Poor response inhibition: At the nexus between substance abuse and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews

Volumn 33, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 690-698

  Groman, Stephanie M ^a   James, Alex S ^a   Jentsch, J David ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Animal models; Cognitive control; Dopamine; Impulsivity; Norepinephrine; Prefrontal cortex

Indexed keywords

DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER;

ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BASAL GANGLION; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; COGNITION; COMORBIDITY; DRUG DEPENDENCE; GENOTYPE; HUMAN; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; WORKING MEMORY;

ANIMALS; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; BASAL GANGLIA; CEREBRAL CORTEX; COGNITION; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; FRONTAL LOBE; HUMANS; IMPULSIVE BEHAVIOR; MODELS, NEUROLOGICAL; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS;

EID: 64549114214     PISSN: 01497634     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.08.008     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Abdul-Monim Z., Reynolds G.P., and Neill J.C. The effect of atypical and classical antipsychotics on sub-chronic PCP-induced cognitive deficits in a reversal-learning paradigm. Behav. Brain Res. 169 (2006) 263-273
2. American-Psychiatric-Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. (1994), American Psychiatric Association, American Psychiatric Association
3. Andersen S.L., Arvanitogiannis A., Pliakas A.M., LeBlanc C., and Carlezon W.A. Altered responsiveness to cocaine in rats exposed to methylphenidate during development. Nat. Neurosci. 5 (2002) 13-14
4. Arnsten A.F. Fundamentals of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: circuits and pathways. J. Clin. Psychiatry 67 Suppl. 8 (2006) 7-12
5. Arnsten A.F. Stimulants: therapeutic actions in ADHD. Neuropsychopharmacology 31 (2006) 2376-2383
6. Aron A.R., Dowson J.H., Sahakian B.J., and Robbins T.W. Methylphenidate improves response inhibition in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 54 (2003) 1465-1468
7. Aron A.R., and Poldrack R.A. The cognitive neuroscience of response inhibition: relevance for genetic research in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 57 (2005) 1285-1292
8. Bardo M.T., Cain M.E., and Bylica K.E. Effect of amphetamine on response inhibition in rats showing high or low response to novelty. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 85 (2006) 98-104
9. Barkley R.A. Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychol. Bull. 121 (1997) 65-94
10. Bearden C.E., and Freimer N.B. Endophenotypes for psychiatric disorders: ready for primetime?. Trends Genet. 22 (2006) 306-313
11. Berridge C.W., Devilbiss D.M., Andrzejewski M.E., Arnsten A.F., Kelley A.E., Schmeichel B., Hamilton C., and Spencer R.C. Methylphenidate preferentially increases catecholamine neurotransmission within the prefrontal cortex at low doses that enhance cognitive function. Biol. Psychiatry 60 (2006) 1111-1120
12. Biederman J., Arnsten A.F., Faraone S.V., Doyle A.E., Spencer T.J., Wilens T.E., Weiss M.D., Safren S.A., and Culpepper L. New developments in the treatment of ADHD. J. Clin. Psychiatry 67 (2006) 148-159
13. Biederman J., Monuteaux M.C., Spencer T., Wilens T., Macpherson H.A., and Faraone S.V. Stimulant therapy and risk for subsequent substance use disorders in male adults with ADHD: a naturalistic controlled 10-year follow-up study. Am. J. Psychiatry 165 (2008) 597-603
14. Bilder R.M. Phenomics: building scaffolds for biological hypotheses in the post-genomic era. Biol. Psychiatry 63 (2008) 439-440
15. Blondeau C., and Dellu-Hagedorn F. Dimensional analysis of ADHD subtypes in rats. Biol. Psychiatry 61 (2007) 1340-1350
16. Borde N., and Beracochea D.J. Effects of diazepam or chronic alcohol treatment on spatial reversal learning in mice. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 62 (1999) 719-725
17. Brandon C.L., Marinelli M., and White F.J. Adolescent exposure to methylphenidate alters the activity of rat midbrain dopamine neurons. Biol. Psychiatry 54 (2003) 1338-1344
18. Bruno K.J., Freet C.S., Twining R.C., Egami K., Grigson P.S., and Hess E.J. Abnormal latent inhibition and impulsivity in coloboma mice, a model of ADHD. Neurobiol. Dis. 25 (2007) 206-216
