Clinical aspects of melatonin

Saudi Medical Journal

Volumn 29, Issue 11, 2008, Pages 1537-1547

  Reiter, Russel J ^a   Korkmaz, Ahmet ^a  

^a University of Texas Health Science Center   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMIFOSTINE; DEXAMETHASONE; MELATONIN;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; BEDTIME DOSAGE; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; BRAIN INJURY; CATARACT; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM SLEEP DISORDER; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; HORMONE SYNTHESIS; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPOCALCEMIA; HYPOTENSION; INSOMNIA; IONIZING RADIATION; JET LAG; LIGHT DARK CYCLE; NAUSEA; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PARKINSON DISEASE; PINEAL BODY; RADIATION PROTECTION; REVIEW; SPINAL CORD INJURY; VOMITING; ANIMAL; BLOOD PRESSURE; DRUG EFFECT;

ANIMALS; BLOOD PRESSURE; HUMANS; MELATONIN;

EID: 58949104224     PISSN: 03795284     EISSN: 16583175     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (134)

1. Reiter RJ. Normal patterns of melatonin levels in the pineal gland and body fluids of humans and experimental animals. J Neural Transm 1986; 21:35-54.
2. Lerner AB, Case JD, Takahashi Y, Lee Y, Mori W. Isolation of melatonin, the pineal factor that lightens melanocytes. J Amer Chem Soc 1958: 80: 2587.
3. Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Manchester LC, Terron MP, Flores LJ, Koppisetti S. Medical implications of melatonin: Receptor-mediated and receptor-independent actions. Adv Med Sci 2007; 52: 11-28.
4. Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Sainz RM, Mayo JC, Lopez-Burillo S. Melatonin: reducing the toxicity and increasing the efficacy of drugs. J Pharm Pharmacol 2002; 54: 1299-1321.
5. Reiter RJ. Pineal melatonin: Cell biology of its synthesis and of in physiological interactions. Endocrine Rev 1991; 12: 151-180.
6. Reiter RJ. Melatonin: The chemical expression or darkness. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1991; 79: C153-C158.
7. Skinner DC, Malpaux B. High melatonin concentrations in third ventricular cerebrospinal fluid are not due to Galen vein blood circulating through the choroids plexis. Endocrinology 1999; 140: 4399-4405.
8. Wehr TA. The durations of human melatonin secretion and sleep respond to changes in daylength (photoperiod). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991; 73: 1276-1280.
9. Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Korkmaz A, Erren TC, Piekarski C, Tamura H, et al. Light-at-night chronodisruption, melatonin suppression and cancer risk: a review. Crit Rev Oncogen 2007; 13: 303-328
10. Erren TC, Reiter RJ, Piekarski C. Light, timing of biological rhythms, and chronodisruption in man. Naturwissenschaften 2003; 90: 485-494.
11. Barrett R, Conway S, Morgan PJ. Digging deep-structure function relationships in the melatonin receptor family. J Pineal Res 2003; 35: 221-230.
12. Dubocovich M, Markowska M. Functional MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptors in mammals. Endocrine 2005; 27: 101-110.
13. Erren TC, Pape HG, Reiter RJ, Piekarski C. Chronodisruption and cancer. Naturwissenschaften 2008; 95: 367-382.
14. Sack RL, Aukley D, Auger RR, Carskadon MA, Wright KP Jr, Vitiello MV, et al. Circadian rhythm sleep disorders: Part I, basic principles, shift work and jet lag disorders. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine review. Sleep 2007; 30: 1460-1483.
15. Monk T, Buysse D, Carrier J, Kuppler D. Inducing jet lag in older people; direction asymmetry. J Sleep Res 2000; 9: 101-106.
16. Filipski E, Li XM. Disruption of circadian coordiriation and malignant growth. Cancer Causes Control 2006; 17: 509-514.
17. Davidson AJ, Sellix MT, Daniel J, Yamazaki M, Menaker M, Block GD. Chronic jet lag increases mortality in aged mice. Curr Biol 2006; 16: R914-R916.
