메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 30, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 210-238

Streptococcus pneumoniae: Does antimicrobial resistance matter?

Author keywords

Antimicrobial resistance; Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD); Macrolide resistance; Penicillin resistance; Pneumococcus; Streptococcus pneumoniae

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; AZITHROMYCIN; BETA LACTAM; CARBAPENEM; CEFOTAXIME; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; CHLORAMPHENICOL; CLARITHROMYCIN; COTRIMOXAZOLE; DALFOPRISTIN PLUS QUINUPRISTIN; DAPTOMYCIN; ERTAPENEM; ERYTHROMYCIN; FROPENEM; KETOLIDE; LEVOFLOXACIN; LINEZOLID; MACROLIDE; MOXIFLOXACIN; ORITAVANCIN; PENICILLIN DERIVATIVE; PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE; PRISTINAMYCIN; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; RIFAMPICIN; STREPTOGRAMIN; TETRACYCLINE DERIVATIVE; TIGECYCLINE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VANCOMYCIN;

EID: 63149089810     PISSN: 10693424     EISSN: 10989048     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1202939     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (112)

References (394)
  • 1
    • 0024995124 scopus 로고
    • Pneumococcal resistance to antibiotics
    • Klugman KP. Pneumococcal resistance to antibiotics. Clin Microbiol Rev 1990;3:171-196
    • (1990) Clin Microbiol Rev , vol.3 , pp. 171-196
    • Klugman, K.P.1
  • 2
    • 0026702093 scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: An overview
    • Appelbaum PC. Antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: an overview. Clin Infect Dis 1992;15:77-83
    • (1992) Clin Infect Dis , vol.15 , pp. 77-83
    • Appelbaum, P.C.1
  • 3
    • 21844459488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States: Have we begun to turn the corner on resistance to certain antimicrobial classes?
    • Doern GV, Richter SS, Miller A, et al. Antimicrobial resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States: have we begun to turn the corner on resistance to certain antimicrobial classes? Clin Infect Dis 2005;41:139-148
    • (2005) Clin Infect Dis , vol.41 , pp. 139-148
    • Doern, G.V.1    Richter, S.S.2    Miller, A.3
  • 4
    • 30344469401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Escalation of antimicrobial resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae: Implications for therapy
    • Lynch JP III, Zhanel GG. Escalation of antimicrobial resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae: implications for therapy. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2005;26:575-616
    • (2005) Semin Respir Crit Care Med , vol.26 , pp. 575-616
    • Lynch III, J.P.1    Zhanel, G.G.2
  • 6
    • 1642285878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical manifestations and molecular epidemiology of necrotizing pneumonia and empyema caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children in Taiwan
    • Hsieh YC, Hsueh PR, Lu CY, Lee PI, Lee CY, Huang LM. Clinical manifestations and molecular epidemiology of necrotizing pneumonia and empyema caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children in Taiwan. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:830-835
    • (2004) Clin Infect Dis , vol.38 , pp. 830-835
    • Hsieh, Y.C.1    Hsueh, P.R.2    Lu, C.Y.3    Lee, P.I.4    Lee, C.Y.5    Huang, L.M.6
  • 7
    • 0034999522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial resistance among clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States during 1999-2000, including a comparison of resistance rates since 1994-1995
    • Doern GV, Heilmann KP, Huynh HK, Rhomberg PR, Coffman SL, Brueggemann AB. Antimicrobial resistance among clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States during 1999-2000, including a comparison of resistance rates since 1994-1995. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45:1721-1729
    • (2001) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.45 , pp. 1721-1729
    • Doern, G.V.1    Heilmann, K.P.2    Huynh, H.K.3    Rhomberg, P.R.4    Coffman, S.L.5    Brueggemann, A.B.6
  • 8
    • 33847014762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic-resistant invasive pneumococcal clones in Italy
    • Gherardi G, Fallico L, Del Grosso M, et al. Antibiotic-resistant invasive pneumococcal clones in Italy. J Clin Microbiol 2007;45:306-312
    • (2007) J Clin Microbiol , vol.45 , pp. 306-312
    • Gherardi, G.1    Fallico, L.2    Del Grosso, M.3
  • 10
    • 0036467236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The molecular epidemiology of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States, 1994-2000
    • Richter SS, Heilmann KP, Coffman SL, et al. The molecular epidemiology of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States, 1994-2000. Clin Infect Dis 2002;34:330-339
    • (2002) Clin Infect Dis , vol.34 , pp. 330-339
    • Richter, S.S.1    Heilmann, K.P.2    Coffman, S.L.3
  • 11
    • 0033727677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Streptococcus pneumoniae resistance to erythromycin and penicillin in relation to macrolide and beta-lactam consumption in Spain (1979-1997)
    • Granizo JJ, Aguilar L, Casal J, Garcia-Rey C, Dal-Re R, Baquero F. Streptococcus pneumoniae resistance to erythromycin and penicillin in relation to macrolide and beta-lactam consumption in Spain (1979-1997). J Antimicrob Chemother 2000;46:767-773
    • (2000) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.46 , pp. 767-773
    • Granizo, J.J.1    Aguilar, L.2    Casal, J.3    Garcia-Rey, C.4    Dal-Re, R.5    Baquero, F.6
  • 12
    • 0033791352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The emergence of Streptococcus pneumoniae resistant to macrolide antimicrobial agents: A 6-year population-based assessment
    • Gay K, Baughman W, Miller Y, et al. The emergence of Streptococcus pneumoniae resistant to macrolide antimicrobial agents: a 6-year population-based assessment. J Infect Dis 2000;182:1417-1424
    • (2000) J Infect Dis , vol.182 , pp. 1417-1424
    • Gay, K.1    Baughman, W.2    Miller, Y.3
  • 13
    • 0032413402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular characterization of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates causing respiratory disease in the United States
    • Corso A, Severina EP, Petruk VF, Mauriz YR, Tomasz A. Molecular characterization of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates causing respiratory disease in the United States. Microb Drug Resist 1998;4:325-337
    • (1998) Microb Drug Resist , vol.4 , pp. 325-337
    • Corso, A.1    Severina, E.P.2    Petruk, V.F.3    Mauriz, Y.R.4    Tomasz, A.5
  • 14
    • 0031863184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence of the M phenotype of erythromycin-resistant pneumococci in South Africa
    • Widdowson CA, Klugman KP. Emergence of the M phenotype of erythromycin-resistant pneumococci in South Africa. Emerg Infect Dis 1998;4:277-281
    • (1998) Emerg Infect Dis , vol.4 , pp. 277-281
    • Widdowson, C.A.1    Klugman, K.P.2
  • 15
    • 3342996609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High prevalence of the ermB gene among erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Germany during the winter of 2000-2001 and in vitro activity of telithromycin
    • Kresken M, Henrichfreise B, Bagel S, Brauers J, Wiedemann B. High prevalence of the ermB gene among erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Germany during the winter of 2000-2001 and in vitro activity of telithromycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:3193-3195
    • (2004) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.48 , pp. 3193-3195
    • Kresken, M.1    Henrichfreise, B.2    Bagel, S.3    Brauers, J.4    Wiedemann, B.5
  • 16
    • 8644263124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and molecular analysis of macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance among isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae collected during the 2000-2001 PROTEKT US Study
    • Brown SD, Farrell DJ, Morrissey I. Prevalence and molecular analysis of macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance among isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae collected during the 2000-2001 PROTEKT US Study. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:4980-4987
    • (2004) J Clin Microbiol , vol.42 , pp. 4980-4987
    • Brown, S.D.1    Farrell, D.J.2    Morrissey, I.3
  • 17
    • 0034806776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in Spain: Clonal diversity and appearance of ciprofloxacin- resistant epidemic clones
    • Alou L, Ramirez M, Garcia-Rey C, Prieto J, de Lencastre H. Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in Spain: clonal diversity and appearance of ciprofloxacin- resistant epidemic clones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45:2955-2957
    • (2001) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.45 , pp. 2955-2957
    • Alou, L.1    Ramirez, M.2    Garcia-Rey, C.3    Prieto, J.4    de Lencastre, H.5
  • 18
    • 0037308583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular epidemiology of penicillin-resistant and ciprofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Canada
    • Nichol KA, Zhanel GG, Hoban DJ. Molecular epidemiology of penicillin-resistant and ciprofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Canada. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:804-808
    • (2003) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.47 , pp. 804-808
    • Nichol, K.A.1    Zhanel, G.G.2    Hoban, D.J.3
  • 19
    • 0038519565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic relatedness of levofloxacin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from North America
    • Johnson CN, Benjamin Jr WH Jr, Moser SA, et al. Genetic relatedness of levofloxacin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from North America. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:2458-2464
    • (2003) J Clin Microbiol , vol.41 , pp. 2458-2464
    • Johnson, C.N.1    Benjamin Jr, W.H.2    Moser, S.A.3
  • 20
    • 0043029940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cross-resistance, relatedness and allele analysis of fluoroquinolone-resistant US clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae (1998-2000)
    • Davies TA, Goldschmidt R, Pfleger S, et al. Cross-resistance, relatedness and allele analysis of fluoroquinolone-resistant US clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae (1998-2000). J Antimicrob Chemother 2003;52:168-175
    • (2003) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.52 , pp. 168-175
    • Davies, T.A.1    Goldschmidt, R.2    Pfleger, S.3
  • 21
    • 0035882293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A nosocomial outbreak of fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Weiss K, Restieri C, Gauthier R, et al. A nosocomial outbreak of fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:517-522
    • (2001) Clin Infect Dis , vol.33 , pp. 517-522
    • Weiss, K.1    Restieri, C.2    Gauthier, R.3
  • 23
    • 4344713145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levofloxacin-resistant invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States: Evidence for clonal spread and the impact of conjugate pneumococcal vaccine
    • Pletz MW, McGee L, Jorgensen J, et al. Levofloxacin-resistant invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States: evidence for clonal spread and the impact of conjugate pneumococcal vaccine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:3491-3497
    • (2004) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.48 , pp. 3491-3497
    • Pletz, M.W.1    McGee, L.2    Jorgensen, J.3
  • 24
    • 34547578899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stability of penicillin-susceptible and nonsusceptible clones of Streptococcus pneumoniae in southern Sweden
    • Vilhelmsson SE, Kristinsson KG. Stability of penicillin-susceptible and nonsusceptible clones of Streptococcus pneumoniae in southern Sweden. Microb Drug Resist 2007;13:108-113
    • (2007) Microb Drug Resist , vol.13 , pp. 108-113
    • Vilhelmsson, S.E.1    Kristinsson, K.G.2
  • 25
    • 33645127975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular epidemiology and variants of the multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Spain14-5 international clone among Spanish clinical isolates
    • Marimon JM, Perez-Trallero E, Ercibengoa M, Gonzalez A, Fenoll A. Molecular epidemiology and variants of the multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Spain14-5 international clone among Spanish clinical isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006;57:654-660
    • (2006) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.57 , pp. 654-660
    • Marimon, J.M.1    Perez-Trallero, E.2    Ercibengoa, M.3    Gonzalez, A.4    Fenoll, A.5
  • 26
  • 27
    • 34347400170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial use in Europe and antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Riedel S, Beekmann SE, Heilmann KP, et al. Antimicrobial use in Europe and antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2007;26:485-490
    • (2007) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.26 , pp. 485-490
    • Riedel, S.1    Beekmann, S.E.2    Heilmann, K.P.3
  • 28
    • 1542347591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic selection pressure and resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes
    • Albrich WC, Monnet DL, Harbarth S. Antibiotic selection pressure and resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes. Emerg Infect Dis 2004;10:514-517
    • (2004) Emerg Infect Dis , vol.10 , pp. 514-517
    • Albrich, W.C.1    Monnet, D.L.2    Harbarth, S.3
  • 29
    • 0034451371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial use and colonization with erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Greece during the first 2 years of life
    • Syrogiannopoulos GA, Grivea IN, Davies TA, Katopodis GD, Appelbaum PC, Beratis NG. Antimicrobial use and colonization with erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Greece during the first 2 years of life. Clin Infect Dis 2000;31:887-893
    • (2000) Clin Infect Dis , vol.31 , pp. 887-893
    • Syrogiannopoulos, G.A.1    Grivea, I.N.2    Davies, T.A.3    Katopodis, G.D.4    Appelbaum, P.C.5    Beratis, N.G.6
  • 30
    • 0032901142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolving resistance patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae: A link with long-acting macrolide consumption?
    • Baquero F. Evolving resistance patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae: a link with long-acting macrolide consumption? J Chemother 1999;11(Suppl 1):35-43
    • (1999) J Chemother , vol.11 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 35-43
    • Baquero, F.1
  • 31
    • 0032710846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of increased macrolide consumption on macrolide resistance of common respiratory pathogens
    • Cizman M, Pokorn M, Seme K, Paragi M, Orazem A. Influence of increased macrolide consumption on macrolide resistance of common respiratory pathogens. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1999;18:522-524
    • (1999) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.18 , pp. 522-524
    • Cizman, M.1    Pokorn, M.2    Seme, K.3    Paragi, M.4    Orazem, A.5
  • 33
    • 0033595136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreased susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae to fluoroquinolones in Canada. Canadian Bacterial Surveillance Network
    • Chen DK, McGeer A, de Azavedo JC, Low DE. Decreased susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae to fluoroquinolones in Canada. Canadian Bacterial Surveillance Network. N Engl J Med 1999;341:233-239
    • (1999) N Engl J Med , vol.341 , pp. 233-239
    • Chen, D.K.1    McGeer, A.2    de Azavedo, J.C.3    Low, D.E.4
  • 34
    • 11144270151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between increased levofloxacin use and decreased susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States
    • Bhavnani SM, Hammel JP, Jones RN, Ambrose PG. Relationship between increased levofloxacin use and decreased susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2005;51:31-37
    • (2005) Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.51 , pp. 31-37
    • Bhavnani, S.M.1    Hammel, J.P.2    Jones, R.N.3    Ambrose, P.G.4
  • 35
    • 34948851810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for development of multiple-class resistance to Streptococcus pneumoniae strains in Belgium over a 10-year period: Antimicrobial consumption, population density, and geographic location
    • Van Eldere J, Mera RM, Miller LA, Poupard JA, Amrine-Madsen H. Risk factors for development of multiple-class resistance to Streptococcus pneumoniae strains in Belgium over a 10-year period: antimicrobial consumption, population density, and geographic location. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51:3491-3497
    • (2007) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.51 , pp. 3491-3497
    • Van Eldere, J.1    Mera, R.M.2    Miller, L.A.3    Poupard, J.A.4    Amrine-Madsen, H.5
  • 36
    • 33750575286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Macrolide and azithromycin use are linked to increased macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Bergman M, Huikko S, Huovinen P, Paakkari P, Seppala H. Macrolide and azithromycin use are linked to increased macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006;50:3646-3650
    • (2006) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.50 , pp. 3646-3650
    • Bergman, M.1    Huikko, S.2    Huovinen, P.3    Paakkari, P.4    Seppala, H.5
  • 37
    • 33748896202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends in penicillin and macrolide resistance among pneumococci in the UK and the Republic of Ireland in relation to antibiotic sales to pharmacies and dispensing doctors
    • Livermore DM, Reynolds R, Stephens P, et al. Trends in penicillin and macrolide resistance among pneumococci in the UK and the Republic of Ireland in relation to antibiotic sales to pharmacies and dispensing doctors. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2006;28:273-279
    • (2006) Int J Antimicrob Agents , vol.28 , pp. 273-279
    • Livermore, D.M.1    Reynolds, R.2    Stephens, P.3
  • 38
    • 0031009655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pneumococcal bacteremia in hospitalized Israeli adults: Epidemiology and resistance to penicillin. Israeli Adult Pneumococcal Bacteremia Group
    • Raz R, Elhanan G, Shimoni Z, et al. Pneumococcal bacteremia in hospitalized Israeli adults: epidemiology and resistance to penicillin. Israeli Adult Pneumococcal Bacteremia Group. Clin Infect Dis 1997;24:1164-1168
    • (1997) Clin Infect Dis , vol.24 , pp. 1164-1168
    • Raz, R.1    Elhanan, G.2    Shimoni, Z.3
  • 39
    • 0033606799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mufson MA, Stanek RJ. Bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia in one American City: a 20-year longitudinal study, 1978-1997. Am J Med 1999;107(1A):34S-43S
    • Mufson MA, Stanek RJ. Bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia in one American City: a 20-year longitudinal study, 1978-1997. Am J Med 1999;107(1A):34S-43S
  • 40
    • 0030835469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Invasive pneumococcal infections: A comparison between adults and children
    • Rahav G, Toledano Y, Engelhard D, et al. Invasive pneumococcal infections: a comparison between adults and children. Medicine (Baltimore) 1997;76:295-303
    • (1997) Medicine (Baltimore) , vol.76 , pp. 295-303
    • Rahav, G.1    Toledano, Y.2    Engelhard, D.3
  • 41
    • 0041731577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreasing beta-lactam resistance in pneumococci from the Memphis region: Analysis of 2,152 isolates From 1996 to 2001
    • Waterer GW, Buckingham SC, Kessler LA, Quasney MW, Wunderink RG. Decreasing beta-lactam resistance in pneumococci from the Memphis region: analysis of 2,152 isolates From 1996 to 2001. Chest 2003;124:519-525
    • (2003) Chest , vol.124 , pp. 519-525
    • Waterer, G.W.1    Buckingham, S.C.2    Kessler, L.A.3    Quasney, M.W.4    Wunderink, R.G.5
  • 43
    • 0026701140 scopus 로고
    • Cephalosporin treatment failure in penicillin- and cephalosporin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis
    • Sloas MM, Barrett FF, Chesney PJ, et al. Cephalosporin treatment failure in penicillin- and cephalosporin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992;11:662-666
    • (1992) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.11 , pp. 662-666
    • Sloas, M.M.1    Barrett, F.F.2    Chesney, P.J.3
  • 44
    • 0030775353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacteriologic response to oral cephalosporins: Are established susceptibility breakpoints appropriate in the case of acute otitis media?
    • Dagan R, Abramson O, Leibovitz E, et al. Bacteriologic response to oral cephalosporins: are established susceptibility breakpoints appropriate in the case of acute otitis media? J Infect Dis 1997;176:1253-1259
    • (1997) J Infect Dis , vol.176 , pp. 1253-1259
    • Dagan, R.1    Abramson, O.2    Leibovitz, E.3
  • 45
    • 0031930607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of recent antibiotic therapy on antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae in children with acute otitis media in Spain
    • del Castillo F, Baquero-Artigao F, Garcia-Perea A. Influence of recent antibiotic therapy on antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae in children with acute otitis media in Spain. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998;17:94-97
    • (1998) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.17 , pp. 94-97
    • del Castillo, F.1    Baquero-Artigao, F.2    Garcia-Perea, A.3
  • 46
    • 0029816741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing importance of antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in acute otitis media
    • Jacobs MR. Increasing importance of antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in acute otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996;15:940-943
    • (1996) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.15 , pp. 940-943
    • Jacobs, M.R.1
  • 47
    • 0028905051 scopus 로고
    • Otitis media complications and treatment failures: Implications of pneumococcal resistance
    • Poole MD. Otitis media complications and treatment failures: implications of pneumococcal resistance. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995;14(4, Suppl):S23-S26
    • (1995) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.14 , Issue.4 and SUPPL.
