Focal adhesion kinase and cancer

Histology and Histopathology

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 503-510

  Golubovskaya, Vita M ^a,b   Kwen, Frederick A ^a,b   Cance, William G ^b,c,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

^d ROSWELL PARK CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cancer; Focal adhesion kinase; Tumorigenesis

Indexed keywords

FOCAL ADHESION KINASE; PHOSPHOTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR; TAE 226; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ENZYME INHIBITOR;

ACUTE GRANULOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; APOPTOSIS; BRAIN TUMOR; BREAST CANCER; CELL VIABILITY; COLON CANCER; CYTOSKELETON; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; GENE OVEREXPRESSION; GENETIC ANALYSIS; HEAD AND NECK CANCER; HUMAN; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; KIDNEY CANCER; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LUNG CANCER; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; MELANOMA; MOUTH CANCER; NEUROBLASTOMA; OSTEOSARCOMA; OVARY CANCER; PANCREAS CANCER; PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY; PROSTATE CANCER; PROTEIN DEPHOSPHORYLATION; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN MOTIF; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; REAL TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; REVIEW; SURVIVAL RATE; THYROID CANCER; UTERINE CERVIX CANCER; BIOSYNTHESIS; CELL TRANSFORMATION; DRUG ANTAGONISM; ENZYMOLOGY; FEMALE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; MALE; NEOPLASM; PATHOLOGY;

CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC; ENZYME INHIBITORS; FEMALE; FOCAL ADHESION PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, ENZYMOLOGIC; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, NEOPLASTIC; HUMANS; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; MALE; NEOPLASMS;

EID: 63449084379     PISSN: 02133911     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (81)

1. Akasaka T., van Leeuwen R.L., Yoshinaga I.G., Mihm M.C. Jr and Byers H.R. (1995). Focal adhesion kinase (p125FAK) expression correlates with motility of human melanoma cell lines. J. Invest. Dermatol. 105, 104-108.
2. Aronsohn M.S., Brown H.M., Hauptman G. and Kornberg L.J. (2003). Expression of focal adhesion kinase and phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase in squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. Laryngoscope 113, 1944-1948.
3. Beierle E.A., Massoll N.A., Hartwich J., Kurenova E.V., Golubovskaya V.M., Cance W.G., McGrady P. and London W.B. (2008a). Focal Adhesion kinase expression in human neuroblastoma: Immunohistochemical and Real-time PCR Analyses. Clin. Cancer Res. 14, 3299-3305.
4. Beierle E.A., Trujillo A., Nagaram A., Golubovskaya V.M., Cance W.G. and Kurenova E.V. (2008b) TAE226 inhibits human neuroblastoma cell survival. Cancer Invest. 26, 145-151.
5. Bouchard M.J., Wang L. and Schneider R.J. (2006). Activation of focal adhesion kinase by hepatitis B virus HBx protein: multiple functions in viral replication. J. Virol. 80, 4406-4414.
6. Cance W.G. and Golubovskaya V.M. (2008). Focal adhesion kinase versus p53: apoptosis or survival? Sci. Signal. 1,-22.
7. Canel M., Secades P., Garzon-Arango M., Allonca E., Suarez C., Serrels A., Frame M., Brunton V. and Chiara M.D. (2008). Involvement of focal adhesion kinase in cellular invasion of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas via regulation of MMP-2 expression. Br. J. Cancer 98, 1274-1284.
8. Canel M., Secades P., Rodrigo J-P., Cabanillas R., Herrero A., Suarez C. and Chiara M-D (2006). Overexpression of focal adhesion kinase in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is independent of fak gene copy number. Clin. Cancer Res. 12, 3272-3279.
9. Carelli S., Zadra G., Vaira V., Falleni M., Bottiglieri L., Nosotti M., Di Giulio A.M., Gorio A. and Bosari S (2006) Up-regulation of focal adhesion kinase in non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 53, 263-271.
