A new conception of spatial presence: Once again, with feeling

Communication Theory

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 161-187

  Schubert, Thomas W ^a  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; SPATIAL COGNITION; THEORETICAL STUDY; VIRTUAL REALITY;

EID: 65449162991     PISSN: 10503293     EISSN: 14682885     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2885.2009.01340.x     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Bailenson, J. N., Blascovich, J., Beall, A. C., & Loomis, J. M. (2003). Interpersonal distance in immersive virtual environments. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1-15.
2. Barsalou, L. W. (2008). Grounded cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 617-645.
3. Beilock, S. L., & Holt, L. E. (2007). Embodied preference judgments: Can likeability be driven by the motor system? Psychological Science, 18, 51-57.
4. Biocca, F. (1997). The cyborg's dilemma: Progressive embodiment in virtual environments. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 3. Retrieved January 1, 2008, from http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol3/issue2/ biocca2.html.
5. Biocca, F. A., & Rolland, J. P. (1998). Virtual eyes can rearrange your body: Adaptation to visual displacement in see-through, head-mounted displays. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments. Presence, 7, 262-277.
6. Bless, H., & Forgas, J. P. (2000). The message within. Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
7. Brown, R., & McNeill, D. (1966). The "tip of the tongue" phenomenon. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 5, 325-337.
8. Carassa, A., Morganti, F., & Tirassa, M. (2005). A situated cognition perspective on presence. In B. Bara, L. W. Barsalou, & M. Bucciarelli (Eds.), XXVII Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 384-389). Alpha, NJ: Sheridan Printing.
9. Clore, G. L. (1992). Cognitive phenomenology: Feelings and the construction of judgment. In L. L. Martin (Ed.), The construction of social judgments (pp. 133-163). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
10. Creem, S. H., & Proffitt, D. R. (2001). Grasping objects by their handles: A necessary interaction between cognition and action. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 27, 218-228.
11. Derbyshire, N., Ellis, R., & Tucker, M. (2006). The potentiation of two components of the reach-to-grasp action during object categorisation in visual memory. Acta Psychologica, 122, 74-98.
12. Dimberg, U., Thunberg, M., & Grunedal, S. (2002). Facial reactions to emotional stimuli: Automatically controlled emotional responses. Cognition and Emotion, 16, 449-471.
13. Dourish, P. (2001). Where the action is: The foundations of embodied interaction. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
14. Ellis, R., & Tucker, M. (2000). Micro-affordance: The potentiation of components of action by seen objects. British Journal of Health Psychology, 91, 451-471.
15. Ellis, R., Tucker, M., Symes, E., & Vainio, L. (2007). Does selecting one visual object from several require inhibition of the actions associated with nonselected objects? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 33, 670-691.
16. Fischer, M. H., & Zwaan, R. A. (2008). Embodied language - A review of the role of the motor system in language comprehension. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 61, 860-868.
17. Forgas, J. P. (1999). Network theories and beyond. In T. Dalgleish & M. J. Power (Eds.), Handbook of cognition and emotion (pp. 592-611). New York: John Wiley.
18. Freeman, J. (2003). Converging evidence on the structure of presence. Presentation given at the 6th Annual International Workshop on Presence, Aalborg.
19. Freeman, J., Avons, S., Meddis, R., Pearson, D., & IJsselsteijn, W. (2000). Using behavioural realism to estimate presence: A study of the utility of postural responses to motion stimuli. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments. Presence, 9, 149-164.
20. Garcia-Marques, T., & Mackie, D. M. (2000). The positive feeling of familiarity: Mood as an information processing regulation mechanism. In H. Bless & J. P. Forgas (Eds.), The message within: The role of subjective experience in social cognition and behavior (pp. 240-261). New York: Psychology Press.
21. Gibson, J. J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
22. Glenberg, A. M. (1997). What memory is for. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 20, 1-55.
23. Glenberg, A. M., & Kaschak, M. P. (2003). Grounding language in action. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 9, 558-565.
24. Green, M. C., & Brock, T. C. (2000). The role of transportation in the persuasiveness of public narratives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 701-721.
25. Gregory, R. L. (1980). Perceptions as hypotheses. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, 290, 181-197.
26. Gregory, R. L. (2003). Delusions. Perception, 32, 257-261.
27. Hauk, O., Johnsrude, I., & Pulvermüller, F. (2004). Somatotopic representation of action words in human motor and premotor cortex. Neuron, 41, 301-307.
28. Heeter, C. (2003). Reflections on real presence by a virtual person. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments. Presence, 12, 335-345.
