Phenotypic Heterogeneity of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease;La heterogeneidad fenotípica de la EPOC

Archivos de Bronconeumologia

Volumn 45, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 129-138

  Garcia Aymerich, Judith ^a,b,c,d   Agustí, Àlvar ^c,e   Barberà, Joan A ^f   Belda, José ^g   Farrero, Eva ^h   Ferrer, Antoni ⁱ   Ferrer, Jaume ^j   Gáldiz, Juan B ^k   Gea, Joaquim ^d,l,m   Gómez, Federico P ^f   Monsó, Eduard ⁿ   Morera, Josep ^o   Roca, Josep ^f   Sauleda, Jaume ^c,e   Antó, Josep M ^a,b,c,d  

^a CENTRE FOR RESEARCH IN ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY CREAL   (Spain)

^b INST MUNIC D INVESTIGACIO MEDICA   (Spain)

^c CIBER EPIDEMIOLOGÍA Y SALUD PÚBLICA CIBERESP   (Spain)

^d UNIVERSITAT POMPEU FABRA   (Spain)

^e HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO SON ESPASES   (Spain)

^f Fundacion Caubet CIMERA   (Spain)

^g INSTITUT D INVESTIGACIONS BIOMÈDIQUES AUGUST PI I SUNYER IDIBAPS   (Spain)

^h HOSPITAL GENERAL UNIVERSITARIO DE VALENCIA   (Spain)

ⁱ HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARI DE BELLVITGE   (Spain)

^j HOSPITAL DE SABADELL   (Spain)

^k HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARI VALL D HEBRON   (Spain)

^l HOSPITAL DE CRUCES   (Spain)

^m HOSPITAL DEL MAR   (Spain)

ⁿ HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARI GERMANS TRIAS I PUJOL   (Spain)

^o INSTITUTO DE SALUD CARLOS III   (Spain)

more..

Author keywords

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Epidemiology; Phenotype

Indexed keywords

STEROID;

BRONCHIECTASIS; BRONCHIOLITIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHRONIC BRONCHITIS; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; DISEASE EXACERBATION; EXERCISE; GENETIC HETEROGENEITY; GENETIC IDENTIFICATION; GENETIC TRAIT; HEALTH STATUS; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; LUNG FUNCTION; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHENOTYPE; REVIEW; SKELETAL MUSCLE;

HUMANS; PHENOTYPE; PULMONARY DISEASE, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE;

EID: 61849095289     PISSN: 03002896     EISSN: 15792129     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2008.10.001     Document Type: Review

References (170)

