Herbivory and plant species coexistence: Community regulation by an outbreaking phytophagous insect

Ecological Monographs

Volumn 70, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 73-99

  Carson, Walter P ^a,b   Root, Richard B ^c  

^a Department of Obstetrics Gynecology   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

^c NONE

Author keywords

Chrysomelid; Community regulation; Competition and succession; Goldenrods; Herbivory; Hieracium pratense; Litter; Microrhopala vittata; Old field; Phytophagous insects as keystone species; Solidago altissima; Trophic regulation

Indexed keywords

COEXISTENCE; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; HERBIVORY; LIGHT AVAILABILITY; LITTER; PLANT COMMUNITY; PLANT-INSECT INTERACTION;

CHRYSOMELIDAE; COLEOPTERA; MICRORHOPALA VITTATA; SOLIDAGO ALTISSIMA;

EID: 0033975311     PISSN: 00129615     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/0012-9615(2000)070[0073:HAPSCC]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (192)

1. American Public Health Association. 1976. Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water. 14th edition. Washington, D.C., USA.
2. Amman, G. D. 1977. The role of mountain pine beetle in lodgepole pine ecosystems: impact on succession. Pages 3-18 in W. J. Mattson, editor. The role of arthropods in forest ecosystems. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA.
3. Armesto, J. J., and S. T. A. Pickett. 1985. Experiments on disturbance in old field plant communities: impact on species richness and abundance. Ecology 66:230-240.
4. Bach, C. E. 1988a. Effects of host plant patch size on herbivore density: patterns. Ecology 69:1090-1102.
5. Bach, C. E. 1988b. Effects of host plant patch size on herbivore density: underlying mechanisms. Ecology 69:1103-1117.
6. Bach, C. E. 1990. Plant successional stage and insect herbivory: flea beetles on sand-dune willow. Ecology 71:598-609.
7. Bach, C. E. 1994. Effects of a specialist herbivore (Altica subplicata) on Salix cordata and sand dune succession. Ecological Monographs 64:423-445.
8. Bakelaar, R. G., and E. P. Odum. 1978. Community and population level responses to fertilization in an old field ecosystem. Ecology 59:660-665.
9. Banham, F. L. 1961. Distribution of Trirhabda pilosa Blake (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), attacking big sagebrush in the interior of British Columbia. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 58:38-40.
10. Bard, G. E. 1952. Secondary succession on the piedmont of New Jersey. Ecological Monographs 22:195-215.
11. Bazzaz. F. A. 1968. Succession on abandoned fields in the Shawnee Hills, southern Illinois. Ecology 49:924-936.
12. Bazzaz, F. A. 1990. Plant-plant interactions in successional environments. Pages 239-263 in J. B. Grace and D. Tilman, editors. Perspectives in plant competition. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA.
13. Bazzaz, F. A. 1996. Plants in a changing environment. Cambridge University Press, New York, New York, USA.
14. Bentley, S., and J. B. Whittaker. 1979. Effects of grazing by a chrysomelid beetle, Gastrophysa viridula on competition between Rumex obtusifolius and Rumex crispus. Journal of Ecology 67:79-90.
15. Berdowski, J. J. M. 1987. Transition from heathland to grassland initiated by the heather beetle. Vegetatio 72:167-174.
16. Berdowski, J. J. M., and R. Zeilinga. 1987. Transition from heathland to grassland: damaging effects of the heather beetle. Journal of Ecology 75:159-175.
17. Bergeron, Y., and D. Charron. 1994. Postfire stand dynamics in a southern boreal forest (Quebec): a dendroecological approach. Ecoscience 1:173-184.
18. Bock, C. E., J. H. Bock, and M. C. Grant. 1992. Effect of bird predation on grasshopper densities in an Arizona grassland. Ecology 73:1706-1717.
19. Bornkamm, R. 1984. Experimental-ecological investigations on the succession of ruderal plant communities: 2. Quantity and quality of the phytomass. Flora 175:45-74.
20. Bradbury, S. P., and J. R. Coats. 1982. Toxicity of fenvalerate to Bobwhite Quail including brain and liver residues associated with mortality. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 10:307-319.
21. Brown, G. 1994. Beetle folivery increases resource availability and alters plant invasion in monocultures of goldenrod. Ecology 75:1673-1683.