10. Chan P.C., Liang C.C., Yu K.C., Chang M.C., Ho W.L., Chen B.H. and Chen H.C. (2002). Synergistic effect of focal adhesion kinase overexpression and hepatocyte growth factor stimulation on cell transformation. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 50373-50379.
11. Duxbury M.S., Ito H., Benoit E., Zinner M.J., Ashley S.W. and Whang E.E. (2003). RNA interference targeting focal adhesion kinase enhances pancreatic adenocarcinoma gemcitabine chemosensitivity. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 311, 786-792.
12. Duxbury M.S., Ito H., Zinner M.J., Ashley S.W. and Whang E.E. (2004). Focal adhesion kinase gene silencing promotes anoikis and suppresses metastasis of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. Surgery 135, 555-562.
13. Fleigel J., Sedwick J. and Kornberg L.J. (2002). Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor stimulates mitogenesis and migration of a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell line. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 127, 271-278.
14. Fujii T., Koshikawa K., Nomoto S., Okochi O., Kaneko T., Inoue S., Yatabe Y., Takeda S. and Nakao A. (2004). Focal adhesion kinase is overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma and can be served as an independent prognostic factor. J. Hepatol. 41, 104-111.
15. Furuyama K., Doi R., Mori T., Toyoda E., Ito D., Kami K., Koizumi M., Kida A., Kawaguchi Y. and Fujimoto K. (2006). Clinical significance of focal adhesion kinase in resectable pancreatic cancer. World J. Surg. 30, 219-226.
16. Gabriel B., Mildenberger S., Weisser C.W., Metzger E., Gitsch G., Schule R. and Muller J.M. (2004). Focal adhesion kinase interacts with the transcriptional coactivator FHL2 and both are overexpressed in epithelial ovarian cancer. Anticancer Res. 24, 921-927.
17. Golubovskaya V., Beviglia L., Xu L.H., Earp H.S. 3rd, Craven R. and Cance W. (2002). Dual inhibition of focal adhesion kinase and epidermal growth factor receptor pathways cooperatively induces death receptor-mediated apoptosis in human breast cancer cells. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 38978-38987.
18. Golubovskaya V.M., Gross S., Kaur A.S., Wilson R.I., Xu L.H., Yang X.H. and Cance W.G. (2003). Simultaneous inhibition of focal adhesion kinase and SRC enhances detachment and apoptosis in colon cancer cell lines. Mol. Cancer Res. 1, 755-764.
19. Golubovskaya V.M., Finch R., Kweh F., Massoll N.A., Campbell-Thompson M., Wallace M.R. and Cance W.G. (2008a). p53 regulates FAK expression in human tumor cells. Mol. Carcinog. 47, 373-382.
20. Golubovskaya V.M., Virnig C. and Cance WG (2008b). TAE226-induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells with overexpressed Src or EGFR. Mol. Carcinog. 47, 222-234.
21. Grisaru-Granovsky S., Salah Z., Maoz M., Pruss D., Beller U. and Bar-Shavit R. (2005). Differential expression of protease activated receptor 1 (Par1) and pY397FAK in benign and malignant human ovarian tissue samples. Int. J. Cancer 113, 372-378.
22. Halder J., Lin Y.G., Merritt W.M., Spannuth W.A., Nick A.M., Honda T., Kamat A.A., Han L.Y., Kim T.J., Lu C., Tari A.M., Bornmann W., Fernandez A., Lopez-Berestein G. and Sood A.K. (2007). Therapeutic efficacy of a novel focal adhesion kinase inhibitor TAE226 in ovarian carcinoma. Cancer Res. 67, 10976-10983.
23. Hamamura K., Tsuji M., Ohkawa Y., Nakashima H., Miyazaki S., Urano T., Yamamoto N., Ueda M., Furukawa K. and Furukawa K. (2008). Focal adhesion kinase as well as p130Cas and paxillin is crucially involved in the enhanced malignant properties under expression of ganglioside GD3 in melanoma cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1780, 513-519.
