Galectin-1 as potential therapeutic target for cancer progression

Drugs of the Future

Volumn 33, Issue 12, 2008, Pages 1057-1069

  Camby, Isabelle ^a   Le Mercier, Marie ^b   Mathieu, Véronique ^b   Ingrassia, Laurent ^c   Lefranc, Florence ^b,d   Kiss, Robert ^b  

^a Aurémic sprl ^*  (Belgium)

^b UNIVERSITÉ LIBRE DE BRUXELLES   (Belgium)

^c Unibioscreen SA   (Belgium)

^d ERASME HOSPITAL   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

1 METHYL BETA DEXTRO LACTOSIDE; ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDE; FARNESYLTHIOSALICYLIC ACID; GALACTOSE; GALECTIN 1; LACTOSYLATED STEROID; LOMUSTINE; PROCARBAZINE; SMALL INTERFERING RNA; TEMOZOLOMIDE; THIOGLYCOSIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VINCRISTINE;

ANTIANGIOGENIC ACTIVITY; APOPTOSIS; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER INHIBITION; CANCER INVASION; CELL MIGRATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG STRUCTURE; DRUG TARGETING; GLIOBLASTOMA; GLIOMA; HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCY; HUMAN; HYPOXIA; LUNG SARCOMA; MELANOMA; METASTASIS; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; REVIEW; TUMOR GROWTH; TUMOR VASCULARIZATION; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

EID: 62649173702     PISSN: 03778282     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1358/dof.2008.33.12.1247541     Document Type: Review

References (126)

1. Steeg, P.S., Theodorescu, D. Metastasis: A therapeutic target for cancer. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 2008, 5(4): 206-19.
2. DeVita, V.T. Jr., Lawrence, T.S., Rosenberg, S.A. In: Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 8th Ed. DeVita, Hellman & Rosenberg (Eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008.
3. Mareel, M., Leroy, A. Clinical, cellular, and molecular aspects of cancer invasion. Physiol Rev 2003, 83(2): 337-76.
4. Bidard, F.C., Pierga, J.Y., Vincent-Salomon, A., Poupon, M.F. A "class action" against the microenvironment: do cancer cells cooperate in metastasis? Cancer Metastasis Rev 2008, 27(1): 5-10.
5. Decaestecker, C., Debeir, O., Van Ham, P., Kiss. R. Can anti-migratory drugs be screened in vitro? A review of 2D arid 3D assays for the quantitative analysis of cell migration. Med Res Rev 2007, 27(2): 149-76.
6. Lefranc, F., Brotchi, J., Kiss, R. Possible future issues in the treatment of glioblastomas: Special emphasis on cell migration and the resistance of migrating glioblastoma cells to apoptosis. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23(10): 2411-22.
7. Deryugina, E.I., Quigley, J.P. Matrix metalloproteinases and tumor metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2006, 25(1): 9-34.
8. Orellana, C. Is lymphangiogenesis as important as angiogenesis? Lancet Oncol 2005, 6(5): 265.
9. Bockhorn, M., Jain, R.K., Munn. L.L. Active versus passive mechanisms in metastasis: Do cancer cells crawl into vessels or are they pushed? Lancet Oncol 2007, 8(5): 444-8.
10. Fesilk, S.W. Promoting apoptosis as a strategy for cancer drug discovery. Nat Rev Cancer 2005, 5(11): 876-85.
11. Viktorsson, K., Lewensohn, R., Zhivotovsky, B. Apoptotic pathways and therapy resistance in human malignancies. Adv Cancer Res 2005, 94: 143-96.
12. Lefranc, F., James, S., Caminy, I. et al. Combined cimetidine and temozolomide, compared with temozoloinide alone: Significant increases in survival in nude mice bearing U373 human glioblastoma multiforme orthotopic xenografts. J Neurosurg 2005, 102(4): 706-14.