18. Cassone VM, Chesworth MJ, Armstrong SM. Dose-dependent entrainment of rat circadian rhythms by daily injection of melatonin. J Biol Rhythms 1986; 1: 219-229.
19. Krauchi K, Cajochen C, Mori D, Graw P, Wirz Justice A. Early evening melatonin and S-20098 advance circadian phase and nocturnal regulation of core body temperature. Am J Physiol-Regulat Integrat Comp Physiol 1997; 272: R1178-R1188.
20. Arendt J, Skene D, Middleton B, Lockley S, Deacon S. Efficacy of melatonin treatment in jet lag, shift work, and blindness. J Biol Rhythms 1997; 12: 604-617.
21. Takahashi T, Sasaki M, Itoh H. Re-entrainment of the circadian rhythms of plasma melatonin in an 11-h eastward bound flight. Psychiat Clin Neurosci 2001; 55: 275-276.
22. Zisapel N. The use of melatonin for the treatment of insomnia. Biol Signals Recept 1999; 8: 84-87.
23. Cardinali DP, Bortman G, Liotta G, Perez Lloret S, Albornoz LE, et al. A multi-factorial approach employing melatonin to accelerate resynchronization of sleep-wake cycle after a 12 time-zone westerly transmeridian flight in elite soccer athletes. J Pineal Res 2002; 32: 41-46.
24. Suhner A, Schlangenhauf P, Johnson R, Tschopp A, Steffen R. Optimal melatonin dosage form for the alleviation of jet lag. Chronobiol Int 1998; 15: 655-656.
25. Edwards B, Atkinson G, Waterhouse J, Reilly T, Godfrey R, Budgett R. Use of melatonin in recovery from jet lag following in eastward flight across 10 time zones. Ergonomics 200; 43: 1501-1513.
26. Herxheimer A, Petrie K. Melatonin for the prevention and treatment of jet lag. Cochrane Database 2002; 2: CD001520.
27. Buscemi N, Vandermeer B, Hooton N, Pandya R, Tjosvold L, Hartling L, et al. Efficacy and safety of exogenous melatonin for secondary sleep disorders and sleep disorders accompanying sleep restriction: meta-analysis. Br Med J 2006; 332: 385-393.
28. Waterhouse J. Jet lag: Trends and coping strategies. Lancet 2007; 369: 1117-1129.
29. Pandi-Perumal SR, Seils LK. Kayumov L, Ralph MR, Lowe A, Moller H, et al. Sensescence, sleep and circadian rhythms. Aging Res Rev 2002; 1: 559-604.
30. Dubocovich ML. Melatonin receptors: Role on sleep and circadian rhythm regulation. Sleep Med 2007; 8: S34-S42.
31. Aserinsky E, Kleitman N. Regularly occurring periods of eye motility, and concomitant phenomena, during sleep. Science 1953; 118: 273-274.
32. Tauman R, Zisapel N, Laudon M, Rehama H, Swain Y. Melatonin production in infants. Pediatr Neurol 2002; 26: 379-382.
33. Reiter RJ. The pineal gland and melatonin in relation to aging: A summary of the theories and of the data. Exp Gerontol 1995; 30: 199-212.
34. Leger D, Laudon M Zisapel N. Noctural 6-sulfatoxymelatonin excretion in insomnia and its relation to the response to melatonin replacement therapy. Am J Med 2004; 116: 91-95.
35. Garfinkel D, Laudon M, Rof D, Zisapel N. Improved sleep quality in elderly people by controlled release melatonin. Lancet 1995; 346: 541-544.
36. Wu YH, Swaab DF. The human pineal gland and melatonin in aging and Alzheimer's disease. J Pineal Res 2005; 38: 145-152.
37. Cardinali DP, Brusco LI, Liberczuk C, Furio AM. The use of melatonin in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroendocrinol Lett 2002; 23 (Suppl 1): 20-23.
38. Asayama K, Yamadera H, Ito T, Susuki H, Kudo Y, Endo S. Double blind study of melatonin effects on the sleep-wake rhythm, cognitive and non-cognitive functions in Alzheimer's type dementia. J Nippon Med Sch 2003; 70: 334-341.