1. Murray C.J., and López A.D. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990-2020: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 349 (1997) 1498-1504
2. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/World Health Organization Workshop. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Disponible en: http://www.goldcopd.com/workshop.
3. Last J.M. A dictionary of epidemiology (2001), Oxford University Press, New York
4. American Thoracic Society. Standards for the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 152 (1995) S77-S121
5. Siafakas N.M., Vermeire P., Pride N.B., Paoletti P., Gibson J., Howard P., et al. Optimal assessment and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Eur Respir J 8 (1995) 1398-1420
6. Dornhorst A.C. Respiratory insufficiency. Lancet 268 (1955) 1185-1187
7. Petty T.L. COPD: clinical phenotypes. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 15 (2002) 341-351
8. Burrows B., Bloom J.W., Traver G.A., and Cline M.G. The course and prognosis of different forms of chronic airways obstruction in a sample from the general population. N Engl J Med 317 (1987) 1309-1314
9. Ulrik C.S. Outcome of asthma: longitudinal changes in lung function. Eur Respir J 13 (1999) 904-918
10. Lange P., Parner J., Vestbo J., Schnohr P., and Jensen G. A 15-year follow-up study of ventilatory function in adults with asthma. N Engl J Med 339 (1998) 1194-1200
11. Ulrik C.S., and Backer V. Nonreversible airflow obstruction in life-long nonsmokers with moderate to severe asthma. Eur Respir J 14 (1999) 892-896
12. Fabbri L.M., Romagnoli M., Corbetta L., Casoni G., Busljetic K., Turato G., et al. Differences in airway inflammation in patients with fixed airflow obstruction due to asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167 (2003) 418-424
13. Flenley D.C. Sleep in chronic obstructive lung disease. Clin Chest Med 6 (1985) 651-661
14. Guilleminault C., Cummiskey J., and Motta J. Chronic obstructive airflow disease and sleep studies. Am Rev Respir Dis 122 (1980) 397-406
15. Sanders M.H. The upper airway and sleep-disordered breathing: getting the big picture. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 168 (2003) 509-510
16. Calverley P.M.A., and Walker P. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet 362 (2003) 1053-1061
17. Celli B.R., and MacNee W. ATS/ERS Task Force. Standards for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with COPD: a summary of the ATS/ERS position paper. Eur Respir J 23 (2004) 932-946
18. Wenzel S.E. Asthma: defining of the persistent adult phenotypes. Lancet 368 (2006) 804-813
19. A plea to abandon asthma as a disease concept [editorial]. Lancet. 2006;368:705.
20. Thornton-Wells T.A., Moore J.H., and Haines J.L. Genetics, statistics and human disease: analytical retooling for complexity. Trends Genet 20 (2004) 640-647
21. Ware Jr. J.E., Kosinski M., Gandek B., Aaronson N.K., Apolone G., Bech P., et al. The factor structure of the SF-36 Health Survey in 10 countries: results from the IQOLA Project. International Quality of Life Assessment. J Clin Epidemiol 51 (1998) 1159-1165
22. Domingo-Salvany, Lamarca R., Ferrer M., Garcia-Aymerich J., Alonso J., Félez M., et al. Health-related quality of life and mortality in male patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Care Med 166 (2002) 680-685
23. Chin C.L., Manzel L.J., Lehman E.E., Humlicek Al., Shi L., Starner T.D., et al. Haemophilus influenzae from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation induce more inflammation than colonizers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 172 (2005) 85-91
24. Miravitlles M., Ferrer M., Pont A., Zalacain R., Álvarez-Sala J.L., Masa F., et al. Effect of exacerbations on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a 2 year follow up study. Thorax 59 (2004) 387-395
25. Brown C.D., Benditt J.O., Sciurba F.C., Lee S.M., Criner G.J., Mosenifar Z., et al., National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group. Exercise testing in severe emphysema: association with quality of life and lung unction. COPD 5 (2008) 117-124
26. Ranieri P., Bianchetti A., Margiotta A., Virgillo A., Clini E.M., and Trabucchi M. Predictors of 6-month mortality in elderly patients with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease discharged from a medical ward after acute nonacidotic exacerbation. J Am Geriatr Soc 56 (2008) 909-913
27. Langsetmo L., Platt R.W., Ernst P., and Bourbeau J. Underreporting exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a longitudinal cohort. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 15 (2008) 396-401
28. 1 decline and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease morbidity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153 (1996) 1530-1535