13. Le Mercier, M., Mathieu, V., Haibe-Kaing, B. et al. Knocking down galectin-1 in human Hs683 glioblastoma cells impairs both angiogenesis and endoplasmic reticulum stress responses. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2008, 67(5): 456-69.
14. Le Mercier, M., Lefranc, F., Mijatovic, T. et al. Evidence of galectin-1 involvement in glioma chemoresistance. Toxicoi Appl Pharmacol 2008, 229(2): 172-83.
15. Mathieu, V., Le Mercier, M., De Neve, N. et al. Galectin-1 knockdown increases sensitivity to temozolomide in a B16F10 mouse metastatic melanoma model. J Invest Dermatol 2007, 127(10): 2399-410.
16. Megalizzi, V., Mathieu, V., Mijatovic, T. et al. 4-IBP, a sigma1 receptor, agonist, decreases the migration ofhuman cancer cells, including glioblastoma cells in vitro and sensitizes them in vitro and in vivo to cytotoxic insults of proapoptotic and proautophagic drugs. Neoplasia 2007, 9(5): 358-69.
17. Zou, W. Immunosuppressive networks in the tumour environment and their therapeutic relevance. Nat Rev Cancer 2005, 5(4): 263-74.
18. Rabinovich, G.A., Gabrilovich, D., Sotomayor, E.M. Immunosuppressive strategies that are mediated by tumor cells. Annu Rev Immunol 2007, 25: 267-96.
19. Barondes, S.H., Castronovo, V., Cooper, D.N. et al. Galectins: A family of animal beta-galactoside-hinding lectins. Cell 1994, 76(4): 597-98.
20. Danguy, A., Camby, I., Kiss, R. Galectins and cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta 2002, 1572(2-3): 285-93.
21. Liu, F.T., Rabinovich, G.A. Galectins as modulators of tumour progression. Nat Rev Cancer 2005, 5(1): 29-41.
22. Cho, M., Cummings, R.D. Galectin-1, a beta-galactoside-binding lectin in Chinese hamster ovary cells. I. Physical and chemical characterization. J Biol Chem 1995, 270(10): 5198-206.
23. Camby, I., Le Mercier, M., Lefranc, F., Kiss, R. Gatectin-1: A small protein with major functions. Glycobiology 2006, 16(11): 137R-57R.
24. Rabinovich, G.A. Galectin-1 as a potential cancer target. Br J Cancer 2005, 92(7): 1188-92.
25. Rorive, S., Belot, N., Decaestecker, C. et al. Galectin-1 is highly expressed in human gliomas with relevance for modulation of invasion of tumor astrocytes into the brain parenchyma. Glia 2001, 33(3): 241-55.
26. Camby, I., Belot, N., Lefranc, F. et al. Galectin-1 modulates human gliobiastoma cell migration into the brain through modifications to the actin cytoskeleton and levels of expression of small GTPases. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2002; 61(7): 585-96.
27. Camby, I., Decaestecker, C., Lefrarc, F., Kaltner, H., Gabius, H.J., Kiss, R. Galectin-1 knocking down in human U87 glioblastoma cells alters their gene expression pattern. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005, 335(1): 27-35.
28. Rotblat, B., Ehrlich, M., Haklai, R., Kloog, Y. The ras inhibitor farnesylthiosalicylic acid (salirasib) disrupts the spatiotemporal localization of active ras: A potential treatment for cancer. Methods Enzymol 2008, 439: 467-89.
29. Ashery, U., Yizhar, O., Rotblat, B., Elad-Sfadia, G., Barkan, B., Haklai, R., Kloog, Y. Spatiotemporal organization of Ras signaling: Rasosomes and the galectin switch. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2006, 26(4-6): 471-95.
30. Elad-Sfadia, G., Haklai, R., Ballan, E., Gabius, H.J., Kloog, Y. Galectin-1 augments Ras activation arid diverts Ras signals to Raf-1 at the expense of phosphoinositide 3-kinase. J Biol Chem 2002, 277(40): 37169-75.
