Insects on plants: Macroevolutionary chemical trends in host use

Science

Volumn 276, Issue 5310, 1997, Pages 253-256

  Becerra, Judith X ^a,b  

^a University of Arizona   (United States)

^b UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO   (Mexico)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; EVOLUTION; HOST PARASITE INTERACTION; INSECT; NONHUMAN; PHYTOCHEMISTRY; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

ANIMALS; BEETLES; EVOLUTION; PHYLOGENY; PLANT PHYSIOLOGY; PLANTS; TERPENES;

HERBIVORY; HOST USE; INSECT-PLANT INTERACTION; MACROEVOLUTION; PLANT CHEMISTRY;

BERSERACEAE; BLEPHARIDA; BURSERA; COLEOPTERA;

EID: 0030619970     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.276.5310.253     Document Type: Article

References (25)

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16. J. X. Becerra, in Novel Aspects of the Biology of Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera), P. Jolivet, P. Cox, D. Petitpierre, Eds. (Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1994), pp. 327-330.
17. The internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and the 5.8S cistron of nuclear ribosomal DNA were sequenced for 57 Bursera species and five outgroups following [B. G. Baldwin, Mol. Phyl. Evol. 1, 3 (1992)]. The outgroups were three species of Commiphora, one species of Boswellia (Burseraceae), and one Anacardiaceae species of the genus Spondias. The sequences were aligned with the University of Wisconsin Genetics Computer Group software package (GCG) and Sequencher [Gene Codes Corporation Incorporated, Sequencher 3.0 User Manual (Ann Arbor, MI, 1995)], producing a matrix of 831 characters, of which 53.6% were potentially informative phylogenetically. Phylogenies were inferred by using parsimony analysis with PAUP 3.1.1 [D. L. Swofford, Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (PAUP) Version 3.1.1 (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 1993)] [100 heuristic searches, random addition, Tree Bisection Reconnection (TBR) branch swapping]. A bootstrap analysis (500 bootstrap searches, 40 random additions, TBR branch swapping) was performed to estimate the relative internal support for different elements of the trees. The phylogeny of Fig. 1 includes only species on which Blepharida was found.
18. The internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and the 5.8S cistron of nuclear ribosomal DNA were sequenced for 57 Bursera species and five outgroups following [B. G. Baldwin, Mol. Phyl. Evol. 1, 3 (1992)]. The outgroups were three species of Commiphora, one species of Boswellia (Burseraceae), and one Anacardiaceae species of the genus Spondias. The sequences were aligned with the University of Wisconsin Genetics Computer Group software package (GCG) and Sequencher [Gene Codes Corporation Incorporated, Sequencher 3.0 User Manual (Ann Arbor, MI, 1995)], producing a matrix of 831 characters, of which 53.6% were potentially informative phylogenetically. Phylogenies were inferred by using parsimony analysis with PAUP 3.1.1 [D. L. Swofford, Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (PAUP) Version 3.1.1 (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 1993)] [100 heuristic searches, random addition, Tree Bisection Reconnection (TBR) branch swapping]. A bootstrap analysis (500 bootstrap searches, 40 random additions, TBR branch swapping) was performed to estimate the relative internal support for different elements of the trees. The phylogeny of Fig. 1 includes only species on which Blepharida was found.
19. The internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and the 5.8S cistron of nuclear ribosomal DNA were sequenced for 57 Bursera species and five outgroups following [B. G. Baldwin, Mol. Phyl. Evol. 1, 3 (1992)]. The outgroups were three species of Commiphora, one species of Boswellia (Burseraceae), and one Anacardiaceae species of the genus Spondias. The sequences were aligned with the University of Wisconsin Genetics Computer Group software package (GCG) and Sequencher [Gene Codes Corporation Incorporated, Sequencher 3.0 User Manual (Ann Arbor, MI, 1995)], producing a matrix of 831 characters, of which 53.6% were potentially informative phylogenetically. Phylogenies were inferred by using parsimony analysis with PAUP 3.1.1 [D. L. Swofford, Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (PAUP) Version 3.1.1 (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 1993)] [100 heuristic searches, random addition, Tree Bisection Reconnection (TBR) branch swapping]. A bootstrap analysis (500 bootstrap searches, 40 random additions, TBR branch swapping) was performed to estimate the relative internal support for different elements of the trees. The phylogeny of Fig. 1 includes only species on which Blepharida was found.