19. Bymaster F.P., Katner J.S., Nelson D.L., Hemrick-Luecke S.K., Threlkeld P.G., Heiligenstein J.H., Morin S.M., Gehlert D.R., and Perry K.W. Atomoxetine increases extracellular levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in prefrontal cortex of rat: a potential mechanism for efficacy in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 27 (2002) 699-711
20. Calu D.J., Stalnaker T.A., Franz T.M., Singh T., Shaham Y., and Schoenbaum G. Withdrawal from cocaine self-administration produces long-lasting deficits in orbitofrontal-dependent reversal learning in rats. Learn. Mem. 14 (2007) 325-328
21. Cardinal R.N., Robbins T.W., and Everitt B.J. The effects of d-amphetamine, chlordiazepoxide, alpha-flupenthixol and behavioural manipulations on choice of signalled and unsignalled delayed reinforcement in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 152 (2000) 362-375
22. Casey B.J., Trainor R.J., Orendi J.L., Schubert A.B., Nystrom L.E., Giedd J.N., Castellanos F.X., Haxby J.V., Noll D.C., Cohen J.D., Forman S.D., Dahl R.E., and Rapoport J.L. A developmental functional MRI study of prefrontal activation during performance of a Go-No-Go task. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 9 (1997) 835-847
23. Castellanos F.X., Giedd J.N., Eckburg P., Marsh W.L., Vaituzis A.C., Kaysen D., Hamburger S.D., and Rapoport J.L. Quantitative morphology of the caudate nucleus in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 151 (1994) 1791-1796
24. Castellanos F.X., and Tannock R. Neuroscience of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 3 (2002) 617-628
25. Chamberlain S.R., Del Campo N., Dowson J., Müller U., Clark L., Robbins T.W., and Sahakian B.J. Atomoxetine improved response inhibition in adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 62 (2007) 977-984
26. Clark L., Blackwell A.D., Aron A.R., Turner D.C., Dowson J., Robbins T.W., and Sahakian B.J. Association between response inhibition and working memory in adult ADHD: a link to right frontal cortex pathology?. Biol. Psychiatry 61 (2007) 1395-1401
27. Cole B.J., and Robbins T.W. Amphetamine impairs the discriminative performance of rats with dorsal noradrenergic bundle lesions on a 5-choice serial reaction time task: new evidence for central dopaminergic-noradrenergic interactions. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 91 (1987) 458-466
28. Cools R., Sheridan M., Jacobs E., and D'Esposito M. Impulsive personality predicts dopamine-dependent changes in frontostriatal activity during component processes of working memory. J. Neurosci. 27 (2007) 5506-5514
29. Cornish K.M., Manly T., Savage R., Swanson J., Morisano D., Butler N., Grant C., Cross G., Bentley L., and Hollis C.P. Association of the dopamine transporter (DAT1) 10/10-repeat genotype with ADHD symptoms and response inhibition in a general population sample. Mol. Psychiatry 10 (2005) 686-698
30. Da Silva G.E., Ramos A., and Takahashi R.N. Comparison of voluntary ethanol intake by two pairs of rat lines used as genetic models of anxiety. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 37 (2004) 1511-1517
31. Da Silva G.E., Vendruscolo L.F., and Takahashi R.N. Effects of ethanol on locomotor and anxiety-like behaviors and the acquisition of ethanol intake in Lewis and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Life Sci. 77 (2005) 693-706
32. Dallery J., and Locey M.L. Effects of acute and chronic nicotine on impulsive choice in rats. Behav. Pharmacol. 16 (2005) 15-23
33. Dalley J.W., Fryer T.D., Brichard L., Robinson E.S., Theobald D.E., Laane K., Pena Y., Murphy E.R., Shah Y., Probst K., Abakumova I., Aigbirhio F.I., Richards H.K., Hong Y., Baron J.C., Everitt B.J., and Robbins T.W. Nucleus accumbens D2/3 receptors predict trait impulsivity and cocaine reinforcement. Science 315 (2007) 1267-1270
34. Dellu-Hagedorn F. Relationship between impulsivity, hyperactivity and working memory: a differential analysis in the rat. Behav. Brain Funct. 2 (2006) 10
35. Diergaarde L., Pattij T., Poortvliet I., Hogenboom F., de Vries W., Schoffelmeer A.N., and De Vries T.J. Impulsive choice and impulsive action predict vulnerability to distinct stages of nicotine seeking in rats. Biol. Psychiatry 63 (2008) 301-308
