Impact of health conditions on food intakes among older adults

Journal of Nutrition for the Elderly

Volumn 27, Issue 3-4, 2008, Pages 333-361

  Shatenstein, Bryna ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MONTREAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

Chronic disease; Diet; Food choice; Health condition; Older adults

Indexed keywords

AGED; AGING; APPETITE; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; CHRONIC DISEASE; DECISION MAKING; DIET; EATING; FOOD PREFERENCE; GERIATRIC ASSESSMENT; HEALTH PROMOTION; HEALTH STATUS; HUMAN; HUNGER; METHODOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; NUTRITION; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; REVIEW;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; AGING; APPETITE; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; CHOICE BEHAVIOR; CHRONIC DISEASE; DIET; EATING; FOOD PREFERENCES; GERIATRIC ASSESSMENT; HEALTH PROMOTION; HEALTH STATUS; HUMANS; HUNGER; MIDDLE AGED; NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; NUTRITIONAL STATUS;

EID: 58149461717     PISSN: 01639366     EISSN: 15408566     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01639360802265889     Document Type: Article

References (125)

1. Allen, P. F. (2005) Association between diet, social resources and oral health related quality of life in edentulous patients. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, 32 (9): 623-628.
2. Andersson, J., Gustafsson, K., Fjellstrom, C., Sidenvall, B., & Nydahl, M. (2004) Five-day food intake in elderly female outpatients with Parkinson's disease, rheumatoid arthritis or stroke. Journal of Nutrition in Health and Aging, 8 (5): 414-421.
3. Andersson, I., & Sidenvall, B. (2001) Case studies of food shopping, cooking and eating habits in older women with Parkinson's disease. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 35 (1): 69-78.
4. Andersen, J. R., Sognen, E., & Natvig, G. K. (2006) Diet quality in 116 Norwegian men and women with coronary heart disease. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 5 (3): 244-250.
5. Ard, J. D., Coffman, C. J., Lin, P. H., & Svetkey, L. P. (2004) One-year follow-up study of blood pressure and dietary patterns in dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH)-sodium participants. American Journal of Hypertension, 17 (12 Pt 1): 1156-1162.
6. Asp, E. H., & Darling, M. E. (1988) Home-delivered meals: Food quality, nutrient content, and characteristics of recipients. Journal of American Dietetic Association, 88: 55-59.
7. Barclay, A. W., Brand-Miller, J. C., & Mitchell, P. (2006) Macronutrient intake, glycaemic index and glycaemic load of older Australian subjects with and without diabetes: Baseline data from the Blue Mountains Eye study. British Journal of Nutrition, 96 (1): 117-123.
8. Bartali, B., Semba, R. D., Frongillo, E. A., Varadhan, R., Ricks, M. O., Blaum, S. C., et al. (2006) Low nutrient intake is an essential component of frailty in older persons. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Science, and Medical Sciences, 61A: 589-593.
9. Beagan, B. L. & Chapman, G. E. (2004) Eating after breast cancer: Influences on women's actions. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 36 (4): 181-188.
10. Bianchetti, A., Rozzini, R., Carabellese, C., Zanetti, O., Trabucchi M. (1990) Nutritional intake, socioeconomic conditions, and health status in a large elderly population. Journal of American Geriatric Society, 38: 521-526.
11. Boeckner, L. S., Pullen, C. H., Walker, S. N., Oberdorfer, M. K., & Hageman, P. A. (2007) Eating behaviors and health history of ruralmidlife to older women in themidwestern United States. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 107 (2): 306-310.
12. Bray, G. A. (2000) Afferent signals regulating food intake. Procedings of Nutrition Society, 59: 373-384.
13. Brisbois, T. D., Hutton, J. L., Baracos, V. E., & Wismer, W. V. (2006) Taste and smell abnormalities as an independent cause of failure of food intake in patients with advanced cancer-an argument for the application of sensory science. Journal Palliative Care, 22 (2): 111-114.
14. Brodeur, J. M., Laurin, D., Valläe, R., & Lachapelle, D. (1993) Nutrient intake and gastrointestinal disorders related to masticatory performance in the endentulous elderly. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 70: 468-473.
