Wisdom principles as a meta-theoretical basis for evaluating leadership

Leadership Quarterly

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 177-190

  McKenna, Bernard ^a   Rooney, David ^a   Boal, Kimberley B ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^b TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Complexity; Ethics; Knowledge; Leadership; Practical wisdom

Indexed keywords

EID: 61549086545     PISSN: 10489843     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.01.013     Document Type: Article

References (173)

1. Aktouf O. Management and theories of organization in the 1990s: Towards a critical radical humanism. The Academy of Management Review 17 3 (1992) 407-431
2. Ardelt M. Empirical assessment of a three-dimensional wisdom scale. Research on Aging 25 (2003) 275-324
3. Ardelt M. Wisdom as expert knowledge system: A critical review of a contemporary operationalization of an ancient concept. Human Development 47 (2004) 257-285
4. Aristotle. Nicomachean ethics (H.G. Apostle, Trans.) (1984), The Peripatetic Press, Grinnell, IO
5. Aronson J., Cohen G., and Nail P.R. Self-affirmation theory: An update and appraisal. In: Harmon-Jones E., and Mills J. (Eds). Cognitive dissonance: Progress on a pivotal theory in social psychology (1999), American Psychological Association, Washington DC 127-147
6. Ashkanasy N.M. Emotions in organizations: A multilevel perspective. In: Dansereau F., and Yammarino F.J. (Eds). Multi-level issues in organizational behavior and strategy. Research in multi-level issues Vol. 2 (2003), Elsevier Science, Oxford, UK 9-54
7. Avolio B.J., and Bass B.M. Transformational leadership, charisma and beyond. In: Hunt J.G., Balaga B.R., Bachler H.P., and Schriesheim C. (Eds). Emerging leadership vista (1988), Pergamon Press, Emsford, NY 29-50
8. Avolio B.J., and Bass B.M. Individual consideration viewed at multiple levels of analysis: A multi-level framework for examining the diffusion of transformational leadership. Leadership Quarterly 6 (1995) 199-218
9. Avolio B.J., Bass B.M., and Dong I.J. Re-examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the multifactor leadership questionnaire. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 72 (1999) 441-462
10. Avolio B.J., and Gardner W.L. Authentic leadership development: Getting to the root of positive forms of leadership. Leadership Quarterly 16 (2005) 315-338
11. Avolio B.J., Gardner W.L., Walumbwa F.O., Luthans F., and May D.R. Unlocking the mask: A look at the process by which authentic leaders impact follower attitudes and behaviors. Leadership Quarterly 15 (2004) 801-823
12. Baltes P.B. The two faces of wisdom: Wisdom as a general theory of knowledge and judgment about excellence in mind and virtue vs wisdom as everyday realization in people and products. Human Development 47 (2004) 290-299
13. Baltes B.B., and Dickson M.W. Using life-span models in industrial/organizational psychology: The theory of selective optimization with compensation. Applied Developmental Science 5 (2001) 51-61
14. Baltes P.B., and Kunzmann U. Wisdom. The Psychologist 16 (2003) 131-133
15. Baltes P.B., and Smith J. Toward a psychology of wisdom and its ontogenesis. In: Sternberg R.J. (Ed). Wisdom: Its nature, origins and development (1990), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 87-120
16. Baltes P.B., and Staudinger U.M. A metaheuristic (pragmatic) to orchestrate mind and virtue toward excellence. American Psychologist 55 (2000) 122-136
17. Baltes P.B., Staudinger U.M., Maercker A., and Smith J. People nominated as wise: A comparative study of wisdom-related knowledge. Psychology and aging 10 (1995) 155-166
18. Bartunek J.M., and Louis M.R. The design of work environments to stretch managers' capacities for complex thinking. Human Resources Planning (1988, February) 13-22
19. Bass B.M. From transactional to transformational leadership: Learning to share the vision. Organizational Dynamics (1990, Winter) 99-119
20. Bass B.M. Does transactional/transformational leadership transcend organizational and national boundaries?. American Psychologist 52 (1997) 130-139