36. Doyle A.E., Faraone S.V., Seidman L.J., Willcutt E.G., Nigg J.T., Waldman I.D., Pennington B.F., Peart J., and Biederman J. Are endophenotypes based on measures of executive functions useful for molecular genetic studies of ADHD?. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 46 (2005) 774-803
37. Eagle D.M., Tufft M.R., Goodchild H.L., and Robbins T.W. Differential effects of modafinil and methylphenidate on stop-signal reaction time task performance in the rat, and interactions with the dopamine receptor antagonist cis-flupenthixol. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 192 (2007) 193-206
38. Ernst M., Zametkin A.J., Matochik J.A., Jons P.H., and Cohen R.M. DOPA decarboxylase activity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder adults. A [fluorine-18]fluorodopa positron emission tomographic study. J. Neurosci. 18 (1998) 5901-5907
39. Ersche K.D., Roiser J.P., Robbins T.W., and Sahakian B.J. Chronic cocaine but not chronic amphetamine use is associated with perseverative responding in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 197 (2008) 421-431
40. Faraone S.V., Perlis R.H., Doyle A.E., Smoller J.W., Goralnick J.J., Holmgren M.A., and Sklar P. Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 57 (2005) 1313-1323
41. Fillmore M.T., and Rush C.R. Impaired inhibitory control of behavior in chronic cocaine users. Drug Alcohol Depend. 66 (2002) 265-273
42. Fillmore M.T., and Rush C.R. Polydrug abusers display impaired discrimination-reversal learning in a model of behavioural control. J. Psychopharmacol. 20 (2006) 24-32
43. Gainetdinov R.R., Wetsel W.C., Jones S.R., Levin E.D., Jaber M., and Caron M.G. Role of serotonin in the paradoxical calming effect of psychostimulants on hyperactivity. Science 283 (1999) 397-401
44. Gill M., Daly G., Heron S., Hawi Z., and Fitzgerald M. Confirmation of association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and a dopamine transporter polymorphism. Mol. Psychiatry 2 (1997) 311-313
45. Gordon S.M., Tulak F., and Troncale J. Prevalence and characteristics of adolescents patients with co-occurring ADHD and substance dependence. J. Addict. Dis. 23 (2004) 31-40
46. Gottesman I.I., and Gould T.D. The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions. Am. J. Psychiatry 160 (2003) 636-645
47. Green M.F. What are the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia?. Am. J. Psychiatry 153 (1996) 321-330
48. Guindalini C., Howard M., Haddley K., Laranjeira R., Collier D., Ammar N., Craig I., O'Gara C., Bubb V.J., Greenwood T., Kelsoe J., Asherson P., Murray R.M., Castelo A., Quinn J.P., Vallada H., and Breen G. A dopamine transporter gene functional variant associated with cocaine abuse in a Brazilian sample. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (2006) 4552-4557
49. Heinz A., Siessmeier T., Wrase J., Buchholz H.G., Grunder G., Kumakura Y., Cumming P., Schreckenberger M., Smolka M.N., Rosch F., Mann K., and Bartenstein P. Correlation of alcohol craving with striatal dopamine synthesis capacity and D2/3 receptor availability: a combined [18F]DOPA and [18F]DMFP PET study in detoxified alcoholic patients. Am. J. Psychiatry 162 (2005) 1515-1520
50. Hess E.J., Collins K.A., and Wilson M.A. Mouse model of hyperkinesis implicates SNAP-25 in behavioral regulation. J. Neurosci. 16 (1996) 3104-3111
51. Hester R., and Garavan H. Executive dysfunction in cocaine addiction: evidence for discordant frontal, cingulate, and cerebellar activity. J. Neurosci. 24 (2004) 11017-11022
52. Hironaka N., Ikeda K., Sora I., Uhl G.R., and Niki H. Food-reinforced operant behavior in dopamine transporter knockout mice: enhanced resistance to extinction. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1025 (2004) 140-145
53. Itami S., and Uno H. Orbitofrontal cortex dysfunction in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder revealed by reversal and extinction tasks. Neuroreport 13 (2002) 2453-2457
54. Jacobsen L.K., Giedd J.N., Gottschalk C., Kosten T.R., and Krystal J.H. Quantitative morphology of the caudate and putamen in patients with cocaine dependence. Am. J. Psychiatry 158 (2001) 486-489
55. James A.S., Groman S.M., Seu E., Jorgensen M., Fairbanks L.A., and Jentsch J.D. Dimensions of impulsivity are associated with poor spatial working memory performance in monkeys. J. Neurosci. 27 (2007) 14358-14364