29. Held, R., & Durlach, N. (1992). Telepresence. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments. Presence, 1, 109-112.
30. Hommel, B., Müsseler, J., Aschersleben, G., & Prinz, W. (2001). The theory of event coding (TEC): A framework for perception and action planning. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24, 849-937.
31. Iacoboni, M., Woods, R. P., Brass, M., Bekkering, H., Mazziotta, J. C., & Rizzolatti, G. (1999). Cortical mechanisms of human imitation. Science, 286, 2526-2528.
32. IJsselsteijn, W. (2002). Elements of a multilevel theory of presence: Phenomenology, mental processing and neural correlates. Proceedings of PRESENCE 2002, October 9-11, 2002, Porto, Portugal, 9-11.
33. IJsselsteijn, W., de Ridder, H., Freeman, J. F., Avons, S. E., & Bouwhuis, D. (2001). Effects of stereoscopic presentation, image motion, and screen size on subjective and objective corroborative measures of presence. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments. Presence, 10, 298-311.
34. IJsselsteijn, W., Freeman, J., Avons, S. E., Davidoff, J., de Ridder, H., & Hamberg, R. (1997). Continuous assessment of presence in stereoscopic displays. Perception, 26, ECVP Abstract Supplement, 42-43.
35. Kahneman, D. (2003). A perspective on judgment and choice. Mapping bounded rationality. American Psychologist, 58, 697-720.
36. Kelley, C. M., & Jacoby, L. L. (1998). Subjective reports and process dissociation: Fluency, knowing, and feeling. Acta Psychologica, 98, 127-140.
37. Knoblich, G., & Sebanz, N. (2006). The social nature of perception and action. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 99-104.
38. Koriat, A. (1993). How do we know that we know? The accessibility model of the feeling of knowing. Psychological Review, 100, 609-639.
39. Koriat, A. (2000). The feeling of knowing: Some metatheoretical implications for consciousness and control. Consciousness and Cognition, 9, 149-171.
40. Koriat, A. (2007). Metacognition and consciousness. In P. D. Zelazo, M. Moscovitch & E. Thompson (Eds.), Cambrige handbook of consciousness (pp. 289-325). New York: Cambridge University Press.
41. Koriat, A., & Levy-Sadot, R. (2000). Conscious and unconscious metacognition: A rejoinder. Consciousness and Cognition, 9, 193-202.
42. Koriat, A., & Levy-Sadot, R. (2001). The combined contributions of the cue-familiarity and accessibility heuristics to feelings of knowing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 27, 34-53.
43. Kozlowski, L. T., & Bryant, K. J. (1977). Sense of direction, spatial orientation, and cognitive maps. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 3, 590-598.
44. Lawton, C. A. (1994). Gender differences in way-finding strategies: Relationship to spatial ability and spatial anxiety. Sex Roles, 30, 765-779.
45. Lee, K. M. (2004). Presence, explicated. Communication Theory, 14, 27-50.
46. Lessiter, J., Freeman, J., Keogh, E., & Davidoff, J. (2001). A cross-media presence questionnaire: The ITC-Sense of Presence Inventory. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments. Presence, 10, 282-297.
47. Lin, J. J. W., Duh, H. B. L., Parker, D. E., Abi-Rached, H., & Furness, T. A. IEEE. (2002). Effects of field of view on presence, enjoyment, memory, and simulator sickness in a virtual environment. In IEEE (Ed.), Virtual Reality, 2002. Proceedings (pp. 164-172), See http:// ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=996519.
48. Lombard, M., & Ditton, T. B. (1997). At the heart of it all: The concept of presence. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 3. Retrieved January 20, 2008, from http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol3/issue2/ lombard.html.
49. Lombard, M., & Jones, M. T. (in press). Defining presence. In F. Biocca, W. A. IJsselsteijn, J. Freeman, & M. Lombard (Eds.), Immersed in media I: Telepresence theory, measurement and technology. New York: Routledge.
50. Mantovani, G., & Riva, G. (1999). "Real presence": How different ontologies generate different criteria for presence, telepresence, and virtual presence. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments. Presence, 8, 540-550.
51. Meehan, M. S., Razzaque, S. I. B. W. M., & Brooks, F. P. (2005). Review of four studies on the use of physiological reaction as a measure of presence in stressful virtual environments. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 30, 239-258.
52. Minsky, M. (1980). Telepresence. Omni, 2, 45-51.
53. Murata, A., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., Gallese, V., Raos, V., & Rizzolatti, G. (1997). Object representation in the ventral premotor cortex (area F5) of the monkey. Journal of Neurophysiology, 78, 2226-2230.