22. Brown, V. K. 1985. Insect herbivores and plant succession. Oikos 44:17-22.
23. Brown, V. K. 1990. Insect herbivory and its effects on plant succession. Pages 275-288 in J. J. Burdon and S. R. Leather, editors. Pests, pathogens and plant communities. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK.
24. Brown, V. K., and A. C. Gange. 1989. Differential effects of above- and belowground insect herbivory during early plant succession. Oikos 54:67-76.
25. Brown, V. K., and A. C. Gange. 1990. Root herbivory depresses plant species richness. Functional Ecology 3:667-71.
26. Brown, V. K., and A. C. Gange. 1992. Secondary plant succession: how is it modified by insect herbivory. Vegetatio 101:3-13.
27. Brown, V. K., A. C. Gange, I. M. Evans, and A. L. Storr. 1987a. The effect of insect herbivory on the growth and reproduction of two annual Vicia species at different stages in plant succession. Journal of Ecology 75:1173-1189.
28. Brown, V. K., S. D. Hendrix and H. Dingle. 1987b . Plants and insects in early old field succession: comparison of an English site and an American site. Biological Journal Linnean Society 31:59-74.
29. Brown, V. K., M. Jepson, and C. W. D. Gibson. 1988. Insect herbivory: effects on early old field succession demonstrated by chemical exclusion methods. Oikos 52:293-302.
30. Brown, V. K., M. Leijn, and C. S. A Stinson. 1987c. The experimental manipulation of insect herbivore load by the use of an insecticide (malathion): the effect of application on plant growth. Oecologia 72:377-381.
31. Cain, M. L., W. P. Carson, and R. B. Root. 1991. Long term suppression of insect herbivores decrease rhizome production and number in Solidago altissima. Oecologia 88:251-257.
32. Capinera, J. L. 1987. Population ecology of rangeland grasshoppers. Pages 162-182 in J. L. Capinera, editor. Integrated pest management on rangeland: a shortgrass prairie perspective. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
33. Cappuccino, N. 1991. Mortality of Microrhopala vittata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in outbreak and nonoutbreak sites. Environmental Entomology 20:865-871.
34. Cappuccino, N., D. Lavertu, Y. Bergeron, and J. Regniere. 1998. Spruce budworm impact, abundance and parasitism rate in a patchy landscape. Oecologia 114:236-242.
35. Carson, W. P., and G. W. Barrett. 1988. Succession in oldfield plant communities: effects of contrasting types of nutrient enrichment. Ecology 69:984-994.
36. Carson, W. P., and C. J. Peterson. 1990. Role of litter in an old-field plant community: impact of litter quantity in different seasons on plant species richness and abundance. Oecologia 85:8-13.
37. Carson, W. P., and S. T. A. Pickett. 1990. Role of resources and disturbance in the organization of an old-field plant community. Ecology 71:226-238.
38. Carson, W. P., and R. B. Root. In press. Top-down effects of insect herbivores during early old field succession: influence on biomass and plant dominance. Oecologia.
39. Chase, J. M. 1996. Abiotic controls of trophic cascades in a simple grassland food chain. Oikos 77:495-506.
40. Chase, J. M. 1998. Central-place forager effects on food web dynamics and spatial pattern in northern California meadows. Ecology 79:1236-1245.
41. Clements, R. O., and I. F. Henderson. 1979. Insects as a cause of botanical change in swards. Journal of the British Grassland Association Occasional Symposium 10:157-160.
42. Coley, P. D. and M. T. Aide. 1991. Comparison of herbivory and plant defenses in temperate and tropical broad-leaved forests. Pages 25-49 in P. W. Price, T. M. Lewinsohn, G. W. Fernandes, and W. W. Benson, editors. Plant-animal interactions: evolutionary ecology in tropical and temperate regions. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, USA.
43. Crawley, M. J. 1983. Herbivory: the dynamics of animal-plant interactions. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, USA.
44. Crawley, M. J. 1989a. The relative importance of vertebrate and invertebrate herbivores in plant population dynamics. Pages 45-71 in E. A. Bernays, editor. Insect-plant interactions. Volume 1. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.