29. Nishimura K., Izumi T., Tsukino M., and Oga T. Dyspnea is a better predictor of 5-year survival than airway obstruction in patients with COPD. Chest 121 (2002) 1434-1440
30. Garcia-Aymerich J., Monsó E., Marrades R.M., Escarabill J., Félez M.A., Sunyer J., et al. Risk factors for hospitalization for a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation. EFRAM Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164 (2001) 1002-1007
31. Hill A.T., Campbell E.J., Hill S.L., Bayley D.L., and Stockley R.A. Association between airway bacterial load and markers of airway inflammation in patients with stable chronic bronchitis. Am J Med 109 (2000) 288-295
32. 1 decline in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167 (2003) 1090-1095
33. Mahler D.A., Weinberg D.H., Wells C.K., and Feinstein A.R. The measurement of dyspnea. Contents, interobserver agreement, and physiologic correlates of two new clinical indexes. Chest 85 (1984) 751-758
34. O'Donnell D.E., Revill S.M., and Webb K.A. Dynamic hyperinflation and exercise intolerance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164 (2001) 770-777
35. Tashkin D.P., Altose M.D., Bleecker E.R., Connett J.E., Kanner R.E., Lee W.W., et al. The Lung Health Study: airway responsiveness to inhaled methacholine in smokers with mild to moderate airflow limitation. Am Rev Respir Dis 145 (1992) 301-310
36. Ashley F., Kannel W.B., Sorlie P.D., and Masson R. Pulmonary function: relation to aging, cigarette habit, and mortality. Ann Intern Med 82 (1975) 739-745
37. Milic-Emili J. Inspiratory capacity (IC) and exercise tolerance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Can Respir J 7 (2000) 282-285
38. Anthonisen N.R., Wright E.C., and Hodgkin J.E. Prognosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 133 (1986) 14-20
39. Cerveri I., Dore R., Corsico A., Zoia M.C., Pellegrino R., Brusasco V., et al. Assessment of emphysema in COPD: a functional and radiologic study. Chest 125 (2004) 1714-1718
40. Klein J.S., Gamsu G., Webb W.R., Golden J.A., and Muller N.L. High-resolution CT diagnosis of emphysema in symptomatic patients with normal chest radiographs and isolated low diffusing capacity. Radiology 182 (1992) 817-821
41. O'Donnell D.E., D'Arsigny C., Fitzpatrick M., and Webb K.A. Exercise hypercapnia in advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the role of lung hyperinflation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166 (2002) 663-668
42. Thurlbeck W.M. Pathology of chronic airflow obstruction. Chest 97 (1990) 6S-10S
43. Hogg J.C., Chu F., Utokaparch S., Woods R., Elliot W.M., Buzatu L., et al. The nature of small-airway obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 350 (2004) 2645-2653
44. Müller N.L., and Coxson H. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 4: imaging the lungs in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 57 (2002) 982-985
45. Gelb A.F., Hogg J.C., Müller N.L., Schein M.J., Kuei J., Tashkin D.P., et al. Contribution of emphysema and small airways in COPD. Chest 109 (1996) 353-359
46. Gould G.A., Redpath A.T., Ryan M., Warren P.M., Best J.J., Flenley D.C., et al. Lung CT density correlates with measurements of airflow limitation and the diffusing capacity. Eur Respir J 4 (1991) 141-146
47. Baldi S., Miniati M., Bellina C.R., Battolla L., Catapano G., Begliomini E., et al. Relationship between extent of pulmonary emphysema by high-resolution computed tomography and lung elastic recoil in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164 (2001) 585-589
48. Kauczor H.U., Heussel C.P., Fischer B., Klamm R., Mildenberger P., and Thelen M. Assessment of lung volumes using helical CT at inspiration and expiration: comparison with pulmonary function tests. AJR Am J Roentgenol 171 (1998) 1091-1095
49. Patel I.S., Seemungal T.A., Wilks M., Lloyd-Owen S.J., Donaldson G.C., and Wedzicha J.A. Relationship between bacterial colonisation and the frequency, character and severity of COPD exacerbations. Thorax 57 (2002) 759-764
50. Donaldson G.C., Seemungal T.A., Bhowmik A., and Wedzicha J.A. Relationship between exacerbation frequency and lung function decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 57 (2002) 847-852
51. Connors Jr. A.F., Dawson N.V., Thomas C., Harrell Jr. F.E., Desbiens N., Fulkerson W.J., et al., The SUPPORT investigators (Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments). Outcomes following acute exacerbation of severe chronic obstructive lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 154 (1996) 959-967
52. Sethi S., Evans N., Grant B.J., and Murphy T.F. New strains of bacteria and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 347 (2002) 465-471