39. Clark AF. Incidences of new prescribing by British child and adolescent psychiatrists: A prospective study over 12 months. J Psychopharmacol 2004; 18: 115-120.
40. Jan J, Wasdell MB, Freeman RD, Box LM. Evidence supporting the use of melatonin in short gestation infants. J Pineal Res 2007; 42: 22-27.
41. Dodge NN, Wilson GA. Melatonin for treatment of sleep disorders in children with developmental disabilities. J Child Neurol 2001; 16: 581-584.
42. Smits MG, Nagtyaal EE, van der Heijden K, Coenen AML, Kerkhof GA. Melatonin for chronic sleep onset insomnia in children: A randomized placebo controlled trial. J Child Neurol 2001; 16: 86-92.
43. Rosen GM, Bendel AE, Neglia JP, Moertel CL, Mahowald M. Sleep in children with neoplasms of the central nervous system. Pediatrics 2003; 112(Pt1): E46-e54.
44. Jan JE, Wasdell MB, Reiter RJ, Weiss MD, Johnson KP, Ivanenko A, et al. Melatonin therapy of pediatric sleep disorders: Recent advances, why it works, who are the candidates and how to treat. Curr Pediatr Rev 2007; 3: 214-224.
45. Tan DX, Chen LD, Poeggeler B, Manchester LC, Reiter RJ. Melatonin: A potent endogenous hydroxyl radical scavenger. Endocrine J 1993; 1: 57-60.
46. Catala A. The ability of melatonin to counteract lipid peroxidation in biological membranes. Curr Mol Med 2007; 7: 638-649.
47. Barlow-Walden LR, Reiter RJ, Abe M, Pablos MI, Menendez-Pelaez A, Chen LD, et al. Melatonin stimulates brain glutathione peroxidase activity. Neurochem Int 1995; 26: 497-502.
48. Pablos MI, Agapito MT, Gutierrez R, Recio JM, Reiter RJ, Barlow-Walden L, et al. Melatonin stimulates the activity of the detoxifying enzymes glutathione peroxidase in several tissues of chicks. J Pineal Res 1995; 19: 111-115.
49. Pappolla MA, Chyan YJ, Poeggeler B, Frangione B, Wilson G, Ghiso J, et al. An assessment of the antioxidant and the antiamyloidogenic properties of melatonin: Implications for Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm 2000; 107: 203-231.
50. Leon J, Acuna-Castroviejo D, Escames G, Tan DX, Reiter RJ. Melatonin mitigates mitochondrial malfunction. J Pineal Res 2005; 38: 1-9.
51. Sewerynek E, Abe M, Reiter RJ, Barlow-Walden LR, Chen L, McCabe TJ, et al. Melatonin administration prevents lypopolysaccharide-induced oxidative damage in phenobarbitol-treated animals. J Cell Biochem 1995; 58: 436-444.
52. Reiter RJ. Melatonin: Lowering the high price of free radicals. News Physiol Sci 2000; 15: 1246-1250.
53. Tan DX, Manchester LC, Reiter RJ, Plummer BF, Limson J, Weintraub ST et al. Melatonin directly scavenges hydrogen peroxide: A potentially new metabolic pathway of melatonin biotransformation. Free Rad Biol Med 2000; 29: 1177-1185.
54. Allegra M, Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Gentile C, Tesoriere L, Livea MA. The chemistry of melatonin's interaction with reactive species. J Pineal Res 2003; 34: 1-10.
55. Rosen J, Than NN, Koch D, Poeggeler B, Laatsch H, Hardeland R. Interactions of melatonin and its metabolites with the ABTS cation radical: Extension of the radical scavenger cascade and formulation of a novel class of oxidation products, C2-substituted 3-indolinones. J Pineal Res 2006; 41: 374-381.
56. Hardeland R, Backhause C, Fadavi A. Reactions of the NO redox forms NO+, -NO, HNO (protonated NO-) with the melatonin metabolite N1-acetyl-5-methoxykypuramine. J Pineal Res 2007; 43: 382-386.
57. Tan DX, Manchester LC, Terron MP, Flores LJ, Reiter RJ. One molecule, many derivatives: A never-ending interaction of melatonin with reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species? J Pineal Res 2007; 42: 28-42.
58. Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Osuna C, Gitto E. Actions of melatonin in the reduction of oxidative stress: A review. J Biomed Sci 2000; 7: 444-458.
59. Rodriguez C, Mayo JC, Sainz RM, Antolin I, Herrera F, Martin V, et al. Regulation of antioxidant enzymes: A significant role for melatonin. J Pineal Res 2004; 36: 1-9.
60. Spector A. Oxidation and cataract. Proc Ciba Fdn Symposium 1984; 106: 48-64.
61. Spector A, Garner SH. Hydrogen peroxide and human cataract. Exp Eye Res 1987; 33: 673-681.
62. Kao CL, Chou Ck, Tsai DC, Hsu WM, Liu JH, Wang CS, et al. Nitric oxide levels in the aqueous humor in cataract patients. J Cataract Surg 2002; 28: 507-512.
63. Yu HS, Yee RW, Howes KA, Reiter RJ. Diurnal rhythms of immunoreactive melatonin in the aqueous humor and serum of male pigmented rabbits. Neurosci Lett 1990; 116: 309-314.
64. Abe M, Itoh MT, Miyata M, Shimizu K, Sumi Y. Detection of melatonin, its precursors and related enzyme activities in rabbit lens. Exp Eye Res 2000; 20: 225-262.
65. Laver NM, Robison WG Jr, Calvin HI, Fu SCJ. Early epithelial lesions in cataracts of GSH-depleted mouse pups. Exp Eye Res 1993; 57: 493-498.
66. Abe M, Reiter RJ, Orhii PB, Hara M, Poeggeler B. Inhibitory effect of melatonin on cataract formation in newborn rats: Evidence for an antioxidative role for melatonin. J Pineal Res 1994; 17: 94-100.
67. Li ZR, Reiter RJ, Fujimori O, Oh CS, Duan YP. Cataractogenesis and lipid peroxidation in newborn rats treated with buthionial sulfoxamine: preventive actions of melatonin. J Pineal Res 1997; 22: 117-123.
68. Bardak Y, Ozerturk Y, Ozguner F, Durmus M, Delibas N. Effect of melatonin against oxidative stress in ultraviolet-B exposed rat lens. Curr Eye Res 2000; 20: 225-230.
69. Anwar MM, Moustafa MA. The effect of melatonin on eye lens of rats exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2001; 129: 57-63.
70. Karshioglu I, Ertekin MV, Taysi S, Kocher S, Sezen O, Gepdiremen A et al. Radioprotective effects of melatonin on radiation-induced cataract. 2005; 46: 277-282.
71. Siu A, Maldonado MD, Sanchez-Hidalgo M, Tan DX, Reiter RJ. Protective effects of melatonin in experimental free radical-mediated ocular diseases. J Pineal Res 2006; 40: 101-109.
72. Wiecham AF, Udin SD, Summers Roda JA. Localization of Mel 1b melatonin receptor-like immunoreactivity in ocular tissue or Xenopus laevis. Exp Eye Res 2004; 799: 585-584.
73. Genovese T, Mazzon E, Crisafulli C, Esposito E, Di Paola R, Muià C, et al. Effects of combination of melatonin and dexamethasone on secondary injury in an experimental mice model of spinal cord trauma. J Pineal Res 2007; 43: 140-153.
74. Samantaray S, Sribnick EA, Das A, Knaryan VH, Matzelle DD, Yallapragada AV, et al. Melatonin attenuates calpain upregulation, axonal damage, and neuronal death in spinal cord injury. J Pineal Res 2008; 44: 348-357.
75. Nesic O, Lee J, Unabia GC, Johnson K, Ye Z, Vergara L, et al. Aquaporin 1 - a novel player in spinal cord injury. J Neurochem 2008; 105: 628-640.
76. Jou MJ, Peng TI, Reiter RJ, Jou SB, Wu HY, Wen ST. Visualization of the antioxidative effects of melatonin at the mitochondrial level during oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of rat brain astrocytes. J Pineal Res 2004; 37: 55-70.