21. Bass B.M., and Steidlmeier P. Ethics, character, and authentic transformational leadership. Leadership Quarterly 10 (1999) 181-217
22. Berger P., and Luckmann T. The social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge (1966), Doubleday, New York
23. Bierly III P., Kessler E., and Christensen E. Organizational learning, knowledge and wisdom. Journal of Organizational Change Management 13 (2000) 595-618
24. Bigelow J. Developing managerial wisdom. Journal of Management Inquiry 1 (1992) 143-153
25. Blackler F. Knowledge, knowledge work and organizations: An overview and interpretation. Organization Studies 16 (1995) 1021-1046
26. Boal K.B., and Hooijberg R. Strategic leadership research: Moving on. Leadership Quarterly 11 (2001) 515-549
27. Brammer S., and Millington A. The effect of stakeholder preferences, organizational structure and industry type on corporate community involvement. Journal of Business Ethics 45 (2003) 213-226
28. Brockner J., and Rubin J.Z. Entrapment in escalating conflicts: A social psychological analysis (1985), Springer-Verlag, New York
29. Brown A.D., and Starkey K. Organizational identity and learning: A psychodynamic approach. The Academy of Management Review 25 (2000) 102-120
30. Cantor N., and Kihlstrom J.F. Personality and social intelligence (1987), Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
31. Case, P., & Gosling, J. (2007). Wisdom of the moment: Premodern perspectives on organizational action. Social Epistemology, 21.
32. Chia R. From complexity science to complex thinking: Organization as simple location. Organization 5 (1998) 341-369
33. Chia R. Discourse analysis as organizational analysis. Organization 7 (2000) 513-518
34. Chia R. From knowledge-creation to the perfecting of action: Tao, Basho and pure experience as the ultimate ground of knowing. Human Relations 56 (2003) 953-981
35. Clayton V.P., and Birren J.E. The development of wisdom across the life-span: A reexamination of an ancient topic. In: Baltes P.B., and Grim Jr. O.G. (Eds). Life-span development and behavior Vol. 3 (1980), Academic Press, New York 103-135
36. Collins J.C. Good to great: Why some companies make the leap ... and others don't (2001), Harper Collins, New York
37. Corno F., Reinmoeller P., and Nonaka I. Knowledge creation within industrial systems. Journal of Management and Governance 3 (1999) 379-394
38. Crockett W.H. In: Maher B.A. (Ed). Cognitive complexity and impression formation. Progress in experimental psychology research Vol 2 (1965), Academic, New York 47-90
39. Crisp R., and Saunders T.J. In: Furley D. (Ed). Aristotle: Ethics and politics. From Aristotle to Augustine Vol. 2 (1997), Routledge, London 109-146
40. Csikszentmihalyi M. Creativity: Flow and the psychology of discovery and invention (1996), Harper Perennial, New York
41. Csikszentmihalyi M., and Rathunde K. The psychology of wisdom: An evolutionary interpretation. In: Sternberg R.J. (Ed). Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (1990), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 25-51
42. Dacin T. Isomorphism in context: The power and prescriptions of institutional norms. Academy of Management Journal 40 (1997) 46-81
43. Dean J. Public companies as social institutions. Business Ethics: A European Review 10 (2001) 302-310
44. Dent E.B., Higgins M.E., and Wharff D.M. Spirituality and leadership: An empirical review of definitions, distinctions, and embedded assumptions. Leadership Quarterly 16 (2005) 625-653
45. Doh J.P., and Guay T.R. Globalization and corporate social responsibility: how non-governmental organizations influence labor and environmental codes of conduct. Management International Review 44 (2004) 7-29
46. Donaldson T., and Preston L.E. The stakeholder theory of the corporation: concepts, evidence, and implications. Academy of Management Review 20 (1995) 65-91
47. Dunne J. Back to the rough ground: Practical judgement and the lure of technique (1997), University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame
48. Dunphy D., Griffiths A., and Benn S. Organizational change for corporate sustainability: A guide for leaders and change agents of the future (2003), Routledge, London
49. Eflin J. Epistemic presuppositions and their consequences. Metaphilosophy 34 (2003) 48-67
50. Elkington J. The chrysalis economy: How citizen CEOs and corporations can fuse values and value creation (2001), Capstone, Oxford
51. Engestrom Y. Developmental work research: Reconstructing expertise through expansive learning. In: Nurminen M., and Weir G. (Eds). Human jobs and computer interfaces (1991), North, Amsterdam 265-303
52. Engestrom Y. Work as a testbed for activity theory. In: Chaiklin S., and Lave J. (Eds). Understanding practice: Perspectives on activity and context (1993), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 65-103
53. Etzioni A.W. A comparative analysis of complex organizations (1961), Free Press, New York
54. Fombrun C.J. Reputation: Realising value from the corporate image (1996), Harvard Business School Press, Boston
55. Foucault M. Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison (1979), Penguin, Harmondsworth, England
56. Foucault M. In: Gordon C. (Ed). Power/knowledge - Selected interviews and other writings 1972-1977 (1980), Harvester Press, Brighton (C. Gordon, L. Marshall, J. Mepham & K. Soper, Trans.)
57. Fredrickson B.L. The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist 56 (2001) 218-226
58. Gardner W.L., and Avolio B.J. The charismatic relationship: A dramaturgical perspective. Academy of Management Review 23 (1998) 32-58
59. Gardner W.L., Avolio B.J., Luthans F., May D.R., and Walumbwa F.O. "Can you see the real me?" A self-based model of authentic leader and follower development. Leadership Quarterly 16 (2005) 343-372
60. Gioia D.A., and Thomas J.B. Identity, image, and issue interpretation: Sensemaking during strategic change in academia. Administrative Science Quarterly 41 (1996) 370-403
61. Goodwin V.L., and Ziegler L. A test of relationships in a model of organizational cognitive complexity. Journal of Organizational Behavior 19 (1998) 371-386
62. Gottlieb J.Z., and Sanzgiri J. Towards an ethical dimension of decision making in organizations. Journal of Business Ethics 15 (1996) 1275-1285
63. Grandori A. A prescriptive contingency view of organizational decision making. Administrative Science Quarterly 29 (1984) 192-209
64. Grojean M.W., Resick C.J., Dickson M.W., and Smith D.B. Leaders, values, and organizational climate: Examining leadership strategies for establishing an organizational climate regarding ethics. Journal of Business Ethics 55 (2004) 223-241
65. Hammer M. The getting and keeping of wisdom: Inter-generational knowledge transfer in a changing public service (2002), Research Directorate: Public Service Commission of Canada, Canada
66. Hansen M.T. The search-transfer problem: The role of weak ties in sharing knowledge across organization subunits. Administrative Science Quarterly 44 (1999) 82-111
67. Harvey O.J., Hunt D.E., and Schroder H.M. Conceptual Systems and Personality Organization (1961), Wiley, New York
68. Harvey P., Martinko M.J., and Gardner W.L. Promoting authentic behavior in organizations: An attributional perspective. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies 12 (2006) 1-11
69. Hemlin S., Allwood C.M., and Martin B.R. Creative knowledge environments: The influences on creativity in research and innovation (2004), Edward Elgar, Northampton, MA, USA
70. Holliday S.G., and Chandler M.J. Wisdom: Explorations in adult competence (1986), Karger, Basel, NY
71. Hooghiemstra R. Corporate communication and impression management: New perspectives why companies engage in corporate social reporting. Journal of Business Ethics 27 (2000) 55-68
72. Howell J.M., and Avolio B.J. The ethics of charismatic leadership: Submission or liberation?. Academy of Management Executive 6 (1992) 43-52
73. Hughes G.J. Aristotle on ethics (2001), Routledge, London
74. Hunt J.G., Boal K.B., and Dodge G.E. The effects of visionary and crisis-responsive charisma on followers: An experimental examination of two kinds of charismatic leadership. Leadership Quarterly 10 (1999) 423-448