53. Miniati M., Monti S., Stolk J., Mirarchi G., Falaschi F., Rabinovich R., et al. Value of chest radiography in phenotyping chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 31 (2008) 509-515
54. Boschetto P., Quintavalle S., Zeni E., Leprotti S., Potena A., Ballerin L., et al. Association between markers of emphysema and more severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 61 (2006) 1037-1042
55. Vignola A.M., Paganin F., Capieu L., Scichilone N., Bellia M., Maakel L., et al. Airway remodelling assessed by sputum and high-resolution computed tomography in asthma and COPD. Eur Respir J 24 (2004) 910-917
56. O'Brien C., Guest P.J., Hill S.L., and Stockley R.A. Physiological and radiological characterisation of patients diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary care. Thorax 55 (2000) 635-642
57. O'Donnell D.E., Lam M., and Webb K.A. Spirometric correlates of improvement in exercise performance after anticholinergic therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160 (1999) 542-549
58. Patel I.S., Vlahos I., Wilkinson T.M., Lloyd-Owen S.J., Donaldson G.C., Wilks M., et al. Bronchiectasis, exacerbation indices, and inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170 (2004) 400-407
59. Broekhuizen R., Wouters E.F., Creutzberg E.C., and Schols A.M. Raised CRP levels mark metabolic and functional impairment in advanced COPD. Thorax 61 (2006) 17-22
60. Camiciottoli G., Bartolucci M., Maluccio N.M., Moroni C., Mascalchi M., Giuntini C., et al. Spirometrically gated high-resolution CT findings in COPD: lung attenuation vs lung function and dyspnea severity. Chest 129 (2006) 558-564
61. Hacievliyagil S.S., Gunen H., Mutlu L.C., Karabulut A.B., and Temel I. Association between cytokines in induced sputum and severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med 100 (2006) 846-854
62. Man S.F., Connett J.E., Anthonisen N.R., Wise R.A., Tashkin D.P., and Sin D.D. C-reactive protein and mortality in mild to moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 61 (2006) 849-853
63. O'Donnell R.A., Peebles C., Ward J.A., Daraker A., Angco G., Broberg P., et al. Relationship between peripheral airway dysfunction, airway obstruction, and neutrophilic inflammation in COPD. Thorax 59 (2004) 837-842
64. Riise G.C., Ahlstedt S., Larsson S., Enander I., Jones I., Larsson P., et al. Bronchial inflammation in chronic bronchitis assessed by measurement of cell products in bronchial lavage fluid. Thorax 50 (1995) 360-365
65. Peleman R.A., Rytila P.H., Kips J.C., Joos G.F., and Pauwels R.A. The cellular composition of induced sputum in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 13 (1999) 839-843
66. Landbo O.C., Prescott E., Lange P., Vestbo J., and Almdal T.P. Prognostic value of nutritional status in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160 (1999) 1856-1861
67. Vernooy J.H., Lindeman J.H., Jacobs J.A., Hanemaaijer R., and Wouters E.F. Increased activity of matrix metalloproteinase-8 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in induced sputum from patients with COPD. Chest 126 (2004) 1802-1810
68. MacNee W. Pulmonary and systemic oxidant/antioxidant imbalance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2 (2005) 50-60
69. Agusti A.G., Noguera A., Sauleda J., Sala E., Pons J., and Busquets X. Systemic effects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 21 (2003) 347-360
70. Cote C.G., Pinto-Plata V., Kasprzyk K., Dordelly L.J., and Celli B.R. The 6-min walk distance, peak oxygen uptake, and mortality in COPD. Chest 132 (2007) 1778-1785
71. Sin D.D., Lacy P., York E., and Man S.F. Effects of fluticasone on systemic markers of inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170 (2004) 760-765
72. Lee T.M., Lin M.S., and Chang N.C. Usefulness of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 as predictors of outcomes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease receiving pravastatin. Am J Cardiol 101 (2008) 530-535
73. Sevenoaks M.J., and Stockley R.A. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, inflammation and co-morbidity-a common inflammatory phenotype?. Respir Res 7 (2006) 70
74. Speizer F.E., Fay M.E., Dockery D.W., and Ferris Jr. B.G. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mortality in six US cities. Am Rev Respir Dis 140 (1989) S49-S55
75. Wouters E.F., Creutzberg E.C., and Schols A.M. Systemic effects in COPD. Chest 121 (2002) 127S-130S
76. Oga T., Nishimura K., Tsukino M., Sato S., and Hajiro T. Analysis of the factors related to mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: role of exercise capacity and health status. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167 (2003) 544-549
77. Pinto-Plata V., Toso J., Lee K., Park D., Bilello J., Mullerova H., et al. Profiling serum biomarkers in patients with COPD: associations with clinical parameters. Thorax 62 (2007) 595-601
