메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 14, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 298-308

A polymer-type water-soluble peptidoglycan exhibited both Toll-like receptor 2- and NOD2-agonistic activities, resulting in synergistic activation of human monocytic cells

Author keywords

Human monocytic cells; Muramyldipeptide (MDP); NOD2; Peptidoglycans; Toll like receptor (TLR)2

Indexed keywords

CASPASE RECRUITMENT DOMAIN PROTEIN 15; INTERLEUKIN 8; MURAMYL DIPEPTIDE; PEPTIDOGLYCAN; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 2;

EID: 61349171980     PISSN: 17534259     EISSN: 17534267     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1753425908096518     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (36)

References (46)
  • 1
    • 61349095652 scopus 로고
    • Seidl PH, Schleifer KH. (eds) Berlin: Water de Gruyter
    • Seidl PH, Schleifer KH. (eds) Biological properties of peptidoglycan. Berlin: Water de Gruyter, 1986; 1-436.
    • (1986) Biological Properties of Peptidoglycan , pp. 1-436
  • 2
    • 0015462556 scopus 로고
    • Peptidoglycan types of bacterial cell walls and their taxonomic implications
    • Schleifer KH, Kandler O. Peptidoglycan types of bacterial cell walls and their taxonomic implications. Bacteriol Rev 1972; 36: 407-477.
    • (1972) Bacteriol Rev , vol.36 , pp. 407-477
    • Schleifer, K.H.1    Kandler, O.2
  • 3
    • 0016200846 scopus 로고
    • Minimal structural requirements for adjuvant activity of bacterial peptidoglycan derivatives
    • Ellouz F., Adam A., Ciorbaru R., Lederer E. Minimal structural requirements for adjuvant activity of bacterial peptidoglycan derivatives. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1974; 59: 1317-1325.
    • (1974) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.59 , pp. 1317-1325
    • Ellouz, F.1    Adam, A.2    Ciorbaru, R.3    Lederer, E.4
  • 4
    • 0016800299 scopus 로고
    • Immunoadjuvant activities of synthetic N-acetyl-muramyl-peptides or -amino acids
    • Kotani S., Watanabe Y., Kinoshita F. et al. Immunoadjuvant activities of synthetic N-acetyl-muramyl-peptides or -amino acids. Biken J 1975; 18: 105-111.
    • (1975) Biken J , vol.18 , pp. 105-111
    • Kotani, S.1    Watanabe, Y.2    Kinoshita, F.3
  • 5
    • 33750557881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhancement of TLR-mediated innate immune responses by peptidoglycans through NOD signaling
    • Takada H., Uehara A. Enhancement of TLR-mediated innate immune responses by peptidoglycans through NOD signaling. Curr Pharma Des 2006; 12: 4163-4172.
    • (2006) Curr Pharma Des , vol.12 , pp. 4163-4172
    • Takada, H.1    Uehara, A.2
  • 6
    • 0037458665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Host recognition of bacterial muramyl dipeptide mediated through NOD2
    • Inohara N., Ogura Y., Fontalba A. et al. Host recognition of bacterial muramyl dipeptide mediated through NOD2. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 5509-5512.
    • (2003) J Biol Chem , vol.278 , pp. 5509-5512
    • Inohara, N.1    Ogura, Y.2    Fontalba, A.3
  • 7
    • 0012722659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nod2 is a general sensor of peptidoglycan through muramyl dipeptide (MDP) detection
    • Girardin SE, Boneca IG, Viala J. et al. Nod2 is a general sensor of peptidoglycan through muramyl dipeptide (MDP) detection. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 8869-8872.
    • (2003) J Biol Chem , vol.278 , pp. 8869-8872
    • Girardin, S.E.1    Boneca, I.G.2    Viala, J.3
  • 8
    • 0038824980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An essential role for NOD1 in host recognition of bacterial peptidoglycan containing diaminopimelic acid
    • Chamaillard M., Hashimoto M., Horie Y. et al. An essential role for NOD1 in host recognition of bacterial peptidoglycan containing diaminopimelic acid. Nat Immunol 2003; 4: 702-707.