31. Paz, A., Haklai, R., Elad-Sfadia, G., Ballan, E., Kloog, Y. Galectin-1 binds oncogenic H-Ras to mediate Ras membrane anchorage and cell transformation. Oncogene 2001, 20(51): 7486-93.
32. Rotblat, B., Niv, H., Andre, S., Katner, H., Gabius, H.J., Kloog, Y. Galectin-l(L11A) predicted from a computed galectin-1 farnesyl-binding pocket selectively inhibits Ras-GTP. Cancer Res 2004, 64(9): 3112-8.
33. Adams, L., Scott, G.K., Weinberg, C.S. Biphasic modulation of cell growth by recombinant human galectin-1. Biochim Biophys Acta 1996, 1312(2): 137-44.
34. Wells, V., Davies, D., Mallucci, L. Cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis by beta galactoside binding protein (beta GBP) in human mammary cancer calls. A potential new approach to cancer control. Eur J Cancer 1999, 35(6): 978-83.
35. Rubinstein, N., Alvarez, M., Zwirner, N.W. et al. Targeted inhibition of galectin-1 gene expression in tumor cells results in heightened T cell-mediated rejection: A potential mechanism of tumor-immune privilege. Cancer Cell 2004, 5(3): 241-51.
36. Yamaoka, K., Mishima, K., Nagashima, Y., Asai, A., Sanai, Y., Kirino, T. Expression of galectin-1 mRNA correlates with the malignant potential of human gliomas and expression of anti-sense galectin-1 inhibits the growth of 9 glioma cells. J Neurosci Res 2000, 59(6): 722-30.
37. Valenzuela, H.F., Pace, K.E., Cabrera, P.V. et al. O-Glycosylation regulates LNCaP prostate cancer cell susceptibility to apoptosis induced by galectin-1. Cancer Res 2007, 67(13): 6155-62.
38. Galvan, M., Tsuboi, S., Fukuda, M., Baum, L.G. Expression of a specific glycosyltransfetase enzyme regulates T cell death mediated by galectin-1. J Biol Chem 2000, 275(22): 16730-7.
39. Nguyen, J.T., Evans, D.P., Galvan, M., Pace, K.E., Leitenberg, D., Bui, T.N., Baum, L.G. CD45 modulates galectin-1-induced T cell death: Regulation by expression of core 2 O-glycans. J Immunol 2001, 167(10): 5697-707.
40. Puchades, M., Nilsson, C.L., Emmett, M.R. et al. Proteomic investigation of glioblastoma cell lines treated with wild-type p53 and cytotoxic chemotherapy demonstrates an association betwee galectin-1 and p53 expression. J Proteome Res 2007, 6(2): 869-75.
41. Liu, T., Laurell, C., Selivanova, G., Lundeberg, J., Nilsson, P., Wiman, K.G. Hypoxia induces p53-dependent transactivation and Fas/ CD95-dependent apoptosis. Cell Death Differ 2007, 14(3): 411-21.
42. Strano, S., Dell'Orso, S., Di Agostino, S., Fontemaggi, G., Sacchi, A., Blandino, G. Mutant p53: An oncogenic transcription factor. Oncogene 2007, 26(15): 2212-9.
43. Blum, R., Jacob-Hirsch, J., Rechavi. G., Kloog, Y. Suppression of survivin expression in glioblastoma cells by the Ras inhibitor farnesylthiosalicylic acid promotes caspase-dependent apoptosis. Mol Cancer Ther 2006, 5(9): 2337-47.
44. Ellerhorst, J., Nguyen, T., Cooper, D.N., Lotan, D., Lotaa, R. Differential expression of endogenous galectin-1 and galectin-3 in human prostate cancer cell lines and effects of overexpressing galectin-1 on cell phenotype. Int J Oncol 1999, 14(2): 217-24.