77. Jou MJ, Peng TI, Yu PZ, Jou SB, Reiter RJ, Chen JY, et al. Melatonin protects against common deletion of mitochondrial DNA-augmented mitochondrial oxidative stress and apoptosis. J Pineal Res 2007; 43: 389-403.
78. Maldonado MD, Murillo-Cabezas F, Terron MP, Flores LJ, Tan DX, Manchester LC, et al. The potential of melatonin in reducing morbidity-mortality after craniocerebral trauma. J Pineal Res 2007; 42: 1:11.
79. Cheung RT. The utility of melatonin in reducing cerebral damage resulting from ischemia and reperfusion. J Pineal Res 2003; 34: 153-160.
80. Kilic E, Kilic U, Reiter RJ, Bassetti CL, Hermann DM. Tissue-plasminogen activator-induced ischemic brain injury is reversed by melatonin: Role of iNOS and Akt. J Pineal Res 2005; 39: 151-155.
81. Lee MY, Kuan YH, Chen HY, Chen TY, Chen ST, Huang CC, et al. Intravenous administration of melatonin reduces the intracerebral cellular inflammatory response following transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. J Pineal Res 2007; 42: 297-309.
82. Koh PO. Melatonin attenuates the focal cerebral ischemic injury by inhibiting the dissociation of pBad from 14-3-3. J Pineal Res 2008; 44: 101-106.
83. Chetsawang J, Govitrapong P, Chetsawang B. Melatonin inhibits MPP +-induced capase mediated death pathway and DNA fragmentation factor-45 cleavage in SK-N-SH cultured cells. J Pineal Res 2007; 43: 115-120.
84. Saravanan KS, Sindhu KM, Mohanakumar KP. Melatonin protects against rotenone-induced oxidative stress in hemiparkinsonian rat model. J Pineal Res 2007; 42: 247-253.
85. Sharma R, McMillan CR, Niles LP. Neural stem cell transplantation and melatonin treatment in a 6-hydroxydopamine model of Parkinson's disease. J Pineal Res 2007; 43: 245-254.
86. Matsubara E, Bryant-Thomas T, Pacheco Quinto J, Henry TL, Poeggeler B, Herbert D, et al. Melatonin increases survival and inhibits oxidative and amyloid pathology in a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2003; 85: 1101-1108.
87. Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Pappolla MA. Melatonin relieves the neural oxidative burden that contributes to dementia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 1035: 179-196.
88. Hardeland R. Antioxidative protection by melatonin: Multiplicity of mechanisms from radical detoxification to radical avoidance. Endocrine 2005; 27: 119-130.
89. Zavodnik IB, Romanski AV, Lapshina EA, Bryszewska M, Reiter RJ. Melatonin directly scavenges peroxyl and alkoxyl radicals generated in red blood cells and a cell-free system: Chemiluminescence measurements and theoretical calculations. Life Sci 2006; 79: 391-400.
90. Reiter RJ, Cabrera J, Sainz RM, Mayo JC, Manchester LC, Tan DX. Melatonin as a pharmacological agent against neuronal loss in experimental models of Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinsonism. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999; 890: 471-485.
91. Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Pappolla MA. Melatonin relieves the neural oxidative burden that contributes to dementias. Ann NY Acad Sci 2004; 1035: 179-186.
92. Brusco LI, Marquez M, Cardinali DP. Monozygotic twins with Alzheimer's disease treated with melatonin: Case report. J Pineal Res 1998; 25: 260-263.
93. Furio AM, Brusco LI, Cardinali DP. Possible therapeutic value of melatonin in mild cognitive impairment: A retrospective study.J Pineal Res 2007; 43: 404-409.
94. Medeiros CA, de Bruin PFC, Lopes LA, Magalhaes C, Seabra M, de bruin VMS, et al. Effect of exogenous melatonin on sleep and motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study. J Neurol 2007; 254: 459-464.
95. Ames BN, Shigenaga MK, Hagen TM. Oxidants, antioxidants and the degenarative diseases of aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 7915-7922.
