Interpersonal distance in immersive virtual environments

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

Volumn 29, Issue 7, 2003, Pages 819-833

  Bailenson, Jeremy N ^a   Blascovich, Jim ^a   Beall, Andrew C ^a   Loomis, Jack M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Computer mediated communication; Human representation; Nonverbal behavior; Proxemics; Virtual reality

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ATTENTION; COMPUTER INTERFACE; EYE FIXATION; FEMALE; GENDER IDENTITY; GROUP DYNAMICS; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; MALE; ORIENTATION; REVIEW; SOCIAL DISTANCE; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ATTENTION; FEMALE; FIXATION, OCULAR; GENDER IDENTITY; HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; MALE; ORIENTATION; PERSONAL SPACE; SOCIAL DISTANCE; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; USER-COMPUTER INTERFACE;

EID: 0037865879     PISSN: 01461672     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0146167203029007002     Document Type: Review

References (32)

1. Andersen, P. A., Guerrero, L. K., Buller, D. B., & Jorgensen, P. F. (1998). An empirical comparison of three theories of nonverbal immediacy exchange. Human Communication Research, 24, 501-535.
2. Argyle, M. (1988). Bodily communication (2nd ed.). London: Methuen.
3. Argyle, M., & Dean, J. (1965). Eye-contact, distance and affiliation. Sociometry, 28(3), 289-304.
4. Bailenson, J. N., Beall, A. C., & Blascovich, J. (2002). Gaze and task performance in shared virtual environments. Journal of Visualization and Computer Animation, 13, 1-8.
5. Bailenson, J. N., Beall, A. C., Blascovich, J., Weisbuch, M., & Raimmundo, R. (2001). Intelligent agents who wear your face: Users' reactions to the virtual self. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, 2190, 86-99.
6. Bailenson, J. N., Blascovich, J., Beall, A. C., & Loomis, J. M. (2001). Equilibrium revisited: Mutual gaze and personal space in virtual environments. Presence, 10, 583-598.
7. Biocca, F., & Levy, M. (1995). Communication in the age of virtual reality. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
8. Blascovich, J. (2001). Social influences within immersive virtual environments. In R. Schroeder (Ed.), The social life of avatars (pp. 127-145). New York: Springer-Verlag.
9. Blascovich, J. (2002). A theoretical model of social influence for increasing the utility of collaborative virtual environments. CVE 2002: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Collaborative Virtual Environments, 25-30.
10. Blascovich, J., Loomis, J., Beall, A., Swinth, K., Hoyt, C., & Bailenson, J. N. (2002). Immersive virtual environment technology as a methodological tool for social psychology. Psychological Inquiry, 13, 103-124.
11. Brady, A., & Walker, M. (1978). Interpersonal distance as a function of situationally induced anxiety. British Journal of Social Psychology, 17, 127-133.
12. Burgoon, J. K., Stern, L., & Dillman, L. (1995). Interpersonal adaptation. Dyadic interaction patterns. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
13. DeFanti, T. (2000). Better than being there: Next millennium networks. IEEE, 20, 60-63.
14. Gibson, W. (1984). Neuromancer. New York: Ace Books.
15. Gifford, R. (1996). Environmental psychology (2nd ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
16. Guye-Vuillieme, A., Capin, T. K., Pandzic, I. S., Thalmann, N. M., & Thalmann, D. (1999). Non-verbal communication interface for collaborative virtual environments. Virtual Reality Journal, 4, 49-59.
17. Hale, J. L., & Burgoon, J. K., (1984). Models of reactions to changes in nonverbal immediacy. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 8, 287-314.
18. Hall, J. A. (1984). Nonverbal sex differences: Accuracy of communication and expressive style. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
19. Hayduk, L. A. (1983). Personal space: Where we now stand. Psychological Bulletin, 94, 293-335.
20. Hebl, M. R., & Kleck, R. E. (2002). Virtually interactive: A new paradigm for the analysis of stigma. Psychological Inquiry, 13, 128-131.
21. Ickes, W., & Barnes, R. D. (1977). The role of sex and self-monitoring in unstructured dyadic interactions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 315-330.
22. Krikorian, D. H., Lee, J., Chock, T. M., & Harms, C. (2000). Isn't that spatial? Distance and communication in a 2-D virtual Environment. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication [online], 4.
23. Loomis, J., Blascovich, J., & Beall, A. (1999). Immersive virtual environment technology as a basic research tool in psychology. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 31, 557-564.
24. Manusov, V. (1995). Reacting to changes in nonverbal behaviors: Relational satisfaction and adaptation patterns in romantic dyads. Human Communication Research, 21, 456-477.
25. Mehrabian, A. (1967). Orientation behaviors and nonverbal attitude communication. Journal of Communication, 17, 324-332.
26. Patterson, M. L., & Webb, A. (2002). Passing encounters: Patterns of recognition and avoidance in pedestrians. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 24, 57-66.
27. Reeves, B., & Nass, C. (1996). The media equation: How people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places. New York: Cambridge University Press.
28. Rogers, J. A. (1972). Relationship between sociability and personal space preference at two different times of day. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 35, 519-526.
29. Slater, M., Sadagic, A., Usoh, M., & Schroeder, R. (2000). Small-group behavior in a virtual and real environment. Presence, 9, 37-51.
30. Sommer, R. (2002). Personal space in a digital age. In R. B. Bechtel & A. Churchman (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology (pp. 647-660). New York: John Wiley.
31. Williams, K. D., Cheung, C. K. T., & Choi, W. (2000). CyberOstracism: Effects of being ignored over the Internet, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 748-762.
32. Zebrowitz, L. A. (2002). The affordances of IVET for studying social affordances. Psychological Inquiry, 13, 143-145.