Subjective reports and process dissociation: Fluency, knowing, and feeling

Acta Psychologica

Volumn 98, Issue 2-3, 1998, Pages 127-140

  Kelley, Colleen M ^a   Jacoby, Larry L ^b  

^a FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Attribution; Consciousness states; Familiarity; Fluency; Learning and memory; Memory

Indexed keywords

EID: 0001483081     PISSN: 00016918     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/s0001-6918(97)00039-5     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Bartlett, J.C., Halpern, A.R., Dowling, W.J., 1995. Recognition of familiar and unfamiliar melodies in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. Memory and Cognition 23, 531-546.
2. Bem, D.J., 1967. Self-perception: An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena. Psychological Review 74, 183-200.
3. Brewer, W.F., 1992. Phenomenal experience in laboratory and autobiographical memory tasks. In: Conway, M.A., Rubin, D.C., Spinnler, H., Wagenaar, W. (Eds.), Theoretical perspectives on autobiographical memory. Kulwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
4. Burgess, P.W., Shallice, T., 1996. Confabulation and the control of recollection. Memory 4, 349-411.
5. Curran, T., Hintzman, D.L., 1995. Violations of the independence assumption in process dissociation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 21, 531-547.
6. Gabrieli, J.D.E., Desmond, J.E., Demb, J.B., Wagner, A.D., Stone, M.V., Vaidya, C.J., Glover, G.H., 1996. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of semantic memory processes in the frontal lobes. Psychological Science 7, 278-283.
7. Gardiner, J.M., 1988. Functional aspects of recollective experience. Memory and Cognition 16, 309-313.
8. Gardiner, J.M., Java, R.I., 1991. Forgetting in recognition memory with and without recollective experience. Memory and Cognition 19, 617-623.
9. Gardiner, J.M., Java, R.I., 1993. Recognising and remembering. In: Collins, A., Conway, M.A., Gathercole, S.E., Morris, P.E. (Eds.), Theories of Memory. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp. 163-188.
10. Gardiner, J.M., Parkin, A.J., 1990. Attention and recollective experience in recognition memory. Memory and Cognition 18, 579-583.
11. Graf, P., Komatsu, S., 1994. Process dissociation procedure: Handle with caution!. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 6, 113-129.
12. Gruppuso, V., Lindsay, D.S., Kelley, C.M., 1997. The process dissociation procedure and similarity: Defining and estimating recollection and familiarity in recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 23, 259-278.
13. Hay, J.F., Jacoby, L.L., 1996. Separating habit and recollection: Memory slips, process dissociations and probability matching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 22, 1323-1335.
14. Jacoby, L.L., 1991. A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory. Journal of Memory and Language 30, 513-541.
15. Jacoby, L.L., 1998. Invariance in automatic influences of memory: Toward a user's guide for the process dissociation procedure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 24, 3-26.
16. Jacoby, L.L., Bjork, R.A., Kelley, C.M., 1994. Illusions of comprehension, competence, and remembering. In: Druckman, D., Bjork, R.A. (Eds.), Learning, Remembering, Believing: Enhancing Human Performance, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, pp. 57-80.
17. Jacoby, L.L., Dallas, M., 1981. On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 3, 306-340.
18. Jacoby, L.L., Kelley, C.M., 1990. An episodic view of motivation: Unconscious influences of memory. In: Higgins, E.T., Sorrentino R.M. (Eds.), Handbook of Motivation and Cognition, vol. 2, Guilford Press, NY, pp. 451-481.
19. Jacoby, L.L., Jennings, J.M., Hay, J.F., 1996. Dissociating automatic and consciously-controlled processes: Implications for diagnosis and rehabilitation of memory deficits. In: Herrmann, D.J., McEvoy, C., Hertzog, C., Hertel, P., Johnson, M.K. (Eds), Basic and Applied Memory Research: Theory in Context, vol. 1, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp. 161-193.
20. Jacoby, L.L., McElree, B., Trainham, T.N. Automatic influences as availability bias in memory and Stroop-like tasks: Toward a formal model. Attention and Performance XVII (in press).
21. Jacoby, L.L., Whitehouse, K., 1989. An illusion of memory: False recognition influenced by unconscious perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 118, 126-135.
22. Jacoby, L.L., Woloshyn, V., Kelley, C.M., 1989. Becoming famous without being recognized: Unconscious influences of memory produced by dividing attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 118, 115-125.
23. Jacoby, L.L., Yonelinas, A.P. Jennings, J., 1997. The relation between conscious and unconscious (automatic) influences. A declaration of independence. In: Cohen, J., Schooler, J.W. (Eds.), Scientific Approaches to the Question of Consciousness. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp. 13-47.
24. Jacoby, L.L., Toth, J.P., Yonelinas, A.P., 1993. Separating conscious and unconscious influences of memory: Measuring recollection. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 122, 139-154.
