COPD, a multicomponent disease: Implications for management

Respiratory Medicine

Volumn 99, Issue 6, 2005, Pages 670-682

  Agusti, A G N ^a  

^a HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO SON ESPASES   (Spain)

Author keywords

Bronchodilation; COPD; ICS; LABA

Indexed keywords

1 (2 BROMOPHENYL) 3 (2 HYDROXY 4 NITROPHENYL)UREA; ALPHA 1 ANTITRYPSIN; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; ASCORBIC ACID; BETA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; BETA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; BUDESONIDE; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR2; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR2 BLOCKING AGENT; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CILOMILAST; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; ELASTASE; FLUTICASONE PROPIONATE; FORMOTEROL; INTERLEUKIN 8; IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE; LEUKOTRIENE B4; LONG ACTING DRUG; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE P38 INHIBITOR; MUSCARINIC M1 RECEPTOR; MUSCARINIC M3 RECEPTOR; N TERT BUTYL ALPHA PHENYLNITRONE; OXITROPIUM BROMIDE; PHOSPHODIESTERASE; PHOSPHODIESTERASE IV INHIBITOR; PLACEBO; PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE; PROTEINASE; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; RETINOIC ACID; ROFLUMILAST; SALBUTAMOL; SALMETEROL; SECRETORY LEUKOCYTE PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; SHORT ACTING DRUG; STEROID; THEOPHYLLINE; TIOTROPIUM BROMIDE; TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASE; TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA ANTIBODY; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; XANTHINE DERIVATIVE;

ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; AREA UNDER THE CURVE; BONE DENSITY; BRONCHODILATING ACTIVITY; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; CILIARY MOTILITY; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CORTICOSTEROID INDUCED OSTEOPOROSIS; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG RECEPTOR BINDING; EMPHYSEMA; ENZYME INHIBITION; FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME; FRACTURE; HUMAN; LUNG FUNCTION; NEUTROPHIL CHEMOTAXIS; NOCICEPTIVE STIMULATION; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SIDE EFFECT; TREATMENT OUTCOME; XEROSTOMIA;