    • Poole, M.D.1
  • 48
    • 0033959389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality from invasive pneumococcal pneumonia in the era of antibiotic resistance, 1995-1997
    • Feikin DR, Schuchat A, Kolczak M, et al. Mortality from invasive pneumococcal pneumonia in the era of antibiotic resistance, 1995-1997. Am J Public Health 2000;90:223-229
    • (2000) Am J Public Health , vol.90 , pp. 223-229
    • Feikin, D.R.1    Schuchat, A.2    Kolczak, M.3
  • 49
    • 0034085165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of penicillin susceptibility on medical outcomes for adult patients with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia
    • Metlay JP, Hofmann J, Cetron MS, et al. Impact of penicillin susceptibility on medical outcomes for adult patients with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:520-528
    • (2000) Clin Infect Dis , vol.30 , pp. 520-528
    • Metlay, J.P.1    Hofmann, J.2    Cetron, M.S.3
  • 50
    • 0023277372 scopus 로고
    • Risk factors and response to antibiotic therapy in adults with bacteremic pneumonia caused by penicillin-resistant pneumococci
    • Pallares R, Gudiol F, Linares J, et al. Risk factors and response to antibiotic therapy in adults with bacteremic pneumonia caused by penicillin-resistant pneumococci. N Engl J Med 1987;317:18-22
    • (1987) N Engl J Med , vol.317 , pp. 18-22
    • Pallares, R.1    Gudiol, F.2    Linares, J.3
  • 51
    • 0029151009 scopus 로고
    • Resistance to penicillin and cephalosporin and mortality from severe pneumococcal pneumonia in Barcelona, Spain
    • Pallares R, Linares J, Vadillo M, et al. Resistance to penicillin and cephalosporin and mortality from severe pneumococcal pneumonia in Barcelona, Spain. N Engl J Med 1995;333:474-480
    • (1995) N Engl J Med , vol.333 , pp. 474-480
    • Pallares, R.1    Linares, J.2    Vadillo, M.3
  • 52
    • 0043269792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An international prospective study of pneumococcal bacteremia: Correlation with in vitro resistance, antibiotics administered, and clinical outcome
    • Yu VL, Chiou CC, Feldman C, et al. An international prospective study of pneumococcal bacteremia: correlation with in vitro resistance, antibiotics administered, and clinical outcome. Clin Infect Dis 2003;37:230-237
    • (2003) Clin Infect Dis , vol.37 , pp. 230-237
    • Yu, V.L.1    Chiou, C.C.2    Feldman, C.3
  • 53
    • 0036499021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical relevance of macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae for community-acquired pneumonia
    • Lynch JP III, Martinez FJ. Clinical relevance of macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae for community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2002;34(Suppl 1):S27-S46
    • (2002) Clin Infect Dis , vol.34 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Lynch III, J.P.1    Martinez, F.J.2
  • 54
    • 0034547104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fatal pneumococcal pneumonia attributed to macrolide resistance and azithromycin monotherapy
    • Waterer GW, Wunderink RG, Jones CB. Fatal pneumococcal pneumonia attributed to macrolide resistance and azithromycin monotherapy. Chest 2000;118:1839-1840
    • (2000) Chest , vol.118 , pp. 1839-1840
    • Waterer, G.W.1    Wunderink, R.G.2    Jones, C.B.3
  • 55
    • 0034452452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breakthrough pneumococcal bacteremia in patients being treated with azithromycin and clarithromycin
    • Kelley MA, Weber DJ, Gilligan P, Cohen MS. Breakthrough pneumococcal bacteremia in patients being treated with azithromycin and clarithromycin. Clin Infect Dis 2000;31:1008-1011
    • (2000) Clin Infect Dis , vol.31 , pp. 1008-1011
    • Kelley, M.A.1    Weber, D.J.2    Gilligan, P.3    Cohen, M.S.4
  • 56
    • 0034456373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacteremic pneumonia due to multidrug-resistant pneumococci in 3 patients treated unsuccessfully with azithromycin and successfully with levofloxacin
    • Fogarty C, Goldschmidt R, Bush K. Bacteremic pneumonia due to multidrug-resistant pneumococci in 3 patients treated unsuccessfully with azithromycin and successfully with levofloxacin. Clin Infect Dis 2000;31:613-615
    • (2000) Clin Infect Dis , vol.31 , pp. 613-615
    • Fogarty, C.1    Goldschmidt, R.2    Bush, K.3
  • 57
    • 1942451487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What is the clinical impact of macrolide resistance?
    • Lonks JR. What is the clinical impact of macrolide resistance? Curr Infect Dis Rep 2004;6:7-12
    • (2004) Curr Infect Dis Rep , vol.6 , pp. 7-12
    • Lonks, J.R.1
  • 58
    • 2442702754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quinolone resistance among pneumococci: Therapeutic and diagnostic implications
    • Low DE. Quinolone resistance among pneumococci: therapeutic and diagnostic implications. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38(Suppl 4):S357-S362
    • (2004) Clin Infect Dis , vol.38 , Issue.SUPPL. 4
    • Low, D.E.1
  • 59
    • 12144274805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluoroquinolone-resistant pneumococci: Maybe resistance isn't futile?
    • Low DE. Fluoroquinolone-resistant pneumococci: maybe resistance isn't futile? Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:236-238
    • (2005) Clin Infect Dis , vol.40 , pp. 236-238
    • Low, D.E.1
  • 60
    • 0037035122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resistance to levofloxacin and failure of treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia
    • Davidson R, Cavalcanti R, Brunton JL, et al. Resistance to levofloxacin and failure of treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2002;346:747-750
    • (2002) N Engl J Med , vol.346 , pp. 747-750
    • Davidson, R.1    Cavalcanti, R.2    Brunton, J.L.3
  • 61
    • 0035884479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae associated with levofloxacin therapy
    • Urban C, Rahman N, Zhao X, et al. Fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae associated with levofloxacin therapy. J Infect Dis 2001;184:794-798
    • (2001) J Infect Dis , vol.184 , pp. 794-798
    • Urban, C.1    Rahman, N.2    Zhao, X.3
  • 62
    • 12144288480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug-resistant pneumococcal pneumonia: Clinical relevance and related factors
    • Aspa J, Rajas O, Rodriguez de Castro F, et al. Drug-resistant pneumococcal pneumonia: clinical relevance and related factors. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:787-798
    • (2004) Clin Infect Dis , vol.38 , pp. 787-798
    • Aspa, J.1    Rajas, O.2    Rodriguez de Castro, F.3
  • 63
    • 0033831618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae causing invasive disease in 5 countries
    • Henriques B, Kalin M, Ortqvist A, et al. Molecular epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae causing invasive disease in 5 countries. J Infect Dis 2000;182:833-839
    • (2000) J Infect Dis , vol.182 , pp. 833-839
    • Henriques, B.1    Kalin, M.2    Ortqvist, A.3
  • 64
    • 2942534184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical outcomes of pneumococcal pneumonia caused by antibiotic-resistant strains in Asian countries: A study by the Asian Network for Surveillance of Resistant Pathogens
    • Song JH, Jung SI, Ki HK, et al. Clinical outcomes of pneumococcal pneumonia caused by antibiotic-resistant strains in Asian countries: a study by the Asian Network for Surveillance of Resistant Pathogens. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:1570-1578
    • (2004) Clin Infect Dis , vol.38 , pp. 1570-1578
    • Song, J.H.1    Jung, S.I.2    Ki, H.K.3
  • 65
    • 0028842938 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the response to antimicrobial therapy of penicillin-resistant and penicillin-susceptible pneumococcal disease
    • Friedland IR. Comparison of the response to antimicrobial therapy of penicillin-resistant and penicillin-susceptible pneumococcal disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995;14:885-890
    • (1995) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.14 , pp. 885-890
    • Friedland, I.R.1
  • 66
    • 4544244010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combination antibiotic therapy lowers mortality among severely ill patients with pneumococcal bacteremia
    • Baddour LM, Yu VL, Klugman KP, et al. Combination antibiotic therapy lowers mortality among severely ill patients with pneumococcal bacteremia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;170:440-444
    • (2004) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.170 , pp. 440-444
    • Baddour, L.M.1    Yu, V.L.2    Klugman, K.P.3
  • 67
    • 0032813974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Penicillin resistance and other predictors of mortality in pneumococcal bacteremia in a population with high human immunodeficiency virus seroprevalence
    • Turett GS, Blum S, Fazal BA, Justman JE, Telzak EE. Penicillin resistance and other predictors of mortality in pneumococcal bacteremia in a population with high human immunodeficiency virus seroprevalence. Clin Infect Dis 1999;29:321-327
    • (1999) Clin Infect Dis , vol.29 , pp. 321-327
    • Turett, G.S.1    Blum, S.2    Fazal, B.A.3    Justman, J.E.4    Telzak, E.E.5
  • 68
    • 34248179043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors associated with antimicrobial resistance and mortality in pneumococcal bacteremia
    • Neuman MI, Kelley M, Harper MB, File TM Jr, Camargo CA Jr. Factors associated with antimicrobial resistance and mortality in pneumococcal bacteremia. J Emerg Med 2007;32:349-357
    • (2007) J Emerg Med , vol.32 , pp. 349-357
    • Neuman, M.I.1    Kelley, M.2    Harper, M.B.3    File Jr, T.M.4    Camargo Jr., C.A.5
  • 69
    • 0033022107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pneumonia acquired in the community through drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Ewig S, Ruiz M, Torres A, et al. Pneumonia acquired in the community through drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;159:1835-1842
    • (1999) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.159 , pp. 1835-1842
    • Ewig, S.1    Ruiz, M.2    Torres, A.3
  • 70
    • 0037447017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors associated with relative rates of antimicrobial resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States: Results from the TRUST Surveillance Program (1998-2002)
    • Karlowsky JA, Thornsberry C, Jones ME, Evangelista AT, Critchley IA, Sahm DF. Factors associated with relative rates of antimicrobial resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States: results from the TRUST Surveillance Program (1998-2002). Clin Infect Dis 2003;36:963-970
    • (2003) Clin Infect Dis , vol.36 , pp. 963-970
    • Karlowsky, J.A.1    Thornsberry, C.2    Jones, M.E.3    Evangelista, A.T.4    Critchley, I.A.5    Sahm, D.F.6
  • 72
    • 18244369724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altered PBP 2A and its role in the development of penicillin, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone resistance in a clinical isolate of Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Smith AM, Feldman C, Massidda O, McCarthy K, Ndiweni D, Klugman KP. Altered PBP 2A and its role in the development of penicillin, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone resistance in a clinical isolate of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49:2002-2007
    • (2005) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.49 , pp. 2002-2007
    • Smith, A.M.1    Feldman, C.2    Massidda, O.3    McCarthy, K.4    Ndiweni, D.5    Klugman, K.P.6
  • 73
    • 33845927692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing
    • National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Wayne, PA: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards;
    • National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Tenth informational supplement, M100-S11. Wayne, PA: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards; 2001
    • (2001) Tenth informational , Issue.SUPPL.EMENTand M100-S11
  • 74
    • 4644341061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alterations of penicillin-binding proteins 1A, 2X, and 2B in Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates for which amoxicillin MICs are higher than penicillin MICs
    • Kosowska K, Jacobs MR, Bajaksouzian S, Koeth L, Appelbaum PC. Alterations of penicillin-binding proteins 1A, 2X, and 2B in Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates for which amoxicillin MICs are higher than penicillin MICs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:4020-4022
    • (2004) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.48 , pp. 4020-4022
    • Kosowska, K.1    Jacobs, M.R.2    Bajaksouzian, S.3    Koeth, L.4    Appelbaum, P.C.5
  • 75
    • 0043156138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Alexander Project 1998-2000: Susceptibility of pathogens isolated from community-acquired respiratory tract infection to commonly used antimicrobial agents
    • Jacobs MR, Felmingham D, Appelbaum PC, Gruneberg RN. The Alexander Project 1998-2000: susceptibility of pathogens isolated from community-acquired respiratory tract infection to commonly used antimicrobial agents. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003;52:229-246
    • (2003) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.52 , pp. 229-246
    • Jacobs, M.R.1    Felmingham, D.2    Appelbaum, P.C.3    Gruneberg, R.N.4
  • 76
    • 0036159404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro activities of broad-spectrum cephalosporins against nonmeningeal isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae: MIC interpretation using NCCLS M100-S12 recommendations
    • Sahm DF, Thornsberry C, Mayfield DC, Jones ME, Karlowsky JA. In vitro activities of broad-spectrum cephalosporins against nonmeningeal isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae: MIC interpretation using NCCLS M100-S12 recommendations. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40:669-674
    • (2002) J Clin Microbiol , vol.40 , pp. 669-674
    • Sahm, D.F.1    Thornsberry, C.2    Mayfield, D.C.3    Jones, M.E.4    Karlowsky, J.A.5
  • 77
    • 1342322679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-level penicillin- nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteremia: Identification of a low-risk subgroup
    • Ruhe JJ, Myers L, Mushatt D, Hasbun R. High-level penicillin- nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteremia: identification of a low-risk subgroup. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:508-514
    • (2004) Clin Infect Dis , vol.38 , pp. 508-514
    • Ruhe, J.J.1    Myers, L.2    Mushatt, D.3    Hasbun, R.4
  • 78
    • 0023388551 scopus 로고
    • World-wide development of antibiotic resistance in pneumococci
    • Appelbaum PC. World-wide development of antibiotic resistance in pneumococci. Eur J Clin Microbiol 1987;6:367-377
    • (1987) Eur J Clin Microbiol , vol.6 , pp. 367-377
    • Appelbaum, P.C.1
  • 79
    • 0029839988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology and in vitro susceptibility of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Appelbaum PC. Epidemiology and in vitro susceptibility of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996;15:932-934
    • (1996) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.15 , pp. 932-934
    • Appelbaum, P.C.1
  • 80
    • 0030046008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiological features of and risk factors for infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae strains with diminished susceptibility to penicillin: Findings of a French survey
    • Bedos JP, Chevret S, Chastang C, Geslin P, Regnier B. Epidemiological features of and risk factors for infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae strains with diminished susceptibility to penicillin: findings of a French survey. Clin Infect Dis 1996;22:63-72
    • (1996) Clin Infect Dis , vol.22 , pp. 63-72
    • Bedos, J.P.1    Chevret, S.2    Chastang, C.3    Geslin, P.4    Regnier, B.5
  • 82
    • 0028961821 scopus 로고
    • High incidence of resistance to multiple antimicrobials in clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from a university hospital in Korea
    • Lee HJ, Park JY, Jang SH, Kim JH, Kim EC, Choi KW. High incidence of resistance to multiple antimicrobials in clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from a university hospital in Korea. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20:826-835
    • (1995) Clin Infect Dis , vol.20 , pp. 826-835
    • Lee, H.J.1    Park, J.Y.2    Jang, S.H.3    Kim, J.H.4    Kim, E.C.5    Choi, K.W.6
  • 83
    • 0032979046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spread of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Asian countries: Asian Network for Surveillance of Resistant Pathogens (ANSORP) Study
    • Song JH, Lee NY, Ichiyama S, et al. Spread of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Asian countries: Asian Network for Surveillance of Resistant Pathogens (ANSORP) Study. Clin Infect Dis 1999;28:1206-1211
    • (1999) Clin Infect Dis , vol.28 , pp. 1206-1211
    • Song, J.H.1    Lee, N.Y.2    Ichiyama, S.3
  • 84
    • 0030003732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae recovered from outpatients in the United States during the winter months of 1994 to 1995: Results of a 30-center national surveillance study
    • Doern GV, Brueggemann A, Holley HP Jr, Rauch AM. Antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae recovered from outpatients in the United States during the winter months of 1994 to 1995: results of a 30-center national surveillance study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996;40:1208-1213
    • (1996) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.40 , pp. 1208-1213
    • Doern, G.V.1    Brueggemann, A.2    Holley Jr, H.P.3    Rauch, A.M.4
  • 85
    • 2442731883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clonal relationships among high-level penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States
    • Doern GV, Brueggemann AB, Blocker M, et al. Clonal relationships among high-level penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 1998;27:757-761
    • (1998) Clin Infect Dis , vol.27 , pp. 757-761
    • Doern, G.V.1    Brueggemann, A.B.2    Blocker, M.3
  • 86
    • 0033385546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Doern GV, Brueggemann AB, Huynh H, Wingert E. Antimicrobial resistance with Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States, 1997 98. Emerg Infect Dis 1999;5:757-765
    • Doern GV, Brueggemann AB, Huynh H, Wingert E. Antimicrobial resistance with Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States, 1997 98. Emerg Infect Dis 1999;5:757-765
  • 87
    • 0034727809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States
    • Whitney CG, Farley MM, Hadler J, et al. Increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1917-1924
    • (2000) N Engl J Med , vol.343 , pp. 1917-1924
    • Whitney, C.G.1    Farley, M.M.2    Hadler, J.3
  • 88
    • 0032778571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resistance surveillance of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis isolated in the United States, 1997-1998
    • Thornsberry C, Jones ME, Hickey ML, Mauriz Y, Kahn J, Sahm DF. Resistance surveillance of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis isolated in the United States, 1997-1998. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999;44:749-759
    • (1999) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.44 , pp. 749-759
    • Thornsberry, C.1    Jones, M.E.2    Hickey, M.L.3    Mauriz, Y.4    Kahn, J.5    Sahm, D.F.6
  • 89
    • 0032987906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors and course of illness among children with invasive penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. The Streptococcus pneumoniae Working Group
    • Deeks SL, Palacio R, Ruvinsky R, et al. Risk factors and course of illness among children with invasive penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. The Streptococcus pneumoniae Working Group. Pediatrics 1999;103:409-413
    • (1999) Pediatrics , vol.103 , pp. 409-413
    • Deeks, S.L.1    Palacio, R.2    Ruvinsky, R.3
  • 90
    • 3342939866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence of Streptococcus pneumoniae with very-high-level resistance to penicillin
    • Schrag SJ, McGee L, Whitney CG, et al. Emergence of Streptococcus pneumoniae with very-high-level resistance to penicillin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:3016-3023
    • (2004) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.48 , pp. 3016-3023
    • Schrag, S.J.1    McGee, L.2    Whitney, C.G.3
  • 91
    • 0038441345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial resistance in respiratory tract Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates: Results of the Canadian Respiratory Organism Susceptibility Study, 1997 to 2002
    • Zhanel GG, Palatnick L, Nichol KA, Bellyou T, Low DE, Hoban DJ. Antimicrobial resistance in respiratory tract Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates: results of the Canadian Respiratory Organism Susceptibility Study, 1997 to 2002. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:1867-1874
    • (2003) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.47 , pp. 1867-1874
    • Zhanel, G.G.1    Palatnick, L.2    Nichol, K.A.3    Bellyou, T.4    Low, D.E.5    Hoban, D.J.6
  • 92
    • 0037159564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of cephalosporin resistance on mortality in adult patients with nonmeningeal systemic pneumococcal infections
    • Pallares R, Capdevila O, Linares J, et al. The effect of cephalosporin resistance on mortality in adult patients with nonmeningeal systemic pneumococcal infections. Am J Med 2002;113:120-126
    • (2002) Am J Med , vol.113 , pp. 120-126
    • Pallares, R.1    Capdevila, O.2    Linares, J.3
  • 93
    • 0141960030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae with different susceptibilities to ceftriaxone and cefotaxime
    • Karlowsky JA, Jones ME, Draghi DC, Sahm DF. Clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae with different susceptibilities to ceftriaxone and cefotaxime. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:3155-3160
    • (2003) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.47 , pp. 3155-3160
    • Karlowsky, J.A.1    Jones, M.E.2    Draghi, D.C.3    Sahm, D.F.4
  • 94
    • 0034912376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alterations in MurM, a cell wall muropeptide branching enzyme, increase high-level penicillin and cephalosporin resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Smith AM, Klugman KP. Alterations in MurM, a cell wall muropeptide branching enzyme, increase high-level penicillin and cephalosporin resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45:2393-2396
    • (2001) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.45 , pp. 2393-2396
    • Smith, A.M.1    Klugman, K.P.2
  • 95
    • 0026787870 scopus 로고
    • Genetics of resistance to third-generation cephalosporins in clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Munoz R, Dowson CG, Daniels M, et al. Genetics of resistance to third-generation cephalosporins in clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Mol Microbiol 1992;6:2461-2465
    • (1992) Mol Microbiol , vol.6 , pp. 2461-2465
    • Munoz, R.1    Dowson, C.G.2    Daniels, M.3
  • 96
    • 2442727490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among respiratory tract isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in North America: 1997 results from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program
    • Doern GV, Pfaller MA, Kugler K, Freeman J, Jones RN. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among respiratory tract isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in North America: 1997 results from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program. Clin Infect Dis 1998;27:764-770
    • (1998) Clin Infect Dis , vol.27 , pp. 764-770
    • Doern, G.V.1    Pfaller, M.A.2    Kugler, K.3    Freeman, J.4    Jones, R.N.5
  • 97
    • 0036784374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Penicillin-binding protein 1A, 2B, and 2X alterations in Canadian isolates of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Nichol KA, Zhanel GG, Hoban DJ. Penicillin-binding protein 1A, 2B, and 2X alterations in Canadian isolates of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:3261-3264
    • (2002) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.46 , pp. 3261-3264
    • Nichol, K.A.1    Zhanel, G.G.2    Hoban, D.J.3
  • 98
    • 0035991703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of penicillin-binding protein genes of clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae with reduced susceptibility to amoxicillin
    • du Plessis M, Bingen E, Klugman KP. Analysis of penicillin-binding protein genes of clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae with reduced susceptibility to amoxicillin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:2349-2357
    • (2002) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.46 , pp. 2349-2357
    • du Plessis, M.1    Bingen, E.2    Klugman, K.P.3
  • 99
    • 0029001740 scopus 로고
    • Genetic analysis of clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae with high-level resistance to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins
    • Coffey TJ, Daniels M, McDougal LK, Dowson CG, Tenover FC, Spratt BG. Genetic analysis of clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae with high-level resistance to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995;39:1306-1313
    • (1995) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.39 , pp. 1306-1313
    • Coffey, T.J.1    Daniels, M.2    McDougal, L.K.3    Dowson, C.G.4    Tenover, F.C.5    Spratt, B.G.6
  • 100
    • 35948975073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing ceftriaxone resistance and multiple alterations of penicillin-binding proteins among penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Taiwan
    • Chiu CH, Su LH, Huang YC, et al. Increasing ceftriaxone resistance and multiple alterations of penicillin-binding proteins among penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Taiwan. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51:3404-3406
    • (2007) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.51 , pp. 3404-3406
    • Chiu, C.H.1    Su, L.H.2    Huang, Y.C.3
  • 101
    • 0029155375 scopus 로고
    • Identification of multiple clones of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in the United States
    • McDougal LK, Rasheed JK, Biddle JW, Tenover FC. Identification of multiple clones of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995;39:2282-2288
    • (1995) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.39 , pp. 2282-2288
    • McDougal, L.K.1    Rasheed, J.K.2    Biddle, J.W.3    Tenover, F.C.4
  • 102