75. Ilies R., Morgeson F.P., and Nahrgang J.D. Authentic leadership and eudaemonic well-being: Understanding leader-follower outcomes. Leadership Quarterly 16 (2005) 373-394
76. Johnson T.F. Aging well in contemporary society. American Behavioral Scientist 39 (1995) 120-130
77. Jung D.I., and Avolio B.J. Opening the black box: An experimental investigation of the mediating effects of trust and value congruence on transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of Organizational Behavior 21 (2000) 949-964
78. Keil M., Mann J., and Rai A. Why software projects escalate: An empirical analysis and test of four theoretical models. MIS Quarterly 24 (2000) 631-664
79. Kellett J.B., Humphrey R., and Sleeth R.G. Empathy and the emergence of task and relations leaders. Leadership Quarterly 17 (2006) 146-162
80. Kelly G. The psychology of personal constructs (1955), North, New York
81. Kernis M.H. Toward a conceptualization of optimal self-esteem. Psychological Inquiry 14 (2003) 1-26
82. Kihlstrom J.F., and Cantor N. Social intelligence. In: Sternberg R.J.C. (Ed). Handbook of intelligence. 2nd ed. (2000), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
83. Korac-Kakabadse N., Korac-Kakabadse A., and Kouzmin A. Leadership renewal: Towards the philosophy of wisdom. International Review of Administrative Sciences 67 (2001) 207-227
84. Korhonen J. The dominant economics paradigm and corporate social responsibility. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management 9 (2002) 67-80
85. Kramer D.A. Wisdom as a classical source of human strength: Conceptualization and empirical inquiry. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 19 1 (2000) 83-101
86. Kriger M., and Seng Y. Leadership with inner meaning: A contingency theory of leadership based on the worldviews of five religions. Leadership Quarterly 16 (2005) 771-806
87. Kriger M.P., and Malan L.-C. Shifting paradigms: The valuing of personal knowledge, wisdom, and other invisible processes in organizations. Journal of Management Inquiry 2 (1993) 391-398
88. Küpers, W.M. (2007). Phenomenology and integral pheno-practice of wisdom in leadership and organisation. Social Epistemology, 21.
89. Lemke J.L. Texts and discourses in the technologies of social organization. In: Weiss G., and Wodak R. (Eds). Critical discourse analysis: Theory and interdisciplinarity (2003), Palgrave Macmillan, Houndsmills 130-149
90. Levitt H.M. The development of wisdom: An analysis of Tibetan Buddhist experience. Journal of Humanistic Psychology 39 (1999) 86-105
91. Lievrouw L. New media and the pluralisation of life-worlds: A role for information in social differentiation. New Media and Society 3 (2001) 7-28
92. Lowe K.B., Kroeck K.G., and Sivasubramaniam N. Effectiveness correlates of transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic review of the MLQ literature. Leadership Quarterly 7 (1996) 385-425
93. Ludema J., Wilmot T., and Srivastva S. Organizational hope: Reaffirming the constructive task of social and organizational inquiry. Human Relations 50 (1997) 1015-1052
94. Luthans F., and Avolio B.J. Authentic leadership development. In: Cameron K.S., Dutton J.E., and Quinn R.E. (Eds). Positive organizational scholarship (2003), Barrett-Koehler, San Francisco 241-261
95. Malan L.-C., and Kriger M.P. Making sense of managerial wisdom. Journal of Management Inquiry 7 (1998) 242-251
96. Marshak R.J., and Heracleous L. A discursive approach to organization development. Action Research 3 (2005) 69-88
97. May D.R., Hodges T.D., Chan A.Y.L., and Avolio B.J. Developing the moral component of authentic leadership. Organizational Dynamics 32 (2003) 247-260
98. McCarthy E.D. Knowledge as culture: The new sociology of knowledge (1996), Routledge, London
99. McKenna B., and Rooney D. Wisdom management: Tensions between theory and practice in practice. Paper presented at the Knowledge Management in the Asia Pacific [KMAP]. November 2005 (2005) Wellington, N.Z.