45. Moiseeva, E.P., Spring, E.L., Baron, J.H., de Bono, D.P. Galectin 1 modulates attachment, spreading and migration of cutrured vascular smooth muscle cells via interactions with cellular receptors and components of extracellular matrix. J Vasc Res 1999, 36(1): 47-58.
46. van den Brule, F. Califice, S., Garnier, F., Fernandez, P.L., Berchuck, A., Castronovo, V. Galectin-1 accumulation in the ovary carcinoma peritumoral stroma is induced by ovary carcinoma cells and affects both cancer cell proliferation and adhesion to laminin-1 and fibronectin. Lab Invest 2003, 83(3): 377-86.
47. Tinari, N., Kuwabara, I., Huflejt, M.E., Shen, P.F., Iacobeili, S., Liu, F.T. Glycoprotein 90K/MAC-2BP interacts with galectin-1 and mediates galectin-1-induced cell aggregation. Int J Cancer 2001, 91(2): 167-72.
48. Clausse, N., van den Brule, F., Waltregny, D., Garniei, F., Castronovo V. Galectin-1 expression in prostate tumor-associated capillary endothelial cells is increased by prostate carcinoma cells and modulates heterotypic cell-cell adhesion. Angiogenesis 1999, 3(4): 317-25.
49. Glinsky, V.V., Huflejt, M.E., Glinsky, G.V., Deutscher, S.L., Quinn, T.P. Effects of Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen-specific peptide P-30 on beta-galactoside-mediated homotypic aggregation and adhesion to the endothelium of MDA-MB-435 human. breast carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 2000, 60(10): 2584-8.
50. Fulkaya, K., Hasegawa, M., Mashitani, T. et al. Oxidized galectin-1 stimulates the migration of Schwann cells from both proximal and distal stumps of transected nerves and promotes axonal regeneration after peripheral nerve injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2003, 62(2): 162-72.
51. Hittelet, A., Legendre, H., Nagy, N. et al. Upregulation of galectins-1 and -3 in human colon cancer and their role in regulating cell migration. Int J Cancer 2003, 103(3): 370-9.
52. Harvey, S., Zhang. Y., Landry, F., Miller, C., Smith, J.W. Insights into a plasma membrane signature. Physiol Genomics 2001, 5(3): 129-36.
53. Folkman, J. Angiogenesis: An organizing principle for drug discovery? Nat Rev Drug Discov 2007, 6(4): 273-86.
54. Thijssen, V.L., Poirier, F., Baum, L.G., Griffioen, A.W. Galectins in the tumor endothelium: Opportunities for combined cancer therapy. Blood 2007, 110(8): 2819-27.
55. Thijssen, V.L., Hulsmans, S., Griffioen, A.W. The galectin profile of the endothelium: Altered expression and localization in activated and tumor endothelial cells. Am J Pathol 2008, 172(2): 545-53.
56. Thijssen, V.L., Postel, R., Brandwijk, R.J. et al. Galectin-1 is essential in tumor angiogenesis and is a target for antiangiogenesis therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006, 103(43): 15975-80.
57. Ozavva, K., Tsukamoto, Y., Hori, O., Kitao, Y., Yanagi, H., Stern, D.M., Ogawa, S. Regulation of tumor angiogenesis by oxygen-regulated protein 150, an inducible endoplasmic reticulum chaperone. Cancer Res 2001, 61(10): 4206-13.
58. Shannon, A.M., Bouchier-Hayes, D.J., Condron, C.M., Toomey, D. Tumour hypoxia, chemotherapeutic resistance and hypoxia-related therapies. Cancer Treat Rev 2003, 29(4): 297-307.
59. Le, Q.T., Shi, G., Cao, H. et. al. Galectin-1: A link between tumor hypoxia and tumor immune privilege. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23(35): 8932-41.
60. Case, D., Irwin, D., Ivester, C. et al. Mice deficient in gatectin-1 exhibit attenuated physiological responses to chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007, 292(1): L154-64.