45. Crawley, M. J. 1989b. Insect herbivores and plant population dynamics. Annual Review of Entomology 34:531-564.
46. Crawley, M. J. 1997. Plant-herbivore dynamics. Pages 401-474 in M. Crawley, editor. Plant ecology. Blackwell Scientific, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
47. Dalen, R. S., R. A. Fletcher, and F. A. Winter. 1986. Rabbitbrush (Chysothamnus nauseosus ssp. consimilis) mortality associated with defoliation by a leaf-feeding beetle, Trirhabda nitidicollis. Pages 199-204 in Proceedings of the Symposium on the Biology of Artemisia and Chysothamnus. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report 1NT-200.
48. Danell, K., and L. Ericson. 1990. Dynamic relations between the antler moth and meadow vegetation in northern Sweden. Ecology 71:1068-1077.
49. David, B. V., and L. Somasundarum. 1985. Synthetic pyrethroids - an evaluation of their potential effects on nontarget organisms. Pesticides 19:9-12.
50. Davidson, D. W. 1993. The effects of herbivory and granivory on terrestrial plant succession. Oikos 68:23-35.
51. Dial, R., and J. Roughgarden. 1995. Experimental removal of insectivores from rainforest canopy: direct and indirect effects. Ecology 76:1821-1834.
52. Eckberg, T. B., and W. S. Cranshaw. 1994. Larval biology and control of the rabbitbrush beetle, Trirhabda nitidicollis Le Conte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Southwestern Entomologist 19:249-256.
53. Edwards, P. J., and M. P. Gillman. 1987. Herbivores and plant succession. Pages. 275-288 in A. J. Gray, M. J. Crawley, and P. J. Edwards, editiors. Colonization, succession, and stability. Blackwell, London, UK.
54. Ellenberg, H. 1988. Vegetation ecology of Central Europe. Fourth edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
55. Environmental Protection Agency. 1979. Methods for chemical analysis of water and wastes. Washington, D.C., USA.
56. Fowler, A. C., R. L. Knight, T. L. George, and L. C. McEwen 1991. Effects of avian predation on grasshopper populations in North Dakota grasslands. Ecology 72:1775-1781.
57. Fox, L. R., and P. A. Morrow. 1992. Eucalypt responses to fertilization and reduced herbivory. Oecologia 89:214-222.
58. Fretwell, S. D. 1977. The regulation of plant communities by the food chains exploiting them. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 20:169-185.
59. Fretwell, S. D. 1987. Food chain dynamics: the central theory of ecology? Oikos 50:291-301.
60. Gange, A. C. 1990. Effects of insect herbivory on herbaceous plants. Pages 49-62 in J. J. Burdon and S. R. Leather, editors. Pests, pathogens and plant communities. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK.
61. Gibson, C. W. D., V. K. Brown, and M. Jepson. 1987. Relationships between the effects of insect herbivory and sheep grazing on seasonal changes in an early successional plant community. Oecologia 71:245-253.
62. Gibson, D. J., C. C. Freeman, and L. C. Hulbert. 1990. Effects of small mammal and invertebrate herbivory on plant species richness and abundance in tallarass prairie. Oecologia 84:169-175.
63. Gist, G. L., and C. D. Pless. 1985. Ovicidal activity and ovipositional repellent properties of synthetic pyrethroids to the fall army worm Spodoptera frugiperda. Florida Entomologist 68:462-466.
64. Gleason, H. A., and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York, USA.
65. Gross, K. L. 1984. Effects of seed size and growth form on seedling establishment of six monocarpic perennial plants. Journal of Ecology 72:369-387.
66. Gross, K. L., and P. A. Werner. 1982. Colonizing abilities of "biennial" plant species in relation to ground cover: implications for their distributions in a successional sere. Ecology 63:921-931.
67. Grover, J. P. 1994. Assembly rules for communities of nutrient-limited plants and specialist herbivores. American Naturalist 143:258-282.
68. Grover, J. P. 1997. Resource competition. Chapman and Hall, New York, New York, USA.
69. Guzikowa, M., and P. Maycock. 1986. The invasion and expansion of three North American species of goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L sensu lato, S. gigantea Ait. and S. graminifolia (L) Salisb.) in Poland. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 55:367-384.
70. Hadley, K. S., and T. T. Veblen. 1993. Stand response to western spruce budworm and Douglas fir hark beetle outbreaks, Colorado Front Range. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23:479-491.