EID: 18244367647     PISSN: 09546111     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2004.11.006     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. C.J.L. Murray A.D. Lopez Alternative visions of the future projecting mortality and disability In: C.J.L. Murray A.D. Lopez editors. The global burden of disease 1996 Harvard University Press Harvard 361-375
2. GOLD Global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease: Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163 2001 12564-12576
3. P. Cole Host-microbe relationships in chronic respiratory infection Respiration 55 Suppl 1 1989 5-8
4. T.F. Murphy S. Sethi Bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am Rev Respir Dis 146 4 1992 1067-1083
5. N.L. Jones The pathophysiological consequences of smoking on the respiratory system Canadian Journal of Public Health 72 1981 388-390
6. S. Sethi Bacterial infection and the pathogenesis of COPD Chest 117 5 Suppl 1 2000 286S-291S
7. 1 decline and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease morbidity. Copenhagen City Heart Study Group Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153 5 1996 1530-1535
8. M. Fournier F. Lebargy F. Le Roy Ladurie E. Lenormand R. Pariente Intraepithelial T-lymphocyte subsets in the airways of normal subjects and of patients with chronic bronchitis Am Rev Respir Dis 140 3 1989 737-742
9. S.R. Rutgers D.S. Postma N.H. Hacken et al. Ongoing airway inflammation in patients with COPD who do not currently smoke Thorax 55 1 2000 12-18
10. M. Saetta G. Turato F.M. Facchini et al. Inflammatory cells in the bronchial glands of smokers with chronic bronchitis Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156 5 1997 1633-1639
11. V.M. Keatings P.D. Collins D.M. Scott P.J. Barnes Differences in interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in induced sputum from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153 2 1996 530-534
12. I.S. Woolhouse D.L. Bayley R.A. Stockley Sputum chemotactic activity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Effect of alpha(1)-antitrypsin deficiency and the role of leukotriene B(4) and interleukin 8 Thorax 57 8 2002 709-714
13. D.F. Rogers Mucus hypersecretion in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Novartis Found Symp 234 2001 65-77
14. P.K. Jeffery Comparison of the structural and inflammatory features of COPD and asthma. Giles F. Filley Lecture Chest 117 5 Suppl 1 2000 251S-260S
15. M.R. Lang G.W. Fiaux M. Gillooly J.A. Stewart D.J. Hulmes D. Lamb Collagen content of alveolar wall tissue in emphysematous and non-emphysematous lungs Thorax 49 4 1994 319-326
16. E.J. Oudijk J.W. Lammers L. Koenderman Systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Eur Respir J 46 Suppl 2003 5S-13S
17. A.G. Agusti A. Noguera J. Sauleda E. Sala J. Pons X. Busquets Systemic effects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Eur Respir J 21 2 2003 347-360
18. I. de Godoy M. Donahoe W.J. Calhoun J. Mancino R.M. Rogers Elevated TNF-alpha production by peripheral blood monocytes of weight-losing COPD patients Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153 2 1996 633-637
19. P.M. Calverley P.S. Burge S. Spencer J.A. Anderson P.W. Jones Bronchodilator reversibility testing in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Thorax 58 8 2003 659-664
20. G.T. Ferguson Recommendations for the management of COPD Chest 117 Suppl 2 2000 23S-28S
21. P.J. Barnes Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease N Engl J Med 343 4 2000 269-280
22. K. Beeh T. Welte R. Buhl Anticholinergics in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Respiration 69 2002 372-379
23. N.J. Gross Ipratropium bromide N Engl J Med 319 8 1988 486-494
24. W. Vincken J.A. van Noord A.P. Greefhorst et al. Improved health outcomes in patients with COPD during 1 yr's treatment with tiotropium Eur Respir J 19 2 2002 209-216
25. R. Casaburi D.A. Mahler P.W. Jones et al. A long-term evaluation of once-daily inhaled tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Eur Respir J 19 2 2002 217-224
26. K.M. Lulich R.G. Goldie J.W. Paterson Beta-adrenoceptor function in asthmatic bronchial smooth muscle Gen Pharmacol 19 3 1988 307-311
27. M. Johnson R.A. Coleman Mechanisms of action of the beta2-adrenoceptor agonists In: W. Busse S. Holgate editors. Asthma and Rhinitis 1995 Blackwell Cambridge 1278-1295
28. J.F. Donohue J.A. van Noord E.D. Bateman et al. A 6-month, placebo-controlled study comparing lung function and health status changes in COPD patients treated with tiotropium or salmeterol Chest 122 1 2002 47-55
29. A. Hasani N. Toms J.E. Agnew M. Sarno A.J. Harrison P. Dilworth The effect of inhaled tiotropium bromide on lung mucociliary clearance in patients with COPD Chest 125 2004 1726-1734
30. J.A. Dougherty B.L. Didur L.S. Aboussouan Long-acting inhaled beta 2-agonists for stable COPD Ann Pharmacother 37 9 2003 1247-1255
31. R. Stockley L. Rice N. Chopra Salmeterol added to usual therapy gives a rapid improvement in lung function that is sustained at 6 and 12 months in patients with COPD Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167 7 2003 A93