100. Michie S., and Gooty J. Values, emotions, and authenticity: Will the real leader please stand up. Leadership Quarterly 16 (2005) 441-457
101. Mintzberg H. The rise and fall of strategic planning (2000), Pearson Education, London
102. Mizruchi M.S., and Fein L.C. The social construction of organizational knowledge: A study of the uses of coercive, mimetic, and normative isomorphism. Administrative Science Quarterly 44 (1999) 653-683
103. Mumford M.D., Zaccaro S.J., Harding F.D., Jacobs O., and Fleishman E.A. Leadership skills for a changing world: Solving complex social problems. Leadership Quarterly 11 1 (2000) 11-35
104. Murphy, P. (2005). Knowledge capitalism. Thesis Eleven,81, 36-62.
105. Nonaka I., Toyama R., and Konno N. SECI, ba and leadership: A unified model of dynamic knowledge creation. Long Range Planning 33 (2000) 5-34
106. Nutt P.C., and Backoff R.W. Crafting vision. Journal of Management Inquiry 6 (1997) 308-328
107. Oketch M.O. The corporate stake in social cohesion. Corporate Governance 4 (2004) 5-19
108. Parameshwar S. Spiritual leadership through ego-transcendence: Exceptional responses to challenging circumstances. Leadership Quarterly 16 (2005) 689-722
109. Quinn R.E. Beyond rational management (1988), Jossey-Bass, San Francisco
110. Quinn R.E., Spreitzer G.M., and Hart S. Challenging the assumptions of bipolarity: Interpenetration and managerial effectiveness. In: Srivastva S., and Fry R. (Eds). Executive continuity (1991), Jossey-Bass, San Francisco 222-252
111. Reave L. Spiritual values and practices related to leadership effectiveness. Leadership Quarterly 16 (2005) 655-687
112. Robinson D.N. Aristotle's psychology (1989), Columbia University Press, New York
113. Robinson D.N. Wisdom through the ages. In: Sternberg R.J. (Ed). Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (1990), Cambridge University Press, New York 13-24
114. Rogers E.M. Diffusion of innovations (1980), Free Press, New York
115. Rooney D., Hearn G., Mandeville T., and Joseph R. Public policy in knowledge-based economies: Foundations and frameworks (2003), Edward Elgar, Cheltenham
116. Rooney D., and McKenna B. Should the knowledge-based economy be a savant or a sage? Wisdom and socially intelligent innovation. Prometheus 23 3 (2005) 307-323