15. Brownie, S., & Rolfe, M. (2004) Health characteristics of older Australian dietary supplement users compared to non-supplement users. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 13 (4): 365-371.
16. Chagnon Decelles, D., Daignault Gelinas, M., Lavallee Cote, L. et al. (2000) Manuel de Nutrition Clinique en Ligne, 3rd ed. 1997. Montreal: Ordre professionnel des dietetistes du Quebec. www.opdq.org (accessed April 4, 2007).
17. Chapman, G. E., & Beagan, B. (2003) Women's perspectives on nutrition, health, and breast cancer. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 35 (3): 135-141.
18. Clarkston, W. K., Pantano, M. M., Morley, J. E., Horowitz, M., Littlefield, J. M., & Burton, F. R. (1997). Evidence for the anorexia of aging: gastrointestinal transit and hunger in healthy elderly vs. young adults. American Journal of Physiology, 272 (1 Pt 2): R243-R248.
19. Correa, L. M. L., Nicolosi, A., Cristina, S., Hauser, W. A., & Nappi, G. (2001) Nutrition and cognitive deficit in the elderly: A population study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 55 (12): 1053-1058.
20. De Castro, J. M. (2002) Age-related changes in social, psychological, and temporal influences on food intake in free-living, healthy, adult humans. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Science, 57A (6): M368-M377.
21. De Castro, J. M., & Stroebele, N. (2002) Food intake in the real world: implications for nutrition and aging. Clinical Geriatric Medicine, 18 (4): 685-697.
22. De Groot, C. P., Van Staveren, W. A., & De Graaf, C. (2000) Determinants of macronutrient intake in elderly people. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 54 (Suppl 3): S70-S76.
23. De Jong, N., Mulder, I., De Graaf, C., & Van Staveren, W. A. (1999) Impaired sensory functioning in elders: The relation with its potential determinants and nutritional intake. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Science and Medical Sciences, 54 (8): B324-331.
24. DeFronzo, R. A., Bonadona, R. C., & Ferrannini, E. (1992) Pathogenesis of NIDDM-A balanced overview. Diabetes Care, 15: 318-368.
25. Donini, L. M, Savina, C., & Cannella C. (2003) Eating habits and appetite control in the elderly: The anorexia of aging. International Psychogeriatrics, 15 (1): 73-87.
26. Dontas, A. S., Moschandreas, J., & Kafatos, A. (1999) Physical activity and nutrition in older adults. Public Health Nutrition, 2 (3 A): 429-436.
27. Drewnowski, A., & Shultz, J. M. (2001) Impact of aging on eating behaviours, food choices, nutrition, and health status. Journal of Nutrition in Health and Aging, 5 (2): 75-79.
28. Falk, L. W., Bisogni, C. A., & Sobal, J. (1996) Food choice processes of older adults: A qualitative investigation. Journal of Nutrition Education, 28: 257-265.
29. Ferland, G. (2003) Alimentation et vieillissement. Montreal: Les Presses de l'Universite de Montreal.
30. Finkelstein, J. A., & Schiffman, S. S. (1999) Workshop on taste and smell in the elderly: An overview. Physiology & Behavior, 66 (2): 173-176.
31. Fischer, J., & Johnson, M. A. (1990) Low body weight and weight loss in the aged. Journal of the American Dietetetic Association, 90: 1697-1706.
32. Flood, K. L., & Carr, D. B. (2004) Nutrition in the elderly. Current Opinions in Gastroenterology, 20 (2): 125-129.
33. Fried, L. P., Tangen, C. M., Walston, J., Newman, A. B., Hirsch, C., Godddiener, J., Seeman, T., Tracy, R., Kop, W. J., Burke, G., & McBurnie, M. A. (2001) Cardiovascular health study collaborative research group. Frailty in older adults: Evidence for a phenotype. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Science and Medical Sciences, 56: 146-156.
34. Gallagher Camden, S., & Gates, J. (2006) Obesity: Changing the face of geriatric care. Ostomy Wound Manage, 52 (10): 36-38, 40-44.
35. Goldberg, A. N., Shea, J. A., Deems, D. A., & Doty, R. L. (2005) A ChemoSensory questionnaire for patients treated for cancer of the head and neck. Laryngoscope, 115 (12): 2077-2086.
36. Gray-Donald, K. (1995) The frail elderly: Meeting the nutritional challenges. Journal of American Dietetic Association, 95 (5): 538-540.
