecology, 87, 86 99.
102. Kerkhoff, A.J., Fagan, W.F., Elser, J.J. Enquist, B.J. (2006). Phylogenetic and growth form variation in the scaling of nitrogen and phosphorus in the seed plants. Am. Nat., 168, E103 E122.
103. Knapp, S., Kuhn, I., Schweiger, O. Klotz, S. (2008). Challenging urban species diversity: contrasting phylogenetic patterns across plant functional groups in Germany. Ecol. Lett., 11, 1054 1064.
104. Kozak, K.H., Larson, A., Bonett, R.M. Harmon, L.J. (2005). Phylogenetic analysis of ecomorphological divergence, community structure, and diversification rates in dusky salamanders (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus). Evolution, 59, 2000 2016. (Pubitemid 41384383)
105. Kozak, K.H., Weisrock, D.W. Larson, A. (2006). Rapid lineage accumulation in a non-adaptive radiation: phylogenetic analysis of diversification rates in eastern North American woodland salamanders (Plethodontidae: Plethodon). Proc. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci., 273, 539 546. (Pubitemid 46768057)
106. Kraft, N.J.B., Cornwell, W.K., Webb, C.O. Ackerly, D.D. (2007). Trait evolution, community assembly, and the phylogenetic structure of ecological communities. Am. Nat., 170, 271 283. (Pubitemid 47221685)
107. Levin, D.A. (2006). The spatial sorting of ecological species: ghost of competition or of hybridization past? Syst. Bot., 31, 8 12.
108. Losos, J. (1990). A phylogenetic analysis of character displacement in Caribbean anolis lizards. Evolution, 44, 558 569.
109. Losos, J.B. (1996). Phylogenetic perspectives on community ecology. Ecology, 77, 1344 1354.
110. Losos, J.B. (2008). Phylogenetic niche conservatism, phylogenetic signal and the relationship between phylogenetic relatedness and ecological similarity among species. Ecol. Lett., 11, 995 1007.
111. Losos, J., Jackman, T., Larson, A., DeQueiroz, K. Rogriguez-Schettino, L. (1998a). Contingency and determinism in replicated adaptive radiations of island lizards. Science, 279, 2115 2118. (Pubitemid 28196357)
112. Losos, J.B., Jackman, T.R., Larson, A., de Queiroz, K. Rodriguez-Schettino, L. (1998b). Contingency and determinism in replicated adaptive radiations of island lizards. Science, 279, 2115 2118. (Pubitemid 28196357)
113. Losos, J.B., Leal, M., Glor, R.E., de Queiroz, K., Hertz, P.E., Schettino, L.R. et al. (2003). Niche lability in the evolution of a Caribbean lizard community. Nature, 424, 542 545. (Pubitemid 36975773)
114. Lovette, I.J. Hochachka, W.M. (2006). Simultaneous effects of phylogenetic niche conservatism and competition on avian community structure. Ecology, 87, S14 S28.
115. Lozupone, C.A. Knight, R. (2008). Species divergence and the measurement of microbial diversity. FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 32, 557 578.
116. MacArthur, R. Levins, R. (1967). The limiting similarity, convergence and divergence of coexisting species. Am. Nat., 101, 377 385.
117. MacArthur, R.H. Wilson, E.O. (1967). Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
118. Maherali, H. Klironomos, J.N. (2007). Influence of phylogeny on fungal community assembly and ecosystem functioning. Science, 316, 1746 1748. (Pubitemid 46988549)
119. Marks, C.O. Lechowicz, M.J. (2006). Alternative designs and the evolution of functional diversity. Am. Nat., 167, 55 66. (Pubitemid 43039426)
120. Mayr, E. (1942). Systematics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press, New York.
121. McCarthy, M.C., Enquist, B.J. Kerkhoff, A.J. (2007). Organ partitioning and distribution across the seed plants: assessing the relative importance of phylogeny and function. Int. J. Plant Sci., 168, 751 761. (Pubitemid 46849392)