71. Hairston, N. G., F. E. Smith, and L. B. Slobodkin. 1960. Community structure, population control and competition. American Naturalist 94:421-425.
72. Hairston, N. G., Jr., and N. G. Hairston, Sr. 1993. Cause-effect relationships in energy flow, trophic structure and interspecific interactions. American Naturalist 142:379-411.
73. Hartley, S. E., and C. O. Jones. 1997. Plant chemistry and herbivory, or why the world is green. Pages 284-324 in M. Crawley, editor. Plant ecology. Blackwell Scientific, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
74. Hartnett, D. C., and W. G. Abrahamson. 1979. The effects of stem gall insects on life history patterns in Solidago canadensis. Ecology 60:910-917.
75. Henderson, I. F., and R. O. Clements. 1977. Grass growth in different parts of England in relation to invertebrate numbers and pesticide treatment. Journal of the British Grassland Association 32:89-98.
76. Hendrix, S. D. 1988. Herbivory and its impact on plant reproduction. Pages 246-263 in J. L. Doust and L. L. Doust, editors. Plant reproductive ecology. Oxford University Press. New York, New York, USA.
77. Hendrix, S. D., V. K. Brown, and A. C. Gange. 1988. Effects of insect herbivory on early plant succession: comparison of an English site and an American site. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 35:205-216.
78. Herzig, A. 1995. Effects of population density on long-distance dispersal in the goldenrod beetle Trirhabda virgata. Ecology 76:2044-2054.
79. Herzig, A., and R. B. Root. 1996. Colonization of host patches following long-distance dispersal by a goldenrod beetle, Trirhabda virgata. Ecological Entomology 21:344-351.
80. Hirose, T. 1971. Nitrogen turnover and dry-matter production of a Solidago altissima population. Japanese Journal of Ecology 21:18-31.
81. Holmes, R. T., J. C. Schultz, and P. Nothnagle. 1979. Bird predation on forest insects: an exclosure experiment. Science 206:462-463.
82. Holt, R. D., J. Grover, and D. Tilman. 1994. Simple rules for interspecific dominance in systems with exploitative and apparent competition. American Naturalist 144:741-771.
83. Huffaker, C. 1964. Fundamentals of biological weed control. Pages 74-117 in J. Debach and E. Schlinger, editors. Control of insect pests and weeds. Chapman and Hall. London, UK.
84. Hunter, M. D., and P. W. Price. 1992. Playing chutes and ladders: bottom-up and top-down forces in natural communities. Ecology 73:724-732.
85. Huntly, N. 1991. Herbivores and the dynamics of communities and ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 22:477-503.
86. Janzen, D. H. 1981. Patterns of herbivory in a tropical deciduous forest. Biotropica 13:271-282.
87. Jobin, A., U. Schaffner, and W. Nentwig. 1996. The structure of the phytophagous insect fauna on the introduced weed Solidago altissima in Switzerland. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 79:33-42.
88. Joern, A. 1989. Insect herbivory in the transition to California annual grasslands: did grasshoppers deliver the coup de grass. Pages 117-134 in L. Huenneke and H. Mooney, editors. Grassland structure and function: California annual grassland. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
89. Jones, V. P., N. C. Toscano, M. W. Johnson, S. C. Wetter, and R. R. Youngman. 1986. Pesticide effects on plant physiology: integration into a pest management scheme. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 1986:103-109.
90. Kartesz, J. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon, USA.
91. Lawton, J. H., and S. McNeil. 1979. Between the devil and the deep blue sea: on the problem of being a herbivore. Pages 223-244 in R. M. Anderson. B. D. Turner, and L. R. Taylor, editors. Population dynamics. Blackwell, London, UK.
92. Lee, P. W., S. M. Stearns, and W. R. Powell. 1988. Metabolic-fate of fenvalerate in wheat plants. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 36:189-193.
93. Leibold, M. A. 1989. Resource edibility and the effects of predators and productivity on the outcome of trophic interactions. American Naturalist 134:922-949.
94. Leibold, M. A. 1996. A graphical model of keystone predators in food webs: trophic regulation of abundance, incidence, and diversity patterns in communities. American Naturalist 147:784-812.
95. Lenter, M., and T. Bishop. 1986. Experimental design and analysis. Valley Book, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.