24. Hecker T.P., Ding Q., Rege T.A., Hanks S.K. and Gladson C.L. (2004). Overexpression of FAK promotes Ras activity through the formation of a FAK/p120RasGAP complex in malignant astrocytoma cells. Oncogene 23, 3962-3971.
25. Hecker T.P., Grammer J.R., Gillespie G.Y., Stewart J. Jr and Gladson C.L. (2002). Focal adhesion kinase enhances signaling through the Shc/ extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway in anaplastic astrocytoma tumor biopsy samples. Cancer Res. 62, 2699-2707.
26. Hess A.R., and Hendrix M.J. (2006). Focal adhesion kinase signaling and the aggressive melanoma phenotype. Cell Cycle 5, 478-480.
27. Huang Y.T., Lee L.T., Lee P.P., Lin Y.S. and Lee M.T. (2005). Targeting of focal adhesion kinase by flavonoids and small-interfering RNAs reduces tumor cell migration ability. Anticancer Res. 25, 2017-2025.
28. Imaizumi M., Nishimura M., Takeuchi S., Murase M. and Hamaguchi M. (1997). Role of tyrosine specific phosphorylation of cellular proteins, especially EGF receptor and p125FAK in human lung cancer cells. Lung Cancer 17, 69-84.
29. Jenq W., Cooper D.R. and Ramirez G. (1996). Integrin expression on cell adhesion function and up-regulation of P125FAK and paxillin in metastatic renal carcinoma cells. Connect. Tissue Res. 34, 161-174.
30. Judson P.L., He X., Cance W.G. and Van Le L. (1999) Overexpression of focal adhesion kinase, a protein tyrosine kinase, in ovarian carcinoma. Cancer 86,1551-1556.
31. Kahana O., Micksche M., Witz I.P. and Yron I. (2002). The focal adhesion kinase (P125FAK) is constitutively active in human malignant melanoma. Oncogene 21, 3969-3977.
32. Kim B., van Golen C.M. and Feldman E.L. (2003). Degradation and dephosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase during okadaic acid-induced apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cells. Neoplasia 5, 405-416.
33. Kim S.J., Park J.W., Yoon J.S., Mok J.O., Kim Y.J., Park H.K., Kim C.H., Byun D.W., Lee Y.J., Jin S.Y., Suh K.I. and Yoo M.H. (2004). Increased expression of focal adhesion kinase in thyroid cancer: immunohistochemical study. J. Korean Med. Sci. 19, 710-715.
34. Kitajo H., Shibata T., Nagayasu H., Kawano T., Hamada J., Yamashita T. and Arisue M. (2003). Rho regulates the hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor-stimulated cell motility of human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Oncol. Rep. 10, 1351-1356.
35. Kodama K., Ishii G., Miyamoto S., Goya M., Zhang S.C., Sangai T., Yoshikawa T., Hasebe T., Hitomi Y., Izumi K. and Ochiai A.(2005). Laminin 5 expression protects against anoikis at aerogenous spread and lepidic growth of human lung adenocarcinoma. Int. J. Cancer 116, 876-884.
36. Kornberg L. (2006). Ad-fRNK and Ad-p53 cooperate to augment drug-induced death of a transformed cell line. Anticancer Res. 26, 3025-3031.
37. Kornberg L.J. (1998). Focal adhesion kinase expression in oral cancers. Head Neck 20, 634-639.
38. Kornberg L.J. (2005). Adenovirus-mediated transfer of FRNK augments drug-induced cytotoxicity in cultured SCCHN cells. Anticancer Res. 25, 4349-4356.
39. Lahlou H., Sanguin-Gendreau V., Zuo D., Cardiff R.D., McLean G.W., Frame M.C. and Muller W.J. (2007). Mammary epithelial-specific disruption of the focal adhesion kinase blocks mammary tumor progression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104, 20302-20307.