    • (2003) Nat Immunol , vol.4 , pp. 702-707
    • Chamaillard, M.1    Hashimoto, M.2    Horie, Y.3
  • 9
    • 0038615855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nod1 detects a unique muropeptide from Gram-negative bacterial peptidoglycan
    • Girardin SE, Boneca IG, Carneiro LAM et al. Nod1 detects a unique muropeptide from Gram-negative bacterial peptidoglycan. Science 2003; 300: 1584-1587.
    • (2003) Science , vol.300 , pp. 1584-1587
    • Girardin, S.E.1    Boneca, I.G.2    Carneiro, L.A.M.3
  • 10
    • 32944464648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathogen recognition and innate immunity
    • Akira S., Uematsu S., Takeuchi O. Pathogen recognition and innate immunity. Cell 2006; 124: 783-801.
    • (2006) Cell , vol.124 , pp. 783-801
    • Akira, S.1    Uematsu, S.2    Takeuchi, O.3
  • 11
    • 0033213590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential roles of TLR2 and TLR4 in recognition of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial cell wall components
    • Takeuchi O., Hoshino K., Kawai T. et al. Differential roles of TLR2 and TLR4 in recognition of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial cell wall components. Immunity 1999; 11: 443-451.
    • (1999) Immunity , vol.11 , pp. 443-451
    • Takeuchi, O.1    Hoshino, K.2    Kawai, T.3
  • 12
    • 0033168728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recognition of Gram-positive bacterial cell wall components by the innate immune system occurs via Toll-like receptor 2
    • Yoshimura A., Lien E., Ingalls RR, Tuomanen E., Dziarski R., Golenbock D. Recognition of Gram-positive bacterial cell wall components by the innate immune system occurs via Toll-like receptor 2. J Immunol 1999; 163: 1-5.
    • (1999) J Immunol , vol.163 , pp. 1-5
    • Yoshimura, A.1    Lien, E.2    Ingalls, R.R.3    Tuomanen, E.4    Dziarski, R.5    Golenbock, D.6
  • 13
    • 0033580949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peptidoglycan- and lipoteichoic acid-induced cell activation is mediated by Toll-like receptor 2
    • Schwandner R., Dziarski R., Wesche H., Rothe M., Kirschning CJ Peptidoglycan- and lipoteichoic acid-induced cell activation is mediated by Toll-like receptor 2. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 17406-17409.
    • (1999) J Biol Chem , vol.274 , pp. 17406-17409
    • Schwandner, R.1    Dziarski, R.2    Wesche, H.3    Rothe, M.4    Kirschning, C.J.5
  • 14
    • 20844454920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-2 modulates specific TLR pathways for the induction of cytokine release
    • Netea MG, Ferwerda G., de Jong DJ et al. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-2 modulates specific TLR pathways for the induction of cytokine release. J Immunol 2005; 174: 6518-6523.
    • (2005) J Immunol , vol.174 , pp. 6518-6523
    • Netea, M.G.1    Ferwerda, G.2    de Jong, D.J.3
  • 15
    • 7944220803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toll-like receptor 2-dependent bacterial sensing does not occur via peptidoglycan recognition
    • Travassos LH, Girardin SE, Philpott DJ et al. Toll-like receptor 2-dependent bacterial sensing does not occur via peptidoglycan recognition. EMBO Report 2004; 5: 1000-1006.
    • (2004) EMBO Report , vol.5 , pp. 1000-1006
    • Travassos, L.H.1    Girardin, S.E.2    Philpott, D.J.3
  • 16
    • 0034938974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Macrophage stimulation with murabutide, an HIV-suppressive muramyl peptide derivative, selectively activates extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2, C/EBPβ and STAT1: Role of CD14 and Toll-like receptor 2 and 4
    • Vidal VF, Castéran N., Riendeau CJ et al. Macrophage stimulation with murabutide, an HIV-suppressive muramyl peptide derivative, selectively activates extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2, C/ EBPβ and STAT1: Role of CD14 and Toll-like receptor 2 and 4. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31: 1962-1971.