96. Little, R. C., Milliken, G. A., Stroup, W. W., and R. D. Wolfinger. 1996. SAS for mixed models. SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA.
97. Louda, S. M. 1984. Herbivore effect on stature, fruiting, and leaf dynamics of a native crucifer (Cardamine cordifolia). Ecology 65:1379-1386.
98. Louda, S. M., K. H. Keeler, and R. D. Holt. 1990. Herbivore influences on plant performance and competitive interactions. Pages 414-444 in J. B. Grace and D. Tilman, editors. Perspectives on plant competition. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA.
99. Louda, S. M., and J. E. Rodman. 1996. Insect herbivory as a major factor in the shade distribution of a native crucifer (Cardamine cordifolia A. Gray, bittereress). Journal of Ecology 84:229-237.
100. Lowman, M. D. 1997. Herbivory in forests - from centimeters to megameters. Pages 135-149 in A. D. Watt, N. E. Stork, and M. D. Hunter, editors. Forests and insects. Chapman and Hall, New York, New York, USA.
101. MacLean, D. 1980. Vulnerability of fir-spruce stands during uncontrolled spruce budworm outbreaks: a review and discussion. Forest Chronicle 56:213-221.
102. MacLean, D. 1988. Effects of spruce budworm outbreaks on vegetation, structure, and succession of balsam fir forests on Cape Breton Island, Canada. Pages 253-261 in M. J. A. Werger, P. J. M. van der Aart, H. J. During, and J. T. A. Verhoeven, editors. Plant form and vegetation structure. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, The Netherlands.
103. Maddox, D. M., L. A. Andres R. D. Hennessey, R. D. Blackburn, and N. R. Spencer. 1971. Insects to control alligatorweed: an invader of aquatic ecosystems in the United States. BioScience 21:985-991.
104. Maddox, G. D., R. E. Cook, P. H. Winberger, and S. Gardescu. 1989. Clone structure in four Solidago Altissima (Asteraceae) populations: rhizome connections within genotypes. American Journal of Botany 76:318-326.
105. Mansour, S. A., A. D. Ali, and M. K. Al-Jalili. 1984. The residual toxicity to honey bees of some insecticides on clover flowers: laboratory studies. Journal of Apicultural Research 4:213-216.
106. Maron, J. L., and P. G. Connors. 1996. A native nitrogen-fixing shrub facilitates weed invasion. Oecologia 105:302-312.
107. Marquis, R. J. 1992. The selective impacts of herbivores. Pages 301-325 in R. S. Fritz, and E. L. Simms, editors. Plant resistance to herbivores and pathogens. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
108. Marquis, R. J., and C. J. Whelan. 1994. Insectivorous birds increase growth of white oak through consumption of leaf-chewing insects. Ecology 75:2007-2014.
109. Massey, C. L., and D. A. Pierce. 1960. Trirhabda nitidicollis, a pest of rabbitbrush in New Mexico. Journal of Range Management 13:216-217.
110. Mayer, D. F., C. A. Johansen, C. H. Shanks, and K. S. Pike. 1987. The effect of fenvalerate on pollinators. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Colombia 84:39-45.
111. McBrien, H., R. Harmson, and A. Crowder. 1983. A case of insect grazing affecting plant succession. Ecology 64: 1035-1039.
112. McCrea, K., and W. Abrahamson. 1985. Evolutionary impacts of the goldenrod ball gallmaker on Solidago altissima clones. Oecologia 68:20-22.
113. 14C translocation and growth. Ecology 66:1902-1907.
114. McEvoy, P. B., N. T. Rudd, C. S. Cox, and M. Huso. 1993. Disturbance, competition, and herbivory effects on ragwort Senecio jacobaca populations. Ecological Monographs 63: 55-75.
115. Medeiros, L., D. N. Ferro, A. Mafra-Neto. 1996. Associations of chrysomelid beetles with solanaceous plants in the south of Brazil. Pages 339-363 in P. H. A. Jolivet and M. L. Cox, editors. Chrysomelidae biology, volume two. Ecological studies. SPB Academic Publishing, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
116. Mellinger, M. V., and S. J. McNaughton. 1975. Structure and function of successional vascular plant communities in Central New York. Ecological Monographs 45:161-182.