78. Coronell C., Orozco-Levi M., and Gea J. COPD and body weight in a Mediterranean population. Clin Nutr 21 (2002) 437
79. Ischaki E., Papatheodorou G., Gaki E., Papa I., Koulouris N., and Loukides S. Body mass and fat-free mass indices in COPD: relation with variables expressing disease severity. Chest 132 (2007) 164-169
80. Saetta M., Baraldo S., Corbino L., Turato G., Braccioni F., Rea F., et al. CD8+ve cells in the lungs of smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160 (1999) 711-717
81. Banerjee D., Khair O.A., and Honeybourne D. Impact of sputum bacteria on airway inflammation and health status in clinical stable COPD. Eur Respir J 23 (2004) 685-691
82. Wouters E.F. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: systemic effects of COPD. Thorax 57 (2002) 1067-1070
83. Oswald-Mammosser M., Weitzenblum E., Quoix E., Moser G., Chaouat A., Charpentier C., et al. Prognostic factors in COPD patients receiving long-term oxygen therapy. Importance of pulmonary artery pressure. Chest. 107 (1995) 1193-1198
84. Snoeck-Stroband J.B., Lapperre T.S., Gosman M.M., Boezen H.M., Timens W., Ten Hacken N.H., et al., Groningen Leiden Universities Corticosteroids in Obstructive Lung Disease (GLUCOLD) Study Group. Chronic bronchitis sub-phenotype within COPD: inflammation in sputum and biopsies. Eur Respir J 31 (2008) 70-77
85. Ferrer M., Alonso J., Morera J., Marrades R., Khalaf A., Aguar M.C., et al., The quality of life of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Study Group. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease stage and health-related quality of life. Ann Intern Med 127 (1997) 1072-1079
86. Sethi S., Wrona C., Eschberger K., Lobbins P., Cai X., and Murphy T.F. Inflammatory profile of new bacterial strain exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 177 (2008) 491-497
87. Wilkinson T.M., Hurst J.R., Perera W.R., Wilks M., Donaldson G.C., and Wedzicha J.A. Effect of interactions between lower airway bacterial and rhinoviral infections in exacerbations of COPD. Chest 129 (2006) 317-324
88. Tillie-Leblond I., Marquette C.H., Perez T., Scherpereel A., Zanetti C., Tonnel A.B., et al. Pulmonary embolism in patients with unexplained exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: prevalence and risk factors. Ann Intern Med 144 (2006) 390-396
89. Alonso J., Antó J.M., González M., Fiz J.A., Izquierdo J., and Morera J. Measurement of general health status of non-oxygen-dependent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Med Care 30 (1992) 125-135
90. Hargreave F.E., and Leigh R. Induced sputum, eosinophilic bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160 (1999) S53-S57
91. Hansen E.F., Phanareth K., Laursen L.C., Kok-Jensen A., and Dirksen A. Reversible and irreversible airflow obstruction as predictor of overall mortality in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159 (1999) 1267-1271
92. Burrows B., and Earle R.H. Course and prognosis of chronic obstructive lung disease. A prospective study of 200 patients. N Engl J Med 280 (1969) 397-404
93. De Torres J.P., Cordoba-Lanus E., López-Aguilar C., Muros de Fuentes M., Montejo de Garcini A., Aguirre-Jaime A., et al. C-reactive protein levels and clinically important predictive outcomes in stable COPD patients. Eur Respir J 27 (2006) 902-907
94. Sin D.D., and Man S.F. Why are patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at increased risk of cardiovascular diseases? The potential role of systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Circulation 107 (2003) 1514-1519
95. Solanes I., Casan P., Sangenís M., Calaf N., Giraldo B., and Güell R. Factores de riesgo de mortalidad en la EPOC. Arch Bronconeumol 43 (2007) 445-449
96. Laaban J.P., Kouchakji B., Dore M.F., Orvoen-Frija E., David P., and Rochemaure J. Nutritional status of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute respiratory failure. Chest 103 (1993) 1362-1368
97. Schols A.M., Soeters P.B., Dingemans A.M., Mostert R., Frantzen P.J., and Wouters E.F. Prevalence and characteristics of nutritional depletion in patients with stable COPD eligible for pulmonary rehabilitation. Am Rev Respir Dis 147 (1993) 1151-1156
98. Killian K.J., Leblanc P., Martin D.H., Summers E., Jones N.L., and Campbell E.J. Exercise capacity and ventilatory, circulatory, and symptom limitation in patients with chronic airflow limitation. Am Rev Respir Dis 146 (1992) 935-940
99. Montes de Oca M., Torres S.H., De Sanctis J., Mata A., Hernández N., and Talamo C. Skeletal muscle inflammation and nitric oxide in patients with COPD. Eur Respir J 26 (2005) 390-397
100. Sin D.D., and Man S.F. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as a risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2 (2005) 8-11