122. McNaughton, S.J. (1985). Ecology of a grazing ecosystem: the Serengeti. Ecol. Monogr., 55, 259 294.
123. Melville, J., Harmon, L. Losos, J. (2006). Intercontinental community convergence of ecology and morphology in desert lizards. Proc. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci., 273, 557 563. (Pubitemid 46768059)
124. Mittelbach, G.G., Schemske, D.W., Cornell, H.V., Allen, A.P., Brown, J.M., Bush, M.B. et al. (2007). Evolution and the latitudinal diversity gradient: speciation, extinction and biogeography. Ecol. Lett., 10, 315 331. (Pubitemid 46426874)
125. Moeller, D.A. (2005). Pollinator community structure and sources of spatial variation in plant-pollinator interactions in Clarkia xantiana ssp xantiana. Oecologia, 142, 28 37. (Pubitemid 40099277)
126. Newton, R.J., Jones, S.E., Helmus, M.R. McMahon, K.D. (2007). Phylogenetic ecology of the freshwater Actinobacteria acI lineage. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 73, 7169 7176. (Pubitemid 350196664)
127. Novotny, V. Basset, Y. (2005). Host specificity of insect herbivores in tropical forests. Proc. R. Soc., B, Biol. Sci., 272, 1083 1090. (Pubitemid 41020266)
128. Partel, M., Laanisto, L. Zobel, M. (2007). Contrasting plant productivity-diversity relationships across latitude: The role of evolutionary history. Ecology, 88, 1091 1097.
129. Pearman, P.B., Guisan, A., Broennimann, O. Randin, C.F. (2008). Niche dynamics in space and time. Trends Ecol. Evol., 23, 149 158.
130. Pennington, R.T., Richardson, J.E. Lavin, M. (2006). Insights into the historical construction of species-rich biomes from dated plant phylogenies, neutral ecological theory and phylogenetic community structure. New Phytol., 172, 605 616. (Pubitemid 44691620)
131. Phillmore, A.B. Price, T.D. (2008). Density-dependent cladogenesis in birds. PLoS Biol., 6, e71.
132. Pringle, R.M., Young, T.P., Rubenstein, D.I. McCauley, D.J. (2007). Herbivore-initiated interaction cascades and their modulation by productivity in an African savanna. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 104, 193 197. (Pubitemid 46068007)
133. Prinzing, A., Durka, W., Klotz, S. Brandl, R. (2001). The niche of higher plants: evidence for phylogenetic conservatism. Proc. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci., 268, 2383 2389. (Pubitemid 33096104)
134. Prinzing, A., Reiffers, R., Braakhekke, W.G., Hennekens, S.M., Tackenberg, O., Ozinga, W.A. et al. (2008). Less lineages-more trait variation: phylogenetically clustered plant communities are functionally more diverse. Ecol. Lett., 11, 809 819.
135. Purves, D.W., Lichstein, J.W., Strigul, N. Pacala, S.W. (2008). Predicting and understanding forest dynamics by using a simple tractable model. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, 105, 17018 17022.
136. Rabosky, D.L. Lovette, I.J. (2008). Density-dependent in North American diversification wood warblers. Proc. R. Soc. B. Biol. Sci., 275, 2363 2371.
137. Redding, D.W., Hartmann, K., Mimoto, A., Bokal, D., Devos, M. Mooers, A.O. (2008). Evolutionarily distinct species capture more phylogenetic diversity than expected. J. Theor. Biol., 251, 606 615.
138. Reich, P.B., Wright, I.J., Cavender-Bares, J., Craine, J.M., Oleksyn, J., Westoby, M. et al. (2003). The evolution of plant functional variation: traits, spectra, and strategies. Int. J. Plant Sci., 164, S143 S164.
139. Revell, L.J., Harmon, L.J. Collar, D.C. (2008). Phylogenetic signal, evolutionary process, and rate. Systematic Biology, 57, 591 601.
140. Ricklefs, R.E. (1987). Community diversity: relative roles of local and regional processes. Science, 235, 167 171. (Pubitemid 18283459)
141. Ricklefs, R.E. (2004). A comprehensive framework for global patterns in biodiversity. Ecol. Lett., 7, 1 15. (Pubitemid 38154314)
142. Ricklefs, R.E. (2008). Disintegration of the Ecological Community. American Society of Naturalists, 172, 741 750.
143. Ricklefs, R.E. Schluter, D. (1993). Species Diversity in Ecological Communities: Historical and Geographical Perspectives. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
144. Roderick, G. Percy, D. (2008). Host plant use, diversification, and coevolution: insights from remote oceanic islands. In : Specialization, Speciation, and Radiation. Evolutionary Biology of Herbivorous Insects (ed. Tilmon, K.). University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, pp. 151 161.