    • (2001) Eur J Immunol , vol.31 , pp. 1962-1971
    • Vidal, V.F.1    Castéran, N.2    Riendeau, C.J.3
  • 17
    • 0035078190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synergistic effect of muramyldipeptide with lipopolysaccharide or lipoteichoic acid to induce inflammatory cytokines in human monocytic cells in culture
    • Yang S., Tamai R., Akashi S. et al. Synergistic effect of muramyldipeptide with lipopolysaccharide or lipoteichoic acid to induce inflammatory cytokines in human monocytic cells in culture. Infect Immun 2001; 69: 2045-2053.
    • (2001) Infect Immun , vol.69 , pp. 2045-2053
    • Yang, S.1    Tamai, R.2    Akashi, S.3
  • 18
    • 0034458797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural requirements of muramylpeptides for induction of Toll-like receptor 2-mediated NF-κB activation in CHO cells
    • Yoshimura A., Takada H., Kaneko T., Kato I., Golenbock D., Hara Y. Structural requirements of muramylpeptides for induction of Toll-like receptor 2-mediated NF-κB activation in CHO cells. J Endotoxin Res 2000; 6: 407-410.
    • (2000) J Endotoxin Res , vol.6 , pp. 407-410
    • Yoshimura, A.1    Takada, H.2    Kaneko, T.3    Kato, I.4    Golenbock, D.5    Hara, Y.6
  • 19
    • 23344449406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan is a Toll-like receptor 2 activator: A reevaluation
    • Dziarski R., Gupta D. Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan is a Toll-like receptor 2 activator: A reevaluation. Infect Immun 2005; 73: 5212-5216.
    • (2005) Infect Immun , vol.73 , pp. 5212-5216
    • Dziarski, R.1    Gupta, D.2
  • 20
    • 12444259829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Muramyldipeptide and diaminopimelic acid-containing desmuramylpeptides in combination with chemically synthesized Toll-like receptor agonists synergistically induced production of interleukin-8 in a NOD2- and NOD1-dependent manner, respectively, in human monocytic cells in culture
    • Uehara A., Yang S., Fujimoto Y. et al. Muramyldipeptide and diaminopimelic acid-containing desmuramylpeptides in combination with chemically synthesized Toll-like receptor agonists synergistically induced production of interleukin-8 in a NOD2- and NOD1-dependent manner, respectively, in human monocytic cells in culture. Cell Microbiol 2005; 7: 53-61.
    • (2005) Cell Microbiol , vol.7 , pp. 53-61
    • Uehara, A.1    Yang, S.2    Fujimoto, Y.3
  • 21
    • 0018429334 scopus 로고
    • Mitogenic effects of bacterial cell walls, their fragments, and related synthetic compounds on thymocytes and splenocytes of guinea pigs
    • Takada H., Tsujimoto M., Kotani S. et al. Mitogenic effects of bacterial cell walls, their fragments, and related synthetic compounds on thymocytes and splenocytes of guinea pigs. Infect Immun 1979; 25: 645-652.
    • (1979) Infect Immun , vol.25 , pp. 645-652
    • Takada, H.1    Tsujimoto, M.2    Kotani, S.3
  • 22
    • 0021169639 scopus 로고
    • Isolation of bacteriolytic endopeptidase from a strain of Cytophaga and its application to preparation of hydrosoluble polysaccharide peptide from Staphylococcus epidermidis peptidoglycan
    • Kawata S., Takemura T., Yokogawa K., Kotani S. Isolation of bacteriolytic endopeptidase from a strain of Cytophaga and its application to preparation of hydrosoluble polysaccharide peptide from Staphylococcus epidermidis peptidoglycan. Agric Biol Chem 1984; 48: 2253-2263.
    • (1984) Agric Biol Chem , vol.48 , pp. 2253-2263
    • Kawata, S.1    Takemura, T.2    Yokogawa, K.3    Kotani, S.4
  • 23
    • 0019970769 scopus 로고
    • Liberation of serotonin from rabbit blood platelets by bacterial cell walls and related compounds
    • Harada K., Kotani S., Takada H. et al. Liberation of serotonin from rabbit blood platelets by bacterial cell walls and related compounds. Infect Immun 1982; 37: 1181-1190.