    • 0142165971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial resistance among isolates of respiratory tract infection pathogens from the southern United States: Data from the PROTEKT US surveillance program 2000/2001
    • Waites K, Brown S. Antimicrobial resistance among isolates of respiratory tract infection pathogens from the southern United States: data from the PROTEKT US surveillance program 2000/2001. South Med J 2003;96:974-985
    • (2003) South Med J , vol.96 , pp. 974-985
    • Waites, K.1    Brown, S.2
  • 103
    • 0038441385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Susceptibilities to levofloxacin in Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis clinical isolates from children: Results from 2000-2001 and 2001-2002 TRUST studies in the United States
    • Karlowsky JA, Thornsberry C, Critchley IA, et al. Susceptibilities to levofloxacin in Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis clinical isolates from children: results from 2000-2001 and 2001-2002 TRUST studies in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:1790-1797
    • (2003) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.47 , pp. 1790-1797
    • Karlowsky, J.A.1    Thornsberry, C.2    Critchley, I.A.3
  • 104
    • 0346725836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The activity of levofloxacin and other antimicrobials against clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae collected worldwide during 1999-2002
    • Jones ME, Blosser-Middleton RS, Thornsberry C, Karlowsky JA, Sahm DF. The activity of levofloxacin and other antimicrobials against clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae collected worldwide during 1999-2002. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2003;47:579-586
    • (2003) Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.47 , pp. 579-586
    • Jones, M.E.1    Blosser-Middleton, R.S.2    Thornsberry, C.3    Karlowsky, J.A.4    Sahm, D.F.5
  • 105
    • 33744485010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial susceptibility of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Portugal over an 11-year period
    • Dias R, Louro D, Canica M. Antimicrobial susceptibility of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Portugal over an 11-year period. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006;50:2098-2105
    • (2006) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.50 , pp. 2098-2105
    • Dias, R.1    Louro, D.2    Canica, M.3
  • 106
    • 2542462194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among clinical Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Asia (an ANSORP study)
    • Song JH, Jung SI, Ko KS, et al. High prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among clinical Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Asia (an ANSORP study). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:2101-2107
    • (2004) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.48 , pp. 2101-2107
    • Song, J.H.1    Jung, S.I.2    Ko, K.S.3
  • 107
    • 33646250182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increase in numbers of beta-lactam-resistant invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae in Brazil and the impact of conjugate vaccine coverage
    • Brandileone MC, Casagrande ST, Guerra ML, Zanella RC, Andrade AL, Di Fabio JL. Increase in numbers of beta-lactam-resistant invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae in Brazil and the impact of conjugate vaccine coverage. J Med Microbiol 2006;55(Pt 5):567-574
    • (2006) J Med Microbiol , vol.55 , Issue.PART 5 , pp. 567-574
    • Brandileone, M.C.1    Casagrande, S.T.2    Guerra, M.L.3    Zanella, R.C.4    Andrade, A.L.5    Di Fabio, J.L.6
  • 108
    • 36749072042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National and regional assessment of antimicrobial resistance among community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens identified in a 2005-2006 U.S. Faropenem surveillance study
    • Critchley IA, Brown SD, Traczewski MM, Tillotson GS, Janjic N. National and regional assessment of antimicrobial resistance among community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens identified in a 2005-2006 U.S. Faropenem surveillance study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51:4382-4389
    • (2007) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.51 , pp. 4382-4389
    • Critchley, I.A.1    Brown, S.D.2    Traczewski, M.M.3    Tillotson, G.S.4    Janjic, N.5
  • 109
    • 33750355062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular characterisation of Canadian paediatric multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae from 1998-2004
    • Zhanel GG, Wang X, Nichol K, et al. Molecular characterisation of Canadian paediatric multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae from 1998-2004. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2006;28:465-471
    • (2006) Int J Antimicrob Agents , vol.28 , pp. 465-471
    • Zhanel, G.G.1    Wang, X.2    Nichol, K.3
  • 110
    • 0141997954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era: Predictors of carriage in a multicommunity sample
    • Finkelstein JA, Huang SS, Daniel J, et al. Antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era: predictors of carriage in a multicommunity sample. Pediatrics 2003;112:862-869
    • (2003) Pediatrics , vol.112 , pp. 862-869
    • Finkelstein, J.A.1    Huang, S.S.2    Daniel, J.3
  • 111
    • 0032566032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An outbreak of multidrug-resistant pneumococcal pneumonia and bacteremia among unvaccinated nursing home residents
    • Nuorti JP, Butler JC, Crutcher JM, et al. An outbreak of multidrug-resistant pneumococcal pneumonia and bacteremia among unvaccinated nursing home residents. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1861-1868
    • (1998) N Engl J Med , vol.338 , pp. 1861-1868
    • Nuorti, J.P.1    Butler, J.C.2    Crutcher, J.M.3
  • 112
    • 0028116573 scopus 로고
    • Predictive factors for invasive disease due to penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: A population-based study
    • Nava JM, Bella F, Garau J, et al. Predictive factors for invasive disease due to penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: a population-based study. Clin Infect Dis 1994;19:884-890
    • (1994) Clin Infect Dis , vol.19 , pp. 884-890
    • Nava, J.M.1    Bella, F.2    Garau, J.3
  • 113
    • 0031811668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical outcome of invasive infections by penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Korean children
    • Choi EH, Lee HJ. Clinical outcome of invasive infections by penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Korean children. Clin Infect Dis 1998;26:1346-1354
    • (1998) Clin Infect Dis , vol.26 , pp. 1346-1354
    • Choi, E.H.1    Lee, H.J.2
  • 114
    • 0026754292 scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: A South African perspective
    • Koornhof HJ, Wasas A, Klugman K. Antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: a South African perspective. Clin Infect Dis 1992;15:84-94
    • (1992) Clin Infect Dis , vol.15 , pp. 84-94
    • Koornhof, H.J.1    Wasas, A.2    Klugman, K.3
  • 115
    • 0036133708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geographic, demographic, and seasonal differences in penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Baltimore
    • Albanese BA, Roche JC, Pass M, Whitney CG, McEllistrem MC, Harrison LH. Geographic, demographic, and seasonal differences in penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Baltimore. Clin Infect Dis 2002;34:15-21
    • (2002) Clin Infect Dis , vol.34 , pp. 15-21
    • Albanese, B.A.1    Roche, J.C.2    Pass, M.3    Whitney, C.G.4    McEllistrem, M.C.5    Harrison, L.H.6
  • 116
    • 0029119797 scopus 로고
    • The prevalence of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Atlanta
    • Hofmann J, Cetron MS, Farley MM, et al. The prevalence of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Atlanta. N Engl J Med 1995;333:481-486
    • (1995) N Engl J Med , vol.333 , pp. 481-486
    • Hofmann, J.1    Cetron, M.S.2    Farley, M.M.3
  • 117
    • 0030731080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Streptococcus pneumoniae blood culture isolates from patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection: Alterations in penicillin susceptibilities and in serogroups or serotypes
    • Crewe-Brown HH, Karstaedt AS, Saunders GL, et al. Streptococcus pneumoniae blood culture isolates from patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection: alterations in penicillin susceptibilities and in serogroups or serotypes. Clin Infect Dis 1997;25:1165-1172
    • (1997) Clin Infect Dis , vol.25 , pp. 1165-1172
    • Crewe-Brown, H.H.1    Karstaedt, A.S.2    Saunders, G.L.3
  • 118
    • 39649119854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of cotrimoxazole on non-susceptibility to antibiotics in Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage isolates among HIV-infected mineworkers in South Africa
    • Pemba L, Charalambous S, von Gottberg A, et al. Impact of cotrimoxazole on non-susceptibility to antibiotics in Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage isolates among HIV-infected mineworkers in South Africa. J Infect 2008;56:171-178
    • (2008) J Infect , vol.56 , pp. 171-178
    • Pemba, L.1    Charalambous, S.2    von Gottberg, A.3
  • 119
    • 0029739904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for isolation of Streptococcus pneumoniae with decreased susceptibility to penicillin G from patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus
    • Meynard JL, Barbut F, Blum L, et al. Risk factors for isolation of Streptococcus pneumoniae with decreased susceptibility to penicillin G from patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 1996;22:437-440
    • (1996) Clin Infect Dis , vol.22 , pp. 437-440
    • Meynard, J.L.1    Barbut, F.2    Blum, L.3
  • 120
    • 0033805294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carriage of internationally spread clones of Streptococcus pneumoniae with unusual drug resistance patterns in children attending day care centers in Lisbon, Portugal
    • Sa-Leao R, Tomasz A, Sanches IS, et al. Carriage of internationally spread clones of Streptococcus pneumoniae with unusual drug resistance patterns in children attending day care centers in Lisbon, Portugal. J Infect Dis 2000;182:1153-1160
    • (2000) J Infect Dis , vol.182 , pp. 1153-1160
    • Sa-Leao, R.1    Tomasz, A.2    Sanches, I.S.3
  • 121
    • 0032728377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resistance patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae from children in central Italy
    • Ronchetti MP, Guglielmi F, Latini L, et al. Resistance patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae from children in central Italy. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1999;18:376-379
    • (1999) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.18 , pp. 376-379
    • Ronchetti, M.P.1    Guglielmi, F.2    Latini, L.3
  • 122
    • 0036168476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluoroquinolone resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in United States since 1994-1995
    • Brueggemann AB, Coffman SL, Rhomberg P, et al. Fluoroquinolone resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in United States since 1994-1995. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:680-688
    • (2002) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.46 , pp. 680-688
    • Brueggemann, A.B.1    Coffman, S.L.2    Rhomberg, P.3
  • 123
    • 0031864946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative in-vitro activity of ketolide HMR 3647 and four macrolides against gram-positive cocci of known erythromycin susceptibility status
    • Hamilton-Miller JM, Shah S. Comparative in-vitro activity of ketolide HMR 3647 and four macrolides against gram-positive cocci of known erythromycin susceptibility status. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998;41:649-653
    • (1998) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.41 , pp. 649-653
    • Hamilton-Miller, J.M.1    Shah, S.2
  • 124
    • 0035112110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro activities of the novel ketolide telithromycin (HMR 3647) against erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus species
    • Jalava J, Kataja J, Seppala H, Huovinen P. In vitro activities of the novel ketolide telithromycin (HMR 3647) against erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45:789-793
    • (2001) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.45 , pp. 789-793
    • Jalava, J.1    Kataja, J.2    Seppala, H.3    Huovinen, P.4
  • 125
    • 0031805506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro activities of the new ketolide antibiotics HMR 3004 and HMR 3647 against Streptococcus pneumoniae in Germany
    • Reinert RR, Bryskier A, Lutticken R. In vitro activities of the new ketolide antibiotics HMR 3004 and HMR 3647 against Streptococcus pneumoniae in Germany. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998;42:1509-1511
    • (1998) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.42 , pp. 1509-1511
    • Reinert, R.R.1    Bryskier, A.2    Lutticken, R.3
  • 126
    • 0026770018 scopus 로고
    • Pneumococcal antimicrobial resistance: The problem in Hungary
    • Marton A. Pneumococcal antimicrobial resistance: the problem in Hungary. Clin Infect Dis 1992;15:106-111
    • (1992) Clin Infect Dis , vol.15 , pp. 106-111
    • Marton, A.1
  • 128
    • 0032875522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of mefE, erm and tet(M) genes in Streptococcus pneumoniae strains from Central Italy
    • Latini L, Ronchetti MP, Merolla R, et al. Prevalence of mefE, erm and tet(M) genes in Streptococcus pneumoniae strains from Central Italy. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1999;13:29-33
    • (1999) Int J Antimicrob Agents , vol.13 , pp. 29-33
    • Latini, L.1    Ronchetti, M.P.2    Merolla, R.3
  • 129
    • 0141890304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-dose azithromycin versus high-dose amoxicillin-clavulanate for treatment of children with recurrent or persistent acute otitis media
    • Arrieta A, Arguedas A, Fernandez P, et al. High-dose azithromycin versus high-dose amoxicillin-clavulanate for treatment of children with recurrent or persistent acute otitis media. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:3179-3186
    • (2003) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.47 , pp. 3179-3186
    • Arrieta, A.1    Arguedas, A.2    Fernandez, P.3
  • 130
    • 0030069781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spread of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae among hospitalized children in Slovakia
    • Reichler MR, Rakovsky J, Slacikova M, et al. Spread of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae among hospitalized children in Slovakia. J Infect Dis 1996;173:374-379
    • (1996) J Infect Dis , vol.173 , pp. 374-379
    • Reichler, M.R.1    Rakovsky, J.2    Slacikova, M.3
  • 131
    • 0029058081 scopus 로고
    • Infections caused by erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: Incidence, risk factors, and response to therapy in a prospective study
    • Moreno S, Garcia-Leoni ME, Cercenado E, Diaz MD, Bernaldo de Quiros JC, Bouza E. Infections caused by erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: incidence, risk factors, and response to therapy in a prospective study. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20:1195-1200
    • (1995) Clin Infect Dis , vol.20 , pp. 1195-1200
    • Moreno, S.1    Garcia-Leoni, M.E.2    Cercenado, E.3    Diaz, M.D.4    Bernaldo de Quiros, J.C.5    Bouza, E.6
  • 132
    • 0031431208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis in the United States in 1996-1997 respiratory season. The Laboratory Investigator Group
    • Thornsberry C, Ogilvie P, Kahn J, Mauriz Y. Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis in the United States in 1996-1997 respiratory season. The Laboratory Investigator Group. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1997;29:249-257
    • (1997) Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.29 , pp. 249-257
    • Thornsberry, C.1    Ogilvie, P.2    Kahn, J.3    Mauriz, Y.4
  • 133
    • 0035873488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Worldwide prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis in the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 1997-1999
    • Hoban DJ, Doern GV, Fluit AC, Roussel-Delvallez M, Jones RN. Worldwide prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis in the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 1997-1999. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32(Suppl 2):S81-S93
    • (2001) Clin Infect Dis , vol.32 , Issue.SUPPL. 2
    • Hoban, D.J.1    Doern, G.V.2    Fluit, A.C.3    Roussel-Delvallez, M.4    Jones, R.N.5
  • 134
    • 3342901650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro activities of telithromycin, linezolid, and quinupristin-dalfopristin against Streptococcus pneumoniae with macrolide resistance due to ribosomal mutations
    • Farrell DJ, Morrissey I, Bakker S, Buckridge S, Felmingham D. In vitro activities of telithromycin, linezolid, and quinupristin-dalfopristin against Streptococcus pneumoniae with macrolide resistance due to ribosomal mutations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:3169-3171
    • (2004) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.48 , pp. 3169-3171
    • Farrell, D.J.1    Morrissey, I.2    Bakker, S.3    Buckridge, S.4    Felmingham, D.5
  • 135
    • 4444220828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibacterial susceptibility among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from paediatric and adult patients as part of the PROTEKT US study in 2001-2002
    • Brown SD, Farrell DJ. Antibacterial susceptibility among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from paediatric and adult patients as part of the PROTEKT US study in 2001-2002. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004;54(Suppl 1):i23-i29
    • (2004) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.54 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Brown, S.D.1    Farrell, D.J.2
  • 136
    • 0036732849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from the PROTEKT surveillance study, and comparative in vitro activity of the ketolide, telithromycin
    • Felmingham D, Reinert RR, Hirakata Y, Rodloff A. Increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from the PROTEKT surveillance study, and comparative in vitro activity of the ketolide, telithromycin. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002;50(Suppl S1):25-37
    • (2002) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.50 , Issue.SUPPL. S1 , pp. 25-37
    • Felmingham, D.1    Reinert, R.R.2    Hirakata, Y.3    Rodloff, A.4
  • 137
    • 4344588318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro antimicrobial susceptibilities of Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolates obtained in Canada in 2002
    • Powis J, McGeer A, Green K, et al. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibilities of Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolates obtained in Canada in 2002. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:3305-3311
    • (2004) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.48 , pp. 3305-3311
    • Powis, J.1    McGeer, A.2    Green, K.3
  • 138
    • 0037790609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Telithromycin- and fluoroquinolone- resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Taiwan with high prevalence of resistance to macrolides and beta-lactams: SMART program 2001 data
    • Hsueh PR, Teng LJ, Wu TL, et al. Telithromycin- and fluoroquinolone- resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Taiwan with high prevalence of resistance to macrolides and beta-lactams: SMART program 2001 data. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:2145-2151
    • (2003) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.47 , pp. 2145-2151
    • Hsueh, P.R.1    Teng, L.J.2    Wu, T.L.3
  • 139
    • 0035190363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial susceptibilities of 1,684 Streptococcus pneumoniae and 2,039 Streptococcus pyogenes isolates and their ecological relationships: Results of a 1-year (1998-1999) multicenter surveillance study in Spain
    • Perez-Trallero E, Fernandez-Mazarrasa C, Garcia-Rey C, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of 1,684 Streptococcus pneumoniae and 2,039 Streptococcus pyogenes isolates and their ecological relationships: results of a 1-year (1998-1999) multicenter surveillance study in Spain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45:3334-3340
    • (2001) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.45 , pp. 3334-3340
    • Perez-Trallero, E.1    Fernandez-Mazarrasa, C.2    Garcia-Rey, C.3
  • 140
    • 4043155638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Latin America: Results from five years of the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program
    • Castanheira M, Gales AC, Mendes RE, Jones RN, Sader HS. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Latin America: results from five years of the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program. Clin Microbiol Infect 2004;10:645-651
    • (2004) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.10 , pp. 645-651
    • Castanheira, M.1    Gales, A.C.2    Mendes, R.E.3    Jones, R.N.4    Sader, H.S.5
  • 141
    • 3242726007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial susceptibility to levofloxacin and other antibacterial agents among common respiratory pathogens-a Brazilian perspective from the GLOBAL Surveillance Initiative 2001-2002
    • Mendes C, Kiffer CR, Blosser-Middleton RS, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility to levofloxacin and other antibacterial agents among common respiratory pathogens-a Brazilian perspective from the GLOBAL Surveillance Initiative 2001-2002. Clin Microbiol Infect 2004;10:521-526
    • (2004) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.10 , pp. 521-526
    • Mendes, C.1    Kiffer, C.R.2    Blosser-Middleton, R.S.3
  • 142
    • 33747623423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: Report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1999-2003)
    • Johnson DM, Stilwell MG, Fritsche TR, Jones RN. Emergence of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1999-2003). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2006;56:69-74
    • (2006) Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.56 , pp. 69-74
    • Johnson, D.M.1    Stilwell, M.G.2    Fritsche, T.R.3    Jones, R.N.4
  • 143
    • 0033063552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence in France of multiple clones of clinical Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates with high-level resistance to amoxicillin
    • Doit C, Loukil C, Fitoussi F, Geslin P, Bingen E. Emergence in France of multiple clones of clinical Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates with high-level resistance to amoxicillin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999;43:1480-1483
    • (1999) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.43 , pp. 1480-1483
    • Doit, C.1    Loukil, C.2    Fitoussi, F.3    Geslin, P.4    Bingen, E.5
  • 144
    • 0033910922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolving threat of antibiotic resistance in Europe: New data from the Alexander Project
    • Schito GC, Debbia EA, Marchese A. The evolving threat of antibiotic resistance in Europe: new data from the Alexander Project. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000;46(Suppl T1):3-9
    • (2000) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.46 , Issue.SUPPL. T1 , pp. 3-9
    • Schito, G.C.1    Debbia, E.A.2    Marchese, A.3
  • 145
    • 0037308485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes in the pediatric population in Germany during 2000-2001
    • Reinert RR, Lutticken R, Bryskier A, Al-Lahham A. Macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes in the pediatric population in Germany during 2000-2001. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:489-493
    • (2003) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.47 , pp. 489-493
    • Reinert, R.R.1    Lutticken, R.2    Bryskier, A.3    Al-Lahham, A.4
  • 146
    • 33847129993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial susceptibility of invasive pneumococcal isolates from a region in south-west Sweden 1998-2001
    • Backhaus E, Berg S, Trollfors B, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of invasive pneumococcal isolates from a region in south-west Sweden 1998-2001. Scand J Infect Dis 2007;39:19-27
    • (2007) Scand J Infect Dis , vol.39 , pp. 19-27
    • Backhaus, E.1    Berg, S.2    Trollfors, B.3
  • 147
    • 27744510857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae to penicillin, azithromycin and telithromycin (PROTEKT 1999-2003)
    • Schito GC, Felmingham D. Susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae to penicillin, azithromycin and telithromycin (PROTEKT 1999-2003). Int J Antimicrob Agents 2005;26:479-485
    • (2005) Int J Antimicrob Agents , vol.26 , pp. 479-485
    • Schito, G.C.1    Felmingham, D.2
  • 149
    • 22544470282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic susceptibility and serotype distribution in Streptococcus pneumoniae circulating in Italy: Results of the SEMPRE surveillance study (2000-2002)
    • Marchese A, Gualco L, Cochetti I, et al. Antibiotic susceptibility and serotype distribution in Streptococcus pneumoniae circulating in Italy: results of the SEMPRE surveillance study (2000-2002). Int J Antimicrob Agents 2005;26:138-145
    • (2005) Int J Antimicrob Agents , vol.26 , pp. 138-145
    • Marchese, A.1    Gualco, L.2    Cochetti, I.3
  • 150
    • 0029610233 scopus 로고
    • Changing patterns of susceptibilities of blood, urinary and respiratory pathogens in Hong Kong
    • Ho P, Yuen K, Yam W, Sai-yin Wong S, Luk W. Changing patterns of susceptibilities of blood, urinary and respiratory pathogens in Hong Kong. J Hosp Infect 1995;31:305-317
    • (1995) J Hosp Infect , vol.31 , pp. 305-317
    • Ho, P.1    Yuen, K.2    Yam, W.3    Sai-yin Wong, S.4    Luk, W.5
  • 151
    • 0032908242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance among multiply resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Hong Kong
    • Ho PL, Que TL, Tsang DN, Ng TK, Chow KH, Seto WH. Emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance among multiply resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Hong Kong. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999;43:1310-1313
    • (1999) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.43 , pp. 1310-1313
    • Ho, P.L.1    Que, T.L.2    Tsang, D.N.3    Ng, T.K.4    Chow, K.H.5    Seto, W.H.6
  • 152
    • 33748882326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hospitalized community-acquired pneumonia due to Streptococcus pneumoniae: Has resistance to antibiotics decreased?