145. Ruber, L. Zardoya, R. (2005). Rapid cladogenesis in marine fishes revisited. Evolution, 59, 1119 1127. (Pubitemid 40728439)
146. Sargent, R.D. Ackerly, D.D. (2008). Plant-pollinator interactions and the assembly of plant communities. Trends Ecol. Evol., 23, 123 130.
147. Sax, D.F., Gaines, S.D. Brown, J.H. (2002). Species invasions exceed extinctions on islands worldwide: a comparative study of plants and birds. Am. Nat., 160, 766 783. (Pubitemid 36035855)
148. Schaap, P., Winckler, T., Nelson, M., Alvarez-Curto, E., Elgie, B., Hagiwara, H. et al. (2006). Molecular phylogeny and evolution of morphology in the social amoebas. Science, 314, 661 663. (Pubitemid 44646393)
149. Scheffer, M. van Nes, E.H. (2006). Self-organized similarity, the evolutionary emergence of groups of similar species. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 103, 6230 6235.
150. Schluter, D. Ricklefs, R.E. (1993). Species diversity: an introduction to the problem. In : Species Diversity in Ecological Communities. Historical and Geographical Perspectives eds Ricklefs, R.E. Schluter, D.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, pp. 1 9.
151. Silvertown, J., Dodd, M., Gowing, D., Lawson, C. McConway, K. (2006). Phylogeny and the hierarchical organization of plant diversity. Ecology, 87, S39 S49.
152. Simberloff, D. (1970). Taxonomic diversity of island biotas. Evolution, 24, 23 47.
153. Slingsby, J.A. Verboom, G.A. (2006). Phylogenetic relatedness limits co-occurrence at fine spatial scales: Evidence from the schoenoid sedges (Cyperaceae: Schoeneae) of the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa. Am. Nat., 168, 14 27. (Pubitemid 44100594)
154. Spironello, M. Brooks, D.R. (2003). Dispersal and diversification: macroevolutionary implications of the MacArthur-Wilson model, illustrated by Simulium (Inseliellum) Rubstov (Diptera: Simuliidae). J. Biogeogr., 30, 1563 1573. (Pubitemid 37245163)
155. Stachowicz, J.J. (2001). Mutualisms, positive interactions, and the structure of ecological communities. Bioscience, 51, 235 246. (Pubitemid 32449504)
156. Stoks, R. McPeek, M.A. (2006). A tale of two diversifications: reciprocal habitat shifts to fill ecological space along the pond permanence gradient. Am. Nat., 168, S50 S72.
157. Strauss, S.Y., Webb, C.O. Salamin, N. (2006). Exotic taxa less related to native species are more invasive. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 103, 5841 5845.
158. Strong, D.R. Simberloff, D.S. (1981). Straining at gnats and swallowing ratios: character displacement. Evolution, 35, 810 812.
159. Swenson, N.G. Enquist, B.J. (2007). Ecological and evolutionary determinants of a key plant functional trait: wood density and its community-wide variation across latitude and elevation. Am. J. Botany, 94, 451 459. (Pubitemid 46955019)
160. Swenson, N.G., Enquist, B.J., Pither, J., Thompson, J. Zimmerman, J.K. (2006). The problem and promise of scale dependency in community phylogenetics. Ecology, 87, 2418 2424. (Pubitemid 44885954)
161. Swenson, N.G., Enquist, B.J., Thompson, J. Zimmerman, J.K. (2007). The influence of spatial and size scale on phylogenetic relatedness in tropical forest communities. Ecology, 88, 1770 1780.
162. Thompson, J.N. (2005). The Geographic Mosaic of Coevolution. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
163. Tilman, D. (1982). Resource Competition and Community Structure. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
164. Tilman, D. (2004). Niche tradeoffs, neutrality, and community structure: a stochastic theory of resource competition, invasion, and community assembly. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 101, 10854 10861. (Pubitemid 38989550)
165. Urban, M.C., Leibold, M.A., Amarasekare, P., Meester, L.D., Gomulkiewicz, R., Hochberg, M.E. et al. (2008). The evolutionary ecology of metacommunities. Trends Ecol. Evol., 23, 311 317.