56. Jentsch J.D., Olausson P., De La Garza R., and Taylor J.R. Impairments of reversal learning and response perseveration after repeated, intermittent cocaine administrations to monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology 26 (2002) 183-190
57. Jentsch J.D., and Taylor J.R. Impulsivity resulting from frontostriatal dysfunction in drug abuse: implications for the control of behavior by reward-related stimuli. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 146 (1999) 373-390
58. Jentsch J.D., and Taylor J.R. Impaired inhibition of conditioned responses produced by subchronic administration of phencyclidine to rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 24 (2001) 66-74
59. Johansen E.B., and Sagvolden T. Response disinhibition may be explained as an extinction deficit in an animal model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Behav. Brain Res. 149 (2004) 183-196
60. Johansen E.B., Sagvolden T., and Kvande G. Effects of delayed reinforcers on the behavior of an animal model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Behav. Brain Res. 162 (2005) 47-61
61. Jones M.D., Williams M.E., and Hess E.J. Abnormal presynaptic catecholamine regulation in a hyperactive SNAP-25-deficient mouse mutant. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 68 (2001) 669-676
62. Khanna J.M., Kalant H., Chau A.K., and Sharma H. Initial sensitivity, acute tolerance and alcohol consumption in four inbred strains of rats. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 101 (1990) 390-395
63. Koob G.F., and Le Moal M. Drug abuse: hedonic homeostatic dysregulation. Science 278 (1997) 52-58
64. Kuntsi J., Andreou P., Ma J., Borger N.A., and van der Meere J.J. Testing assumptions for endophenotype studies in ADHD: reliability and validity of tasks in a general population sample. BMC Psychiatry 5 (2005) 40
65. Lee B., Groman S., London E.D., and Jentsch J.D. Dopamine D2/D3 receptors play a specific role in the reversal of a learned visual discrimination in monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology 32 (2007) 2125-2134
66. Lee S.S., Lahey B.B., Waldman I., Van Hulle C.A., Rathouz P., Pelham W.E., Loney J., and Cook E.H. Association of dopamine transporter genotype with disruptive behavior disorders in an eight-year longitudinal study of children and adolescents. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 144 (2007) 310-317
67. Leland D.S., Arce E., Miller D.A., and Paulus M.P. Anterior cingulate cortex and benefit of predictive cueing on response inhibition in stimulant dependent individuals. Biol. Psychiatry 63 (2008) 184-190
68. London E.D., Lee B., Tabibnia G., Monterosso J., Farahi J., Aron A.R., Poldrack R.A., Mandelkern M.A., Dahlborn M., Bokarius A., Brody A.L., and Bilder R.M. Association of ventral striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptors with stop-signal reaction time. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 910 (2007) 13
69. London E.D., Simon S.L., Berman S.M., Mandelkern M.A., Lichtman A.M., Bramen J., Shinn A.K., Miotto K., Learn J., Dong Y., Matochik J.A., Kurian V., Newton T., Woods R., Rawson R., and Ling W. Mood disturbances and regional cerebral metabolic abnormalities in recently abstinent methamphetamine abusers. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 61 (2004) 73-84
70. Ludolph A.G., Kassubek J., Schmeck K., Glaser C., Wunderlich A., Buck A.K., Reske S.N., Fegert J.M., and Mottaghy F.M. Dopaminergic dysfunction in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), differences between pharmacologically treated and never treated young adults: a 3,4-dihdroxy-6-[18F]fluorophenyl-l-alanine PET study. Neuroimage 41 (2008) 718-727
71. Lynn D.E., Lubke G., Yang M., McCracken J.T., McGough J.J., Ishii J., Loo S.K., Nelson S.F., and Smalley S.L. Temperament and character profiles and the dopamine D4 receptor gene in ADHD. Am. J. Psychiatry 162 (2005) 906-913
72. Mague S.D., Andersen S.L., and Carlezon W.A. Early developmental exposure to methylphenidate reduces cocaine-induced potentiation of brain stimulation reward in rats. Biol. Psychiatry 57 (2005) 120-125
73. Mannuzza S., Klein R.G., Truong N.L., Moulton J.L., Roizen E.R., Howell K.H., and Castellanos F.X. Age of methylphenidate treatment initiation in children with ADHD and later substance abuse: prospective follow-up into adulthood. Am. J. Psychiatry 165 (2008) 604-609