96. Brenner DJ, Ward JF. Constraints on energy deposition and target size of multiple damaged sites associated with DNA double strand breaks. Int J Radiant Biol 1992; 61: 737-748.
97. Blinkenstaff RT, Brandstadter SM, Reddy S, Witt R. Potential radioprotective agents: Homologues of melatonin. J Pharma Sci 1994; 83: 216-218.
98. Vijayalaxmi, Meltz ML, Reiter RJ, Herman TS, Kumar KS. Melatonin and protection from whole-body irradiation: Survival study in mice. Mutat Res 1999; 425: 21-27.
99. Vijayalaxmi, Meltz ML, Reiter RJ, Herman TS. Melatonin and protection from genetic damage in blood and bone marrow: Whole-body irradiation studies in mice. J Pineal Res 1999; 27: 221-225.
100. Vijayalaxmi, Reiter RJ, Herman TS, Meltz ML. Melatonin and radioprotection from genetic damage: In vivo/in vitro studies with human volunteers. Mutat Res 1996; 371:221-228.
101. Karbownik M, Reiter RJ, Qi W, Garcia JJ, Tan DX, Manchester LC, et al. Protective effects of melatonin against oxidation of guanine bases in DNA and decreased microsomal membrane rigidity in rat liver induced by whole-body ionizing radiation. Molec Cell Biochem 2000; 211: 137-144.
102. Kopjar N, Miocic S, Ramic S, Milic M, Viculin T. Assessment of the radioprotective effects of amifostine and melatonin on human lymphocytes irradiated with gamma-rays in vitro. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2006; 57: 155-163.
103. Kligerman MM, Glover DJ, Turrisi AT, Norfleet AL, Yuhas JM, Coia LR, et al. Toxicity of WR-2721 administered in single and multiple doses. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1984; 10: 1773-1776.
104. Karbownik M, Reiter RJ. Antioxidative effects of melatonin in protection against cellular damage caused by ionizing radiation. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 2000; 225: 9-22.
105. Vijayalaxmi, Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Herman TS, Thomas CR Jr. Melatonin as radioprotective agent: A review. Int J Oncol Biol Phys 2004; 59: 639-653.
106. Shirazi A, Ghobadi G, Ghazi-Khansari M. A radiobiological review of melatonin: A novel radioprotector. J Radiat Res 2007; 48: 263-272.
107. Zamoboni A, Forn A, Zanoboni-Muciaccia W, Zanussi C. Effect of pinealectomy on arterial blood pressure and food and water intake in the rat. J Endocrinol Invest 1978; 1: 125-130.
108. Holmes SW, Sugden D. Proceedings: The effect of melatonin on pinealectomy-induced hypertension in the rat. Br J Pharmacol 1976; 56: 360-361.
109. Girouard H, Chulak C, LeJossec M, Lamontagne D, de Champlain J. Chronic antioxidant treatment improves sympathetic functions and b-adrenergic pathway in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. J Hyperten 2003; 21: 179-188.
110. Nava M, Quiroz Y, Vaziri N, Rodriquez-Iturbe B. Melatonin reduces renal interstitial inflammation and improves hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2003; 284: F4447-F454
111. Iguchi H, Kato KI, Ibayashi H. Melatonin serum levels and metabolic clearance rate in patients with liver cirrhosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1982; 54: 1025-1027.
112. Cagnacci A, Arangino S, Angiolucci M, Maschio E, Melis GB. Influence of melatonin administration on the circulation of women. Am J Physiol 1998; 279: R335-R338.
113. Arangino S, Cagnacci A, Angliolucci M, Vacca AM, Longu G, Volpe A, et al. Effect of melatonin on vascular reactivity, catechholmine levels, and blood pressure in healthy men. Am J Cardiol 1999; 83: 1417-1419.
114. Zeman M, Dulková K, Bada V, Herichová I. Plasma melatonin concentrations in hypertensive patients with the dipping and non-dipping blood pressure profile. Life Sci 2005; 76: 1795-1803.
115. Jonas M, Garfinkel D, Zisapil N, Landon M, Grossman E. Inspired nocturnal melatonin secretion in non-dipper hypertensive patients. Blood Press 2003; 12: 19-24.