61. Camby, I., Belot, N., Rorive, S. et al. Galectins are differentially expressed in supratentorial pilocytic astracytomas, astrocytomas, anaplastic astrocytomas and glioblastomas, and significantly modulate tumor astrocyte migration. Brain Pathol 2001, 11(1): 12-26.
62. Griffin, R.J., Gaffney, P., Mayo, K., McNiel, E., Ondrey, F., Dings, R.P.M. Galectin-1 as a prognostic marker and therapeutic target in head and neck malignacies. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res (AACR) (April 14-18, Los Angeles) 2007, Abst 4098.
63. Strik, H.M., Schmidt, K., Lingor, P. et al. Galectin-1 expression in human glioma cells: Modulation by ionizing radiation and effects on tumor cell proliferation and migration. Oncol Rep 2007, 18(2): 483-8.
64. Wild-Bode, C., Weller, M., Rimner, A., Dichgans, J., Wick, W. Sublethal irradiation promotes migration and invasiveness of glioma cells: Implications for radiotherapy of human glioblastoma. Cancer Res 2001, 61(6): 2744-50.
65. Saussez, S., Cucu. D.R., Decaestecker, C. et al. Galectin 7 (p53-induced gene 1): A new prognostic predictor of recurrence and survival in stage IV hypopharyngeal cancer. Ann Sung Oncol 2006, 13(7): 999-1009.
66. Saussez, S., Decaestecker, C., Lorfevre, F. et al. High level of galectin-1 expression is a negative prognostic predictor of recurrence in laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas. Int J Oncol 2007, 30(5): 1109-17.
67. Blaser, C., Kaufmann, M., Muller, C., Zimmermann, C., Wells, V., Mallucci, L., Pircher, H. Beta-galactoside-binding protein secreted by activated T cells inhibits antigen-induced proliferation of T cells. Eur J Immunol 1998, 28(8): 2311-9.
68. Rabinovich, G.A., Ramhorst, R.E., Rubinstein, N., Corigliano, A., Daroqui, M.C., Kier-Joffe, E.B., Fainboim, L. Induction of allogenic T-cell hyporesponsiveness by galectin-1-mediated apoptotic and non-apoptotic mechanisms. Cell Death Differ 2002, 9(6): 661-70.
69. Chung, C.D., Patel, V.P., Moran, M., Lewis, L.A., Miceli, M.C. Galectin-1 induces partial TCR zeta-chain phosphorylation and antagonizes processive TCR signal transduction. J Immunol 2000, 165(7): 3722-9.
70. He, J., Baum, L.G. Presentation of galectin- 1 by extracellular matrix triggers T cell death. J Biol Chem 2004, 279(6): 4705-12.
71. Perillo, N.L., Pace, K.E., Seilhamer, J.J., Baum, L.G. Apoptosis of T cells mediated by galectin-1. Nature 1995, 378(6558): 736-9.
72. Toscano, M.A., Bianco, G.A., Ilarregui, J.M. et al. Differential glycosylation of TH1, TH2 and TH-17 effector cells selectively regulates susceptibility to cell death. Nat Immunol 2007, 8(8): 825-34.
73. Elola, M.T., Chiesa, M.E., Alberti, A.F., Mordoh, J., Fink, N.E. Galectin-1 receptors in different cell types. J Biomed Sci 2005, 12(1): 13-29.
74. Ion, G., Fajka-Boja, R., Kovacs, F. et al. Acid sphingomyelinase mediated release of ceramide is essential to trigger the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis by galectin-1. Cell Signal 2006, 18(11): 1887-96.
75. Ion, G., Fajka-Boja, R., Toth, G.K., Caron, M., Monostori, E. Role of p56lck and ZAP70-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation in galectin-1-induced cell death. Cell Death Differ 2005, 12(8): 1145-7.
76. Berberat, P.O., Friess, H., Wang, L. et al. Comparative analysis of galectins in primary tumors and tumor metastasis in human pancreatic cancer. J Histochem Cytochem 2001, 49(4): 539-49.