32. D.A. Mahler J.F. Donohue R.A. Barbee et al. Efficacy of salmeterol xinafoate in the treatment of COPD Chest 115 4 1999 957-965
33. P. Calverley R. Pauwels J. Vestbo et al. Combined salmeterol and fluticasone in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomised controlled trial Lancet 361 9356 2003 449-456
34. R. Aalbers J. Ayres V. Backer et al. Formoterol in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease a randomized, controlled, 3-month trial Eur Respir J 19 5 2002 936-943
35. R. Dahl L.A. Greefhorst D. Nowak et al. Inhaled formoterol dry powder versus ipratropium bromide in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164 5 2001 778-784
36. A. Rossi P. Kristufek B.E. Levine et al. Comparison of the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of formoterol dry powder and oral, slow-release theophylline in the treatment of COPD Chest 121 4 2002 1058-1069
37. W. Szafranski A. Cukier A. Ramirez et al. Efficacy and safety of budesonide/formoterol in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Eur Respir J 21 1 2003 74-81
38. C. Chambers B. Corrigan M. Newhouse Salmeterol (S) speeds mucociliary transport (MCT) in healthy subjects Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159 1999 A636
39. B. Melloni J. Germouty The influence of a new beta agonist: Formoterol on mucociliary function Rev Mal Respir 9 5 1992 503-507
40. J.L. Devalia R.J. Sapsford C. Rusznak M.J. Toumbis R.J. Davies The effects of salmeterol and salbutamol on ciliary beat frequency of cultured human bronchial epithelial cells, in vitro Pulm Pharmacol 5 4 1992 257-263
41. R.B. Dowling M. Johnson P.J. Cole R. Wilson Effect of salmeterol on Haemophilus influenzae infection of respiratory mucosa in vitro Eur Respir J 11 1 1998 86-90
42. P.G. Bloemen M.C. van den Tweel et al. Increased cAMP levels in stimulated neutrophils inhibit their adhesion to human bronchial epithelial cells Am J Physiol 272 4, Part 1 1997 580L-587L
43. P.B. Bolton P. Lefevre D.M. McDonald Salmeterol reduces early and late-phase plasma leakage and leukocyte adhesion in rat airways Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155 4 1997 1428-1435
44. J.J. Bowden I. Sulakvelidze D.M. McDonald Inhibition of neutrophil and eosinophil adhesion to venules of rat trachea by beta 2-adrenergic agonist formoterol J Appl Physiol 77 1 1994 397-405
45. H.G. Hawes M. Yokoba M. Katagiri T. Abe M. Johnson P.A. Easton Inhaled salmeterol increases parasternal EMG activity Eur Resp J 22 suppl 45 2003 469S
46. E. Mulloy W.T. McNicholas Theophylline improves gas exchange during rest, exercise, and sleep in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am Rev Respir Dis 148 4, Part 1 1993 1030-1036
47. P. Thomas J.A. Pugsley J.H. Stewart Theophylline and salbutamol improve pulmonary function in patients with irreversible chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Chest 101 1 1992 160-165
48. D. Spina The potential of PDE4 inhibitors in asthma or COPD Curr Opin Investig Drugs 1 2 2000 204-213
49. S.V. Culpitt C. De Matos R.E. Russell L.E. Donnelly D.F. Rogers P.J. Barnes Effect of theophylline on induced sputum inflammatory indices and neutrophil chemotaxis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165 10 2002 1371-1376
50. P.J. Barnes Theophylline: New perspectives for an old drug Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167 6 2003 813-818
51. P.J. Barnes K. Ito I.M. Adcock Corticosteroid resistance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Inactivation of histone deacetylase Lancet 363 9410 2004 731-733
52. F. Yildiz A.C. Kaur A. Ilgazli Celikoglu et al. Inhaled corticosteroids may reduce neutrophilic inflammation in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Respiration 67 1 2000 71-76
53. B. Balbi M. Majori S. Bertacco G. Convertino A. Cuomo C.F. Donner et al. Inhaled corticosteroids in stable COPD patients: Do they have effects on cells and molecular mediators of airway inflammation? Chest 117 6 2000 1633-1637
54. L.J. Seeto J.K. Burgess P.R. Johnson Effect of fluticasone and salmeterol on human alveolar macrophage cytokine production in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167 7 2003 A318
55. K.L. Hattotuwa M.J. Gizycki T.W. Ansari P.K. Jeffery N.C. Barnes The effects of inhaled fluticasone on airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A double-blind, placebo-controlled biopsy study Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165 12 2002 1592-1596
56. E.R. Sutherland H. Allmers N.T. Ayas A.J. Venn R.J. Martin Inhaled corticosteroids reduce the progression of airflow limitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A meta-analysis Thorax 58 11 2003 937-941
57. P.S. Burge P.M. Calverley P.W. Jones S. Spencer J.A. Anderson T.K. Maslen Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study of fluticasone propionate in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: The ISOLDE trial Br Med J 320 7245 2000 1297-1303