    • Valles X, Marcos A, Pinart M, et al. Hospitalized community-acquired pneumonia due to Streptococcus pneumoniae: has resistance to antibiotics decreased? Chest 2006;130:800-806
    • (2006) Chest , vol.130 , pp. 800-806
    • Valles, X.1    Marcos, A.2    Pinart, M.3
  • 153
    • 0035143256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two-year surveillance of antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in four African cities
    • Benbachir M, Benredjeb S, Boye CS, et al. Two-year surveillance of antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in four African cities. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45:627-629
    • (2001) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.45 , pp. 627-629
    • Benbachir, M.1    Benredjeb, S.2    Boye, C.S.3
  • 154
    • 0035030485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High prevalence of carriage of antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in children in Kampala Uganda
    • Joloba ML, Bajaksouzian S, Palavecino E, Whalen C, Jacobs MR. High prevalence of carriage of antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in children in Kampala Uganda. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001;17:395-400
    • (2001) Int J Antimicrob Agents , vol.17 , pp. 395-400
    • Joloba, M.L.1    Bajaksouzian, S.2    Palavecino, E.3    Whalen, C.4    Jacobs, M.R.5
  • 155
    • 0037308693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in Algiers, Algeria
    • Ramdani-Bouguessa N, Rahal K. Serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in Algiers, Algeria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:824-826
    • (2003) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.47 , pp. 824-826
    • Ramdani-Bouguessa, N.1    Rahal, K.2
  • 156
    • 33745744235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serotype and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae causing invasive disease in The Gambia 1996-2003
    • Adegbola RA, Hill PC, Secka O, et al. Serotype and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae causing invasive disease in The Gambia 1996-2003. Trop Med Int Health 2006;11:1128-1135
    • (2006) Trop Med Int Health , vol.11 , pp. 1128-1135
    • Adegbola, R.A.1    Hill, P.C.2    Secka, O.3
  • 157
    • 34548125408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sener B, Tunckanat F, Ulusoy S, et al. A survey of antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae in Turkey, 2004 2005. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007;60:587-593
    • Sener B, Tunckanat F, Ulusoy S, et al. A survey of antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae in Turkey, 2004 2005. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007;60:587-593
  • 158
    • 0036130836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Streptococcus pyogenes: Results of a multicentre study in Turkey
    • Gur D, Ozalp M, Sumerkan B, et al. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Streptococcus pyogenes: results of a multicentre study in Turkey. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2002;19:207-211
    • (2002) Int J Antimicrob Agents , vol.19 , pp. 207-211
    • Gur, D.1    Ozalp, M.2    Sumerkan, B.3
  • 159
    • 39049162778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Invasive pneumococcal disease in New Zealand 1998-2005: Capsular serotypes and antimicrobial resistance
    • Heffernan HM, Martin DR, Woodhouse RE, Morgan J, Blackmore TK. Invasive pneumococcal disease in New Zealand 1998-2005: capsular serotypes and antimicrobial resistance. Epidemiol Infect 2008;136:352-359
    • (2008) Epidemiol Infect , vol.136 , pp. 352-359
    • Heffernan, H.M.1    Martin, D.R.2    Woodhouse, R.E.3    Morgan, J.4    Blackmore, T.K.5
  • 160
    • 48949103209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Streptococcus pneumoniae disease in India. Invasive Bacterial Infection Surveillance (IBIS) Group, International Clinical Epidemiology Network (INCLEN)
    • Prospective multicentre hospital surveillance of
    • Prospective multicentre hospital surveillance of Streptococcus pneumoniae disease in India. Invasive Bacterial Infection Surveillance (IBIS) Group, International Clinical Epidemiology Network (INCLEN). Lancet 1999;353:1216-1221
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.353 , pp. 1216-1221
  • 161
    • 0032996720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial resistance and serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains causing childhood infections in Bangladesh, 1993 to 1997
    • Saha SK, Rikitomi N, Ruhulamin M, et al. Antimicrobial resistance and serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains causing childhood infections in Bangladesh, 1993 to 1997. J Clin Microbiol 1999;37:798-800
    • (1999) J Clin Microbiol , vol.37 , pp. 798-800
    • Saha, S.K.1    Rikitomi, N.2    Ruhulamin, M.3
  • 162
    • 33845636460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial susceptibilities and distribution of resistance genes for beta-lactams and macrolides in Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated between 2002 and 2004 in Tokyo
    • Noguchi N, Tano J, Nasu Y, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibilities and distribution of resistance genes for beta-lactams and macrolides in Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated between 2002 and 2004 in Tokyo. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007;29:26-33
    • (2007) Int J Antimicrob Agents , vol.29 , pp. 26-33
    • Noguchi, N.1    Tano, J.2    Nasu, Y.3
  • 163
    • 33746669944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of in vitro activities of tigecycline with other antimicrobial agents against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis in Taiwan
    • Lau YJ, Hsueh PR, Liu YC, et al. Comparison of in vitro activities of tigecycline with other antimicrobial agents against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis in Taiwan. Microb Drug Resist 2006;12:130-135
    • (2006) Microb Drug Resist , vol.12 , pp. 130-135
    • Lau, Y.J.1    Hsueh, P.R.2    Liu, Y.C.3
  • 164
    • 0025943707 scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States, 1979-1987. The Pneumococcal Surveillance Working Group
    • Spika JS, Facklam RR, Plikaytis BD, Oxtoby MJ. Antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States, 1979-1987. The Pneumococcal Surveillance Working Group. J Infect Dis 1991;163:1273-1278
    • (1991) J Infect Dis , vol.163 , pp. 1273-1278
    • Spika, J.S.1    Facklam, R.R.2    Plikaytis, B.D.3    Oxtoby, M.J.4
  • 165
    • 0025130196 scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial resistance among respiratory isolates of Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States
    • Jorgensen JH, Doern GV, Maher LA, Howell AW, Redding JS. Antimicrobial resistance among respiratory isolates of Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990;34:2075-2080
    • (1990) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.34 , pp. 2075-2080
    • Jorgensen, J.H.1    Doern, G.V.2    Maher, L.A.3    Howell, A.W.4    Redding, J.S.5
  • 166
    • 84944656315 scopus 로고
    • Emergence of drug-resistant pneumococcal infections in the United States
    • Breiman RF, Butler JC, Tenover FC, Elliott JA, Facklam RR. Emergence of drug-resistant pneumococcal infections in the United States. JAMA 1994;271:1831-1835
    • (1994) JAMA , vol.271 , pp. 1831-1835
    • Breiman, R.F.1    Butler, J.C.2    Tenover, F.C.3    Elliott, J.A.4    Facklam, R.R.5
  • 167
    • 0029999550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The continued emergence of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States: An update from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Pneumococcal Sentinel Surveillance System
    • Butler JC, Hofmann J, Cetron MS, Elliott JA, Facklam RR, Breiman RF. The continued emergence of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States: an update from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Pneumococcal Sentinel Surveillance System. J Infect Dis 1996;174:986-993
    • (1996) J Infect Dis , vol.174 , pp. 986-993
    • Butler, J.C.1    Hofmann, J.2    Cetron, M.S.3    Elliott, J.A.4    Facklam, R.R.5    Breiman, R.F.6
  • 168
    • 0034115073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resistance surveillance of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis isolated in Asia and Europe, 1997-1998
    • Sahm DF, Jones ME, Hickey ML, Diakun DR, Mani SV, Thornsberry C. Resistance surveillance of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis isolated in Asia and Europe, 1997-1998. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000;45:457-466
    • (2000) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.45 , pp. 457-466
    • Sahm, D.F.1    Jones, M.E.2    Hickey, M.L.3    Diakun, D.R.4    Mani, S.V.5    Thornsberry, C.6
  • 169
    • 0033802361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Benchmarking the in vitro activities of moxifloxacin and comparator agents against recent respiratory isolates from 377 medical centers throughout the United States
    • Jones ME, Staples AM, Critchley I, et al. Benchmarking the in vitro activities of moxifloxacin and comparator agents against recent respiratory isolates from 377 medical centers throughout the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:2645-2652
    • (2000) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.44 , pp. 2645-2652
    • Jones, M.E.1    Staples, A.M.2    Critchley, I.3
  • 170
    • 33645543836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Streptococcus pneumoniae serogroups 15 and 33: An increasing cause of pneumococcal infections in children in the United States after the introduction of the pneumococcal 7-valent conjugate vaccine
    • Gonzalez BE, Hulten KG, Lamberth L, Kaplan SL, Mason EO Jr. Streptococcus pneumoniae serogroups 15 and 33: an increasing cause of pneumococcal infections in children in the United States after the introduction of the pneumococcal 7-valent conjugate vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006;25:301-305
    • (2006) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.25 , pp. 301-305
    • Gonzalez, B.E.1    Hulten, K.G.2    Lamberth, L.3    Kaplan, S.L.4    Mason Jr., E.O.5
  • 171
    • 40749096040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae strains in Cleveland: A quarter century of experience
    • Jacobs MR, Good CE, Beall B, Bajaksouzian S, Windau AR, Whitney CG. Changes in serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae strains in Cleveland: a quarter century of experience. J Clin Microbiol 2008;46:982-990
    • (2008) J Clin Microbiol , vol.46 , pp. 982-990
    • Jacobs, M.R.1    Good, C.E.2    Beall, B.3    Bajaksouzian, S.4    Windau, A.R.5    Whitney, C.G.6
  • 172
    • 34249813721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence of 19A as virulent and multidrug resistant Pneumococcus in Massachusetts following universal immunization of infants with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
    • Pelton SI, Huot H, Finkelstein JA, et al. Emergence of 19A as virulent and multidrug resistant Pneumococcus in Massachusetts following universal immunization of infants with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007;26:468-472
    • (2007) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.26 , pp. 468-472
    • Pelton, S.I.1    Huot, H.2    Finkelstein, J.A.3
  • 173
    • 34548574688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial resistance among invasive isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae collected across Canada
    • Davidson RJ, Melano R, Forward KR. Antimicrobial resistance among invasive isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae collected across Canada. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007;59:75-80
    • (2007) Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.59 , pp. 75-80
    • Davidson, R.J.1    Melano, R.2    Forward, K.R.3
  • 174
    • 34249885600 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nationwide surveillance of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Greece: Patterns of resistance and serotype epidemiology
    • Poulakou G, Katsarolis I, Matthaiopoulou I, et al. Nationwide surveillance of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Greece: patterns of resistance and serotype epidemiology. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007;30:87-92
    • (2007) Int J Antimicrob Agents , vol.30 , pp. 87-92
    • Poulakou, G.1    Katsarolis, I.2    Matthaiopoulou, I.3
  • 175
    • 0035077214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Need for annual surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States: 2-year longitudinal analysis
    • Sahm DF, Karlowsky JA, Kelly LJ, et al. Need for annual surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States: 2-year longitudinal analysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45:1037-1042
    • (2001) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.45 , pp. 1037-1042
    • Sahm, D.F.1    Karlowsky, J.A.2    Kelly, L.J.3
  • 176
    • 33845448121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparisons of parenteral broad-spectrum cephalosporins tested against bacterial isolates from pediatric patients: Report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1998-2004)
    • Jones RN, Sader HS, Fritsche TR, Pottumarthy S. Comparisons of parenteral broad-spectrum cephalosporins tested against bacterial isolates from pediatric patients: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1998-2004). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2007;57:109-116
    • (2007) Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.57 , pp. 109-116
    • Jones, R.N.1    Sader, H.S.2    Fritsche, T.R.3    Pottumarthy, S.4
  • 177
    • 44449169799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clonal spread of highly beta-lactam-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Taiwan
    • Hsieh YC, Chang KY, Huang YC, et al. Clonal spread of highly beta-lactam-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Taiwan. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52:2266-2269
    • (2008) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.52 , pp. 2266-2269
    • Hsieh, Y.C.1    Chang, K.Y.2    Huang, Y.C.3
  • 180
    • 0028118473 scopus 로고
    • Treatment failure with use of a third-generation cephalosporin for penicillin-resistant pneumococcal meningitis: Case report and review
    • John CC. Treatment failure with use of a third-generation cephalosporin for penicillin-resistant pneumococcal meningitis: case report and review. Clin Infect Dis 1994;18:188-193
    • (1994) Clin Infect Dis , vol.18 , pp. 188-193
    • John, C.C.1
  • 181
    • 0026723717 scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic resistance in pneumococcal meningitis
    • Klugman KP, Koornhof HJ, Friedland IR. Antibiotic resistance in pneumococcal meningitis. Lancet 1992;340(8816):437-438
    • (1992) Lancet , vol.340 , Issue.8816 , pp. 437-438
    • Klugman, K.P.1    Koornhof, H.J.2    Friedland, I.R.3
  • 182
    • 0018356820 scopus 로고
    • Penicillin-insensitive pneumococci: Case report and review
    • Ahronheim GA, Reich B, Marks MI. Penicillin-insensitive pneumococci: case report and review. Am J Dis Child 1979;133:187-191
    • (1979) Am J Dis Child , vol.133 , pp. 187-191
    • Ahronheim, G.A.1    Reich, B.2    Marks, M.I.3
  • 183
    • 0017185089 scopus 로고
    • Meningitis due to relatively penicillin-resistant pneumococcus
    • Howes VJ, Mitchell RG. Meningitis due to relatively penicillin-resistant pneumococcus. BMJ 1976;1:996
    • (1976) BMJ , vol.1 , pp. 996
    • Howes, V.J.1    Mitchell, R.G.2
  • 184
    • 0026585430 scopus 로고
    • Failure of chloramphenicol therapy in penicillin-resistant pneumococcal meningitis
    • Friedland IR, Klugman KP. Failure of chloramphenicol therapy in penicillin-resistant pneumococcal meningitis. Lancet 1992;339:405-408
    • (1992) Lancet , vol.339 , pp. 405-408
    • Friedland, I.R.1    Klugman, K.P.2
  • 185
    • 0034025991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical significance of antibiotic resistance in acute otitis media and implication of antibiotic treatment on carriage and spread of resistant organisms
    • Dagan R, Leibovitz E, Leiberman A, Yagupsky P. Clinical significance of antibiotic resistance in acute otitis media and implication of antibiotic treatment on carriage and spread of resistant organisms. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000;19(5, Suppl):S57-S65
    • (2000) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.19 , Issue.5 and SUPPL.
    • Dagan, R.1    Leibovitz, E.2    Leiberman, A.3    Yagupsky, P.4
  • 186
    • 0032955872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute otitis media: Management and surveillance in an era of pneumococcal resistance: a report from the Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Therapeutic Working Group
    • Dowell SF, Butler JC, Giebink GS, et al. Acute otitis media: management and surveillance in an era of pneumococcal resistance: a report from the Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Therapeutic Working Group. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999;18:1-9
    • (1999) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.18 , pp. 1-9
    • Dowell, S.F.1    Butler, J.C.2    Giebink, G.S.3
  • 187
    • 0035067403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcome of invasive infections outside the central nervous system caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates nonsusceptible to ceftriazone in children treated with beta-lactam antibiotics
    • Kaplan SL, Mason EO Jr, Barson WJ, et al. Outcome of invasive infections outside the central nervous system caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates nonsusceptible to ceftriazone in children treated with beta-lactam antibiotics. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001;20:392-396
    • (2001) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.20 , pp. 392-396
    • Kaplan, S.L.1    Mason Jr, E.O.2    Barson, W.J.3
  • 188
    • 0031729541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Three-year multicenter surveillance of pneumococcal meningitis in children: Clinical characteristics, and outcome related to penicillin susceptibility and dexamethasone use
    • Arditi M, Mason EO Jr, Bradley JS, et al. Three-year multicenter surveillance of pneumococcal meningitis in children: clinical characteristics, and outcome related to penicillin susceptibility and dexamethasone use. Pediatrics 1998;102:1087-1097
    • (1998) Pediatrics , vol.102 , pp. 1087-1097
    • Arditi, M.1    Mason Jr, E.O.2    Bradley, J.S.3
  • 189
    • 0033956697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical outcomes of meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in the era of antibiotic resistance
    • Fiore AE, Moroney JF, Farley MM, et al. Clinical outcomes of meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in the era of antibiotic resistance. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:71-77
    • (2000) Clin Infect Dis , vol.30 , pp. 71-77
    • Fiore, A.E.1    Moroney, J.F.2    Farley, M.M.3
  • 190
    • 0036499740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pneumococcal meningitis in the intensive care unit: Prognostic factors of clinical outcome in a series of 80 cases
    • Auburtin M, Porcher R, Bruneel F, et al. Pneumococcal meningitis in the intensive care unit: prognostic factors of clinical outcome in a series of 80 cases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;165:713-717
    • (2002) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.165 , pp. 713-717
    • Auburtin, M.1    Porcher, R.2    Bruneel, F.3
  • 191
    • 0028358147 scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic therapy and acute outcome of meningitis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae considered intermediately susceptible to broad-spectrum cephalosporins
    • Tan TQ, Schutze GE, Mason EO Jr, Kaplan SL. Antibiotic therapy and acute outcome of meningitis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae considered intermediately susceptible to broad-spectrum cephalosporins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994;38:918-923
    • (1994) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.38 , pp. 918-923
    • Tan, T.Q.1    Schutze, G.E.2    Mason Jr, E.O.3    Kaplan, S.L.4
  • 192
    • 0026634264 scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic-resistant pneumococcal disease in South African children
    • Friedland IR, Klugman KP. Antibiotic-resistant pneumococcal disease in South African children. Am J Dis Child 1992;146:920-923
    • (1992) Am J Dis Child , vol.146 , pp. 920-923
    • Friedland, I.R.1    Klugman, K.P.2
  • 193
    • 0030993807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Therapy for children with invasive pneumococcal infections. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases
    • Therapy for children with invasive pneumococcal infections. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases. Pediatrics 1997;99:289-299
    • (1997) Pediatrics , vol.99 , pp. 289-299
  • 194
  • 195
    • 0031438876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The clinical impact of resistance in the management of pneumococcal disease
    • Leggiadro RJ. The clinical impact of resistance in the management of pneumococcal disease. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1997;11:867-874
    • (1997) Infect Dis Clin North Am , vol.11 , pp. 867-874
    • Leggiadro, R.J.1
  • 196
    • 0029829112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Invasive pneumococcal disease: Clinical features, serotypes, and antimicrobial resistance patterns in cases involving patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection
    • Frankel RE, Virata M, Hardalo C, Altice FL, Friedland G. Invasive pneumococcal disease: clinical features, serotypes, and antimicrobial resistance patterns in cases involving patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Infect Dis 1996;23:577-584
    • (1996) Clin Infect Dis , vol.23 , pp. 577-584
    • Frankel, R.E.1    Virata, M.2    Hardalo, C.3    Altice, F.L.4    Friedland, G.5
  • 197
    • 0033827944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective study of prognostic factors in community-acquired bacteremic pneumococcal disease in 5 countries
    • Kalin M, Ortqvist A, Almela M, et al. Prospective study of prognostic factors in community-acquired bacteremic pneumococcal disease in 5 countries. J Infect Dis 2000;182:840-847
    • (2000) J Infect Dis , vol.182 , pp. 840-847
    • Kalin, M.1    Ortqvist, A.2    Almela, M.3
  • 198
    • 0028894687 scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for adverse outcome in persons with pneumococcal pneumonia
    • Marfin AA, Sporrer J, Moore PS, Siefkin AD. Risk factors for adverse outcome in persons with pneumococcal pneumonia. Chest 1995;107:457-462
    • (1995) Chest , vol.107 , pp. 457-462
    • Marfin, A.A.1    Sporrer, J.2    Moore, P.S.3    Siefkin, A.D.4
  • 199
    • 0027471389 scopus 로고
    • Pneumococcal bacteremia in three community teaching hospitals from 1980 to 1989
    • Watanakunakorn C, Greifenstein A, Stroh K, et al. Pneumococcal bacteremia in three community teaching hospitals from 1980 to 1989. Chest 1993;103:1152-1156
    • (1993) Chest , vol.103 , pp. 1152-1156
    • Watanakunakorn, C.1    Greifenstein, A.2    Stroh, K.3
  • 200
    • 0029125025 scopus 로고
    • Pneumococcal bacteremia in adults: A 14-year experience in an inner-city university hospital
    • Afessa B, Greaves WL, Frederick WR. Pneumococcal bacteremia in adults: a 14-year experience in an inner-city university hospital. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21:345-351
    • (1995) Clin Infect Dis , vol.21 , pp. 345-351
    • Afessa, B.1    Greaves, W.L.2    Frederick, W.R.3
  • 202
    • 0034102977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparative clinical study of pneumonia by penicillin-resistant and - sensitive Streptococcus pneumoniae in a community hospital
    • Watanabe H, Sato S, Kawakami K, et al. A comparative clinical study of pneumonia by penicillin-resistant and - sensitive Streptococcus pneumoniae in a community hospital. Respirology 2000;5:59-64
    • (2000) Respirology , vol.5 , pp. 59-64
    • Watanabe, H.1    Sato, S.2    Kawakami, K.3
  • 203
    • 17944367298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical outcomes of bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia in the era of antibiotic resistance
    • Moroney JF, Fiore AE, Harrison LH, et al. Clinical outcomes of bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia in the era of antibiotic resistance. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:797-805
    • (2001) Clin Infect Dis , vol.33 , pp. 797-805
    • Moroney, J.F.1    Fiore, A.E.2    Harrison, L.H.3
  • 204
    • 0035067325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Usefulness of betalactam therapy for community-acquired pneumonia in the era of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: A randomized study of amoxicillin-clavulanate and ceftriaxone
    • Roson B, Carratala J, Tubau F, et al. Usefulness of betalactam therapy for community-acquired pneumonia in the era of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: a randomized study of amoxicillin-clavulanate and ceftriaxone. Microb Drug Resist 2001;7:85-96
    • (2001) Microb Drug Resist , vol.7 , pp. 85-96
    • Roson, B.1    Carratala, J.2    Tubau, F.3
  • 205
    • 0034021492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pneumonia caused by penicillin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae: Clinical characteristics, prognostic factors, and outcomes
    • Wu TT, Hsueh PR, Lee LN, Yang PC, Luh KT. Pneumonia caused by penicillin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae: clinical characteristics, prognostic factors, and outcomes. J Formos Med Assoc 2000;99:18-23
    • (2000) J Formos Med Assoc , vol.99 , pp. 18-23
    • Wu, T.T.1    Hsueh, P.R.2    Lee, L.N.3    Yang, P.C.4    Luh, K.T.5
  • 206
    • 34547516914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Penicillin resistance not a factor in outcome from invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae community-acquired pneumonia in adults when appropriate empiric therapy is started
    • Mufson MA, Chan G, Stanek RJ. Penicillin resistance not a factor in outcome from invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae community-acquired pneumonia in adults when appropriate empiric therapy is started. Am J Med Sci 2007;333:161-167
    • (2007) Am J Med Sci , vol.333 , pp. 161-167
    • Mufson, M.A.1    Chan, G.2    Stanek, R.J.3
  • 207
    • 4444330572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of penicillin resistance on outcome in adult patients with invasive pneumococcal pneumonia: Is penicillin useful against intermediately resistant strains?