101. Fletcher C., and Peto R. The natural history of chronic airflow obstruction. Br Med J 1 (1977) 1645-1648
102. Fan V.S., Curtis J.R., Tu S.P., McDonell M.B., and Fihn S.D. Ambulatory Care Quality Improvement Project Investigators. Using quality of life to predict hospitalization and mortality in patients with obstructive lung diseases. Chest 122 (2002) 429-436
103. Papi A., Bellettato C.M., Braccioni F., Romagnoli M., Casolari P., Caramori G., et al. Infections and airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severe exacerbations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 173 (2006) 1114-1121
104. White A.J., Gompertz S., Bayley D.L., Hill S.L., O'Brien C., Unsal I., et al. Resolution of bronchial inflammation is related to bacterial eradication following treatment of exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Thorax 58 (2003) 680-685
105. Casanova C., Cote C., De Torres J.P., Aguirre-Jaime A., Marín J.M., Pinto-Plata V., et al. Inspiratory-to-total lung capacity ratio predicts mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171 (2005) 591-597
106. Marín J.M., Carrizo S.J., Gascón M., Sánchez A., Gallego B., and Celli B.R. Inspiratory capacity, dynamic hyperinflation, breathlessness, and exercise performance during the 6-minute-walk test in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163 (2001) 1395-1399
107. Kessler R., Faller M., Fourgaut G., Mennecier B., and Weitzenblum E. Predictive factors of hospitalization for acute exacerbation in a series of 64 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159 (1999) 158-164
108. Paciocco G., Martínez F.J., Bossone E., Pielsticker E., Gillespie B., and Rubenfire M. Oxygen desaturation on the six-minute walk test and mortality in untreated pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J 17 (2001) 647-652
109. Lewis CA, Ferguson W, Eaton T, Zeng I, Kolbe J. Isolated nocturnal desaturation in COPD: prevalence and impact on quality of life and sleep. Thorax. 2008 Apr 4. In press.
110. Toraldo D.M., Nicolardi G., De Nuccio F., Lorenzo R., and Ambrosino N. Pattern of variables describing desaturator COPD patients, as revealed by cluster analysis. Chest 128 (2005) 3828-3837
111. Boschetto P., Miniati M., Miotto D., Braccioni F., De Rosa E., Bononi I., et al. Predominant emphysema phenotype in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Eur Respir J 21 (2003) 450-454
112. Orlandi I., Moroni C., Camiciottoli G., Bartolucci M., Pistolesi M., Villari N., et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: thin-section CT measurement of airway wall thickness and lung attenuation. Radiology 234 (2005) 604-610
113. Yamamoto C., Yoneda T., Yoshikawa M., Fu A., Tokuyama T., Tsukaguchi K., et al. Airway inflammation in COPD and sputum levels of interleukin-8. Chest 112 (1997) 505-510
114. Donaldson G.C., Seemungal T.A., Patel I.S., Bhowmik A., Wilkinson T.M., Hurst J.R., et al. Airway and systematic inflammation and decline in lung function in patients with COPD. Chest 128 (2005) 1995-2004
115. Kharitonov S.A., and Barnes P.J. Exhaled markers of pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163 (2001) 1693-1722
116. Rutgers S.R., Timens W., Tzanakis N., Kauffman H.F., van der Mark T.W., Koeter G.H., et al. Airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness to adenosine 5′-monophosphate in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Exp Allergy 30 (2000) 657-662
117. Brightling C.E., McKenna S., Hargadon B., Birring S.S., Green R.H., Siva R., et al. Sputum eosinophilia and the short term response to inhaled mometasone in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 60 (2005) 193-198
118. Leigh R., Pizzichini M.M., Morris M.M., Maltais F., Hargreave F.E., and Pizzichini E. Stable COPD: predicting benefit from high-dose inhaled corticosteroid treatment. Eur Respir J 27 (2006) 964-971
119. Boschetto P., Quintavalle S., Zeni E., Leprotti S., Potena A., Ballerin L., et al. Association between markers of emphysema and more severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 61 (2006) 1037-1042
120. Gan W.Q., Man S.F., Sinthilselvan A., and Sin D.D. Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and systemic inflammation: a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Thorax 59 (2004) 574-580
121. Hurst J.R., Donaldson G.C., Perera W.R., Wilkinson T.M., Bilello J.A., Hagan G.W., et al. Use of plasma biomarkers at exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 174 (2006) 867-874
122. Dahl M., Vestbo J., Lange P., Bojesen S.E., Tybjaerg-Hansen A., and Nordestgaard B.G. C-reactive protein as a predictor of prognosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 175 (2007) 250-255