77. Gillenwater, A., Xu, X.C., el-Naggar, A.K., Clayman, G.L., Lotan, R. Expression of galectins in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 1996, 18(5): 422-32.
78. Shimonishi, T., Miyazaki, K., Kono, N. et al. Expression of endogenous, galectin-1 and galectin-3 in intrahepatic cholangio-carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2001, 32(3): 302-10.
79. van den Brule, F.A., Waltregny, D.. Castronovo, V. Increased expression of galectin-1 in carcinoma-associated stroma predicts poor outcome in prostate carcinoma patients. J Pathol 2001, 193(1): 80-7.
80. He, J., Baum, L.G. Endothelial cell expression of galectin-1 induced by prostate cancer cells inhibits T-cell transendothelial migration. Lab Invest 2006. 86(6): 578-90.
81. Juszczynski, P., Ouyang, J., Monti, S. et al. The AP1-dependent secretion of galectin-1 by Reed-Sternberg cells fosters immune privilege in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007, 104(32): 13134-9.
82. Hirabayashi, J., Hashidate, T., Arata, Y. et al. Oligosaccharide specificity of galectins: A search by frontal affinity chromatography. Biochim Biophys Acta 2002, 1572(2-3): 232-54.
83. Cederfur, C., Salomonsson, E., Nilsson, J. et al. Different affinity of galectins for human serum glycoproteins: Galectin-3 binds many prctease inhibitors and acute phase proteins. Glycobiology 2008, 18(5): 384-94.
84. Stowell, S.R., Arthur, C.M., Mehta, P. et al. Galectin- 1, -2 and -3 exhibit differential recognition of sialylated glycans and blood group antigens. J Biol Chem 2008, 283(15): 10109-23.
85. Patnailk, S.K., Potvin, B., Carlsson, S., Sturm, D., Leffler, H., Stanley, P. Complex N-glycans are the major ligands for galectin-1, -3 and -8 on Chinese hamster ovary cells. Glycobiology 2006, 16(4): 305-17.
86. Schwarz, F.P., Ahmed, H., Bianchet, M.A., Amzel, L.M., Vasta, G. R. Thermodynamics of bovine spleen galectin-1 binding to disaccharides: Correlation with structure and its effect on oligomerization at the denaturation temperature. Biochemistry 1998, 37(17): 5867-77.
87. Ahmad, N., Galbus, H.J., Sabesan, S., Oscarson, S., Brewer, C.F. Thermodynamic binding studies of bivalent oligosaccharides to galectin-1, galectin-3 and the carbohydrate recognition domain of galectin-3. Glycobiology 2004, 14(9): 817-25.
88. Di Virgilio, S., Glushka, J., Moremen, K., Pierce, M. Enzymatic synthesis of natural and 13C enriched linear poly-N-acetyllactosamines as ligands for galectin-1. Glycobiology 1999, 9(4): 353-64.
89. Stowell, S.R., Dias-Baruffi, M., Penttila, L., Renkonen, O., Nyame, A.K., Cummings, R.D. Human galectin-1 recognition of poly-N-acetyllactosamine and chimeric polysaccharides. Glycobiology 2004, 14(2): 157-67.
90. Amano, M., Galvan, M., He, J., Baum, L.G. The ST6Gal I sialyltransferase selectively modifies N-glycans on CD45 to negatively regulate galectin-1-induced CD45 clustering, phosphatase modulation, and T cell death. J Biol Chem 2003, 278(9): 7469-75.
91. Leppanen, A., Stowell, S., Blixt, O., Cummings, R.D. Dimeric galectin-1 binds with high affinity to alpha2,3-sialylated and non-sialylated terminal N-acetyllactosamine units on surface-bound extended glycans. J Biol Chem 2005, 280(7): 5549-62.
92. Sacchettini, J.C., Baum, L.G., Brewer, C.F. Multivalent protein-carbohydrate interactions. A new paradigm for supermolecular assembly and signal transduction. Biochemistry 2001, 40(10): 3009-15.