    • (1982) Infect Immun , vol.37 , pp. 1181-1190
    • Harada, K.1    Kotani, S.2    Takada, H.3
  • 24
    • 0016616207 scopus 로고
    • Purification and properties of lytic enzymes from Streptomyces globisporus 1829
    • Yokogawa K., Kawata S., Takemura T., Yoshimura Y. Purification and properties of lytic enzymes from Streptomyces globisporus 1829. Agric Biol Chem 1975; 39: 1533-1543.
    • (1975) Agric Biol Chem , vol.39 , pp. 1533-1543
    • Yokogawa, K.1    Kawata, S.2    Takemura, T.3    Yoshimura, Y.4
  • 25
    • 5044249323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Separation and structural analysis of lipoprotein in a lipopolysaccharide preparation from Porphyromonas gingivalis
    • Hashimoto M., Asai Y., Ogawara T. Separation and structural analysis of lipoprotein in a lipopolysaccharide preparation from Porphyromonas gingivalis. IntImmunol 2004; 16: 1431-1437.
    • (2004) IntImmunol , vol.16 , pp. 1431-1437
    • Hashimoto, M.1    Asai, Y.2    Ogawara, T.3
  • 26
    • 0002561289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of 22-oxacalcitriol (OCT) and 2β-(3-hydroxypropoxy)-calcitriol (ED-71)
    • In: Feldman D, Glorieux FH, Pike JW. (eds) San Diego, CA: Academic Press
    • Kubodera N., Sato K., Nishii Y. Characteristics of 22-oxacalcitriol (OCT) and 2β-(3-hydroxypropoxy)-calcitriol (ED-71). In: Feldman D, Glorieux FH, Pike JW. (eds) Vitamin D. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1997; 1071-1086.
    • (1997) Vitamin D , pp. 1071-1086
    • Kubodera, N.1    Sato, K.2    Nishii, Y.3
  • 27
    • 20244387428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemically synthesized pathogen-associated molecular patterns increase the expression of peptidoglycan recognition proteins via Toll-like receptors, NOD1 and NOD2 in human oral epithelial cells
    • Uehara A., Sugawara Y., Kurata S. et al. Chemically synthesized pathogen-associated molecular patterns increase the expression of peptidoglycan recognition proteins via Toll-like receptors, NOD1 and NOD2 in human oral epithelial cells. Cell Microbiol 2005; 7: 675-686.
    • (2005) Cell Microbiol , vol.7 , pp. 675-686
    • Uehara, A.1    Sugawara, Y.2    Kurata, S.3
  • 28
    • 23844508543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synergistic enhancement of Toll-like receptor responses by NOD1 activation
    • Van Heel DA, Ghosh S., Butler M. et al. Synergistic enhancement of Toll-like receptor responses by NOD1 activation. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35: 2471-2476.
    • (2005) Eur J Immunol , vol.35 , pp. 2471-2476
    • Van Heel, D.A.1    Ghosh, S.2    Butler, M.3
  • 29
    • 23844521000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synergistic stimulation of human monocytes and dendritic cells by Toll-like receptor 4 and NOD1- and NOD2-activating agonists
    • Fritz JH, Girardin SE, Fitting C. et al. Synergistic stimulation of human monocytes and dendritic cells by Toll-like receptor 4 and NOD1- and NOD2-activating agonists. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35: 2459-2470.
    • (2005) Eur J Immunol , vol.35 , pp. 2459-2470
    • Fritz, J.H.1    Girardin, S.E.2    Fitting, C.3
  • 30
    • 34548225910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coordinated regulation of Toll-like receptor and NOD2 signaling by K63-linked polyubiquitin chains
    • Abbott DW, Yang Y., Hutti JE, Madhavarapu S., Kelliher MA, Cantley LC Coordinated regulation of Toll-like receptor and NOD2 signaling by K63-linked polyubiquitin chains. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27: 6012-6025.