117. Rooney, D., & McKenna, B.J. (2007). Wisdom in organizations: Whence and whither. Social Epistemology, 21.
118. Rooney D., and Schneider U. A Model of the material, mental, historical and social character of knowledge. In: Rooney D., Hearn G., and Ninan A. (Eds). The handbook on the knowledge economy (2005), Edward Elgar, Cheltenham 9-36
119. Ruf B.M., Muralidhar K., Brown R.M., Janney J.J., and Paul K. An empirical investigation of the relationship between change in corporate social performance and financial performance: a stakeholder theory perspective. Journal of Business Ethics 32 (2001) 143-156
120. Satish U. Behavioral complexity: A review. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 27 (1997) 2047-2067
121. Saul J.R. On equilibrium (2001), Penguin Books Australia, Ringwood, Vic
122. Schneider U. Die 7 todsünden im wissensmanagement: Kardinaltugenden für die wissensökonomie (2001), Frankfurter Allgemeine Buch, Frankfurt am Main
123. Schroder H.M., Driver M.S., and Streufert S. Human information processing: Individuals and groups functioning in complex social situations (1967), Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York
124. Schwenk C.R. The cognitive perspective on strategic decision making. Journal of Management Studies 25 (1988) 41-55
125. Seligman M.E.P. Authentic Happiness: Using the New Positive Psychology to Realize Your Potential for Lasting Fulfillment (2002), Free Press, New York
126. Selznick P. Leadership in administration (1957), University of California Press, Berkeley, CA
127. Sheridan A. Michel Foucault: The will to truth (1980), Tavistock, London
128. Simon H.A. A behavioural model of rational choice. Quarterly Journal of Economics 69 (1955) 99-118
129. Simon H.A. Making management systems: The role of intuition and emotion. Academy of Management Executive 1 (1987) 57-64
130. Simon H.A. Bounded rationality and organizational learning. Organization Science 2 (1991) 125-134
131. Snowden M.L. Modeling organizational communication and knowledge management: A systems approach to evaluation and conceptualisation. Paper presented at the 50th Annual International Communication Association Conference, Acapulco, Mexico (2000, June)
132. Soderberg A.-M., and Holden N. Rethinking cross cultural management in a globalizing business world. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management 2 (2002) 103-121
133. Spender J.-C. Organizational knowledge, learning and memory: Three concepts in search of a theory. Journal of Organizational Change Management 9 (1996) 63-78
134. Spender J.-C. Pluralist epistemology and the knowledge-based theory of the firm. Organization 5 (1998) 233-256
135. Spragens T.A.J. Is the enlightenment project worth saving?. Modern Age 43 (2001) 49-60
136. In: Srivastva, S., and Cooperrider D.L. (Eds). Organizational wisdom and executive courage (1998), The New Lexington Press, San Francisco
137. Stacey R.D. Complex responsive processes in organizations: Learning and knowledge creation (2001), Routledge, London
138. Stajkovic A.D., and Luthans F. Self-efficacy and work-related performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 124 (1998) 240-261
139. Staudinger U.M., Lopez D.F., and Baltes P.B. The psychometric location of wisdom-related performance: Intelligence, personality, and more. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin 23 (1997) 1200-1214
140. Staudinger U.M., and Pasupathi M. Correlates of wisdom-related performance in adolescence and adulthood: Age-graded differences in "paths" toward desirable development. Journal of Research on Adolescence 13 (2003) 239-268
141. Steele C.M., Spencer S.J., and Lynch M. Self-image resilience and dissonance: The role of affirmational resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 64 (1993) 885-896
142. Sternberg R.J. Understanding wisdom. In: Sternberg R.J. (Ed). Wisdom: Its nature, origins and development (1990), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 3-9
143. Sternberg R.J. Styles of Thinking. In: Baltes P.B., and Staudinger U.M. (Eds). Interactive Minds: Life-Span Perspectives on the Social Foundation of Cognition (1996), Cambridge University Press, New York 347-365
144. Sternberg R.J. A balance theory of wisdom. Review of General Psychology 2 4 (1998) 347-365
145. Sternberg R.J. Why schools should teach for wisdom: The balance theory of wisdom in educational settings. Educational Psychologist 36 (2001) 227-245