40. Lark A.L., Livasy C.A., Calvo B., Caskey L., Moore D.T., Yang X. and Cance W.G. (2003). Overexpression of focal adhesion kinase in primary colorectal carcinomas and colorectal liver metastases: immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR analyses. Clin. Cancer. Res. 9, 215-222.
41. Lark A.L., Livasy C.A., Dressler L., Moore D.T., Millikan R.C., Geradts J., Iacocca M., Cowan D., Little D. Craven R.J. and Cance W. (2005). High focal adhesion kinase expression in invasive breast carcinomas is associated with an aggressive phenotype. Mod. Pathol. 18, 1289-1294.
42. Lee J.C., Tsai C.Y., Kao J.Y., Kao M.C., Tsai S.C., Chang C.S., Huang L.J., Kuo S.C., Lin J.K. and Way T.D. (2008). Geraniin-mediated apoptosis by cleavage of focal adhesion kinase through upregulation of Fas ligand expression in human melanoma cells. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 52,655-653.
43. Lightfoot H.M. Jr, Lark A., Livasy C.A., Moore D.T., Cowan D., Dressler L., Craven R.J. and Cance W.G. (2004). Upregulation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) expression in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is an early event in breast tumorigenesis. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 88, 109-116.
44. Liu W., Bloom D.A., Cance W.G., Kurenova E.V., Golubovskaya V.M. and Hochwald S.N. (2008). Fak and igf-Ir interact to provide survival signals in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. Carcinogenesis 29, 1096-1107.
45. Madan R., Smolkin M.B., Cocker R., Fayyad R. and Oktay M.H. (2006). Focal adhesion proteins as markers of malignant transformation and prognostic indicators in breast carcinoma. Hum. Pathol. 37, 9-15.
46. Maulik G., Kijima T., Ma P.C., Ghosh S.K., Lin J., Shapiro G.I., Schaefer E., Tibaldi E., Johnson B.E. and Salgia R. (2002). Modulation of the c-Met/hepatocyte growth factor pathway in small cell lung cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 8, 620-627.
47. Maung K., Easty D.J., Hill S.P. and Bennett D.C. (1999). Requirement for focal adhesion kinase in tumor cell adhesion. Oncogene 18, 6824-6828.
48. McCormack S.J., Brazinski S.E., Moore J.L. Jr, Werness B.A. and Goldstein D.J. (1997). Activation of the focal adhesion kinase signal transduction pathway in cervical carcinoma cell lines and human genital epithelial cells immortalized with human papillomavirus type 18. Oncogene 15, 265-274.
49. Mitra S.K. and Schlaepfer D.D. (2006). Integrin-regulated FAK-Src signaling in normal and cancer cells. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 18, 516-523.
50. Moon H.S., Park W.I., Choi E.A., Chung H.W. and Kim S.C. (2003). The expression and tyrosine phosphorylation of E-cadherin/catenin adhesion complex, and focal adhesion kinase in invasive cervical carcinomas. Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer 13, 640-646.
51. Natarajan M., Stewart J.E., Golemis E.A., Pugacheva E.N., Alexandropoulos K., Cox B.D., Wang W., Grammer J.R. and Gladson C.L. (2006). HEF1 is a necessary and specific downstream effector of FAK that promotes the migration of glioblastoma cells. Oncogene 25, 1721-1732.
52. Nishimura M., Machida K., Imaizumi M., Abe T., Umeda T., Takeshima E., Watanabe T., Ohnishi Y., Takagi K. and Hamaguchi M. (1996). Tyrosine phosphorylation of 100-130 kDa proteins in lung cancer correlates with poor prognosis. Br. J. Cancer 74, 780-787.
53. Oktay M.H., Oktay K., Hamele-Bena D., Buyuk A. and Koss L.G. (2003). Focal adhesion kinase as a marker of malignant phenotype in breast and cervical carcinomas. Hum. Pathol. 34, 240-245.