93. Ingrassia, L., Camby, I., Lefranc, F., Mathieu, V., Nshimyumukiza, P., Darro, F., Kiss, R. Anti-galectin compounds as potential anti-cancer drugs. Curr Med Chem 2006, 13(29): 3513-27.
94. Ahmed, H., Bianchet, M.A., Amzel, L.M. et al. Novel carbohydrate specificity of the 16-kDa gatectin from Caenorhabditis elegans: Binding to blood group precursor oligosaccharides (type 1, type 2, Talpha, and Tbeta) and gangliosides. Glycobiology 2002, 12(8): 451-61.
95. Beuth, J., Ko, H.L., Oette, K., Pulverer, G., Roszkowski, K., Uhlenbruck, G. Inhibition of liver metastasis in mice by blocking hepatocyte lectins with arabinogalactan infusions and D-galactose. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1987, 113(1): 51-5.
96. Beuth, J., Ko, H.L., Schirrmacher, V., Uhlenbruck, G., Pulverer, G. Inhibition of liver tumor cell colonization in two animal tumor models by lectin blocking with D-galactose or arabinogalactan. Clin Exp Metastasis 1988, 6(2): 115-20.
97. Ingrassia, L., Nshimyumukiza, P., Dewelle, J. et al. A lactosylated steroid contributes in vivo therapeutic benefits in experimental models of mouse lymphoma and human glioblastoma. J Med Chem 2006, 49(5): 1800-7.
98. Tejler, J., Tullberg, E., Frejd, T., Leffler, H., Nilsson, U.J. Synihesis of multivalent lactose derivatives by 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions: Selective galectin-1 inhibition. Carbohydr Res 2006, 341(10): 1353-62.
99. Oguchi, H., Toyokuni, T., Dean, B. et al. Effect of lactose derivatives on metastatic potential of B16 melanoma cells. Cancer Commun 1990, 2(9): 311-6.
100. Witczak, Z.J., Culhane, J.M. Thiosugars: New perspectives regarding availability and potential biochemical and medicinal applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005, 69(3): 237-44.
101. Giguere, D., Sato, S., St-Pierre, C., Sirois, S., Roy, R. Aryl O- and S-galactosides and lactosides as specific inhibitors of human galectins-1 and -3: Role of electrostatic potential at O-3. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006, 16(6): 1668-72.
102. Leffler, H., Barondes, S.H. Specificity of binding of three soluble rat lung lectins to substituted and unsubstituted mammalian beta -galactosides. J Biol Chem 1986, 261(22): 10119-26.
103. Bianchet, M.A., Ahmed, H., Vasta, G.R., Amzel, L.M. Soluble beta-galactosyl-binding lectin (galectin) from toad ovary: Crystallographic studies of two protein-sugar complexes. Proteins 2000, 40(3): 378-88.
104. Maeda, N., Kawada, N., Seki, S. et al. Stimulation of proliferation of rat hepatic stellate cells by galectin-1 and gatectin-3 through different intracellular signaling pathways. J Biol Chem 2003, 278(21): 18938-44.
105. Sorme, P., Kahl-Knutsson, B., Wellmar, U., Magnusson, B.G., Leffler, H., Nilsson, U.J. Design and synthesis of galectin inhibitors. Methods Enzymol 2003, 363: 157-69.
106. Sorme, P., Arnoux, P., Kahl-Knutsson, B., Leffler, H., Rini, J.M., Nilsson, U.J. Structural and thermodynamic studies on cation-Pi interactions in lectin-ligand complexes: High-affinity galectin-3 inhibitors through fine-tuning of an arginine-arene interaction. J Am Chem Soc 2005, 127(6): 1737-43.
107. Salameh, B.A., Sundin, A., Leffler, H., Nilsson, U.J. Thioureido N-acetyl lactosamine derivatives as potent gatectin-7 and 9N inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2006, 14(4): 1215-20.