117. Melville, M., and J. Morton. 1982. A biosystematic study of the Solidago canadensis (Compositae) complex. I. The Ontario populations. Canadian Journal of Botany 60:976-997.
118. Menge, B. A., E. L. Berlow, C. A. Blanchette, S. A. Navarrete, and S. B. Yamada. 1994. The keystone species concept: variation in interaction strength in a rocky intertidal habitat. Ecological Monographs 64:249-286.
119. Menge, B. A., and J. Sutherland. 1987. Community regulation: variation in disturbance, competition, and predation in relation to environmental stress and recruitment. American Naturalist 130:730-757.
120. Messina, F. J., and R. B. Root. 1980. Association between leaf beetles and meadow goldenrods (Solidago spp.) in central New York. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 73:641-646.
121. Meyer, G. A. 1993. A comparison of the impacts of leaf- and sap-feeding insects on growth and allocation of goldenrod. Ecology 74:1101-1116.
122. Meyer, G. A., and R. B. Root. 1993. Effects of herbivorous insects and soil fertility on reproduction of goldenrod. Ecology 74:1117-1128.
123. Mikami, N., S. Sakata, H. Yamada, and J. Miyamoto. 1984. Further studies on degradation of the pyrethroid insecticide fenvalerate in soils. Journal of Pesticide Research 9:697-702.
124. Miyamota, J., and N. Mikami. 1983. Degradation of pyrethroid insecticides in the field. Pages 192-200 in J. Miyamoto and P. Kearney, editors. Pesticide chemistry: human welfare and the environment. Pergamon Press, New York, New York, USA.
125. Moffett, J. O., A. Stoner, and R. M. Ahring. 1982. Effect of fenvalerate applications on honey bees in flowering alfalfa. Southwestern Entomologist 7:111-115.
126. Morris, W., F. Grevstad, and A. Herzig. 1996. Mechanisms and ecological functions of spatial aggregation in chrysomelid beetles. Pages 303-322 in P. H. A. Jolivet and M. L. Cox, editors. Chrysomelidae biology, volume two: ecological studies. SPB Academic Publishing, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
127. Morrow, P. A. 1977. The significance of phytophagous insects in the Eucalyptus forests of Australia. Pages 19-29 in W. J. Mattson, editor. The role of arthropods in forest ecosystems. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA.
128. Morrow, P. A., and V. C. LaMarche. 1978. Tree ring evidence for chronic insect suppression of productivity in subalpine Eucalyptus. Science 201:1244-1246.
129. Morrow, P. A., D. Tonkyn, and R. Goldburg. 1989. Patch colonization by Trirhabda canadensis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): effects of plant species composition and wind. Oecologia 81:43-50.
130. Mumtaz, N. M., and R. E. Menzer. 1986. Comparative metabolism and fate of fenvalerate in Japanese quail and rats. Journal of Agriculture and Food Science 34:929-936.
131. Murdoch, W. W. 1966. "Community structure, population control, and competition" a critique. American Naturalist 100:219-226.
132. Neeley, J. A. 1961. Soil survey. U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service, Series No. 25. Tompkins County, New York, USA.
133. Neter, J., M. H. Kutner, C. J. Nachtsheim, and W. Wasserman. 1996. Applied statistical linear models, fourth edition. Richard D. Irwin, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
134. Nothnagle, P. J., and J. C. Schultz. 1987. What is a forest pest? Pages 59-80 in P. Barbosa and J. C. Schultz, editors. Insect outbreaks. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA.
135. Ohmart, C. P. 1996. Population dynamics of chrysomelid beetles feeding on Eucalyptus. Pages 263-269 in P. H. A. Jolivet and M. L. Cox, editors. Chrysomelidae biology, volume two: ecological studies. SPB Academic Publishing, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
136. Oksanen, L. 1988. Ecosystem organization: Mutualism and cybernetics or plain Darwinian struggle for existence? American Naturalist 131:424-444.
137. Oksanen, L. 1990. Predation, herbivory, and plant strategies along gradients of primary productivity. Pages 445-474 in J. B. Grace and D. Tilman, editors. Perspectives on plant competition. Academic Press, New York, New York, USA.
138. Oksanen, L., S. D. Fretwell, J. Arruda, and P. Niemela. 1981. Exploitation ecosystems in gradients of primary productivity. American Naturalist 118:240-261.