58. Lung Health Study Research Group Effect of inhaled triamcinolone on the decline in pulmonary function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease N Engl J Med 343 26 2000 1902-1909
59. J. Vestbo T. Sorensen P. Lange A. Brix P. Torre K. Viskum Long-term effect of inhaled budesonide in mild and moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomised controlled trial Lancet 353 9167 1999 1819-1823
60. R.A. Pauwels C.G. Lofdahl L.A. Laitinen et al. Long-term treatment with inhaled budesonide in persons with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who continue smoking. European Respiratory Society Study on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease N Engl J Med 340 25 1999 1948-1953
61. L.M. Fabbri S.S. Hurd Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of COPD: 2003 update Eur Respir J 22 1 2003 1-2
62. B.R. Celli W. MacNee Standards for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with COPD: A summary of the ATS/ERS position paper Eur Respir J 23 6 2004 932-946
63. N.A. Jarad J.A. Wedzicha P.S. Burge P.M. Calverley An observational study of inhaled corticosteroid withdrawal in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ISOLDE Study Group. Respir Med 93 3 1999 161-166
64. P. Lieberman R. Patterson R. Kunske Complications of long-term steroid therapy for asthma J Allergy Clin Immunol 49 6 1972 329-336
65. A.D. Adinoff J.R. Hollister Steroid-induced fractures and bone loss in patients with asthma N Engl J Med 309 5 1983 265-268
66. K. Knobil S. Watkin J. Yates P. Darken P. Wire Fracture incidence from clinical trials of fluticasone propionate alone or in combination with salmeterol in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Chest 122 Suppl 4 2002 43S
67. O. Johnell R. Pauwels C.G. Lofdahl et al. Bone mineral density in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with budesonide Turbuhaler Eur Respir J 19 6 2002 1058-1063
68. T.P. van Staa H.G. Leufkens C. Cooper Use of inhaled corticosteroids and risk of fractures J Bone Miner Res 16 3 2001 581-588
69. D.D. Sin J.V. Tu Inhaled corticosteroids and the risk of mortality and readmission in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164 4 2001 580-584
70. J.B. Soriano V.A. Kiri N.B. Pride J. Vestbo Inhaled corticosteroids with/ without long-acting beta-agonists reduce the risk of rehospitalization and death in COPD patients Am J Respir Med 2 1 2003 67-74
71. S. Suissa Effectiveness of inhaled corticosteroids in COPD: Immortal time bias in observational studies Am J Respir Crit Care Med 168 2003 49-53
72. D.A. Mahler P. Wire D. Horstman et al. Effectiveness of fluticasone propionate and salmeterol combination delivered via the Diskus device in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166 8 2002 1084-1091
73. N.A. Hanania P. Darken D. Horstman et al. The efficacy and safety of fluticasone propionate 250 mcg/salmeterol 50 mcg combined in the Diskus inhaler for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Chest 124 2003 834-843
74. P.M. Calverley W. Boonsawat Z. Cseke N. Zhong S. Peterson H. Olsson Maintenance therapy with budesonide and formoterol in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Eur Respir J 22 6 2003 912-919
75. J.B. Soriano J. Vestbo N.B. Pride V. Kiri C. Maden W.C. Maier Survival in COPD patients after regular use of fluticasone propionate and salmeterol in general practice Eur Respir J 20 4 2002 819-825
76. G.W. Hagan The TORCH Study: Towards a revolution in COPD health Eur Resp J 22 Suppl 43 2003 38S
77. S.I. Rennard New therapeutic drugs in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Curr Opin Pulm Med 8 2 2002 106-111
78. J.G. Matthews K. Ito P.J. Barnes I.M. Adcock Defective glucocorticoid receptor nuclear translocation and altered histone acetylation patterns in glucocorticoid-resistant patients J Allergy Clin Immunol 113 6 2004 1100-1108
79. COMBIVENT Inhalation Aerosol Study Group. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a combination of ipratropium and albuterol is more effective than either agent alone. An 85-day multicenter trial. Chest 1994;105(5):1411-9.
80. J.A. van Noord D.R. de Munck T.A. Bantje W.C. Hop M.L. Akveld A.M. Bommer Long-term treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with salmeterol and the additive effect of ipratropium Eur Respir J 15 5 2000 878-885
81. J.E. Repine A. Bast I. Lankhorst Oxidative stress in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Oxidative Stress Study Group Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156 2 Part 1 1997 341-357
82. W. Maziak S. Loukides S. Culpitt P. Sullivan S.A. Kharitonov P.J. Barnes Exhaled nitric oxide in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157 3 Part 1 1998 998-1002
83. P.N. Dekhuijzen K.K. Aben I. Dekker et al. Increased exhalation of hydrogen peroxide in patients with stable and unstable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am J Respir Crit Care Med 154 3 Part 1 1996 813-816
84. P.J. Barnes New therapies for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Thorax 53 2 1998 137-147