108. Vrasiclas, I., Andre, S., Valentini, P. et al. Rigidified multivalent lactose molecules and their interactions with mammalian galectins: A route to selective inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 2003, 1(5): 803-10.
109. Andre, S., Pieters, R.J., Vrasidas, I. et al. Wedgelike glycodendrimers as inhibitors of binding of mammalian galectins to glycoproteins, lactose maxiclusters, and cell surface glycoconjugates. Chembiochem 2001, 2(11): 822-30.
110. Andre, S., Ortega, P.J., Perez, M.A., Roy, R., Gabius, H.J. Lactose-containing starburst dendrimers: Influence of dendrimer generation and binding-site orientation of receptors (plant/animal lectins and immunoglobulins) on binding properties. Glycobiology 1999, 9(11): 1253-61.
111. Roy, R. A decade of glycodendrimer chemistry. Trends Glycosci Glycotechnol 2003, 15(85): 291 310.
112. Borghouts, C., Kunz, C., Groner, B. Current strategies for the development of peptide-based anti-cancer therapeutics. J Pept Sci 2CO5, 11(11): 713-26.
113. Hamm, C.W. Anti-integrin therapy. Annu Rev Med 2003, 54: 425-35.
114. Jennings, L.K. Current strategies with eptifibatide and other antiplatelet agents in percutaneous coronary intervention and acute coronary syndromes. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2005, 1(4): 727-37.
115. Reardon, D.A., Wen, P.Y., Desjardins, A., Batchelor, T.T., Vredenburgh, J.J. Glioblastoma multiforme: An emerging paradigm of anti-VEGF therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008, 8(4): 541-53.
116. Meromsky, L., Lotan, R., Raz. A. Implications of endogenous tumor cell surface lectins as mediators of cellular interactions and long colonization. Cancer Res 1986, 46(10): 5270-5.
117. Griffioen, A.W., Molema, G. Angiogenesis: Potentials for pharmacologic intervention in the treatment of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and chronic inflammation. Pharmacol Rev 2000, 52(2): 237-68.
118. Dings, R.P., Chen, X., Hellebrekers, D.M. et al. Design of nonpeptidic topomimetics of antiangiogenic proteins with antitumor activities. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006, 98(13): 932-6.
119. Dings, R.P., Yokoyama, Y., Ramakrishnan, S., Griffioen, A.W., Mayo, K.H. The designed angiostatic peptide anginex synergistically improves chemotherapy and antiangiogenesis therapy with angiostatin. Cancer Res 2003, 63(2): 382-5.
120. Dings, R.P., Williams, B.W., Song, C.W., Griffioen, A.W., Mayo, K.H., Griffin, R.J. Anginex synergizes with radiation therapy to inhibit tumor growth by radiosensitizing endothelial cells. Int J Cancer 2005, 115(2): 312-9.
121. Scherer, L.J., Rossi, J.J. Approaches for the sequence-specific knockdowe of mRNA. Nat Biotechnol 2003, 21(12): 1457-65.
122. Huang, C., Li, M., Chen, C., Yao, Q. Small interfering RNA therapy in cancer: Mechanism, potential targets, and clinical applications. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2008, 12(5): 637-45.
123. Kim, R., Emi, M., Tanabe, K., Murakami, S. Role of the unfolded protein response in cell death. Apoptosis 2006, 11(1): 5-13.
124. Swanton, E., High, S. ER targeting signals: More than meets the eye? Cell 2006, 127(5): 877-9.
125. Fels, D.R., Koumenis, C. The PERK/elF2alpha/ATF4 module of the UPR in hypoxia resistance and tumor growth. Cancer Biol Ther 2006, 5(7): 723-8.
126. Camby, I., Lefranc, F., Kiss, R. In vivo siRNA-induced decreases of galectin-1 expression in experimental models of human orthotopic glioblastoma xenografts contribute therapeutic benefits. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res (AACR) (April 1-5. Washington, D.C.) 2006, Abst 2186.