    • (2007) Mol Cell Biol , vol.27 , pp. 6012-6025
    • Abbott, D.W.1    Yang, Y.2    Hutti, J.E.3    Madhavarapu, S.4    Kelliher, M.A.5    Cantley, L.C.6
  • 31
    • 4444253690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NOD2 is a negative regulator of Toll-like receptor 2-mediated T helper type 1 responses
    • Watanabe T., Kitani A., Murray PJ, Strober W. NOD2 is a negative regulator of Toll-like receptor 2-mediated T helper type 1 responses. Nat Immunol 2004; 5: 800-808.
    • (2004) Nat Immunol , vol.5 , pp. 800-808
    • Watanabe, T.1    Kitani, A.2    Murray, P.J.3    Strober, W.4
  • 32
    • 28444471235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synergistic effect of Nod1 and Nod2 agonists with Toll-like receptor agonists on human dendritic cells to generate interleukin-12 and T helper type 1 cells
    • Tada H., Aiba S., Shibata K., Ohteki T., Takada H. Synergistic effect of Nod1 and Nod2 agonists with Toll-like receptor agonists on human dendritic cells to generate interleukin-12 and T helper type 1 cells. Infect Immun 2005; 73: 7967-7976.
    • (2005) Infect Immun , vol.73 , pp. 7967-7976
    • Tada, H.1    Aiba, S.2    Shibata, K.3    Ohteki, T.4    Takada, H.5
  • 33
    • 7944232105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of bacterial muramyl dipeptide as activator of the NALP3/ Cryopyrin inflammasome
    • Martinon F., Agostini L., Meylan E., Tschopp J. Identification of bacterial muramyl dipeptide as activator of the NALP3/Cryopyrin inflammasome. Curr Biol 2004; 14: 1929-1934.
    • (2004) Curr Biol , vol.14 , pp. 1929-1934
    • Martinon, F.1    Agostini, L.2    Meylan, E.3    Tschopp, J.4
  • 34
    • 0034922923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discrimination of bacterial lipoproteins by Toll-like receptor 6
    • Takeuchi O., Kawai T., Mühlradt PF et al. Discrimination of bacterial lipoproteins by Toll-like receptor 6. Int Immunol 2001; 13: 933-940.
    • (2001) Int Immunol , vol.13 , pp. 933-940
    • Takeuchi, O.1    Kawai, T.2    Mühlradt, P.F.3
  • 35
    • 0037124358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synthetic lipoteichoic acid from Staphylococcus aureus is a potent stimulus of cytokine release
    • Morath S., Stadelmaier A., Geyer A., Schmidt RR, Hartung T. Synthetic lipoteichoic acid from Staphylococcus aureus is a potent stimulus of cytokine release. J Exp Med 2002; 195: 1635-1640.
    • (2002) J Exp Med , vol.195 , pp. 1635-1640
    • Morath, S.1    Stadelmaier, A.2    Geyer, A.3    Schmidt, R.R.4    Hartung, T.5
  • 36
    • 0038182550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus activates immune cells via Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), and CD14, whereas TLR-4 and MD-2 are not involved
    • Schröder NWJ, Morath S., Alexander C. et al. Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus activates immune cells via Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), and CD14, whereas TLR-4 and MD-2 are not involved. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 15587-15594.
    • (2003) J Biol Chem , vol.278 , pp. 15587-15594
    • Schröder, N.W.J.1    Morath, S.2    Alexander, C.3
  • 37
    • 41649115159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TLR2 - Promiscuous or specific? A critical re-evaluation of a receptor expressing apparent broad specificity
    • Zähringer U., Lindner B., Inamura S., Heine H., Alexander C. TLR2 - promiscuous or specific? A critical re-evaluation of a receptor expressing apparent broad specificity. Immunobiology 2008; 213: 205-224.
    • (2008) Immunobiology , vol.213 , pp. 205-224
    • Zähringer, U.1    Lindner, B.2    Inamura, S.3    Heine, H.4    Alexander, C.5
  • 38
    • 38849122056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soluble CD14 discriminates slight structural differences between lipid As that lead to distinct host cell activation
    • Asai Y., Makimura Y., Kawabata A., Ogawa T. Soluble CD14 discriminates slight structural differences between lipid As that lead to distinct host cell activation. J Immunol 2007; 179: 7674-7683.