54. Owens L.V., Xu L., Craven R.J., Dent G.A., Weiner T.M., Kornberg L., Liu E.T. and Cance W.G. (1995). Overexpression of the focal adhesion kinase (p125FAK) in invasive human tumors. Cancer Res. 55, 2752-2755.
55. Owens L.V., Xu L., Dent G.A., Yang X., Sturge G.C., Craven R.J. and Cance W.G. (1996) Focal adhesion kinase as a marker of invasive potential in differentiated human thyroid cancer. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 3, 100-105.
56. Park H.B., Golubovskaya V., Xu L., Yang X., Lee J.W., Scully S. 2nd Craven R.J. and Cance W.G. (2004). Activated Src increases adhesion, survival and alpha2-integrin expression in human breast cancer cells. Biochem. J. 378, 559-567.
57. Recher C., Ysebaert L., Beyne-Rauzy O., Mansat-De Mas V., Ruidavets J.B., Cariven P., Demur C., Payrastre B., Laurent G. and Racaud-Sultan C. (2004). Expression of focal adhesion kinase in acute myeloid leukemia is associated with enhanced blast migration, increased cellularity, and poor prognosis. Cancer Res. 64, 3191-3197.
58. Roberts W.G., Ung E., Whalen P., Cooper B., Hulford C., Autry C., Richter D., Emerson E., Lin J., Kath J., Coleman K., Yao L., Martinez-Alsina L., Lorenzen M., Berliner M., Luzzio M., Patel N., Schmitt E., LaGreca S., Jani J., Wessel M., Marr E., Griffor M. and Vajdos F. (2008). Antitumor activity and pharmacology of a selective focal adhesion kinase inhibitor, PF-562,271. Cancer Res. 68, 1935-1944.
59. Schmitz K.J., Grabellus F., Callies R., Otterbach F., Wohlschlaeger J., Levkau B., Kimmig R., Schmid K.W. and Baba H.A. (2005). High expression of focal adhesion kinase (p125FAK) in node-negative breast cancer is related to overexpression of HER-2/neu and activated Akt kinase but does not predict outcome. Breast Cancer Res. 7, R194-203.
60. Schneider G.B., Kurago Z., Zaharias R., Gruman L.M., Schaller M.D. and Hendrix M.J. (2002). Elevated focal adhesion kinase expression facilitates oral tumor cell invasion. Cancer 95, 2508-2515.
61. Schroder A., Delling G. and Kaiser E.A. (2002). Expression analysis of protein tyrosine kinases of the FAK (focal adhesion kinase) family in osteosarcoma. Pathologe 23, 361-366.
62. Scott G. and Liang H. (1995). pp125fak in human melanocytes and melanoma: expression and phosphorylation. Exp. Cell Res. 219, 197-203.
63. Shi Q., Hjelmeland A.B., Keir S.T., Song L., Wickman S., Jackson D., Ohmori O., Bigner D.D., Friedman H.S. and Rich J.N. (2007). A novel low-molecular weight inhibitor of focal adhesion kinase, TAE226, inhibits glioma growth. Mol. Carcinog. 46, 488-496.
64. Smith C.S., Golubovskaya V.M., Peck E., Xu L.H., Monia B.P., Yang X., and Cance W.G. (2005). Effect of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) downregulation with FAK antisense oligonucleotides and 5-fluorouracil on the viability of melanoma cell lines. Melan. Res. 15, 357-362.
65. Sonoda Y., Hada N., Kaneda T., Suzuki T., Ohshio T., Takeda T. and Kasahara T. (2008). A Synthetic Glycosphingolipid-Induced Antiproliferative Effect in Melanoma Cells Is Associated with Suppression of FAK, Akt, and Erk Activation. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 31, 1279-1283.
66. Sood A.K., Coffin J.E., Schneider G.B., Fletcher M.S., DeYoung B.R., Gruman L.M., Gershenson D.M., Schaller M.D. and Hendrix M.J. (2004). Biological significance of focal adhesion kinase in ovarian cancer: role in migration and invasion. Am. J. Pathol. 165, 1087-1095.