116. Mansoor GA. Sleep actigraphy in hypertensive patients with the "non-dipper" blood pressure profile. J Hum Hyperten 2002; 16: 237-242.
117. Scheer FA, Van Montfrans GA, van Someren EJ, Mairuhu G, Buijs RM. Daily nighttime melatonin reduces blood pressure in male patients with essential hypertension. Hypertension 2004; 43: 192-197.
118. Cagnacci A, Cannoletta M, Renzi A, Baldassari F, Arangino S, Volpe A. Prolonged melatonin administration decreases nocturnal blood pressure in women. Am J Hyperten 2005; 18: 1614-1618.
119. Grossman E, Laudon M, Yalcin R, Zengil H, Peleg E, Sharabi Y, et al. Melatonin reduces blood pressure in patients with nocturnal hypertension. Am J Med 2006; 119: 898-902.
120. Cavallo A, Daniels SR, Dolan LM, Bean JA, Khoury JC. Blood pressure lowering effect of melatonin in Type 1 diabetes. J Pineal Res 2004; 36: 262-266.
121. Pechanova O, Matuskova J, Capikova D, Jendekova L, Paulis L, Simko F. Effect of spironolactone and captoril on nitric acide and S-nitrosothial formation in liver of L-NAME-treated rats. Kidney Int 2006; 70: 170-176.
122. Tan DX, Reieter RJ, Manchester LC, Yan MT, El-Sawi M, Sainz RM, et al. Chemical and physical properties and potential mechanisms: Melatonin as a broad spectrum antioxidant and free radical scavenger. Curr Top Med Chem 2002; 2: 181-197.
123. Anwar MM, Meki AR, Rahma HH. Inhibitory effects of melatonin on vascular reactivity: Possible role of vasoactive mediators. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2001; 130: 357-367.
124. Irmak MK, Sizlan A. Essential hypertension seems to result from melatonin-induced epigenetic modifications in the area postrema. Med Hypotheses 2006; 66: 1000-1007.
125. Simko F, Paulis L. Melatonin as a potential antihypertensive treatment. J Pineal Res 2007; 42: 319-322.
126. Tan DX, Manchester LC, Reiter RJ, Qi W, Zhang M, Weintraub ST, et al. Identification of highy elevated levels of melatonin in bone marrow: Its origin and significance. Biochim Biophys Act 1999; 1472: 206-214.
127. Bubenik GA. Gastrointestinal melatonin: Localization, function, and clinical relevance. Dig Dis Sci 2002; 47: 2336-2348.
128. Hattori A, Migitaka H, Iigo M, Itoh M, Yamamoto K, Ohtani-Kaneko R, et al. Identification of melatonin in plants and its effects on plasma melatonin levels and bindin to melatonin receptors in vertebrates. Biochem Mol Biol Int 1995; 35: 627-634.
129. Chen G, Huo Y, Tan DX, Liang Z, Zhang W, Zhang Y. Melatonin in Chinese medicinal herbs. Life Sci 2003; 73: 19-26.
130. Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Manchester LC, Simopoulos AP, Maldonado MD, Flores LJ, et al. Melatonin in edible plants (phytomelatonin): Identification, concentrations, bioavailability and proposed functions. World Rev Nutr Diet 2007; 97: 211-230.
131. Murch SJ, Krishna RS, Saxena PK. Tryptophan is a precursor for melatonin and serotonin biosynthesis in in vitro regenerated St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) plants. Plant Cell Rept 2000; 19: 698-704.
132. Tan DX, Manchester LC, Di Mascio P, Martinez GR, Prado FM, Reiter RJ. Novel rhythms of N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine and its precursor melatonin in water hyacinth: Importance in phytoremediation. FASEB J 2007; 21: 1724-1729.
133. Tan DX, Manchester LC, Helton P, Reiter RJ. Phytoremediative capacity of plants enriched with melatonin. Plant Signal Behav 2007; 2: 514-516.
134. Reiter RJ, Manchester LC, Tan DX. Melatonin in walnuts: Influence on levels of melatonin and total antioxidant capacity of blood. Nutrition 2005; 21: 920-924.