    • Falco V, Almirante B, Jordano Q, et al. Influence of penicillin resistance on outcome in adult patients with invasive pneumococcal pneumonia: is penicillin useful against intermediately resistant strains? J Antimicrob Chemother 2004;54:481-488
    • (2004) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.54 , pp. 481-488
    • Falco, V.1    Almirante, B.2    Jordano, Q.3
  • 208
    • 33644842919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of penicillin resistance on short-term mortality in hospitalized adults with pneumococcal pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Tleyjeh IM, Tlaygeh HM, Hejal R, Montori VM, Baddour LM. The impact of penicillin resistance on short-term mortality in hospitalized adults with pneumococcal pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42:788-797
    • (2006) Clin Infect Dis , vol.42 , pp. 788-797
    • Tleyjeh, I.M.1    Tlaygeh, H.M.2    Hejal, R.3    Montori, V.M.4    Baddour, L.M.5
  • 209
    • 1542719625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective observational study of bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia: Effect of discordant therapy on mortality
    • Lujan M, Gallego M, Fontanals D, Mariscal D, Rello J. Prospective observational study of bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia: effect of discordant therapy on mortality. Crit Care Med 2004;32:625-631
    • (2004) Crit Care Med , vol.32 , pp. 625-631
    • Lujan, M.1    Gallego, M.2    Fontanals, D.3    Mariscal, D.4    Rello, J.5
  • 210
    • 0025787820 scopus 로고
    • Ceftriaxone failure in meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae with reduced susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics
    • Bradley JS, Connor JD. Ceftriaxone failure in meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae with reduced susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1991;10:871-873
    • (1991) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.10 , pp. 871-873
    • Bradley, J.S.1    Connor, J.D.2
  • 211
    • 0023912331 scopus 로고
    • Characteristics and antibiotic therapy of adult meningitis due to penicillin-resistant pneumococci
    • Viladrich PF, Gudiol F, Linares J, Rufi G, Ariza J, Pallares R. Characteristics and antibiotic therapy of adult meningitis due to penicillin-resistant pneumococci. Am J Med 1988;84:839-846
    • (1988) Am J Med , vol.84 , pp. 839-846
    • Viladrich, P.F.1    Gudiol, F.2    Linares, J.3    Rufi, G.4    Ariza, J.5    Pallares, R.6
  • 212
    • 0027483479 scopus 로고
    • Dilemmas in diagnosis and management of cephalosporin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis
    • Friedland IR, Shelton S, Paris M, et al. Dilemmas in diagnosis and management of cephalosporin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1993;12:196-200
    • (1993) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.12 , pp. 196-200
    • Friedland, I.R.1    Shelton, S.2    Paris, M.3
  • 214
    • 0029053060 scopus 로고
    • Failure of cefotaxime treatment in two children with meningitis caused by highly penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Guibert M, Chahime H, Petit J, Odievre M, Labrune P. Failure of cefotaxime treatment in two children with meningitis caused by highly penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Acta Paediatr 1995;84:831-833
    • (1995) Acta Paediatr , vol.84 , pp. 831-833
    • Guibert, M.1    Chahime, H.2    Petit, J.3    Odievre, M.4    Labrune, P.5
  • 215
    • 0030117145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case report: Penicillin-resistant pneumococcal meningitis: navigating a therapeutic mine-field
    • Greene GS, Demasi R. Case report: penicillin-resistant pneumococcal meningitis: navigating a therapeutic mine-field. Am J Med Sci 1996;311:180-185
    • (1996) Am J Med Sci , vol.311 , pp. 180-185
    • Greene, G.S.1    Demasi, R.2
  • 216
    • 0030997733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Failure of cefotaxime treatment in an adult with Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis
    • Pacheco TR, Cooper CK, Hardy DJ, Betts RF, Bonnez W. Failure of cefotaxime treatment in an adult with Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis. Am J Med 1997;102:303-305
    • (1997) Am J Med , vol.102 , pp. 303-305
    • Pacheco, T.R.1    Cooper, C.K.2    Hardy, D.J.3    Betts, R.F.4    Bonnez, W.5
  • 217
    • 0030051169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High doses of cefotaxime in treatment of adult meningitis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae with decreased susceptibilities to broad-spectrum cephalosporins
    • Viladrich PF, Cabellos C, Pallares R, et al. High doses of cefotaxime in treatment of adult meningitis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae with decreased susceptibilities to broad-spectrum cephalosporins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996;40:218-220
    • (1996) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.40 , pp. 218-220
    • Viladrich, P.F.1    Cabellos, C.2    Pallares, R.3
  • 218
    • 0023105229 scopus 로고
    • Community-acquired pneumonia in an adult due to a multiply-resistant pneumococcus
    • Sacho H, Klugman KP, Koornhof HJ, Ruff P. Community-acquired pneumonia in an adult due to a multiply-resistant pneumococcus. J Infect 1987;14:188-189
    • (1987) J Infect , vol.14 , pp. 188-189
    • Sacho, H.1    Klugman, K.P.2    Koornhof, H.J.3    Ruff, P.4
  • 219
    • 0031937258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breakthrough bacteremia and meningitis during treatment with cephalosporins parenterally for pneumococcal pneumonia
    • Buckingham SC, Brown SP, Joaquin VH. Breakthrough bacteremia and meningitis during treatment with cephalosporins parenterally for pneumococcal pneumonia. J Pediatr 1998;132:174-176
    • (1998) J Pediatr , vol.132 , pp. 174-176
    • Buckingham, S.C.1    Brown, S.P.2    Joaquin, V.H.3
  • 220
    • 0032777117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Failure of treatment of pneumonia associated with highly resistant pneumococci in a child
    • Dowell SF, Smith T, Leversedge K, Snitzer J. Failure of treatment of pneumonia associated with highly resistant pneumococci in a child. Clin Infect Dis 1999;29:462-463
    • (1999) Clin Infect Dis , vol.29 , pp. 462-463
    • Dowell, S.F.1    Smith, T.2    Leversedge, K.3    Snitzer, J.4
  • 221
    • 0032926747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical implications of penicillin and ceftriaxone resistance among children with pneumococcal bacteremia
    • Silverstein M, Bachur R, Harper MB. Clinical implications of penicillin and ceftriaxone resistance among children with pneumococcal bacteremia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999;18:35-41
    • (1999) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.18 , pp. 35-41
    • Silverstein, M.1    Bachur, R.2    Harper, M.B.3
  • 222
    • 19344368996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hidden epidemic of macrolide-resistant pneumococci
    • Klugman KP, Lonks JR. Hidden epidemic of macrolide-resistant pneumococci. Emerg Infect Dis 2005;11:802-807
    • (2005) Emerg Infect Dis , vol.11 , pp. 802-807
    • Klugman, K.P.1    Lonks, J.R.2
  • 223
    • 0026667220 scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: An epidemiological survey in France, 1970-1990
    • Geslin P, Buu-Hoi A, Fremaux A, Acar JF. Antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: an epidemiological survey in France, 1970-1990. Clin Infect Dis 1992;15:95-98
    • (1992) Clin Infect Dis , vol.15 , pp. 95-98
    • Geslin, P.1    Buu-Hoi, A.2    Fremaux, A.3    Acar, J.F.4
  • 224
    • 0029000991 scopus 로고
    • Capsular types and antibiotic susceptibility of pneumococci isolated from patients in Belgium with serious infections, 1980-1993
    • Verhaegen J, Glupczynski Y, Verbist L, et al. Capsular types and antibiotic susceptibility of pneumococci isolated from patients in Belgium with serious infections, 1980-1993. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20:1339-1345
    • (1995) Clin Infect Dis , vol.20 , pp. 1339-1345
    • Verhaegen, J.1    Glupczynski, Y.2    Verbist, L.3
  • 225
    • 0035059952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review of macrolides and ketolides: Focus on respiratory tract infections
    • Zhanel GG, Dueck M, Hoban DJ, et al. Review of macrolides and ketolides: focus on respiratory tract infections. Drugs 2001;61:443-498
    • (2001) Drugs , vol.61 , pp. 443-498
    • Zhanel, G.G.1    Dueck, M.2    Hoban, D.J.3
  • 226
    • 2442653889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pneumococcal resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, ketolides, and streptogramin B agents: Molecular mechanisms and resistance phenotypes
    • Edelstein PH. Pneumococcal resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, ketolides, and streptogramin B agents: molecular mechanisms and resistance phenotypes. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38(Suppl 4):S322-S327
    • (2004) Clin Infect Dis , vol.38 , Issue.SUPPL. 4
    • Edelstein, P.H.1
  • 227
    • 0034425847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two new mechanisms of macrolide resistance in clinical strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Eastern Europe and North America
    • Tait-Kamradt A, Davies T, Appelbaum PC, et al. Two new mechanisms of macrolide resistance in clinical strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Eastern Europe and North America. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:3395-3401
    • (2000) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.44 , pp. 3395-3401
    • Tait-Kamradt, A.1    Davies, T.2    Appelbaum, P.C.3
  • 228
    • 4344701155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular basis of resistance to macrolides and other antibiotics in commensal viridans group streptococci and Gemella spp. and transfer of resistance genes to Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Cerda Zolezzi P, Laplana LM, Calvo CR, Cepero PG, Erazo MC, Gomez-Lus R. Molecular basis of resistance to macrolides and other antibiotics in commensal viridans group streptococci and Gemella spp. and transfer of resistance genes to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:3462-3467
    • (2004) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.48 , pp. 3462-3467
    • Cerda Zolezzi, P.1    Laplana, L.M.2    Calvo, C.R.3    Cepero, P.G.4    Erazo, M.C.5    Gomez-Lus, R.6
  • 229
    • 14744273947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular epidemiology and prevalence of macrolide efflux genes mef(A) and mef(E) in Streptococcus pneumoniae obtained in Canada from 1997 to 2002
    • Wierzbowski AK, Swedlo D, Boyd D, et al. Molecular epidemiology and prevalence of macrolide efflux genes mef(A) and mef(E) in Streptococcus pneumoniae obtained in Canada from 1997 to 2002. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49:1257-1261
    • (2005) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.49 , pp. 1257-1261
    • Wierzbowski, A.K.1    Swedlo, D.2    Boyd, D.3
  • 230
    • 4444257843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution across the USA of macrolide resistance and macrolide resistance mechanisms among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates collected from patients with respiratory tract infections: PROTEKT US 2001-2002
    • Farrell DJ, Jenkins SG. Distribution across the USA of macrolide resistance and macrolide resistance mechanisms among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates collected from patients with respiratory tract infections: PROTEKT US 2001-2002. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004;54(Suppl 1):i17-i22
    • (2004) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.54 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Farrell, D.J.1    Jenkins, S.G.2
  • 231
    • 0036708325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular epidemiology of erythromycin resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from blood and noninvasive sites
    • Amezaga MR, Carter PE, Cash P, McKenzie H. Molecular epidemiology of erythromycin resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from blood and noninvasive sites. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40:3313-3318
    • (2002) J Clin Microbiol , vol.40 , pp. 3313-3318
    • Amezaga, M.R.1    Carter, P.E.2    Cash, P.3    McKenzie, H.4
  • 232
    • 0037234836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenotypes and genotypes of erythromycin-resistant pneumococci in Italy
    • Montanari MP, Mingoia M, Cochetti I, Varaldo PE. Phenotypes and genotypes of erythromycin-resistant pneumococci in Italy. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:428-431
    • (2003) J Clin Microbiol , vol.41 , pp. 428-431
    • Montanari, M.P.1    Mingoia, M.2    Cochetti, I.3    Varaldo, P.E.4
  • 233
    • 0036195264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Macrolide efflux genes mef(A) and mef(E) are carried by different genetic elements in Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Del Grosso M, Iannelli F, Messina C, et al.Macrolide efflux genes mef(A) and mef(E) are carried by different genetic elements in Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40:774-778
    • (2002) J Clin Microbiol , vol.40 , pp. 774-778
    • Del Grosso, M.1    Iannelli, F.2    Messina, C.3
  • 234
    • 0036137010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diversity of ribosomal mutations conferring resistance to macrolides, clindamycin, streptogramin, and telithromycin in Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Canu A, Malbruny B, Coquemont M, Davies TA, Appelbaum PC, Leclercq R. Diversity of ribosomal mutations conferring resistance to macrolides, clindamycin, streptogramin, and telithromycin in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:125-131
    • (2002) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.46 , pp. 125-131
    • Canu, A.1    Malbruny, B.2    Coquemont, M.3    Davies, T.A.4    Appelbaum, P.C.5    Leclercq, R.6
  • 235
    • 0033512553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of macrolide resistance mechanisms in Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from a multicenter antibiotic resistance surveillance study conducted in the United States in 1994-1995
    • Shortridge VD, Doern GV, Brueggemann AB, Beyer JM, Flamm RK. Prevalence of macrolide resistance mechanisms in Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from a multicenter antibiotic resistance surveillance study conducted in the United States in 1994-1995. Clin Infect Dis 1999;29:1186-1188
    • (1999) Clin Infect Dis , vol.29 , pp. 1186-1188
    • Shortridge, V.D.1    Doern, G.V.2    Brueggemann, A.B.3    Beyer, J.M.4    Flamm, R.K.5
  • 236
    • 0012633768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Macrolide resistance by ribosomal mutation in clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from the PROTEKT 1999-2000 study
    • Farrell DJ, Douthwaite S, Morrissey I, et al. Macrolide resistance by ribosomal mutation in clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from the PROTEKT 1999-2000 study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:1777-1783
    • (2003) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.47 , pp. 1777-1783
    • Farrell, D.J.1    Douthwaite, S.2    Morrissey, I.3
  • 237
    • 0042267952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Spain: Activities of garenoxacin against clinical isolates including strains with altered topoisomerases
    • Morosini MI, Loza E, del Campo R, Almaraz F, Baquero F, Canton R. Fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Spain: activities of garenoxacin against clinical isolates including strains with altered topoisomerases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:2692-2695
    • (2003) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.47 , pp. 2692-2695
    • Morosini, M.I.1    Loza, E.2    del Campo, R.3    Almaraz, F.4    Baquero, F.5    Canton, R.6
  • 238
    • 0037974578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activity of telithromycin against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates recovered from French children with invasive and non-invasive infections
    • Bingen E, Doit C, Loukil C, et al. Activity of telithromycin against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates recovered from French children with invasive and non-invasive infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:2345-2347
    • (2003) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.47 , pp. 2345-2347
    • Bingen, E.1    Doit, C.2    Loukil, C.3
  • 239
    • 4644241766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resistance phenotypes and genotypes of erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Beijing and Shenyang, China
    • Tiemei Z, Xiangqun F, Youning L. Resistance phenotypes and genotypes of erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Beijing and Shenyang, China. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:4040-4041
    • (2004) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.48 , pp. 4040-4041
    • Tiemei, Z.1    Xiangqun, F.2    Youning, L.3
  • 240
    • 34248585782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genotypes and related factors reflecting macrolide resistance in pneumococcal pneumonia infections in Japan
    • Isozumi R, Ito Y, Ishida T, et al. Genotypes and related factors reflecting macrolide resistance in pneumococcal pneumonia infections in Japan. J Clin Microbiol 2007;45:1440-1446
    • (2007) J Clin Microbiol , vol.45 , pp. 1440-1446
    • Isozumi, R.1    Ito, Y.2    Ishida, T.3
  • 241
    • 0033964495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE mutations in clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae with decreased susceptibilities to different fluoroquinolones and originating from Worldwide Surveillance Studies during the 1997-1998 respiratory season
    • Jones ME, Sahm DF, Martin N, et al. Prevalence of gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE mutations in clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae with decreased susceptibilities to different fluoroquinolones and originating from Worldwide Surveillance Studies during the 1997-1998 respiratory season. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:462-466
    • (2000) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.44 , pp. 462-466
    • Jones, M.E.1    Sahm, D.F.2    Martin, N.3
  • 243
    • 0036156712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence of macrolide and penicillin resistance among invasive pneumococcal isolates in Germany
    • Reinert RR, Al-Lahham A, Lemperle M, et al. Emergence of macrolide and penicillin resistance among invasive pneumococcal isolates in Germany. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002;49:61-68
    • (2002) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.49 , pp. 61-68
    • Reinert, R.R.1    Al-Lahham, A.2    Lemperle, M.3
  • 244
    • 0033914680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutations in 23S rRNA and ribosomal protein L4 account for resistance in pneumococcal strains selected in vitro by macrolide passage
    • Tait-Kamradt A, Davies T, Cronan M, Jacobs MR, Appelbaum PC, Sutcliffe J. Mutations in 23S rRNA and ribosomal protein L4 account for resistance in pneumococcal strains selected in vitro by macrolide passage. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:2118-2125
    • (2000) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.44 , pp. 2118-2125
    • Tait-Kamradt, A.1    Davies, T.2    Cronan, M.3    Jacobs, M.R.4    Appelbaum, P.C.5    Sutcliffe, J.6
  • 245
    • 0036173313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ribosomal mutations in Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolates
    • Pihlajamaki M, Kataja J, Seppala H, et al. Ribosomal mutations in Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:654-658
    • (2002) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.46 , pp. 654-658
    • Pihlajamaki, M.1    Kataja, J.2    Seppala, H.3
  • 246
    • 12344292543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence of invasive erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae strains in Portugal: Contribution and phylogenetic relatedness of serotype 14
    • Dias R, Canica M. Emergence of invasive erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae strains in Portugal: contribution and phylogenetic relatedness of serotype 14. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004;54:1035-1039
    • (2004) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.54 , pp. 1035-1039
    • Dias, R.1    Canica, M.2
  • 247
    • 0037764113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro activities of linezolid combined with other antimicrobial agents against staphylococci, enterococci, pneumococci, and selected gram-negative organisms
    • Sweeney MT, Zurenko GE. In vitro activities of linezolid combined with other antimicrobial agents against staphylococci, enterococci, pneumococci, and selected gram-negative organisms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:1902-1906
    • (2003) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.47 , pp. 1902-1906
    • Sweeney, M.T.1    Zurenko, G.E.2
  • 248
    • 20744437638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends in linezolid susceptibility patterns: Report from the 2002-2003 worldwide Zyvox Annual Appraisal of Potency and Spectrum (ZAAPS) Program
    • Anderegg TR, Sader HS, Fritsche TR, Ross JE, Jones RN. Trends in linezolid susceptibility patterns: report from the 2002-2003 worldwide Zyvox Annual Appraisal of Potency and Spectrum (ZAAPS) Program. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2005;26:13-21
    • (2005) Int J Antimicrob Agents , vol.26 , pp. 13-21
    • Anderegg, T.R.1    Sader, H.S.2    Fritsche, T.R.3    Ross, J.E.4    Jones, R.N.5
  • 251
    • 0346025671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial susceptibility among community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens in the USA: Data from PROTEKT US 2000-01
    • Doern GV, Brown SD. Antimicrobial susceptibility among community-acquired respiratory tract pathogens in the USA: data from PROTEKT US 2000-01. J Infect 2004;48:56-65
    • (2004) J Infect , vol.48 , pp. 56-65
    • Doern, G.V.1    Brown, S.D.2
  • 252
    • 0038778658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of vancomycin tolerance in Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated in Barcelona, Spain, from 1999 to 2001
    • Ortega M, Marco F, Soriano A, Garcia E, Martinez JA, Mensa J. Lack of vancomycin tolerance in Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated in Barcelona, Spain, from 1999 to 2001. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:1976-1978
    • (2003) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.47 , pp. 1976-1978
    • Ortega, M.1    Marco, F.2    Soriano, A.3    Garcia, E.4    Martinez, J.A.5    Mensa, J.6
  • 253
    • 0028138819 scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic resistance of clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Greece
    • Kanavaki S, Karabela S, Marinis E, Legakis NJ. Antibiotic resistance of clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Greece. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32:3056-3058
    • (1994) J Clin Microbiol , vol.32 , pp. 3056-3058
    • Kanavaki, S.1    Karabela, S.2    Marinis, E.3    Legakis, N.J.4
  • 254
    • 0029818247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative activities of clarithromycin, erythromycin, and azithromycin against penicillin-susceptible and penicillin-resistant pneumococci
    • Ednie LM, Visalli MA, Jacobs MR, Appelbaum PC. Comparative activities of clarithromycin, erythromycin, and azithromycin against penicillin-susceptible and penicillin-resistant pneumococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996;40:1950-1952
    • (1996) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.40 , pp. 1950-1952
    • Ednie, L.M.1    Visalli, M.A.2    Jacobs, M.R.3    Appelbaum, P.C.4
  • 255
    • 0027956204 scopus 로고
    • Management of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Friedland IR, McCracken GH Jr. Management of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. N Engl J Med 1994;331:377-382
    • (1994) N Engl J Med , vol.331 , pp. 377-382