123. Groenewegen K.H., Postma D.S., Hop W.C., Wielders P.L., Schlösser N.J., Wouters E.F., and COSMIC Study Group. Increased systemic inflammation is a risk factor for COPD exacerbations. Chest 133 (2008) 350-357
124. Agustí A.G. COPD, a multicomponent disease: implications for management. Respir Med 99 (2005) 670-682
125. De Godoy I., Donahoe M., Calhoun W.J., Mancino J., and Rogers R.M. Elevated TNF-alpha production by peripheral blood monocytes of weight-losing COPD patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153 (1996) 633-637
126. Schols A.M., Slangen J., Volovics L., and Wouters E.F. Weight loss is a reversible factor in the prognosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157 (1998) 1791-1797
127. Vestbo J., Prescott E., Almdal T., Dahl M., Nordestgaard B.G., Andersen T., et al. Body mass, fat-free body mass, and prognosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from a random population sample: findings from the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 173 (2006) 79-83
128. Ramírez-Sarmiento A., Orozco-Levi M., Barreiro E., Méndez R., Ferrer A., Broquetas J., et al. Expiratory muscle endurance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 57 (2002) 132-136
129. Wouters E.F. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: systemic effects of COPD. Thorax 57 (2002) 1067-1070
130. Barreiro E., De la Puente B., Minguella J., Corominas J.M., Serrano S., Hussain S.N., et al. Oxidative stress and respiratory muscle dysfunction in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171 (2005) 1116-1124
131. Serres I., Gautier V., Varray A., and Prefaut C. Impaired skeletal muscle endurance related to physical inactivity and altered lung function in COPD patients. Chest 113 (1998) 900-905
132. Gosselink R., Troosters T., and Decramer M. Peripheral muscle weakness contributes to exercise limitation in COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153 (1996) 976-980
133. Decramer M., Gosselink R., Troosters T., Verschueren M., and Evers G. Muscle weakness is related to utilization of health care resources in COPD patients. Eur Respir J 10 (1997) 417-423
134. Engelen M.P., Schols A.M., Does J.D., and Wouters E.F. Skeletal muscle weakness is associated with wasting of extremity fat-free mass but not with airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Clin Nutr 71 (2000) 733-738
135. Belman M.J. Exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 48 (1993) 936-946
136. Wijkstra P.J., TenVergert E.M., Van der Mark T.W., Postma D.S., Van Altena R., Kraan J., et al. Relation of lung function, maximal inspiratory pressure, dyspnoea, and quality of life with exercise capacity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 49 (1994) 468-472
137. Gerardi D.A., Lovett L., Benoit-Connors M.L., Reardon J.Z., and ZuWallack R.L. Variables related to increased mortality following out-patient pulmonary rehabilitation. Eur Respir J 9 (1996) 431-435
138. Eisner M.D., Iribarren C., Yelin E.H., Sidney S., Katz P.P., Ackerson L., et al. Pulmonary function and the risk of functional limitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Epidemiol 167 (2008) 1090-1101
139. Staszewsky L., Wong M., Masson S., Barlera S., Carretta E., Maggioni A.P., et al. Valsartan Heart Failure Trial Investigators. Clinical, neurohormonal, and inflammatory markers and overall prognostic role of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients with heart failure: data from the Val-HeFT heart failure trial. J Card Fail 10 (2007) 797-804
140. Kessler R., Faller M., Weitzenblum E., Chaouat A., Aykut A., Ducolone A., et al. "Natural history" of pulmonary hypertension in a series of 131 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164 (2001) 219-224
141. Barberà J.A., Peinado V.I., and Santos S. Pulmonary hypertension in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 21 (2003) 892-905
142. Christensen C.C., Ryg M.S., Edvardsen A., and Skjonsberf O.H. Relationship between exercise desaturation and pulmonary haemodynamics in COPD patients. Eur Respir J 24 (2004) 580-586
143. Jounieaux V., Rose D., and Aubry P. Relationships between exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension and nocturnal desaturation. Eur Respir J 25 (2005) 1126-1127
144. Weitzenblum E., Hirth C., Ducolone A., Mirhom R., Rasajolinjanahary J., and Ehrhart M. Prognostic value of pulmonary artery pressure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 36 (1981) 752-758
145. Curkendall S.M., DeLuise C., Jones J.K., Lanes S., Stang M.R., Goehring E., et al. Cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Saskatchewan Canada cardiovascular disease in COPD patients. Ann Epidemiol 16 (2006) 63-70
146. De Lucas-Ramos P., Izquierdo-Alonso J.L., Rodríguez-González Moro J.M., Bellón-Cano J.M., Ancochea-Bermúdez J., Calle-Rubio M., et al. Asociación de factores de riesgo cardiovascular y EPOC. Resultados de un estudio epidemiológico (estudio ARCE). Arch Bronconeumol 44 (2008) 233-238