139. Olff, H., and M. E. Ritchie. 1998. Effects of herbivores on grassland plant diversity. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13:261-265.
140. Onkawa, H., R. Kikuchi, and J. Miyamoto. 1980. Metabolic fate of fenvalerate in bean plants. Journal of Pesticide Science 5:215-223.
141. Pacala, S. W., and M. J. Crawley. 1992. Herbivores and plant diversity. American Naturalist 140:243-260.
142. Paine, R. T. 1966. Food web complexity and species diversity. American Naturalist 100:65-75.
143. Polis, G. A., and D. R. Strong. 1996. Food web complexity and community dynamics. American Naturalist 147:813-846.
144. Power, M. E. 1992a. Top-down and bottom-up forces in food webs: do plants have primacy? Ecology 73:733-747.
145. Power, M. E. 1992b. Habitat heterogeneity and the functional significance of fish in river food webs. Ecology 73:1675-1688.
146. Price, P. W. 1997. Insect ecology. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, USA.
147. Pringle, W. L. 1960. The effect of a leaf-feeding beetle on big sagebrush in British Columbia. Journal of Range Management 13:139-142.
148. Pysek, P. 1992. Seasonal changes in response of Senecio ovatus to grazing by the chrysomelid beetle Chrysomela speciosissima. Oecologia 91:596-628.
149. Quarterman, E. 1957. Early plant succession on abandoned cropland in the Central Basin of Tennessee. Ecology 38: 300-309.
150. Reichle, D. E., R. A. Goldstein, R. I. Van Hook, and G. J. Dodson. 1973. Analysis of insect consumption in a forest canopy. Ecology 54:1076-1084.
151. Reid, D., and R. Harmsen. 1974. Trirhabda borealis Blake (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): a major phytophagous species on Solidago canadensis L. Asteraceae) in southeastern Ontario. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario 105:44-47.
152. Romme, W. H., D. H. Knight, and J. B. Yavitt. 1986. Mountain pine beetle outbreaks in the Rocky Mountains: regulators of primary productivity? American Naturalist 127: 484-494.
153. Root, R. B. 1973. Organization of a plant-arthropod association in simple and diverse habitats: the fauna of collards (Brassica oleracea). Ecological Monographs 43:95-124.
154. Root, R. B. 1996. Herbivore pressure on goldenrods (Solidago altissima): its variation and cumulative effects. Ecology 77:1074-1087.
155. Root, R. B., and N. Cappuccino. 1992. Patterns in population change and the organization of the insect community associated with goldenrod. Solidago altissima. Ecological Monographs 62:393-420.
156. SAS Institute. 1997. SAS/STAT. Software: changes and enhancements through Release 6.12. Cary, North Carolina, USA.
157. Schmid, B., and F. Bazzaz. 1987. Clonal integration and population structure in perennials: effects of severing rhizome connections. Ecology 68:2016-2022.
158. Schmid, B., G. Puttick, K. Burgess, and F. Bazzaz. 1988a. Clonal integration and effects of simulated herbivory in old field perennials. Oecologia 75:465-471.
159. Schmid, B., G. Puttick, K. Burgess, and F. Bazzaz. 1988b. Correlations between genet architecture and some life history features in three species of Solidago. Oecologia 75: 459-464.
160. Schmitz, O. J. 1994. Resource edibility and trophic exploitation in an old field food web. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 91:5364-5367.
161. Schmitz, O. J., A. P. Beckerman, and K. M. O'Brien. 1997. Behaviorally mediated trophic cascades: effects of predation risk on food web interactions. Ecology 78:1388-1399.
162. Schowalter, T. D. 1996. Arthropod associates and herbivory on tarbush in southern New Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist 41:140-144.
163. Schowalter, T. D., W. W. Hargrove, and D. A. Crossley 1986. Herbivory in forested ecosystems. Annual Review of Entomology 31:177-196.
164. Scott, M. L., and J. L. Haskins. 1987. Effects of grazing by chrysomelid beetles on two wetland herbaceous species. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 114:13-17.
165. Seastedt, T. R., D. A. Crossley, and W. W. Hargrove. 1983. The effects of low-level consumption by canopy arthropods on the growth and nutrient dynamics of black locust and red maple trees in the southern Appalachians. Ecology 64: 1040-1048.