20. The ITS2 region was sequenced for one individual of each Blepharida species found feeding on each Bursera species in the field and one species of its sister genus Podontia. Alignment resulted in a matrix of 662 characters, of which 41.7% were potentially informative. Alignment and analyses of sequences followed the same strategy as with Bursera. 16. Leaves of 38 Bursera species were collected in the field at the same time that Blepharida beetles were collected and their chemical constituents were immediately extracted in ethyl acetate. Extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography, which distinguished between 10 and 15 main compounds in each species. A matrix of Euclidean distances between these species was constructed on the basis of the presence or absence of each compound. The robustness of the clusters produced was determined by looking at the consensus of three clustering techniques (Complete linkage, UPGMA, and Ward's method [P. H. Sneath and R. R. Sokal, Numerical Taxonomy (Freeman, San Francisco, CA, 1973); SAS Institute Incorporated, SAS/STAT User's Guide, Version 6 (Cary, NC, ed. 4, 1989), vol. 4]}. Two of these methods agreed in dividing species into four main clusters, whereas the other (complete linkage) divided them into five by splitting cluster 4. Hewlett-Packard 5890 gas chromatograph with flame ionization detector and a 15-m column of 0.32-mm internal diameter fused silica capillary column (J & W Scientific) coated with 0.25-μm DB-5 were used for chemical analyses. Nitrogen served as the carrier gas with a linear velocity of 20.8 cm/s at a pressure of 20 kPa. Injections were made in the splitless mode with the injector at 200°C and the detector at 220°C. The oven temperature was programmed at 60°C for 1 min, then an increase of 10°C/min to 220°C, holding at 220°C for 3 min.
21. The ITS2 region was sequenced for one individual of each Blepharida species found feeding on each Bursera species in the field and one species of its sister genus Podontia. Alignment resulted in a matrix of 662 characters, of which 41.7% were potentially informative. Alignment and analyses of sequences followed the same strategy as with Bursera. 16. Leaves of 38 Bursera species were collected in the field at the same time that Blepharida beetles were collected and their chemical constituents were immediately extracted in ethyl acetate. Extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography, which distinguished between 10 and 15 main compounds in each species. A matrix of Euclidean distances between these species was constructed on the basis of the presence or absence of each compound. The robustness of the clusters produced was determined by looking at the consensus of three clustering techniques (Complete linkage, UPGMA, and Ward's method [P. H. Sneath and R. R. Sokal, Numerical Taxonomy (Freeman, San Francisco, CA, 1973); SAS Institute Incorporated, SAS/STAT User's Guide, Version 6 (Cary, NC, ed. 4, 1989), vol. 4]}. Two of these methods agreed in dividing species into four main clusters, whereas the other (complete linkage) divided them into five by splitting cluster 4. Hewlett-Packard 5890 gas chromatograph with flame ionization detector and a 15-m column of 0.32-mm internal diameter fused silica capillary column (J & W Scientific) coated with 0.25-μm DB-5 were used for chemical analyses. Nitrogen served as the carrier gas with a linear velocity of 20.8 cm/s at a pressure of 20 kPa. Injections were made in the splitless mode with the injector at 200°C and the detector at 220°C. The oven temperature was programmed at 60°C for 1 min, then an increase of 10°C/min to 220°C, holding at 220°C for 3 min.
22. D. Maddison and W. Maddison, MacClade Version 3 (Sinauer, Sunderland, MA, 1992), pp. 237-250.
23. R. Page, COMPONENT User's Manual, release 2.0 (The Natural History Museum, London, 1992).
24. J. S. Farris, Syst. Zool. 22, 50 (1973).
25. I thank D. Furth for his help and orientation with Blepharida systematics and identification of specimens collected; P. Evans and J. Rodriguez for doing the gas chromatography; A. Agellon, B. Farrell, M. Hammer, D. Olmstead, M. Wojciechowski, R. Page, and the personnel from the Laboratory of Molecular Systematics and Evolution of the University of Arizona for helping with DNA sequencing techniques and statistical analyses; E. Dyreson, M. Fishbein, M. Kaplan and S. Masta for valuable comments to earlier manuscripts; L. Venable for his help in many activities including months of field assistance; and T. Goodsell for the illustrations. Supported by NSF (INT-9505941), the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, and the National Geographic Society.