147. Wasswa-Kintu S., Gan W.Q., Man S.F., Pare P.D., and Sin D.D. Relationship between reduced forced expiratory volume in one second and the risk of lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax 60 (2005) 570-575
148. Ballaz S., and Mulshine J.L. The potential contributions of chronic inflammation to lung carcinogenesis. Clin Lung Cancer 5 (2003) 46-62
149. Ekbom A., Brandt L., Granath F., Löfdahl C.G., and Egesten A. Increased risk of both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in a population suffering from COPD. Lung 186 (2008) 167-172
150. Chambellan A., Chailleux E., Similowski T., and ANTADIR Observatory Group. Prognostic value of the hematocrit in patients with severe COPD receiving long-term oxygen therapy. Chest 128 (2005) 1201-1208
151. Similowski T., Agustí A., MacNee W., and Schonhofer B. The potential impact of anaemia of chronic disease in COPD. Eur Respir J 27 (2006) 390-396
152. Shorr A.F., Doyle J., Stern L., Dolgitser M., and Zilberberg M.D. Anemia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: epidemiology and economic implications. Curr Med Res Opin 24 (2008) 1123-1130
153. Cote C., Zilberberg M.D., Mody S.H., Dordelly L.J., and Celli B. Haemoglobin level and its clinical impact in a cohort of patients with COPD. Eur Respir J 29 (2007) 923-929
154. Fan V.S., Ramsey S.D., Giardino N.D., Make B.J., Emery C.F., Diaz P.T., et al., National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT) Research Group. Sex, depression, and risk of hospitalization and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Intern Med 167 (2007) 2345-2353
155. Ng T.P., Niti M., Tan W.C., Cao Z., Ong K.C., and Eng P. Depressive symptoms and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: effect on mortality, hospital readmission, symptom burden, functional status, and quality of life. Arch Intern Med 167 (2007) 60-67
156. Crisafulli E., Costi S., Luppi F., Cirelli G., Cilione C., Coletti O., et al. Role of comorbidities in a cohort of COPD patients undergoing pulmonary rehabilitation. Thorax 63 (2008) 487-492
157. Ries A.L., Kaplan R.M., and Blumberg E. Use of factor analysis to consolidate multiple outcome measures in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Clin Epidemiol 44 (1991) 497-503
158. Mahler D.A., and Harver A. A factor analysis of dyspnea ratings, respiratory muscle strength, and lung function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 145 (1992) 467-470
159. Wegner R.E., Jorres R.A., Kirsten D.K., and Magnussen H. Factor analysis of exercise capacity, dyspnoea ratings and lung function in patients with severe COPD. Eur Respir J 7 (1994) 725-729
160. Kostianev S.S., Hodzhev V.A., Todorov I.T., Hristova A.S., Mandulova P.V., and Iluchev D.H. A factor analysis of dyspnea indexes and lung function parameters in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Folia Med (Plovdiv) 43 (2001) 27-31
161. Fuchs-Climent D., Le Gallais D., Varray A., Desplan J., Cadopi M., and Prefaut C.G. Factor analysis of quality of life, dyspnea, and physiologic variables in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease before and after rehabilitation. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 80 (2001) 113-120
162. Lapperre T.S., Snoeck-Stroband J.B., Gosman M.M., Stolk J., Sont J.K., Jansen D.F., et al. Dissociation of lung function and airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170 (2004) 499-504
163. Laupacis A., Wells G., Richardson W.S., Tugwell P., and Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. Users' guides to the medical literature. V. How to use an article about prognosis. JAMA. 272 (1994) 234-237
164. Celli B.R., Cote C.G., Marin J.M., Casanova C., Montes de Oca M., Méndez R.A., et al. The body-mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea and exercise capacity index in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 350 (2004) 1005-1012
165. Gerlai R. Phenomics: fiction or the future?. Trends Neurosci 25 (2002) 506-509
166. Barnes P.J. Genetics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 54 (1999) 245-252
167. Sandford A.J., and Silverman E.K. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease·1: susceptibility factors for COPD the genotype-environment interaction. Thorax 57 (2002) 736-741
168. Kauffman F. Post-genome respiratory epidemiology: a multidisciplinary challenge. Eur Respir J 24 (2004) 471-480
169. Silverman E.K. Progress in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease genetics. Proc Am Thorac Soc 3 (2006) 405-408
170. Bowler R.P., Ellison M.C., and Reisdorph N. Proteomics in pulmonary medicine. Chest 130 (2006) 567-574