166. Uriarte, M., Condit, R., Canham, C.D. Hubbell, S.P. (2004). A spatially explicit model of sapling growth in a tropical forest: does the identity of neighbours matter? J. Ecol., 92, 348 360. (Pubitemid 38448471)
167. Valiente-Banuet, A. Verdú, M. (2007). Facilitation can increase the phylogenetic diversity of plant communities. Ecol. Lett., 10, 1029 1036. (Pubitemid 47512352)
168. Vamosi, S.M., Heard, S.B., Vamosi, J.C. Webb, C.O. (2008). Emerging patterns in the comparative analysis of phylogenetic community structure. Mol. Ecol., 18, 572 592.
169. Verdú, M. Pausas, J.G. (2007). Fire drives phylogenetic clustering in Mediterranean Basin woody plant communities. J. Ecol., 95, 1316 1323. (Pubitemid 47628465)
170. Vitousek, P.M. (2004). Nutrient Cycling and Limitation: Hawai'i as a model system. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
171. Wainwright, P., Alfar, M.E., Bolnick, D.I. Hulsey, C.D. (2005). Many-to-one mapping of form to function: a general principle in organismal design? Integr. Comp. Biol., 45, 256 262. (Pubitemid 40748076)
172. Warming, E. (1895). Plantesamfund - Grundtræk af den økologiske Plantegeografi. P.G. Philipsens Forlag, Copenhagen.
173. Webb, C.O. (2000). Exploring the phylogenetic structure of ecological communities: an example for rain forest trees. Am. Nat., 156, 145 155. (Pubitemid 30471519)
174. Webb, C.O., Ackerly, D.D., McPeek, M.A. Donoghue, M.J. (2002). Phylogenies and community ecology. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 33, 475 505. (Pubitemid 36035149)
175. Webb, C.O., Gilbert, G.S. Donoghue, M.J. (2006). Phylodiversity-dependent seedling mortality, size structure, and disease in a bornean rain forest. Ecology, 87, S123 S131.
176. Weedon, J.T., Cornwell, W.K., Cornelissen, J.H.C., Zanne, A.E., Wirth, C. Coomes, D.A. (2009). Global meta-analysis of wood decomposition rates: a role for trait variation among tree species? Ecol. Lett., 12, 45 56.
177. Weiblen, G.D., Webb, C.O., Novotny, V., Basset, Y. Miller, S.E. (2006). Phylogenetic dispersion of host use in a tropical insect herbivore community. Ecology, 87, S62 S75.
178. Weiher, E. Keddy, P. (1999). Ecological Assembly Rules: Perspectives, Advances, Retreats. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
179. Wellborn, G. Broughton, R. (2008). Diversification on an ecologically constrained adaptive landscape. Mol. Ecol., 17, 2927 2936.
180. Wiens, J.J. (2008). Commentary on Losos (2008): niche conservatism deja vu. Ecol. Lett., 11, 1004 1005.
181. Wiens, J.J. Donoghue, M.J. (2004). Historical biogeography, ecology and species richness. Trends Ecol. Evol., 19, 639 644. (Pubitemid 39471296)
182. Wiens, J. Graham, C. (2005). Niche conservatism: integrating evolution, ecology, and conservation biology. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 36, 519 539. (Pubitemid 43068869)
183. Williams, C.B. (1947). The generic relations of species in small ecological communities. J. Anim. Ecol., 16, 11 18.
184. Williams, S. Duda, T. (2008). Did tectonic activity stimulate Oligo-Miocene speciation in the Indo-West Pacific? Evolution, 62, 1618 1634.
185. Willis, C.G., Ruhfel, B., Primack, R.B., Miller-Rushing, A.J. Davis, C.C. (2008). Phylogenetic patterns of species loss in Thoreau's woods are driven by climate change. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 105, 17029 17033.
186. Wright, I.J., Reich, P.B., Westoby, M., Ackerly, D.D., Baruch, Z., Bongers, F. et al. (2004). The worldwide leaf economics spectrum. Nature, 428, 821 827. (Pubitemid 38529491)