    • Friedland, I.R.1    McCracken Jr, G.H.2
  • 256
    • 29244468305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic resistance patterns among respiratory pathogens at a German university children's hospital over a period of 10 years
    • Arri SJ, Fluegge K, Mueller U, Berner R. Antibiotic resistance patterns among respiratory pathogens at a German university children's hospital over a period of 10 years. Eur J Pediatr 2006;165:9-13
    • (2006) Eur J Pediatr , vol.165 , pp. 9-13
    • Arri, S.J.1    Fluegge, K.2    Mueller, U.3    Berner, R.4
  • 258
    • 0036909071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae, Taiwan
    • Hsueh PR, Luh KT. Antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae, Taiwan. Emerg Infect Dis 2002;8:1487-1491
    • (2002) Emerg Infect Dis , vol.8 , pp. 1487-1491
    • Hsueh, P.R.1    Luh, K.T.2
  • 260
    • 0031764247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae in a German pediatric hospital, 1993 to 1997
    • Berner R. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae in a German pediatric hospital, 1993 to 1997. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998;17:925-927
    • (1998) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.17 , pp. 925-927
    • Berner, R.1
  • 261
    • 0029616251 scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial resistance and type distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates causing systemic infections in Germany, 1992-1994
    • Reinert RR, Queck A, Kaufhold A, Kresken M, Lutticken R. Antimicrobial resistance and type distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates causing systemic infections in Germany, 1992-1994. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21:1398-1401
    • (1995) Clin Infect Dis , vol.21 , pp. 1398-1401
    • Reinert, R.R.1    Queck, A.2    Kaufhold, A.3    Kresken, M.4    Lutticken, R.5
  • 263
    • 0029765106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic resistance and serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae at Birmingham Public Health Laboratory, 1989-94
    • Boswell TC, Frodsham D, Nye KJ, Smith EG. Antibiotic resistance and serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae at Birmingham Public Health Laboratory, 1989-94. J Infect 1996;33:17-22
    • (1996) J Infect , vol.33 , pp. 17-22
    • Boswell, T.C.1    Frodsham, D.2    Nye, K.J.3    Smith, E.G.4
  • 264
    • 8244223883 scopus 로고
    • Pneumococcal bacteraemia and meningitis in England and Wales 1982 to 1992
    • Aszkenasy OM, George RC, Begg NT. Pneumococcal bacteraemia and meningitis in England and Wales 1982 to 1992. Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev 1995;5:R45-R50
    • (1995) Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev , vol.5
    • Aszkenasy, O.M.1    George, R.C.2    Begg, N.T.3
  • 265
    • 0032441416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased activity of 16-membered lactone ring macrolides against erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae: Characterization of South African isolates
    • Klugman KP, Capper T, Widdowson CA, Koornhof HJ, Moser W. Increased activity of 16-membered lactone ring macrolides against erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae: characterization of South African isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998;42:729-734
    • (1998) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.42 , pp. 729-734
    • Klugman, K.P.1    Capper, T.2    Widdowson, C.A.3    Koornhof, H.J.4    Moser, W.5
  • 266
    • 0029804587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nasopharyngeal colonization in southern Israel with antibiotic-resistant pneumococci during the first 2 years of life: Relation to serotypes likely to be included in pneumococcal conjugate vaccines
    • Dagan R, Melamed R, Muallem M, Piglansky L, Yagupsky P. Nasopharyngeal colonization in southern Israel with antibiotic-resistant pneumococci during the first 2 years of life: relation to serotypes likely to be included in pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. J Infect Dis 1996;174:1352-1355
    • (1996) J Infect Dis , vol.174 , pp. 1352-1355
    • Dagan, R.1    Melamed, R.2    Muallem, M.3    Piglansky, L.4    Yagupsky, P.5
  • 267
    • 0028106182 scopus 로고
    • In vitro activities of 12 orally administered antimicrobial agents against four species of bacterial respiratory pathogens from U.S. Medical Centers in 1992 and 1993
    • Barry AL, Pfaller MA, Fuchs PC, Packer RR. In vitro activities of 12 orally administered antimicrobial agents against four species of bacterial respiratory pathogens from U.S. Medical Centers in 1992 and 1993. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994;38:2419-2425
    • (1994) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.38 , pp. 2419-2425
    • Barry, A.L.1    Pfaller, M.A.2    Fuchs, P.C.3    Packer, R.R.4
  • 268
    • 0037226399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro activities of cethromycin (ABT-773), a new ketolide, against Streptococcus pneumoniae strains that are not susceptible to penicillin or macrolides
    • Mason EO Jr, Lamberth LB, Wald ER, Bradley JS, Barson WJ, Kaplan SL. In vitro activities of cethromycin (ABT-773), a new ketolide, against Streptococcus pneumoniae strains that are not susceptible to penicillin or macrolides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:166-169
    • (2003) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.47 , pp. 166-169
    • Mason Jr, E.O.1    Lamberth, L.B.2    Wald, E.R.3    Bradley, J.S.4    Barson, W.J.5    Kaplan, S.L.6
  • 269
    • 4444366938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased antibiotic resistance in respiratory tract pathogens: PROTEKT US - an update
    • Karchmer AW. Increased antibiotic resistance in respiratory tract pathogens: PROTEKT US - an update. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39(Suppl 3):S142-S150
    • (2004) Clin Infect Dis , vol.39 , Issue.SUPPL. 3
    • Karchmer, A.W.1
  • 270
    • 33847043888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and antibacterial susceptibility of mef(A)-positive macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae over 4 years (2000 to 2004) of the PROTEKT US Study
    • Farrell DJ, File TM, Jenkins SG. Prevalence and antibacterial susceptibility of mef(A)-positive macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae over 4 years (2000 to 2004) of the PROTEKT US Study. J Clin Microbiol 2007;45:290-293
    • (2007) J Clin Microbiol , vol.45 , pp. 290-293
    • Farrell, D.J.1    File, T.M.2    Jenkins, S.G.3
  • 271
    • 0031716177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and characterization of the mechanisms of macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin resistance in isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Johnston NJ, De Azavedo JC, Kellner JD, Low DE. Prevalence and characterization of the mechanisms of macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin resistance in isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998;42:2425-2426
    • (1998) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.42 , pp. 2425-2426
    • Johnston, N.J.1    De Azavedo, J.C.2    Kellner, J.D.3    Low, D.E.4
  • 272
    • 0032876908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in respiratory tract isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae: Results of a Canadian national surveillance study. The Canadian Respiratory Infection Study Group
    • Zhanel GG, Karlowsky JA, Palatnick L, Vercaigne L, Low DE, Hoban DJ. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in respiratory tract isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae: results of a Canadian national surveillance study. The Canadian Respiratory Infection Study Group. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999;43:2504-2509
    • (1999) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.43 , pp. 2504-2509
    • Zhanel, G.G.1    Karlowsky, J.A.2    Palatnick, L.3    Vercaigne, L.4    Low, D.E.5    Hoban, D.J.6
  • 273
    • 0032925326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends in the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial respiratory tract pathogens: Findings of the Alexander Project 1992-1996
    • Felmingham D, Washington J. Trends in the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial respiratory tract pathogens: findings of the Alexander Project 1992-1996. J Chemother 1999;11(Suppl 1):5-21
    • (1999) J Chemother , vol.11 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 5-21
    • Felmingham, D.1    Washington, J.2
  • 274
    • 0032903957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular analysis of the genetic variation among penicillin-susceptible and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in Canada
    • Louie M, Louie L, Papia G, Talbot J, Lovgren M, Simor AE. Molecular analysis of the genetic variation among penicillin-susceptible and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in Canada. J Infect Dis 1999;179:892-900
    • (1999) J Infect Dis , vol.179 , pp. 892-900
    • Louie, M.1    Louie, L.2    Papia, G.3    Talbot, J.4    Lovgren, M.5    Simor, A.E.6
  • 275
    • 0029027847 scopus 로고
    • High prevalence of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae among children in a rural Kentucky community
    • Duchin JS, Breiman RF, Diamond A, et al. High prevalence of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae among children in a rural Kentucky community. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995;14:745-750
    • (1995) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.14 , pp. 745-750
    • Duchin, J.S.1    Breiman, R.F.2    Diamond, A.3
  • 276
    • 0036720521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Failure of macrolide antibiotic treatment in patients with bacteremia due to erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Lonks JR, Garau J, Gomez L, et al. Failure of macrolide antibiotic treatment in patients with bacteremia due to erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:556-564
    • (2002) Clin Infect Dis , vol.35 , pp. 556-564
    • Lonks, J.R.1    Garau, J.2    Gomez, L.3
  • 277
    • 0037341685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breakthrough pneumococcal bacteraemia in patients treated with clarithromycin or oral beta-lactams
    • Van Kerkhoven D, Peetermans WE, Verbist L, Verhaegen J. Breakthrough pneumococcal bacteraemia in patients treated with clarithromycin or oral beta-lactams. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003;51:691-696
    • (2003) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.51 , pp. 691-696
    • Van Kerkhoven, D.1    Peetermans, W.E.2    Verbist, L.3    Verhaegen, J.4
  • 278
    • 0035037213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serotype 19f multiresistant pneumococcal clone harboring two erythromycin resistance determinants (erm(B) and mef(A)) in South Africa
    • McGee L, Klugman KP, Wasas A, Capper T, Brink A. Serotype 19f multiresistant pneumococcal clone harboring two erythromycin resistance determinants (erm(B) and mef(A)) in South Africa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45:1595-1598
    • (2001) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.45 , pp. 1595-1598
    • McGee, L.1    Klugman, K.P.2    Wasas, A.3    Capper, T.4    Brink, A.5
  • 279
    • 0035067012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of serotypes and molecular epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated from children in Beijing, China: Identification of two novel multiply-resistant clones
    • McGee L, Wang H, Wasas A, Huebner R, Chen M, Klugman KP. Prevalence of serotypes and molecular epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated from children in Beijing, China: identification of two novel multiply-resistant clones. Microb Drug Resist 2001;7:55-63
    • (2001) Microb Drug Resist , vol.7 , pp. 55-63
    • McGee, L.1    Wang, H.2    Wasas, A.3    Huebner, R.4    Chen, M.5    Klugman, K.P.6
  • 280
    • 3943085506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae from Asian countries that contains erm(B) and mef(A) genes
    • Ko KS, Song JH. Evolution of erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae from Asian countries that contains erm(B) and mef(A) genes. J Infect Dis 2004;190:739-747
    • (2004) J Infect Dis , vol.190 , pp. 739-747
    • Ko, K.S.1    Song, J.H.2
  • 281
    • 1242291834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular epidemiology of multiresistant Streptococcus pneumoniae with both erm(B)- and mef(A)-mediated macrolide resistance
    • Farrell DJ, Morrissey I, Bakker S, Morris L, Buckridge S, Felmingham D. Molecular epidemiology of multiresistant Streptococcus pneumoniae with both erm(B)- and mef(A)-mediated macrolide resistance. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:764-768
    • (2004) J Clin Microbiol , vol.42 , pp. 764-768
    • Farrell, D.J.1    Morrissey, I.2    Bakker, S.3    Morris, L.4    Buckridge, S.5    Felmingham, D.6
  • 282
    • 0037148927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence of macrolide resistance during treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia
    • Musher DM, Dowell ME, Shortridge VD, et al. Emergence of macrolide resistance during treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2002;346:630-631
    • (2002) N Engl J Med , vol.346 , pp. 630-631
    • Musher, D.M.1    Dowell, M.E.2    Shortridge, V.D.3
  • 284
    • 0037442372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Addition of a macrolide to a beta-lactam-based empirical antibiotic regimen is associated with lower in-hospital mortality for patients with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia
    • Martinez JA, Horcajada JP, Almela M, et al. Addition of a macrolide to a beta-lactam-based empirical antibiotic regimen is associated with lower in-hospital mortality for patients with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36:389-395
    • (2003) Clin Infect Dis , vol.36 , pp. 389-395
    • Martinez, J.A.1    Horcajada, J.P.2    Almela, M.3
  • 285
    • 0034890569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monotherapy may be suboptimal for severe bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia
    • Waterer GW, Somes GW, Wunderink RG. Monotherapy may be suboptimal for severe bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 2001;161:1837-1842
    • (2001) Arch Intern Med , vol.161 , pp. 1837-1842
    • Waterer, G.W.1    Somes, G.W.2    Wunderink, R.G.3
  • 286
    • 18244382544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacodynamic activity of telithromycin at simulated clinically achievable free-drug concentrations in serum and epithelial lining fluid against efflux (mefE)-producing macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae for which telithromycin MICs vary
    • Zhanel GG, Johanson C, Laing N, Hisanaga T, Wierzbowski A, Hoban DJ. Pharmacodynamic activity of telithromycin at simulated clinically achievable free-drug concentrations in serum and epithelial lining fluid against efflux (mefE)-producing macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae for which telithromycin MICs vary. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49:1943-1948
    • (2005) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.49 , pp. 1943-1948
    • Zhanel, G.G.1    Johanson, C.2    Laing, N.3    Hisanaga, T.4    Wierzbowski, A.5    Hoban, D.J.6
  • 287
    • 19344364878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Telithromycin: A ketolide antibiotic for treatment of respiratory tract infections
    • Lonks JR, Goldmann DA. Telithromycin: a ketolide antibiotic for treatment of respiratory tract infections. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:1657-1664
    • (2005) Clin Infect Dis , vol.40 , pp. 1657-1664
    • Lonks, J.R.1    Goldmann, D.A.2
  • 288
    • 0043270426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial susceptibility and macrolide resistance inducibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae carrying erm(A), erm(B), or mef(A)
    • Syrogiannopoulos GA, Grivea IN, Ednie LM, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility and macrolide resistance inducibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae carrying erm(A), erm(B), or mef(A). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:2699-2702
    • (2003) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.47 , pp. 2699-2702
    • Syrogiannopoulos, G.A.1    Grivea, I.N.2    Ednie, L.M.3
  • 289
    • 0942301298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activities of cethromycin and telithromycin against recent North American isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Jorgensen JH, Crawford SA, McElmeel ML, Whitney CG. Activities of cethromycin and telithromycin against recent North American isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:605-607
    • (2004) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.48 , pp. 605-607
    • Jorgensen, J.H.1    Crawford, S.A.2    McElmeel, M.L.3    Whitney, C.G.4
  • 290
    • 0037378799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of fluoroquinolone-resistant or -susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae from Hong Kong
    • Morrissey I, Farrell DJ, Bakker S, Buckridge S, Felmingham D. Molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of fluoroquinolone-resistant or -susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae from Hong Kong. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:1433-1435
    • (2003) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.47 , pp. 1433-1435
    • Morrissey, I.1    Farrell, D.J.2    Bakker, S.3    Buckridge, S.4    Felmingham, D.5
  • 291
    • 2342560494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative in vitro activity of telithromycin and beta-lactam antimicrobials against community-acquired bacterial respiratory tract pathogens in the United States: Findings from the PROTEKT US study, 2000-2001
    • Stratton CW, Brown SD. Comparative in vitro activity of telithromycin and beta-lactam antimicrobials against community-acquired bacterial respiratory tract pathogens in the United States: findings from the PROTEKT US study, 2000-2001. Clin Ther 2004;26:522-530
    • (2004) Clin Ther , vol.26 , pp. 522-530
    • Stratton, C.W.1    Brown, S.D.2
  • 292
    • 2142819984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activities of telithromycin against 13,874 Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates collected between 1999 and 2003
    • Farrell DJ, Felmingham D. Activities of telithromycin against 13,874 Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates collected between 1999 and 2003. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:1882-1884
    • (2004) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.48 , pp. 1882-1884
    • Farrell, D.J.1    Felmingham, D.2
  • 293
    • 18544410378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluoroquinolone and macrolide treatment failure in pneumococcal pneumonia and selection of multidrug-resistant isolates
    • Perez-Trallero E, Marimon JM, Iglesias L, Larruskain J. Fluoroquinolone and macrolide treatment failure in pneumococcal pneumonia and selection of multidrug-resistant isolates. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:1159-1162
    • (2003) Emerg Infect Dis , vol.9 , pp. 1159-1162
    • Perez-Trallero, E.1    Marimon, J.M.2    Iglesias, L.3    Larruskain, J.4
  • 295
    • 10744220364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between fluoroquinolone use and changes in susceptibility to fluoroquinolones of selected pathogens in 10 United States teaching hospitals, 1991-2000
    • Zervos MJ, Hershberger E, Nicolau DP, et al. Relationship between fluoroquinolone use and changes in susceptibility to fluoroquinolones of selected pathogens in 10 United States teaching hospitals, 1991-2000. Clin Infect Dis 2003;37:1643-1648
    • (2003) Clin Infect Dis , vol.37 , pp. 1643-1648
    • Zervos, M.J.1    Hershberger, E.2    Nicolau, D.P.3
  • 296
    • 0034034589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of ciprofloxacin resistance and its relationship to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates causing bacteremia
    • Paterson DL, Mulazimoglu L, Casellas JM, et al. Epidemiology of ciprofloxacin resistance and its relationship to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates causing bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:473-478
    • (2000) Clin Infect Dis , vol.30 , pp. 473-478
    • Paterson, D.L.1    Mulazimoglu, L.2    Casellas, J.M.3
  • 297
    • 0034077489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saurina G, Quale JM, Manikal VM, Oydna E, Landman D. Antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae in Brooklyn, NY: epidemiology and relation to antibiotic usage patterns. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000;45:895-898
    • Saurina G, Quale JM, Manikal VM, Oydna E, Landman D. Antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae in Brooklyn, NY: epidemiology and relation to antibiotic usage patterns. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000;45:895-898
  • 298
    • 0033011639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The global epidemiology of resistance to ciprofloxacin and the changing nature of antibiotic resistance: A 10 year perspective
    • Thomson CJ. The global epidemiology of resistance to ciprofloxacin and the changing nature of antibiotic resistance: a 10 year perspective. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999;43(Suppl A):31-40
    • (1999) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.43 , Issue.SUPPL. A , pp. 31-40
    • Thomson, C.J.1
  • 299
    • 0037379346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic characterization of fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated during ciprofloxacin therapy from a patient with bronchiectasis
    • de la Campa AG, Ferrandiz MJ, Tubau F, Pallares R, Manresa F, Linares J. Genetic characterization of fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated during ciprofloxacin therapy from a patient with bronchiectasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:1419-1422
    • (2003) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.47 , pp. 1419-1422
    • de la Campa, A.G.1    Ferrandiz, M.J.2    Tubau, F.3    Pallares, R.4    Manresa, F.5    Linares, J.6
  • 300
    • 0025601467 scopus 로고
    • Therapeutic failure and selection of resistance to quinolones in a case of pneumococcal pneumonia treated with ciprofloxacin
    • Perez-Trallero E, Garcia-Arenzana JM, Jimenez JA, Peris A. Therapeutic failure and selection of resistance to quinolones in a case of pneumococcal pneumonia treated with ciprofloxacin. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1990;9:905-906
    • (1990) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.9 , pp. 905-906
    • Perez-Trallero, E.1    Garcia-Arenzana, J.M.2    Jimenez, J.A.3    Peris, A.4
  • 302
    • 0036178134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A critical review of the fluoroquinolones: Focus on respiratory infections
    • Zhanel GG, Ennis K, Vercaigne L, et al. A critical review of the fluoroquinolones: focus on respiratory infections. Drugs 2002;62:13-59
    • (2002) Drugs , vol.62 , pp. 13-59
    • Zhanel, G.G.1    Ennis, K.2    Vercaigne, L.3
  • 303
    • 33846031160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular characterization of increasing fluoroquinolone resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Canada, 1997 to 2005
    • Adam HJ, Schurek KN, Nichol KA, et al. Molecular characterization of increasing fluoroquinolone resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Canada, 1997 to 2005. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51:198-207
    • (2007) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.51 , pp. 198-207
    • Adam, H.J.1    Schurek, K.N.2    Nichol, K.A.3
  • 304
    • 0036150292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selection of Streptococcus pneumoniae mutants having reduced susceptibility to moxifloxacin and levofloxacin
    • Li X, Zhao X, Drlica K. Selection of Streptococcus pneumoniae mutants having reduced susceptibility to moxifloxacin and levofloxacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:522-524
    • (2002) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.46 , pp. 522-524