74. Martinez D., Kim J.H., Krystal J., and Abi-Dargham A. Imaging the neurochemistry of alcohol and substance abuse. Neuroimaging Clin. North Am. 17 (2007) 539-555, x
75. Matochik J.A., London E.D., Eldreth D.A., Cadet J.L., and Bolla K.I. Frontal cortical tissue composition in abstinent cocaine abusers: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuroimage 19 (2003) 1095-1102
76. Michelson D., Adler L., Spencer T., Reimherr F.W., West S.A., Allen A.J., Kelsey D., Wernicke J., Dietrich A., and Milton D. Atomoxetine in adults with ADHD: two randomized, placebo-controlled studies. Biol. Psychiatry 53 (2003) 112-120
77. Mill J., Sagvolden T., and Asherson P. Sequence analysis of Drd2, Drd4, and Dat1 in SHR and WKY rat strains. Behav. Brain Funct. 1 (2005) 24
78. Miller E.K., and Cohen J.D. An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 24 (2001) 167-202
79. Mitchell S.H., Reeves J.M., Li N., and Phillips T.J. Delay discounting predicts behavioral sensitization to ethanol in outbred WSC mice. Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res. 30 (2006) 429-437
80. Monterosso J.R., Aron A.R., Cordova X., Xu J., and London E.D. Deficits in response inhibition associated with chronic methamphetamine abuse. Drug Alcohol Depend. 79 (2005) 273-277
81. Nader M.A., Morgan D., Gage H.D., Nader S.H., Calhoun T.L., Buchheimer N., Ehrenkaufer R., and Mach R.H. PET imaging of dopamine D2 receptors during chronic cocaine self-administration in monkeys. Nat. Neurosci. 9 (2006) 1050-1056
82. Navarra R., Graf R., Huang Y., Logue S., Comery T., Hughes Z., and Day M. Effects of atomoxetine and methylphenidate on attention and impulsivity in the 5-choice serial reaction time test. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 32 (2008) 34-41
83. Nigg J.T., Blaskey L.G., Stawicki J.A., and Sachek J. Evaluating the endophenotype model of ADHD neuropsychological deficit: results for parents and siblings of children with ADHD combined and inattentive subtypes. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 113 (2004) 614-625
84. Nigg J.T., Wong M.M., Martel M.M., Jester J.M., Puttler L.I., Glass J.M., Adams K.M., FItzgerald H.E., and Zucker R.A. Poor response inhibition as a predictor of problem drinking and illicit drug use in adolescents at risk for alcoholism and other substance use disorders. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 45 (2006) 468-475
85. Paine T.A., Dringenberg H.C., and Olmstead M.C. Effects of chronic cocaine on impulsivity: relation to cortical serotonin mechanisms. Behav. Brain Res. 147 (2003) 135-147
86. Perry J.L., Larson E.B., German J.P., Madden G.J., and Carroll M.E. Impulsivity (delay discounting) as a predictor of acquisition of IV cocaine self-administration in female rats. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 178 (2005) 193-201
87. Piazza P.V., Deminiere J.M., Le Moal M., and Simon H. Factors that predict individual vulnerability to amphetamine self-administration. Science 245 (1989) 1511-1513
88. Poulos C.X., Le A.D., and Parker J.L. Impulsivity predicts individual susceptibility to high levels of alcohol self-administration. Behav. Pharmacol. 6 (1995) 810-814
89. Richards J.B., Sabol K.E., and de Wit H. Effects of methamphetamine on the adjusting amount procedure, a model of impulsive behavior in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 146 (1999) 432-439
90. Rivalan M., Gregoire S., and Dellu-Hagedorn F. Reduction of impulsivity with amphetamine in an appetitive fixed consecutive number schedule with cue for optimal performance in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 192 (2007) 171-182
91. Robinson T.E., and Berridge K.C. The psychology and neurobiology of addiction: an incentive-sensitization view. Addiction 95 (2000) 91-117
92. Robinson E.S., Eagle D.M., Mar A.C., Bari A., Banerjee G., Jiang X., Dalley J.W., and Robbins T.W. Similar effects of the selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine on three distinct forms of impulsivity in the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology 33 (2008) 1028-1037
93. Robinson T.E., and Berridge K.C. Addiction. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 54 (2003) 25-53
94. Roesch M.R., Takahashi Y., Gugsa N., Bissonette G.B., and Schoenbaum G. Previous cocaine exposure makes rats hypersensitive to both delay and reward magnitude. J. Neurosci. 27 (2007) 245-250