146. Sternberg R.J. Wisdom, intelligence and creativity synthesized (2003), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
147. Sternberg R.J. Words to the wise about wisdom? A commentary on Ardelt's critique of Baltes. Human Development 47 (2004) 286-289
148. Sternberg R.J., and Ben-Zeev T. Complex cognition: The psychology of human thought (2001), Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford
149. Takahashi M. Toward a culturally inclusive understanding of wisdom: Historical roots in the East and West. International Journal of Aging and Human Development 51 (2000) 217-230
150. Takahashi M., and Bordia P. The concept of wisdom: A cross-cultural comparison. International Journal of Psychology 35 (2000) 1-9
151. Taylor J.R., and Robichaud D. Finding the organization in the communication: Discourse as action and sensemaking. Organization 11 (2004) 395-413
152. The Economist. The good company: capitalism and ethics. (A sceptical look at corporate social responsibility) (Industry overview). The Economist 374 (2005, January 22) 9
153. Thompson J.D. Organizations in action (1967), McGraw-Hill, New York
154. Thompson J.D., and Tuden A. Strategies, structures, and processes of organizational decision. In: Thompson J.D., Hammond P.B., Hawkes B.H., Junker H., and Tuden A. (Eds). Comparative studies in administration (1959), University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh 195-216
155. Tsoukas H. The Firm as a distributed knowledge system: A constructionist approach. Strategic Management Journal 17 (1996) 11-25
156. Tsoukas H. Complex knowledge: Studies in organizational epistemology (2005), Oxford University Press, Oxford
157. Vaill P.B. The unspeakable texture of process wisdom. In: Srivastva S., and Cooperrider D.L. (Eds). Organizational wisdom and executive courage (1998), The New Lexington Press, San Francisco 25-39
158. van Dijk T. The study of discourse. In: van Dijk T. (Ed). Discourse as structure and process Vol. 1 (1997), Sage, London 1-34
159. Van Loon J. Risk and knowledge. In: Rooney D., Hearn G., and Ninan A. (Eds). Handbook on the knowledge economy (2005), Edward Elgar, Cheltenham
160. von Krogh G., Ichijo K., and Nonaka I. Enabling knowledge creation: How to unlock the mystery of tacit knowledge and release the power of innovation (2000), Oxford University Press, Oxford
161. In: Wade, and J. (Ed). Changes of mind: A holonomic theory of the evolution of consciousness (1996), State University of New York Press, New York
162. Waldron M. Exploring failed electricity deregulation: Lawyers' role in supporting a healthy marketplace. The Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics 19 (2006) 1005-1025
163. Wang P., and Chan P.S. Top management perception of strategic information processing in a turbulent environment. Leadership & Organization Development Journal 16 7 (1995) 33-43
164. Webster J.D. An exploratory analysis of a self-assessed wisdom scale. Journal of Adult Development 10 (2003) 13-22
165. Weick K.E. Mundane poetics: Searching for wisdom in organization studies. Organization Studies 25 (2004) 653-668
166. Whyte G., Saks A.M., and Hook S. When success breeds failure: The role of self-efficacy in escalating commitment to a losing course of action. Journal of Organizational Behavior 18 (1997) 415-432
167. Whittington J.L., Pitts T.M., Kageler W., and Goodwin V.L. Legacy leadership: The leadership wisdom of the apostle Paul. Leadership Quarterly 16 (2005) 749-770
168. Winter S. Knowledge and competence as strategic assets. In: Teece D. (Ed). The competitive challenge: strategies for industrial innovation and renewal (1987), Ballinger, Cambridge, MA
169. Yang S.-Y. Conceptions of wisdom among Taiwanese Chinese. Journal of Cross-cultural psychology 32 (2001) 662-680
170. Yasai-Aradekani M. Structural adaptations to environments. Academy of Management Review 11 1 (1986) 9-21
171. Yukl G. An evaluation of conceptual weaknesses in transformational and charismatic leadership theories. Leadership Quarterly 10 (1999) 285-305
172. Zaccaro S.J., Gilbert J., Thor K.K., and Mumford M.D. Leadership and social intelligence: Linking social perceptiveness and behavioral flexibility to leader effectiveness. Leadership Quarterly 2 (1991) 317-331
173. Zander U., and Kogut B. Knowledge and the speed of the transfer and imitation of organizational capabilities: An empirical test. Organization Science 6 1 (1995) 76-92