    • Li, X.1    Zhao, X.2    Drlica, K.3
  • 305
    • 0034483051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluoroquinolones inhibit preferentially Streptococcus pneumoniae DNA topoisomerase IV than DNA gyrase native proteins
    • Fernandez-Moreira E, Balas D, Gonzalez I, de la Campa AG. Fluoroquinolones inhibit preferentially Streptococcus pneumoniae DNA topoisomerase IV than DNA gyrase native proteins. Microb Drug Resist 2000;6:259-267
    • (2000) Microb Drug Resist , vol.6 , pp. 259-267
    • Fernandez-Moreira, E.1    Balas, D.2    Gonzalez, I.3    de la Campa, A.G.4
  • 306
    • 40549112302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fitness of Streptococcus pneumoniae fluoroquinolone-resistant strains with topoisomerase IV recombinant genes
    • Balsalobre L, de la Campa AG. Fitness of Streptococcus pneumoniae fluoroquinolone-resistant strains with topoisomerase IV recombinant genes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52:822-830
    • (2008) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.52 , pp. 822-830
    • Balsalobre, L.1    de la Campa, A.G.2
  • 307
    • 0032946666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Streptococcus pneumoniae DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV: Overexpression, purification, and differential inhibition by fluoroquinolones
    • Pan XS, Fisher LM. Streptococcus pneumoniae DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV: overexpression, purification, and differential inhibition by fluoroquinolones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999;43:1129-1136
    • (1999) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.43 , pp. 1129-1136
    • Pan, X.S.1    Fisher, L.M.2
  • 308
    • 0036136859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of single mutations in topoisomerase type II genes among levofloxacin-susceptible clinical strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in the United States in 1992 to 1996 and 1999 to 2000
    • Davies TA, Evangelista A, Pfleger S, Bush K, Sahm DF, Goldschmidt R. Prevalence of single mutations in topoisomerase type II genes among levofloxacin-susceptible clinical strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in the United States in 1992 to 1996 and 1999 to 2000. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:119-124
    • (2002) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.46 , pp. 119-124
    • Davies, T.A.1    Evangelista, A.2    Pfleger, S.3    Bush, K.4    Sahm, D.F.5    Goldschmidt, R.6
  • 309
    • 4644244664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutant prevention concentrations for single-step fluoroquinolone-resistant mutants of wild-type, efflux-positive, or ParC or GyrA mutation-containing Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates
    • Smith HJ, Walters M, Hisanaga T, Zhanel GG, Hoban DJ. Mutant prevention concentrations for single-step fluoroquinolone-resistant mutants of wild-type, efflux-positive, or ParC or GyrA mutation-containing Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:3954-3958
    • (2004) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.48 , pp. 3954-3958
    • Smith, H.J.1    Walters, M.2    Hisanaga, T.3    Zhanel, G.G.4    Hoban, D.J.5
  • 310
    • 34248201241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The contribution of efflux pumps to quinolone resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolates
    • Martinez-Garriga B, Vinuesa T, Hernandez-Borrell J, Vinas M. The contribution of efflux pumps to quinolone resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolates. Int J Med Microbiol 2007;297:187-195
    • (2007) Int J Med Microbiol , vol.297 , pp. 187-195
    • Martinez-Garriga, B.1    Vinuesa, T.2    Hernandez-Borrell, J.3    Vinas, M.4
  • 311
    • 29944438551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quinolone efflux pumps play a central role in emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Jumbe NL, Louie A, Miller MH, et al. Quinolone efflux pumps play a central role in emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006;50:310-317
    • (2006) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.50 , pp. 310-317
    • Jumbe, N.L.1    Louie, A.2    Miller, M.H.3
  • 312
    • 0035282390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for acquisition of levofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: A case-control study
    • Ho PL, Tse WS, Tsang KW, et al. Risk factors for acquisition of levofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: a case-control study. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32:701-707
    • (2001) Clin Infect Dis , vol.32 , pp. 701-707
    • Ho, P.L.1    Tse, W.S.2    Tsang, K.W.3
  • 313
    • 23244465110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vivo development of high-level fluoroquinolone resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Perez-Trallero E, Marimon JM, Gonzalez A, Ercibengoa M, Larruskain J. In vivo development of high-level fluoroquinolone resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41:560-564
    • (2005) Clin Infect Dis , vol.41 , pp. 560-564
    • Perez-Trallero, E.1    Marimon, J.M.2    Gonzalez, A.3    Ercibengoa, M.4    Larruskain, J.5
  • 314
    • 0242460570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Invasive pneumococcal disease in older adults residing in long-term care facilities and in the community
    • Kupronis BA, Richards CL, Whitney CG. Invasive pneumococcal disease in older adults residing in long-term care facilities and in the community. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003;51:1520-1525
    • (2003) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.51 , pp. 1520-1525
    • Kupronis, B.A.1    Richards, C.L.2    Whitney, C.G.3
  • 315
    • 33644624088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence and epidemiology of fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae strains from Italy: Report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (2001-2004)
    • Deshpande LM, Sader HS, Debbia E, Nicoletti G, Fadda G, Jones RN. Emergence and epidemiology of fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae strains from Italy: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (2001-2004). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2006;54:157-164
    • (2006) Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.54 , pp. 157-164
    • Deshpande, L.M.1    Sader, H.S.2    Debbia, E.3    Nicoletti, G.4    Fadda, G.5    Jones, R.N.6
  • 316
    • 10744222278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence of a fluoroquinolone-resistant strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae in England
    • Johnson AP, Sheppard CL, Harnett SJ, et al. Emergence of a fluoroquinolone-resistant strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae in England. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003;52:953-960
    • (2003) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.52 , pp. 953-960
    • Johnson, A.P.1    Sheppard, C.L.2    Harnett, S.J.3
  • 317
    • 0031946870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased incidence of ciprofloxacin resistance in penicillin-resistant pneumococci in Northern Ireland
    • Goldsmith CE, Moore JE, Murphy PG, Ambler JE. Increased incidence of ciprofloxacin resistance in penicillin-resistant pneumococci in Northern Ireland. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998;41:420-421
    • (1998) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.41 , pp. 420-421
    • Goldsmith, C.E.1    Moore, J.E.2    Murphy, P.G.3    Ambler, J.E.4
  • 318
    • 0035160751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular surveillance of macrolide, tetracycline and quinolone resistance mechanisms in 1191 clinical European Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates
    • Schmitz FJ, Perdikouli M, Beeck A, Verhoef J, Fluit AC. Molecular surveillance of macrolide, tetracycline and quinolone resistance mechanisms in 1191 clinical European Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001;18:433-436
    • (2001) Int J Antimicrob Agents , vol.18 , pp. 433-436
    • Schmitz, F.J.1    Perdikouli, M.2    Beeck, A.3    Verhoef, J.4    Fluit, A.C.5
  • 319
    • 0036146498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Susceptibilities to telithromycin and six other agents and prevalence of macrolide resistance due to L4 ribosomal protein mutation among 992 pneumococci from 10 central and Eastern European countries
    • Nagai K, Appelbaum PC, Davies TA, et al. Susceptibilities to telithromycin and six other agents and prevalence of macrolide resistance due to L4 ribosomal protein mutation among 992 pneumococci from 10 central and Eastern European countries. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:371-377
    • (2002) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.46 , pp. 371-377
    • Nagai, K.1    Appelbaum, P.C.2    Davies, T.A.3
  • 320
    • 0041525486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis: A European multicenter study during 2000-2001
    • Jones ME, Blosser-Middleton RS, Critchley IA, Karlowsky JA, Thornsberry C, Sahm DF. In vitro susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis: a European multicenter study during 2000-2001. Clin Microbiol Infect 2003;9:590-599
    • (2003) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.9 , pp. 590-599
    • Jones, M.E.1    Blosser-Middleton, R.S.2    Critchley, I.A.3    Karlowsky, J.A.4    Thornsberry, C.5    Sahm, D.F.6
  • 321
    • 0034426112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influences of different factors on prevalence of ciprofloxacin resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in Spain
    • Garcia-Rey C, Aquilar L, Baquero F. Influences of different factors on prevalence of ciprofloxacin resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in Spain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:3481-3482
    • (2000) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.44 , pp. 3481-3482
    • Garcia-Rey, C.1    Aquilar, L.2    Baquero, F.3
  • 322
    • 40949105392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence of levofloxacin-non-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae and treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in children in South Africa: A cohort observational surveillance study
    • von Gottberg A, Klugman KP, Cohen C, et al. Emergence of levofloxacin-non-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae and treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in children in South Africa: a cohort observational surveillance study. Lancet 2008;371:1108-1113
    • (2008) Lancet , vol.371 , pp. 1108-1113
    • von Gottberg, A.1    Klugman, K.P.2    Cohen, C.3
  • 323
    • 33747626694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro antibacterial activity of beta-lactams and non-beta-lactams against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from Sydney, Australia
    • Gosbell IB, Fernandes LA, Fernandes CJ. In vitro antibacterial activity of beta-lactams and non-beta-lactams against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from Sydney, Australia. Pathology 2006;38:343-348
    • (2006) Pathology , vol.38 , pp. 343-348
    • Gosbell, I.B.1    Fernandes, L.A.2    Fernandes, C.J.3
  • 324
    • 37549047144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology and clinical outcomes of community-acquired pneumonia in adult patients in Asian countries: A prospective study by the Asian network for surveillance of resistant pathogens
    • Song JH, Oh WS, Kang CI, et al. Epidemiology and clinical outcomes of community-acquired pneumonia in adult patients in Asian countries: a prospective study by the Asian network for surveillance of resistant pathogens. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008;31:107-114
    • (2008) Int J Antimicrob Agents , vol.31 , pp. 107-114
    • Song, J.H.1    Oh, W.S.2    Kang, C.I.3
  • 325
    • 20444504842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigation of the susceptibility trends in Japan to fluoroquinolones and other antimicrobial agents in a nationwide collection of clinical isolates: A longitudinal analysis from 1994 to 2002
    • Yamaguchi K, Ohno A. Investigation of the susceptibility trends in Japan to fluoroquinolones and other antimicrobial agents in a nationwide collection of clinical isolates: a longitudinal analysis from 1994 to 2002. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2005;52:135-143
    • (2005) Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.52 , pp. 135-143
    • Yamaguchi, K.1    Ohno, A.2
  • 326
    • 0034806947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nasopharyngeal carriage of antimicrobial-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae among young children attending 79 kindergartens and day care centers in Hong Kong
    • Chiu SS, Ho PL, Chow FK, Yuen KY, Lau YL. Nasopharyngeal carriage of antimicrobial-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae among young children attending 79 kindergartens and day care centers in Hong Kong. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45:2765-2770
    • (2001) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.45 , pp. 2765-2770
    • Chiu, S.S.1    Ho, P.L.2    Chow, F.K.3    Yuen, K.Y.4    Lau, Y.L.5
  • 327
    • 0034458756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Macrolide and fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin) resistances among Streptococcus pneumoniae strains: Significant trends from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (North America, 1997-1999)
    • Jones RN, Pfaller MA. Macrolide and fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin) resistances among Streptococcus pneumoniae strains: significant trends from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (North America, 1997-1999). J Clin Microbiol 2000;38:4298-4299
    • (2000) J Clin Microbiol , vol.38 , pp. 4298-4299
    • Jones, R.N.1    Pfaller, M.A.2
  • 328
    • 15244340395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Susceptibility patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in North America (2002-2003): Contemporary in vitro activities of amoxicillin/clavulanate and 15 other antimicrobial agents
    • Pottumarthy S, Fritsche TR, Sader HS, Stilwell MG, Jones RN. Susceptibility patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in North America (2002-2003): contemporary in vitro activities of amoxicillin/clavulanate and 15 other antimicrobial agents. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2005;25:282-289
    • (2005) Int J Antimicrob Agents , vol.25 , pp. 282-289
    • Pottumarthy, S.1    Fritsche, T.R.2    Sader, H.S.3    Stilwell, M.G.4    Jones, R.N.5
  • 329
    • 0036100308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quale J, Landman D, Ravishankar J, Flores C, Bratu S. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Brooklyn, New York: fluoroquinolone resistance at our doorstep. Emerg Infect Dis 2002;8:594-597
    • Quale J, Landman D, Ravishankar J, Flores C, Bratu S. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Brooklyn, New York: fluoroquinolone resistance at our doorstep. Emerg Infect Dis 2002;8:594-597
  • 330
    • 63149182892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bhavnani S, Hammel JP, Jones RN, et al. Relationship between increased levofloxacin use and decreased susceptibility to Streptococcus pneumonia: report from the ARREST Program [abstract K-1397]. In: Program and Abstracts of the 43rd International Conference on Antimicrobial QAgents and Chemotherapy; Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology; 2003:383
    • Bhavnani S, Hammel JP, Jones RN, et al. Relationship between increased levofloxacin use and decreased susceptibility to Streptococcus pneumonia: report from the ARREST Program [abstract K-1397]. In: Program and Abstracts of the 43rd International Conference on Antimicrobial QAgents and Chemotherapy; Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology; 2003:383
  • 331
    • 0037710404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial susceptibility breakpoints and first-step parC mutations in Streptococcus pneumoniae: Redefining fluoroquinolone resistance
    • Lim S, Bast D, McGeer A, de Azavedo J, Low DE. Antimicrobial susceptibility breakpoints and first-step parC mutations in Streptococcus pneumoniae: redefining fluoroquinolone resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:833-837
    • (2003) Emerg Infect Dis , vol.9 , pp. 833-837
    • Lim, S.1    Bast, D.2    McGeer, A.3    de Azavedo, J.4    Low, D.E.5
  • 332
    • 51349168159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on U.S. levofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Davies TA, Yee YC, Bush K, Sahm D, Evangelista A, Goldschmidt R. Effects of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on U.S. levofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Microb Drug Resist 2008;14:187-196
    • (2008) Microb Drug Resist , vol.14 , pp. 187-196
    • Davies, T.A.1    Yee, Y.C.2    Bush, K.3    Sahm, D.4    Evangelista, A.5    Goldschmidt, R.6
  • 333
    • 0035991984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activities of six different quinolones against clinical respiratory isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in Spain
    • Perez-Trallero E, Garcia-Rey C, Martin-Sanchez AM, Aguilar L, Garcia-de-Lomas J, Ruiz J. Activities of six different quinolones against clinical respiratory isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in Spain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:2665-2667
    • (2002) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.46 , pp. 2665-2667
    • Perez-Trallero, E.1    Garcia-Rey, C.2    Martin-Sanchez, A.M.3    Aguilar, L.4    Garcia-de-Lomas, J.5    Ruiz, J.6
  • 334
    • 0037308639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular characterization of fluoroquinolone resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolates obtained from across Canada
    • Zhanel GG, Walkty A, Nichol K, Smith H, Noreddin A, Hoban DJ. Molecular characterization of fluoroquinolone resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolates obtained from across Canada. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2003;45:63-67
    • (2003) Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.45 , pp. 63-67
    • Zhanel, G.G.1    Walkty, A.2    Nichol, K.3    Smith, H.4    Noreddin, A.5    Hoban, D.J.6
  • 335
    • 32644451492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infrequent occurrence of single mutations in topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase genes among US levofloxacin-susceptible clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from nine institutions (1999-2003)
    • Davies TA, Yee YC, Goldschmidt R, Bush K, Sahm DF, Evangelista A. Infrequent occurrence of single mutations in topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase genes among US levofloxacin-susceptible clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from nine institutions (1999-2003). J Antimicrob Chemother 2006;57:437-442
    • (2006) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.57 , pp. 437-442
    • Davies, T.A.1    Yee, Y.C.2    Goldschmidt, R.3    Bush, K.4    Sahm, D.F.5    Evangelista, A.6
  • 336
    • 33645769743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of first-step mutants among levofloxacin-susceptible invasive isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States
    • Pletz MW, Shergill AP, McGee L, Beall B, Whitney CG, Klugman KP. Prevalence of first-step mutants among levofloxacin-susceptible invasive isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006;50:1561-1563
    • (2006) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.50 , pp. 1561-1563
    • Pletz, M.W.1    Shergill, A.P.2    McGee, L.3    Beall, B.4    Whitney, C.G.5    Klugman, K.P.6
  • 337
    • 0036006690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluoroquinolone resistance among clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae belonging to international multiresistant clones
    • McGee L, Goldsmith CE, Klugman KP. Fluoroquinolone resistance among clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae belonging to international multiresistant clones. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002;49:173-176
    • (2002) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.49 , pp. 173-176
    • McGee, L.1    Goldsmith, C.E.2    Klugman, K.P.3
  • 338
    • 0346888677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Worldwide incidence, molecular epidemiology and mutations implicated in fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: Data from the global PROTEKT surveillance programme
    • Canton R, Morosini M, Enright MC, Morrissey I. Worldwide incidence, molecular epidemiology and mutations implicated in fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: data from the global PROTEKT surveillance programme. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003;52:944-952
    • (2003) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.52 , pp. 944-952
    • Canton, R.1    Morosini, M.2    Enright, M.C.3    Morrissey, I.4
  • 339
    • 0037340495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spain14-5 international multiresistant Streptococcus pneumoniae clone resistant to fluoroquinolones and other families of antibiotics
    • Perez-Trallero E, Marimon JM, Gonzalez A, Iglesias L. Spain14-5 international multiresistant Streptococcus pneumoniae clone resistant to fluoroquinolones and other families of antibiotics. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003;51:715-719
    • (2003) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.51 , pp. 715-719
    • Perez-Trallero, E.1    Marimon, J.M.2    Gonzalez, A.3    Iglesias, L.4
  • 340
    • 20144389081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Failure to control an outbreak of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in a long-term-care facility: Emergence and ongoing transmission of a fluoroquinolone-resistant strain
    • Carter RJ, Sorenson G, Heffernan R, et al. Failure to control an outbreak of multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in a long-term-care facility: emergence and ongoing transmission of a fluoroquinolone-resistant strain. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005;26:248-255
    • (2005) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.26 , pp. 248-255
    • Carter, R.J.1    Sorenson, G.2    Heffernan, R.3
  • 341
    • 20144389541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persistence of fluoroquinolone-resistant, multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in a long-term-care facility: Efforts to reduce intrafacility transmission
    • Fry AM, Udeagu CC, Soriano-Gabarro M, et al. Persistence of fluoroquinolone-resistant, multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in a long-term-care facility: efforts to reduce intrafacility transmission. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005;26:239-247
    • (2005) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.26 , pp. 239-247
    • Fry, A.M.1    Udeagu, C.C.2    Soriano-Gabarro, M.3
  • 343
    • 0037229596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Worldwide antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and pharmacodynamic comparisons of gatifloxacin and levofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae: Report from the Antimicrobial Resistance Rate Epidemiology Study Team
    • Jones RN, Rubino CM, Bhavnani SM, Ambrose PG. Worldwide antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and pharmacodynamic comparisons of gatifloxacin and levofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae: report from the Antimicrobial Resistance Rate Epidemiology Study Team. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:292-296
    • (2003) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.47 , pp. 292-296
    • Jones, R.N.1    Rubino, C.M.2    Bhavnani, S.M.3    Ambrose, P.G.4
  • 344
    • 0041767486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activities of mutant prevention concentration-targeted moxifloxacin and levofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model
    • Allen GP, Kaatz GW, Rybak MJ. Activities of mutant prevention concentration-targeted moxifloxacin and levofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:2606-2614