54. Neumann, R., & Strack, F. (2000). Experiential and non-experiential routes of motor influences on affect and evaluation. In H. Bless & J. P. Forgas (Eds.), The message within: The role of subjective experience in social cognition and behavior (pp. 52-68). Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.
55. Nichols, S., Haldane, C., & Wilson, J. (2000). Measurement of presence and its consequences in virtual environments. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 52, 471-491.
56. Nunez, D. (2007). A capacity limited, cognitive constructionist model of virtual presence. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Cape Town South Africa. Retrieved January 10, 2008, from http:// chomsky.uct.ac.za/dnunez/new/phdthesis/dnunez_clcc_model_phd.pdf.
57. Pavese, A., & Buxbaum, L. J. (2002). Action matters: The role of action plans and object affordances in selection for action. Visual Cognition, 9, 559-590.
58. Presson, C. C., & Montello, D. R. (1994). Updating after rotational and translational body movements: Coordinate structure of perspective space. Perception, 23, 1447-1455.
59. Reber, R., Schwarz, N., & Winkielman, P. (2004). Processing fluency and aesthetic pleasure: Is beauty in the perceiver's processing experience? Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8, 364-382.
60. Regenbrecht, H., & Schubert, T. (2002). Real and illusory interaction enhance presence in virtual environments. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments. Presence, 11, 425-434.
61. Regenbrecht, H., Schubert, T. W., & Friedmann, F. (1998). Measuring the sense of presence and its relations to fear of heights in virtual environments. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 10, 233-249.
62. Richardson, A. E., Montello, D. R., & Hegarty, M. (1999). Spatial knowledge acquisition from maps and from navigation in real and virtual environments. Memory and Cognition, 27, 741-750.
63. Riva, G., Waterworth, J. A., & Waterworth, E. L. (2004). The layers of presence: A bio-cultural approach to understanding presence in natural and mediated environments. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 7, 402-416.
64. Rizzolatti, G. (2005). The mirror neuron system and imitation. In S. Hurley & N. Chater (Eds.), Perspectives on imitation: From neuroscience to social science: Vol. 1: Mechanisms of imitation and imitation in animals (pp. 55-76). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
65. Sanchez-Vives, M. V., & Slater, M. (2005). From presence to consciousness through virtual reality. Nature reviews: Neuroscience, 6, 332-339.
66. Schloerb, D. W. (1995). A quantitative measure of telepresence. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments. Presence, 4, 64-80.
67. Schubert, T. W. (2003). The sense of presence in virtual environments: A three-component scale measuring spatial presence, involvement, and realness. Zeitschrift Für Medienpsychologie, 15, 69-71.
68. Schubert, T., Friedmann, F., & Regenbrecht, H. (1998). Embodied presence in virtual environments. In R. Paton & I. E. Neilson (Eds.), Visual representations and interpretations (pp. 269-278). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
69. Schubert, T., Friedmann, F., & Regenbrecht, H. (2001). The experience of presence: Factor analytic insights. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments. Presence, 10, 266-281.
70. Schwartz, B. L., & Metcalfe, J. (1992). Cue familiarity but not target retrievability enhances feeling-of-knowing judgments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 18, 1074-1083.
71. Schwarz, N. (2002). Situated cognition and the wisdom of feelings: Cognitive tuning. In L. Feldman Barrett & P. Salovey (Eds.), The wisdom in feeling (pp. 144-166). New York: Guilford Press.
72. Schwarz, N., Bless, H., Strack, F., Klumpp, G., Ritttenauer-Schatka, H., & Simons, A. (1991). Ease of retrieval as information: Another look at the availability heuristic. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 195-202.
73. Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (1983). Mood, misattribution, and judgments of well-being: Informative and directive functions of affective states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 513-523.
74. Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (1996). Feelings and phenomenal experience. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 433-465). New York: Guilford Press.
75. Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (2003). Mood as information: 20 years later. Psychological Inquiry, 14, 296-303.
76. Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (2007). Feelings and phenomenal experiences. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology. Handbook of basic principles, second edition (pp. 385-407). New York: Guilford Press.
77. Sheridan, T. B. (1992). Musings on telepresence and virtual presence. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 1, 120-125.
78. Slater, M. (1999). Measuring presence: A response to the Witmer and Singer Presence Questionnaire. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments. Presence, 8, 560-565.
79. Slater, M. (2002). Presence and the sixth sense. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 11, 435-439.
80. Slater, M. (2004). How colorful was your day? Why questionnaires cannot assess presence in virtual environments. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 13, 484-493.