    • (2007) J Immunol , vol.179 , pp. 7674-7683
    • Asai, Y.1    Makimura, Y.2    Kawabata, A.3    Ogawa, T.4
  • 39
    • 0023191243 scopus 로고
    • Activation of the human complement cascade by bacterial cell walls, peptidoglycans, water-soluble peptidoglycan components, and synthetic muramylpeptides - Studies on active components and structural requirements
    • Kawasaki A., Takada H., Kotani S. et al. Activation of the human complement cascade by bacterial cell walls, peptidoglycans, water-soluble peptidoglycan components, and synthetic muramylpeptides - studies on active components and structural requirements. Microbiol Immunol 1987; 31: 551-569.
    • (1987) Microbiol Immunol , vol.31 , pp. 551-569
    • Kawasaki, A.1    Takada, H.2    Kotani, S.3
  • 40
    • 1342323823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organ injury and cytokine release caused by peptidoglycan are dependent on the structural integrity of the glycan chain
    • Myhre AE, Stuestøl JF, Dahle MK et al. Organ injury and cytokine release caused by peptidoglycan are dependent on the structural integrity of the glycan chain. Infect Immun 2004; 72: 1311-1317.
    • (2004) Infect Immun , vol.72 , pp. 1311-1317
    • Myhre, A.E.1    Stuestøl, J.F.2    Dahle, M.K.3
  • 41
    • 0037131232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The origin of the synergistic effect of muramyl dipeptide with endotoxin and peptidoglycan
    • Wolfert MA, Murray TF, Boons G. -J, Moore JN The origin of the synergistic effect of muramyl dipeptide with endotoxin and peptidoglycan. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 39179-39186.
    • (2002) J Biol Chem , vol.277 , pp. 39179-39186
    • Wolfert, M.A.1    Murray, T.F.2    Boons, G.-J.3    Moore, J.N.4
  • 42
    • 77956866741 scopus 로고
    • Microbial peptidoglycan (murein) hydrolases
    • In: Ghuysen J-M, Hakenbeck R. (eds) Amsterdam; Elsevier
    • Shockman GD, Höltje J-V. Microbial peptidoglycan (murein) hydrolases. In: Ghuysen J-M, Hakenbeck R. (eds) Bacterial Cell Walls. Amsterdam; Elsevier, 1994; 131-166.
    • (1994) Bacterial Cell Walls , pp. 131-166
    • Shockman, G.D.1    Höltje, J.-V.2
  • 43
    • 0022978403 scopus 로고
    • Muramyl peptides in mammalian tissues and their effects at the cellular level
    • Karnovsky ML Muramyl peptides in mammalian tissues and their effects at the cellular level. Fed Proc 1986; 45: 2556-2560.
    • (1986) Fed Proc , vol.45 , pp. 2556-2560
    • Karnovsky, M.L.1
  • 44
    • 0021748122 scopus 로고
    • Processing of Bacillus subtilis peptidoglycan by a mouse macrophage cell line
    • Vermeulen MW, Gray GR Processing of Bacillus subtilis peptidoglycan by a mouse macrophage cell line. Infect Immun 1984; 46: 476-483.
    • (1984) Infect Immun , vol.46 , pp. 476-483
    • Vermeulen, M.W.1    Gray, G.R.2
  • 45
    • 0027183487 scopus 로고
    • Biological properties of bacterial peptidoglycan
    • Johannsen L. Biological properties of bacterial peptidoglycan. APMIS 1993; 101: 337-344.
    • (1993) APMIS , vol.101 , pp. 337-344
    • Johannsen, L.1
  • 46
    • 33745013863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mammalian PGRPs: Novel antibacterial proteins
    • Dziarski R., Gupta D. Mammalian PGRPs: Novel antibacterial proteins. Cell Microbiol 2006; 8: 1059-1069.
    • (2006) Cell Microbiol , vol.8 , pp. 1059-1069
    • Dziarski, R.1    Gupta, D.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.