    • (2003) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.47 , pp. 2606-2614
    • Allen, G.P.1    Kaatz, G.W.2    Rybak, M.J.3
  • 345
    • 0035139520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutant prevention concentrations of fluoroquinolones for clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Blondeau JM, Zhao X, Hansen G, Drlica K. Mutant prevention concentrations of fluoroquinolones for clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45:433-438
    • (2001) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.45 , pp. 433-438
    • Blondeau, J.M.1    Zhao, X.2    Hansen, G.3    Drlica, K.4
  • 346
    • 4344584316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Designing fluoroquinolone breakpoints for Streptococcus pneumoniae by using genetics instead of pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics
    • Smith HJ, Noreddin AM, Siemens CG, et al. Designing fluoroquinolone breakpoints for Streptococcus pneumoniae by using genetics instead of pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:3630-3635
    • (2004) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.48 , pp. 3630-3635
    • Smith, H.J.1    Noreddin, A.M.2    Siemens, C.G.3
  • 347
    • 0033744709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluoroquinolone resistance in clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae: Contributions of type II topoisomerase mutations and efflux to levels of resistance
    • Bast DJ, Low DE, Duncan CL, et al. Fluoroquinolone resistance in clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae: contributions of type II topoisomerase mutations and efflux to levels of resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:3049-3054
    • (2000) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.44 , pp. 3049-3054
    • Bast, D.J.1    Low, D.E.2    Duncan, C.L.3
  • 348
    • 39149132111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequency of 1st-and 2nd-step topoisomerase mutations in Streptococcus pneumoniae following levofloxacin and moxifloxacin exposure
    • Hovde LB, Simonson DA, Rotschafer JC. Frequency of 1st-and 2nd-step topoisomerase mutations in Streptococcus pneumoniae following levofloxacin and moxifloxacin exposure. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2008;60:295-299
    • (2008) Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.60 , pp. 295-299
    • Hovde, L.B.1    Simonson, D.A.2    Rotschafer, J.C.3
  • 349
    • 0036195137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levofloxacin treatment failure in a patient with fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia
    • Kays MB, Smith DW, Wack ME, Denys GA. Levofloxacin treatment failure in a patient with fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia. Pharmacotherapy 2002;22:395-399
    • (2002) Pharmacotherapy , vol.22 , pp. 395-399
    • Kays, M.B.1    Smith, D.W.2    Wack, M.E.3    Denys, G.A.4
  • 350
    • 0037019311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ross JJ, Worthington MG, Gorbach SL. Resistance to levofloxacin and failure of treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2002;347:65-67author reply 67
    • Ross JJ, Worthington MG, Gorbach SL. Resistance to levofloxacin and failure of treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2002;347:65-67author reply 67
  • 351
    • 0042160273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence of levofloxacin-resistant pneumococci in immunocompromised adults after therapy for community-acquired pneumonia
    • Anderson KB, Tan JS, File TM Jr, DiPersio JR, Willey BM, Low DE. Emergence of levofloxacin-resistant pneumococci in immunocompromised adults after therapy for community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2003;37:376-381
    • (2003) Clin Infect Dis , vol.37 , pp. 376-381
    • Anderson, K.B.1    Tan, J.S.2    File Jr, T.M.3    DiPersio, J.R.4    Willey, B.M.5    Low, D.E.6
  • 352
    • 13144295026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ciprofloxacin treatment failure in a patient with resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae infection following prior ciprofloxacin therapy
    • Pletz MW, McGee L, Burkhardt O, Lode H, Klugman KP. Ciprofloxacin treatment failure in a patient with resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae infection following prior ciprofloxacin therapy. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2005;24:58-60
    • (2005) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis , vol.24 , pp. 58-60
    • Pletz, M.W.1    McGee, L.2    Burkhardt, O.3    Lode, H.4    Klugman, K.P.5
  • 353
    • 1542347642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causes and factors associated with early failure in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia
    • Roson B, Carratala J, Fernandez-Sabe N, Tubau F, Manresa F, Gudiol F. Causes and factors associated with early failure in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:502-508
    • (2004) Arch Intern Med , vol.164 , pp. 502-508
    • Roson, B.1    Carratala, J.2    Fernandez-Sabe, N.3    Tubau, F.4    Manresa, F.5    Gudiol, F.6
  • 354
    • 20844432547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection treatment failures associated with fluoroquinolone resistance
    • Fuller JD, Low DE. A review of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection treatment failures associated with fluoroquinolone resistance. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41:118-121
    • (2005) Clin Infect Dis , vol.41 , pp. 118-121
    • Fuller, J.D.1    Low, D.E.2
  • 355
    • 16244380779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Presence of tetracycline resistance determinants and susceptibility to tigecycline and minocycline
    • Fluit AC, Florijn A, Verhoef J, Milatovic D. Presence of tetracycline resistance determinants and susceptibility to tigecycline and minocycline. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49:1636-1638
    • (2005) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.49 , pp. 1636-1638
    • Fluit, A.C.1    Florijn, A.2    Verhoef, J.3    Milatovic, D.4
  • 356
  • 357
    • 16244399524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic resistance in pathogenic Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Turkey
    • Erdem H, Pahsa A. Antibiotic resistance in pathogenic Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Turkey. J Chemother 2005;17:25-30
    • (2005) J Chemother , vol.17 , pp. 25-30
    • Erdem, H.1    Pahsa, A.2
  • 358
    • 29444450403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends in antibacterial resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in the USA, 2000-2003: PROTEKT US years 1-3
    • Jenkins SG, Farrell DJ, Patel M, Lavin BS. Trends in antibacterial resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in the USA, 2000-2003: PROTEKT US years 1-3. J Infect 2005;51:355-363
    • (2005) J Infect , vol.51 , pp. 355-363
    • Jenkins, S.G.1    Farrell, D.J.2    Patel, M.3    Lavin, B.S.4
  • 360
    • 46249094460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Connection between trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole use and resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis
    • Karpanoja P, Nyberg ST, Bergman M, et al. Connection between trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole use and resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52:2480-2485
    • (2008) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.52 , pp. 2480-2485
    • Karpanoja, P.1    Nyberg, S.T.2    Bergman, M.3
  • 361
    • 0347600362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial resistance patterns of respiratory pathogens: A local report from Turkey
    • Zarakolu P, Soyletir G, Gur D, Unal S. Antimicrobial resistance patterns of respiratory pathogens: a local report from Turkey. Clin Microbiol Infect 2003;9:1257-1258
    • (2003) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.9 , pp. 1257-1258
    • Zarakolu, P.1    Soyletir, G.2    Gur, D.3    Unal, S.4
  • 363
    • 0033958626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isolation and characterization of vancomycin-tolerant Streptococcus pneumoniae from the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient who developed recrudescent meningitis
    • McCullers JA, English BK, Novak R. Isolation and characterization of vancomycin-tolerant Streptococcus pneumoniae from the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient who developed recrudescent meningitis. J Infect Dis 2000;181:369-373
    • (2000) J Infect Dis , vol.181 , pp. 369-373
    • McCullers, J.A.1    English, B.K.2    Novak, R.3
  • 365
    • 23744478289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vancomycin-tolerance among clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Mississippi during 1999-2001
    • Gillis LM, White HD, Whitehurst A, Sullivan DC. Vancomycin-tolerance among clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Mississippi during 1999-2001. Am J Med Sci 2005;330:65-68
    • (2005) Am J Med Sci , vol.330 , pp. 65-68
    • Gillis, L.M.1    White, H.D.2    Whitehurst, A.3    Sullivan, D.C.4
  • 366
    • 0038440779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linezolid and vancomycin, alone and in combination with rifampin, compared with moxifloxacin against a multidrug-resistant and a vancomycin-tolerant Streptococcus pneumoniae strain in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model
    • Cha R, Rybak MJ. Linezolid and vancomycin, alone and in combination with rifampin, compared with moxifloxacin against a multidrug-resistant and a vancomycin-tolerant Streptococcus pneumoniae strain in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:1984-1987
    • (2003) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.47 , pp. 1984-1987
    • Cha, R.1    Rybak, M.J.2
  • 367
    • 0037228241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Garenoxacin (BMS-284756) and moxifloxacin in experimental meningitis caused by vancomycin-tolerant pneumococci
    • Rodriguez-Cerrato V, McCoig CC, Saavedra J, et al. Garenoxacin (BMS-284756) and moxifloxacin in experimental meningitis caused by vancomycin-tolerant pneumococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:211-215
    • (2003) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.47 , pp. 211-215
    • Rodriguez-Cerrato, V.1    McCoig, C.C.2    Saavedra, J.3
  • 368
    • 0036125194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental study of the efficacy of vancomycin, rifampicin and dexamethasone in the therapy of pneumococcal meningitis
    • Martinez-Lacasa J, Cabellos C, Martos A, et al. Experimental study of the efficacy of vancomycin, rifampicin and dexamethasone in the therapy of pneumococcal meningitis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002;49:507-513
    • (2002) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.49 , pp. 507-513
    • Martinez-Lacasa, J.1    Cabellos, C.2    Martos, A.3
  • 369
    • 0026645743 scopus 로고
    • Trends in antimicrobial resistance of clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Bellvitge Hospital, Barcelona, Spain (1979-1990)
    • Linares J, Pallares R, Alonso T, et al. Trends in antimicrobial resistance of clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Bellvitge Hospital, Barcelona, Spain (1979-1990). Clin Infect Dis 1992;15:99-105
    • (1992) Clin Infect Dis , vol.15 , pp. 99-105
    • Linares, J.1    Pallares, R.2    Alonso, T.3
  • 370
    • 0035191796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae circulating in Italy: Results of the Italian Epidemiological Observatory Survey (1997-1999)
    • Marchese A, Mannelli S, Tonoli E, Gorlero F, Toni M, Schito GC. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae circulating in Italy: results of the Italian Epidemiological Observatory Survey (1997-1999). Microb Drug Resist 2001;7:277-287
    • (2001) Microb Drug Resist , vol.7 , pp. 277-287
    • Marchese, A.1    Mannelli, S.2    Tonoli, E.3    Gorlero, F.4    Toni, M.5    Schito, G.C.6
  • 371
    • 21144432359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New mutations and horizontal transfer of rpoB among rifampin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae from four Spanish hospitals
    • Ferrandiz MJ, Ardanuy C, Linares J, et al. New mutations and horizontal transfer of rpoB among rifampin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae from four Spanish hospitals. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49:2237-2245
    • (2005) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.49 , pp. 2237-2245
    • Ferrandiz, M.J.1    Ardanuy, C.2    Linares, J.3
  • 373
    • 0030034825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activities of RPR 106972 (a new oral streptogramin), cefditoren (a new oral cephalosporin), two new oxazolidinones (U-100592 and U-100766), and other oral and parenteral agents against 203 penicillin-susceptible and -resistant pneumococci
    • Spangler SK, Jacobs MR, Appelbaum PC. Activities of RPR 106972 (a new oral streptogramin), cefditoren (a new oral cephalosporin), two new oxazolidinones (U-100592 and U-100766), and other oral and parenteral agents against 203 penicillin-susceptible and -resistant pneumococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996;40:481-484
    • (1996) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.40 , pp. 481-484
    • Spangler, S.K.1    Jacobs, M.R.2    Appelbaum, P.C.3
  • 374
    • 1442275651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro activity of daptomycin against gram-positive European clinical isolates with defined resistance determinants
    • Fluit AC, Schmitz FJ, Verhoef J, Milatovic D. In vitro activity of daptomycin against gram-positive European clinical isolates with defined resistance determinants. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:1007-1011
    • (2004) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.48 , pp. 1007-1011
    • Fluit, A.C.1    Schmitz, F.J.2    Verhoef, J.3    Milatovic, D.4
  • 375
    • 1842851711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Daptomycin is highly efficacious against penicillin-resistant and penicillin-and quinolone-resistant pneumococci in experimental meningitis
    • Cottagnoud P, Pfister M, Acosta F, et al. Daptomycin is highly efficacious against penicillin-resistant and penicillin-and quinolone-resistant pneumococci in experimental meningitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:3928-3933
    • (2004) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.48 , pp. 3928-3933
    • Cottagnoud, P.1    Pfister, M.2    Acosta, F.3
  • 376
    • 0038440786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activities of ertapenem, a new long-acting carbapenem, against penicillin-sensitive or -resistant pneumococci in experimental meningitis
    • Cottagnoud P, Pfister M, Cottagnoud M, Acosta F, Tauber MG. Activities of ertapenem, a new long-acting carbapenem, against penicillin-sensitive or -resistant pneumococci in experimental meningitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:1943-1947
    • (2003) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.47 , pp. 1943-1947
    • Cottagnoud, P.1    Pfister, M.2    Cottagnoud, M.3    Acosta, F.4    Tauber, M.G.5
  • 377
    • 0037764662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental study of LY333328 (oritavancin), alone and in combination, in therapy of cephalosporin-resistant pneumococcal meningitis
    • Cabellos C, Fernandez A, Maiques JM, et al. Experimental study of LY333328 (oritavancin), alone and in combination, in therapy of cephalosporin-resistant pneumococcal meningitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:1907-1911
    • (2003) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.47 , pp. 1907-1911
    • Cabellos, C.1    Fernandez, A.2    Maiques, J.M.3
  • 378
    • 1642492861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The glycylcyclines: A comparative review with the tetracyclines
    • Zhanel GG, Homenuik K, Nichol K, et al. The glycylcyclines: a comparative review with the tetracyclines. Drugs 2004;64:63-88
    • (2004) Drugs , vol.64 , pp. 63-88
    • Zhanel, G.G.1    Homenuik, K.2    Nichol, K.3
  • 379
    • 34948908732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution of resistant gram-positive organisms across the census regions of the United States and in vitro activity of tigecycline, a new glycylcycline antimicrobial
    • Denys GA, Koch KM, Dowzicky MJ. Distribution of resistant gram-positive organisms across the census regions of the United States and in vitro activity of tigecycline, a new glycylcycline antimicrobial. Am J Infect Control 2007;35:521-526
    • (2007) Am J Infect Control , vol.35 , pp. 521-526
    • Denys, G.A.1    Koch, K.M.2    Dowzicky, M.J.3
  • 380
    • 0033959859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Which pneumococcal serogroups cause the most invasive disease: Implications for conjugate vaccine formulation and use, part I
    • Hausdorff WP, Bryant J, Paradiso PR, Siber GR. Which pneumococcal serogroups cause the most invasive disease: implications for conjugate vaccine formulation and use, part I. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:100-121
    • (2000) Clin Infect Dis , vol.30 , pp. 100-121
    • Hausdorff, W.P.1    Bryant, J.2    Paradiso, P.R.3    Siber, G.R.4
  • 381
    • 0036721206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Historical changes in pneumococcal serogroup distribution: Implications for the era of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines
    • Feikin DR, Klugman KP. Historical changes in pneumococcal serogroup distribution: implications for the era of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:547-555
    • (2002) Clin Infect Dis , vol.35 , pp. 547-555
    • Feikin, D.R.1    Klugman, K.P.2
  • 382
    • 0242684416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decline in invasive pneumococcal disease after the introduction of protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine
    • Whitney CG, Farley MM, Hadler J, et al. Decline in invasive pneumococcal disease after the introduction of protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1737-1746
    • (2003) N Engl J Med , vol.348 , pp. 1737-1746
    • Whitney, C.G.1    Farley, M.M.2    Hadler, J.3
  • 383
    • 1442348287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The decline in invasive pneumococcal disease
    • Pelton SI. The decline in invasive pneumococcal disease. Pediatrics 2004;113(3 Pt 1):617-618
    • (2004) Pediatrics , vol.113 , Issue.3 PART 1 , pp. 617-618
    • Pelton, S.I.1
  • 384
    • 10744228195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decrease of invasive pneumococcal infections in children among 8 children's hospitals in the United States after the introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
    • Kaplan SL, Mason EO Jr, Wald ER, et al. Decrease of invasive pneumococcal infections in children among 8 children's hospitals in the United States after the introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Pediatrics 2004;113(3 Pt 1):443-449
    • (2004) Pediatrics , vol.113 , Issue.3 PART 1 , pp. 443-449
    • Kaplan, S.L.1    Mason Jr, E.O.2    Wald, E.R.3
  • 385
    • 20844458264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduction in high rates of antibiotic-nonsusceptible invasive pneumococcal disease in Tennessee after introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
    • Talbot TR, Poehling KA, Hartert TV, et al. Reduction in high rates of antibiotic-nonsusceptible invasive pneumococcal disease in Tennessee after introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:641-648
    • (2004) Clin Infect Dis , vol.39 , pp. 641-648
    • Talbot, T.R.1    Poehling, K.A.2    Hartert, T.V.3
  • 386
    • 0036534406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduction of nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae after administration of a 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine to toddlers attending day care centers
    • Dagan R, Givon-Lavi N, Zamir O, et al. Reduction of nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae after administration of a 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine to toddlers attending day care centers. J Infect Dis 2002;185:927-936
    • (2002) J Infect Dis , vol.185 , pp. 927-936
    • Dagan, R.1    Givon-Lavi, N.2    Zamir, O.3
  • 387
    • 0035825720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against acute otitis media
    • Eskola J, Kilpi T, Palmu A, et al. Efficacy of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against acute otitis media. N Engl J Med 2001;344:403-409
    • (2001) N Engl J Med , vol.344 , pp. 403-409
    • Eskola, J.1    Kilpi, T.2    Palmu, A.3
  • 388
    • 2542421890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short- and long-term effects of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination of children on penicillin resistance
    • Temime L, Guillemot D, Boelle PY. Short- and long-term effects of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination of children on penicillin resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:2206-2213
    • (2004) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.48 , pp. 2206-2213
    • Temime, L.1    Guillemot, D.2    Boelle, P.Y.3
  • 389
    • 20444428730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A pain in the ear: What has the 7-valent conjugated pneumococcal vaccine done to reduce the incidence of acute otitis media?
    • Regelmann WE. A pain in the ear: what has the 7-valent conjugated pneumococcal vaccine done to reduce the incidence of acute otitis media? Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:1745-1747
    • (2005) Clin Infect Dis , vol.40 , pp. 1745-1747
    • Regelmann, W.E.1
  • 390
    • 41649098012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of conjugate vaccine on transmission of antimicrobial-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae among Alaskan children
    • Park SY, Moore MR, Bruden DL, et al. Impact of conjugate vaccine on transmission of antimicrobial-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae among Alaskan children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2008;27:335-340
    • (2008) Pediatr Infect Dis J , vol.27 , pp. 335-340
    • Park, S.Y.1    Moore, M.R.2    Bruden, D.L.3
  • 391
    • 35748959902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The coming of age of niche vaccines? Effect of vaccines on resistance profiles in Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • McGee L. The coming of age of niche vaccines? Effect of vaccines on resistance profiles in Streptococcus pneumoniae Curr Opin Microbiol 2007;10:473-478
    • (2007) Curr Opin Microbiol , vol.10 , pp. 473-478
    • McGee, L.1
  • 392
    • 38949217376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19A in children, South Korea
    • Choi EH, Kim SH, Kim SJ, et al. Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 19A in children, South Korea. Emerg Infect Dis 2008;14:275-281
    • (2008) Emerg Infect Dis , vol.14 , pp. 275-281
    • Choi, E.H.1    Kim, S.H.2    Kim, S.J.3
  • 393
    • 50149115661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serotype replacement and multiple resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae after the introduction of the conjugate pneumococcal vaccine
    • Mera R, Miller LA, Fritsche TR, Jones RN. Serotype replacement and multiple resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae after the introduction of the conjugate pneumococcal vaccine. Microb Drug Resist 2008;14:101-107
    • (2008) Microb Drug Resist , vol.14 , pp. 101-107
    • Mera, R.1    Miller, L.A.2    Fritsche, T.R.3    Jones, R.N.4
  • 394
    • 33846439743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diversity and antibiotic resistance among nonvaccine serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage isolates in the post-heptavalent conjugate vaccine era
    • Hanage WP, Huang SS, Lipsitch M, et al. Diversity and antibiotic resistance among nonvaccine serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage isolates in the post-heptavalent conjugate vaccine era. J Infect Dis 2007;195:347-352
    • (2007) J Infect Dis , vol.195 , pp. 347-352
    • Hanage, W.P.1    Huang, S.S.2    Lipsitch, M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.