81. Slater, M., Antley, A., Davison, A., Swapp, D., Guger, C., Barker, C., Pistrang, N., & Sanchez-Vives, M. V. (2006). A virtual reprise of the Stanley Milgram obedience experiments. PLoS ONE, 1, e39. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000039.
82. Slater, M., & Garau, M. (2007). The use of questionnaire data in presence studies: Do not seriously Likert. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 16, 447-456.
83. Slater, M., Linakis, V., Usoh, M., & Kooper, R. (1996). Immersion, presence, and performance in virtual environments: An experiment using tri-dimensional chess. In M. Green (Ed.), ACM Virtual Reality Software and Technology (pp. 163-172).
84. Slater, M., Pertaub, D., & Steed, A. (1999). Public speaking in virtual reality: Facing an audience of avatars. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 19, 6-9.
85. Slater, M., & Usoh, M. (1993). The influence of a virtual body on presence in virtual environments. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 3, 130-144.
86. Slater, M., & Steed, A. (2000). A virtual presence counter. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 9, 413-434.
87. Slater, M., Usoh, M., & Steed, A. (1995). Taking steps: The influence of a walking technique on presence in virtual reality. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 2, 201-219.
88. Slater, M., & Wilbur, S. (1997). A framework for immersive virtual environments (FIVE): Speculations on the role of presence in virtual environments. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 6, 603-616.
89. Strack, F., Martin, L. L., & Stepper, S. (1988). Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile: A nonobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 768-777.
90. Strack, F., & Neumann, R. (2000). Furrowing the brow may undermine perceived fame: The role of facial feedback in judgments of celebrity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 762-768.
91. Symes, E., Ellis, R., & Tucker, M. (2005). Dissociating object-based and space-based affordances. Visual Cognition, 12, 1337-1361.
92. Symes, E., Ellis, R., & Tucker, M. (2007). Visual object affordances: Object orientation. Acta Psychologica, 124, 238-255.
93. Towell, J., & Towell, E. (1997). Presence in text-based networked virtual environments or "MUDS." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 6, 590-595.
94. Tucker, M., & Ellis, R. (1998). On the relations between seen objects and components of potential actions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 24, 830-846.
95. Tucker, M., & Ellis, R. (2001). The potentiation of grasp types during visual object categorization. Visual Cognition, 8, 769-800.
96. Usoh, M., Catena, E., Arman, S., & Slater, M. (2000). Using presence questionnaires in reality. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 9, 497-503.
97. Van den Bergh, O., Vrana, S., & Eelen, P. (1990). Letters from the heart: Affective categorization of letter combinations in typists and nontypists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 1153-1161.
98. Waterworth, E. L., & Waterworth, J. A. (2001). Focus, locus, and sensus: The three dimensions of virtual experience. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 4, 203-213.
99. Wegner, D. M. (2002). The illusion of conscious will. Cambridge, MA: Bradford Books.
100. Wegner, D. M. (2005). Who is the controller of controlled processes? In R. R. Hassin, J. S. Uleman, & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), The new unconscious (pp. 19-36). New York: Oxford University Press.
101. Wegner, D. M., & Gilbert, D. T. (2000). Social psychology - The science of human experience. In H. Bless & J. Forgas (Eds.), The message within: The role of subjective experience in social cognition and behavior (pp. 1-9). Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press, Taylor and Francis.
102. Winkielman, P., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2001). Mind at ease puts a smile on the face: Psychophysiological evidence that processing facilitation elicits positive affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 989-1000.
103. Winkielman, P., Schwarz, N., Fazendeiro, T. A., & Reber, R. (2003). The hedonic marking of processing fluency: Implications for evaluative judgment. In J. Musch & K. C. Klauer (Eds.), The psychology of evaluation: Affective processes in cognition and emotion (pp. 189-217). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
104. Wirth, W. (2006). Involvement. In J. Bryant & P. Vorderer (Eds.), Psychology of entertainment (pp. 199-212). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
105. Wirth, W., Hartmann, T., Böcking, S., Vorderer, P., Klimmt, C., Schramm, H., et al. (2007). A process model of the formation of spatial presence experiences. Journal of Media Psychology, 9, 493-525.
106. Witmer, B. G., Jerome, C. J., & Singer, M. J. (2005). The factor structure of the presence questionnaire. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 14, 298-312.
107. Zahorik, P., & Jenison, R. L. (1998). Presence as being-in-the-world. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 7, 78-89.
108. Zajonc, R. B. (1998). Emotions. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (pp. 591-632). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
109. Zwaan, R. A., & Taylor, L. J. (2006). Seeing, acting, understanding: motor resonance in language comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 135, 1-11.