67. Thamilselvan V., Craig D.H. and Basson M.D. (2007). FAK association with multiple signal proteins mediates pressure-induced colon cancer cell adhesion via a Src-dependent PI3K/Akt pathway. FASEB J. 21,1730-1741.
68. Theocharis S.E., Kouraklis G.P., Kakisis J.D., Kanelli H.G., Apostolakou F.E., Karatzas G.M. and Koutselinis A.S. (2003). Focal adhesion kinase expression is not a prognostic predictor in colon adenocarcinoma patients. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 29, 571-574.
69. Tremblay L., Hauck W., Aprikian A.G., Begin L.R., Chapdelaine A. and Chevalier S. (1996). Focal adhesion kinase (pp125FAK) expression, activation and association with paxillin and p50CSK in human metastatic prostate carcinoma. Int. J. Cancer 68, 164-171.
70. van Nimwegen M.J. and van de Water B. (2007). Focal adhesion kinase: A potential target in cancer therapy. Biochem Pharmacol. 73, 597-609.
71. van Nimwegen M.J., Verkoeijen S., van Buren L., Burg D. and van de Water B. (2005). Requirement for focal adhesion kinase in the early phase of mammary adenocarcinoma lung metastasis formation. Cancer Res. 65, 4698-4706.
72. von Sengbusch A., Gassmann P., Fisch K.M., Enns A., Nicolson G.L. and Haier J. (2005). Focal adhesion kinase regulates metastatic adhesion of carcinoma cells within liver sinusoids. Am. J. Pathol. 166, 585-596.
73. Vultur A., Buettner R., Kowolik C., Liang W., Smith D., Boschelli F. and Jove R. (2008). SKI-606 (bosutinib), a novel Src kinase inhibitor, suppresses migration and invasion of human breast cancer cells. Mol. Cancer Ther. 7, 1185-1194.
74. Wang X., Urvalek A.M., Liu J. and Zhao J. (2008). Activation of KLF8 transcription by focal adhesion kinase in human ovarian epithelial and cancer cells. J. Biol. Chem. 283, 13934-13942.
75. Weiner T.M., Liu E.T., Craven R.J. and Cance W.G. (1993). Expression of focal adhesion kinase gene and invasive cancer. Lancet 342, 1024-1025.
76. Yang T.H., Chen C.T., Wang C.P. and Lou P.J. (2007). Photodynamic therapy suppresses the migration and invasion of head and neck cancer cells in vitro. Oral Oncol. 4, 358-365.
77. Yang Y.C., Ho T.C., Chen S.L., Lai H.Y., Wu J.Y. and Tsao Y.P. (2007). Inhibition of cell motility by troglitazone in human ovarian carcinoma cell line. BMC Cancer 7, 216.
78. Yu H.G., Schrader H., Otte J.M., Schmidt W.E. and Schmitz F. (2004). Rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase, paxillin, and p130Cas by gastrin in human colon cancer cells. Biochem. Pharmacol. 67, 135-146.
79. Yu H.G., Tong S.L., Ding Y.M., Ding J., Fang X.M., Zhang X.F., Liu Z.J., Zhou Y.H., Liu Q.S., Luo H.S. and Yu J.P. (2006). Enhanced expression of cholecystokinin-2 receptor promotes the progression of colon cancer through activation of focal adhesion kinase. Int. J. Cancer 119, 2724-2732.
80. Zeng Z.Z., Jia Y., Hahn N.J., Markwart S.M., Rockwood K.F. and Livant D.L. (2006). Role of focal adhesion kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase in integrin fibronectin receptor-mediated, matrix metalloproteinase-1-dependent invasion by metastatic prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res. 66, 8091-8099.
81. Zheng D.Q., Woodard A.S., Fornaro M., Tallini G. and Languino L.R. (1999). Prostatic carcinoma cell migration via alpha(v)beta3 integrin is modulated by a focal adhesion kinase pathway. Cancer Res. 59, 1655-1664.