85. G. Boman U. Backer S. Larsson B. Melander L. Wahlander Oral acetylcysteine reduces exacerbation rate in chronic bronchitis: Report of a trial organized by the Swedish Society for Pulmonary Diseases Eur J Respir Dis 64 6 1983 405-415
86. J.B. Rasmussen C. Glennow Reduction in days of illness after long-term treatment with N-acetylcysteine controlled-release tablets in patients with chronic bronchitis Eur Respir J 1 4 1988 351-355
87. D.F. Rogers P.K. Jeffery Inhibition by oral N-acetylcysteine of cigarette smoke-induced 'bronchitis' in the rat Exp Lung Res 10 3 1986 267-283
88. U.M. Joshi P.R. Kodavanti H.M. Mehendale Glutathione metabolism and utilization of external thiols by cigarette smoke-challenged, isolated rat and rabbit lungs Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 96 2 1988 324-335
89. S. Sethi Infectious exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: Diagnosis and management J Antimicro Chem 43 Suppl A 1999 97S-105S
90. A. Hatzelmann C. Schudt Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory potential of the novel PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast in vitro J Pharmacol Exp Ther 297 1 2001 267-279
91. D.E. Griswold E.F. Webb A.M. Badger et al. SB 207499 (Ariflo), a second generation phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, reduces tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-4 production in vivo J Pharmacol Exp Ther 287 2 1998 705-711
92. E. Gamble D.C. Grootendorst C.E. Brightling et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of the phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor cilomilast (Ariflo) in COPD Am J Respir Crit Care Med 168 2003 976-982
93. C.H. Compton J. Gubb R. Nieman et al. Cilomilast, a selective phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor for treatment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomised, dose-ranging study Lancet 358 9278 2001 265-270
94. M.A. Giembycz Development status of second generation PDE4 inhibitors for asthma and COPD: The story so far Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 57 1 2002 48-64
95. R.A. Stockley The role of proteinases in the pathogenesis of chronic bronchitis Am J Respir Crit Care Med 150 6 Part 2 1994 109S-113S
96. J.C. Williams R.C. Falcone C. Knee et al. Biologic characterization of ICI 200,880 and ICI 200,355, novel inhibitors of human neutrophil elastase Am Rev Respir Dis 144 4 1991 875-883
97. A. Punturieri S. Filippov E. Allen Regulation of elastinolytic cysteine proteinase activity in normal and cathepsin K-deficient human macrophages J Exp Med 192 6 2000 789-799
98. G.D. Massaro D. Massaro Postnatal treatment with retinoic acid increases the number of pulmonary alveoli in rats Am J Physiol 270 2 Part 1 1996 305L-310L
99. J.T. Mao J.G. Goldin J. Dermand et al. A pilot study of all-trans-retinoic acid for the treatment of human emphysema Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165 5 2002 718-723
100. M. Korbling Z. Estrov Adult stem cells for tissue repair-a new therapeutic concept? N Engl J Med 349 6 2003 570-582
101. J.C. Lee S. Kumar D.E. Griswold D.C. Underwood B.J. Votta J.L. Adams Inhibition of p38 MAP kinase as a therapeutic strategy Immunopharmacology 47 2-3 2000 185-201
102. P.J. Barnes Future advances in COPD therapy Respiration 68 5 2001 441-448
103. P.J. Barnes New therapies for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Thorax 53 2 1998 137-147
104. K.F. Chung Cytokines in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Eur Respir J 34 Suppl 2001 50S-59S
105. M.A. Dentener E.C. Creutzberg A.M. Schols et al. Systemic anti-inflammatory mediators in COPD: Increase in soluble interleukin 1 receptor II during treatment of exacerbations Thorax 56 9 2001 721-726
106. J.H. Vernooy M. Kucukaycan J.A. Jacobs et al. Local and systemic inflammation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors are increased in sputum Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166 9 2002 1218-1224
107. A.G.N. Agusti J. Sauleda C. Miralles C. Gomez B. Togores E. Sala S. Batle X. Busquets Skeletal muscle apoptosis and weight loss in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166 4 2002 485-489
108. A. Pesci B. Balbi M. Majori et al. Inflammatory cells and mediators in bronchial lavage of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Eur Respir J 12 2 1998 380-386
109. J.R. White J.M. Lee P.R. Young et al. Identification of a potent, selective non-peptide CXCR2 antagonist that inhibits interleukin-8-induced neutrophil migration J Biol Chem 273 17 1998 10095-10098
110. H.M. Sarau K. Widdowson M.R. Palovich J.R. White D.C. Underwood D.E. Griswold Interleukin 8 receptor (CXCR2) antagonists New Drugs Asthma Allergy COPD 31 2001 293-296
111. S.D. Anker A. Negassa A.J. Coats et al. Prognostic importance of weight loss in chronic heart failure and the effect of treatment with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: An observational study Lancet 361 2003 1077-1083
112. D.D. Sin P. Lacy E. York S.F. Man Effects of fluticasone on systemic markers of inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170 7 2004 760-765