95. Roman T., Schmitz M., Polanczyk G., Eizirik M., Rohde L.A., and Hutz M.H. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a study of association with both the dopamine transporter gene and the dopamine D4 receptor gene. Am. J. Med. Genet. 105 (2001) 471-478
96. Russell V., Allie S., and Wiggins T. Increased noradrenergic activity in prefrontal cortex slices of an animal model for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder-the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Behav. Brain Res. 117 (2000) 69-74
97. Russell V.A., and Wiggins T.M. Increased glutamate-stimulated norepinephrine release from prefrontal cortex slices of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Metab. Brain Dis. 15 (2000) 297-304
98. Sagvolden T. Behavioral validation of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) as an animal model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD). Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 24 (2000) 31-39
99. Sagvolden T., Johansen E.B., Aase H., and Russell V.A. A dynamic developmental theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) predominantly hyperactive/impulsive and combined subtypes. Behav. Brain Sci. 28 (2001) 397-419
100. Schachar R., Tannock R., Marriott M., and Logan G. Deficient inhibitory control in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 23 (1995) 411-437
101. Scheres A., Oosterlaan J., Swanson J., Morein-Zamir S., Meiran N., Schut H., Vlasveld L., and Sergeant J.A. The effect of methylphenidate on three forms of response inhibition in boys with AD/HD. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 31 (2003) 105-120
102. Schoenbaum G., Saddoris M.P., Ramus S.J., Shaham Y., and Setlow B. Cocaine-experienced rats exhibit learning deficits in a task sensitive to orbitofrontal cortex lesions. Eur. J. Neurosci. 19 (2004) 1997-2002
103. Semrud-Clikeman M., Pliszka S.R., Lancaster J., and Liotti M. Volumetric MRI differences in treatment-naive vs chronically treated children with ADHD. Neurology 67 (2006) 1023-1027
104. Seu, E., Lang, A., Rivera, R.J., Jentsch, J.D., 2008. Inhibition of the norepinephrine transporter improves behavioral flexibility in rats and monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berlin), epub.
105. Simon N.W., Mendez I.A., and Setlow B. Cocaine exposure causes long-term increases in impulsive choice. Behav. Neurosci. 121 (2007) 543-549
106. Stapleton J.A., Sutherland G., and O'Gara C. Association between dopamine transporter genotypes and smoking cessation: a meta-analysis. Addict. Biol. 12 (2007) 221-226
107. Swanson J.M., Flodman P., Kennedy J., Spence M.A., Moyzis R., Schuck S., Murias M., Moriarity J., Barr C., Smith M., and Posner M. Dopamine genes and ADHD. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 24 (2000) 21-25
108. Tannock R., Schachar R.J., Carr R.P., Chajczyk D., and Logan G.D. Effects of methylphenidate on inhibitory control in hyperactive children. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 17 (1989) 473-491
109. Thompson P.M., Hayashi K.M., Simon S.L., Geaga J.A., Hong M.S., Sui Y., Lee J.Y., Toga A.W., Ling W., and London E.D. Structural abnormalities in the brains of human subjects who use methamphetamine. J. Neurosci. 24 (2004) 6028-6036
110. Volkow N.D., Chang L., Wang G.J., Fowler J.S., Ding Y.S., Sedler M., Logan J., Franceschi D., Gatley J., Hitzemann R., Gifford A., Wong C., and Pappas N. Low level of brain dopamine D2 receptors in methamphetamine abusers: association with metabolism in the orbitofrontal cortex. Am. J. Psychiatry 158 (2001) 2015-2021
111. Volkow N.D., and Swanson J.M. Variables that affect the clinical use and abuse of methylphenidate in the treatment of ADHD. Am. J. Psychiatry 160 (2003) 1909-1918
112. Wilens T.E. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the substance use disorders: the nature of the relationship, subtypes at risk, and treatment issues. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 27 (2004) 283-301
113. Yin H.H., Zhuang X., and Balleine B.W. Instrumental learning in hyperdopaminergic mice. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 85 (2006) 283-288
114. Zhuang X., Oosting R.S., Jones S.R., Gainetdinov R.R., Miller G.W., Caron M.G., and Hen R. Hyperactivity and impaired response habituation in hyperdopaminergic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 (2001) 1982-1987