166. Sholes, O. D. V. 1981. Herbivory by species of Trirhabda (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on Solidago altissima (Asteraceae): variation between years. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 83:274-282.
167. Slobodkin, L. B., F. E. Smith, and N. G. Hairston. 1967. Regulation in terrestrial ecosystems and the implied balance of nature. American Naturalist 101:109-124.
168. Spiller, D. A., and T. W. Schoener. 1990. A terrestrial field experiment showing the impact of eliminating top predators on foliage damage. Nature 347:469-472.
169. Stover, M. E., and P. L. Marks. 1998. Successional vegetation on abandoned cultivated and pastured land in Tompkins County, New York. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Club 125:150-164.
170. Strauss, S. Y. 1991. Direct, indirect, and cumulative effects of three native herbivores on a shared hosi plant. Ecology 72:543-558.
171. Strong, D. R. 1992. Are trophic cascades all wet? Differentiation and donor control in speciose ecosystems. Ecology 73:747-754.
172. Strong, D. R., J. H. Lawton, and T. R. E. Southwood. 1984. Insects on plants: community patterns and mechanisms. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
173. Strong, D. R., J. Maron, P. Connors, A. Whipple, S. Harrison, and R. Jefferies. 1995. High mortality, fluctuation in numbers, and heavy subterranean insect herbivory in bush lupine, Lupinus arboreus. Oecologia 104:85-92.
174. Takafuji, A. 1980. Population dynamics of some phyophagous mites and their predators on goldenrod Solidago altissima L. I. Seasonal trends in population numbers and spatial distributions. Research in Population Biology 21: 197-216.
175. Talekar, N. S., J. S. Chen, and H. T. Kao. 1983. Persistence of fenvalerate in subtropical soil. Journal of Economic Entomology 76:223-226.
176. Thompson, W. T. 1989. Agricultural chemicals book I. Thompson Publications, Fresno, California, USA.
177. Tilman, D. 1982. Resource competition and community structure. Princeton Univeisity Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
178. Tilman, D. 1988. Plant strategies and the dynamics and structure of plain communities. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
179. Tilman, D. 1993. Species richness of experimental productivity gradients: How important is colonization limitation? Ecology 74:2179-2191.
180. Tilman, D. 1997. Community invasibility, recruitment limitation, and grassland biodiversity. Ecology 78:81-92.
181. Tilman, D., and D. Wedin. 1991. Dynamics of nitrogen competition between successional grasses. Ecology 72:1038-1049.
182. Vankat, J. L., and G. W. Snyder. 1991. Floristics of a chronosequence corresponding to old field-deciduous forest succession in southwestern Ohio. I. Undisturbed vegetation. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 118:365-376.
183. Veblen, T., K. Hadley, M. Reid, and A. J. Rebertus. 1991. The response of subalpine forests to spruce beetle outbreak in Colorado. Ecology 72:213-231.
184. Wallace, J. B., and J. O'Hop 1985. Life on a fast pad: waterlily leaf beetle impact on water lilies. Ecology 66:1534-1544.
185. Weber, E. 1994. Evolutionary trends in European neophytes: a case study of two Solidago species. Dissertation. University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
186. Weber, E. 1997. Morphological variation of the introduced perennial Solidago canadensis L. sensu lato (Asteraceae) in Europe. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 123: 197-210.
187. Wedin, D., and D. Tilman. 1993. Competition among grasses along a nitrogen gradient: initial conditions and mechanisms of competition. Ecological Monographs 63:199-229.
188. Werner P. A. 1976. Ecology of plant populations in successional environments. Systematic Botany 1:246-268.
189. Werner, P. A., I. K. Bradbury, and R. S. Gross. 1980. The biology of Canadian weeds. Solidago canadensis L. Canadian Journal Plant Science 60:1393-1409.
190. White, R. E. 1996. Leaf beetles as biological control agents against injurious plants in North America. Pages 373-399 in P. H. A. Jolivet and M. L. Cox, editors. Chrysomelidae biology, volume two: ecological studies. SPB Academic Publishing, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
191. Wilson, E. O. 1987. The little things that run the world. Conservation Biology 1:344-346.
192. Yoneda, T., and H. Okata. 1987. An assessment of root respiration in a Solidago altissima community. Memoirs of Osaka Kyoiku University III. Natural Science and Applied Science 36:147-158.