25. James, W., 1980. The Principles of Psychology, vol. 1. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
26. Jennings, J.M., Jacoby, L.L., 1993. Automatic versus intentional uses of memory: Aging, attention, and control. Psychology and Aging 8, 283-293.
27. Johnson, M.K., 1989. Reality monitoring: An experimental phenomenological approach. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 117, 390-394.
28. Johnston, W.A., Dark, V.J., Jacoby, L.L., 1985. Perceptual fluency and recognition judgments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 11, 3-11.
29. Johnston, W.A., Hawley, K.J., Elliott, J.M.G., 1991. Contributions of perceptual fluency to recognition memory judgments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 17, 210-223.
30. Jones, G.V., 1987. Independence and exclusivity among psychological processes: Implications for the structure of recall. Psychological Review 94, 229-235.
31. Kelley, C.M. Separating the effects of prior knowledge from memory (in preparation).
32. Kelley, C.M., Jacoby, L.L., Hollingshead, A., 1989. Direct versus indirect tests of memory for source: Judgments of modality. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 15, 1101-1108.
33. Kelley, C.M., Lindsay, D.S., 1996. Memory dissociations. In: Bjork, R., Bjork, E. (Eds.). Handbook of Perception and Cognition: Memory. Vol. 10, Academic Press, NY, pp. 33-63.
34. LeDoux, J.E., 1994. Emotion, memory and the brain. Scientific American 270, 50-57.
35. Lindsay, D.S., Jacoby, L.L., 1994. Stroop process dissociations: The relationship between facilitation and interference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 20, 219-234.
36. Lindsay, D.S., Kelley, C.M., 1996. Creating illusions of familiarity in a cued recall remember/know paradigm. Journal of Memory and Language 35, 197-211.
37. Luo, C.R., 1993. Enhanced feeling of recognition: Effects of identifying and manipulating test items on recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 19, 405-413.
38. McKoon, G., Ratcliff, R., 1995. How should implicit memory phenomena be modeled? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 21, 777-784.
39. Murphy, G., Kovach, J.K., 1972. Historical introduction to modern psychology. Harcourt, Brace and Jovanovich, New York.
40. Neumann, O., 1984. Automatic processing: A review of recent findings and a plea for an old theory. In: Prinz, W., Sanders, A.F. (Eds.), Cognition and Motor Processes. Springer, Berlin, pp. 255-293.
41. Nisbett, R.E., Wilson, T.D., 1977. Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review 84, 231-259.
42. Nyberg, L., Cabeza, R., Tulving, E., 1996. PET studies of encoding and retrieval: The HERA model. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 3, 135-148.
43. Parkin, A.J., Walter, B.M., 1992. Recollective experience, normal aging, and frontal dysfunction. Psychology and Aging 7, 290-298.
44. Rajaram, S., 1993. Remembering and knowing: Two means of access to the personal past. Memory and Cognition 21, 89-102.
45. Ratcliff, R., McKoon, G., 1996. Bias effects in implicit memory tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 125, 403-421.
46. Ratcliff, R., McKoon, G., 1997. A counter model for implicit priming in perceptual word identification. Psychological Review 104, 319-343.
47. Roediger, H.L., McDermott, K.B., 1993. Implicit memory in normal human subjects. In: Spinnler, H., Boller, F. (Eds.), Handbook of Neuropsychology, vol. 8. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
48. Ross, B.H., 1984. Remindings and their effects in learning a cognitive skill. Cognitive Psychology 16, 371-416.
49. Schachter, S., Singer, J., 1962. Cognitive, social and physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychological Review 69, 379-399.
50. Schacter, D.L., Alpert, N.M., Savage, C.R., Rauch, S.L., Albert, M., 1996. Conscious recollection and the human hippocampal formation: Evidence from positron emission tomography. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 93, 321-325.
51. Schank, R.C., 1982. Dynamic Memory. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
52. Snyder, M., 1974. The self-monitoring of expressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 30, 526-537.
53. Toth, J.P., Reingold, E.M., Jacoby, L.L., 1995. A response to Graf and Komatsu's critique of the processdissociation procedure: When is caution necessary? European Journal of Psychology 7, 113-130.
54. Tulving, E., 1985. How many memory systems are there? American Psychologist 40, 385-398.
55. Whittlesea, B.W.A., 1993. Illusions of familiarity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 19, 1235-1253.
56. Whittlesea, B.W.A., Jacoby, L.L., Girard, K.A., 1990. Illusions of immediate memory: Evidence of an attributional basis for feelings of familiarity and perceptual quality. Journal of Memory and Language 29, 716-732.
57. Wicklund, R.A., 1975. Objective self-awareness. In: Berkowitz, L. (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 8. Academic Press, New York, pp. 233-275.
58. Wicklund, R.A., Frey, D., 1980. Self-awareness theory: When the self makes a difference. In: D.M. Wegner R.R. Vallacher (Eds.), The Self in Social Psychology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 31-54.