37. Griep, M. I., Verleye, G., Franck, A. H., Collys, K., Mets, T. F., & Massart, D. L. (1996) Variation in nutrient intake with dental status, age and odour perception. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 50: 816-825.
38. Hamman, R. F., Wing, R. R., Edelstein, S. L., Lachin, J. M., Bray, G. A., Delahanty, L., et al. (2006) Effect of weight loss with lifestyle intervention on risk of diabetes. Diabetes Care, 29 (9): 2102-2107.
39. Hays, N. P., & Roberts, S. B. (2006) The anorexia of aging in humans. Physiology & Behavior, 88 (3): 257-266.
40. Hudson, H. M., Daubert, C. R., & Mills, R. H. (2000) The interdependency of protein-energy malnutrition, aging, and dysphagia. Dysphagia, 15 (1): 31-38.
41. Iestra, J., Knoops, K., Kromhout, D., De Groot, L., Grobbee, D., & Van Staveren, W. (2006) Lifestyle, mediterranean diet and survival in European post-myocardial infarction patients. European Journal of Cardiovascascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, 13 (6): 894-900.
42. Jackson, R. A. (1989) Mechanisms of age-related glucose intolerance. Diabetes Care, 13 (suppl. 2): S9-S19.
43. Jensen, G. L. (2006) Obesity among older persons: Screening for risk of adverse outcomes. Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging, 10 (6): 510-521.
44. Keller, H. H., Østbye, T., & Bright-See, E. (1997) Predictors of dietary intake in Ontario seniors. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 88: 305-309.
45. Koskinen, S., Nenonen, A., & Tuorila, H. (2005) Intakes of cold cuts in the elderly are predicted by olfaction and mood, but not by flavor type or intensity of the products. Physiology Behavior, 85 (3): 314-323.
46. Krasinski, S. D., Russell, R. M., Samloff, I. M., et al. (1996) Fundic atrophic gastritis in an elderly population. Effect on hemoglobin and several serum nutritional indicators. Journal of American Geriatric Society, 34: 800-806.
47. Lahmann, P. H., & Kumanyika, S. K. (1999) Attitudes about health and nutrition are more indicative of dietary quality in 50- to 75-year-old women than weight and appearance concerns. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 99 (4): 475-478.
48. Lamy, P. P. (1994) Drug-nutrient interactions in the aged. In Watson, R. R. (Ed.), Handbook of Nutrition in the Aged (2nd ed., pp. 165-200). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc.
49. Lebel, P., Leduc, N., Kergoat, M. J., Latour, J., Leclerc, C., Beland, F., & Contandriopoulos, A. P. (1999) Un modèle dynamique de la fragilité. L'Année gérontologique, 13: 89-94.
50. Lee, E., Olson, J. P., & Friel, J. K. (1984) Nutrient intakes of institutionalized and noninstitutionalized elderly. Canadian Dietetic Association Journal, 45 (3): 234-244.
51. Lennie, T. A., Moser, D. K., Heo, S., Chung, M. L., & Zambroski, C. H. (2006) Factors influencing food intake in patients with heart failure: A comparison with healthy elders. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 21 (2): 123-129.
52. Lorefalt, B., Ganowiak, W., Palhagen, S., Toss, G., Unosson, M., & Granerus, A. K. (2004) Factors of importance for weight loss in elderly patients with Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 110 (3): 180-187.
53. Lorefalt, B., Granerus, A. K., & Unosson, M. (2006a) Avoidance of solid food in weight losing older patients with Parkinson's disease. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 15 (11): 1404-1412.
54. Lorefalt, B., Ganowiak, W., Wissing, U., Granerus, A. K., & Unosson, M. (2006b) Food habits and intake of nutrients in elderly patients with Parkinson's disease. Gerontology, 52 (3): 160-168. (Pubitemid 43800678)
55. Marshall, T. A., Warren, J. J., Hand, J. S., Xie, X. J., & Stumbo, P. J. (2002) Oral health, nutrient intake and dietary quality in the very old. Journal of the American Dental Association, 133 (10): 1369-1379.
56. Maskarinec, G., Murphy, S., Shumay, D. M., & Kakai, H. (2001) Dietary changes among cancer survivors. European Journal of Cancer Care, 10 (1): 12-20.
57. McBee, S., Cotugna, N., & Vickery, C. E. (2001) Fruit and vegetable consumption in an elderly population. Journal of Nutrition of the Elderly, 21 (1): 59-67.
58. McIntosh, C., Morley, J. E., & Chapman, I. M. (2000) The anorexia of aging. Nutrition, 16: 983-995.
59. McKevith, B. (2005) Diet and healthy ageing. Journal of British Menopause Society, 11 (4): 121-125.
60. Meneilly, G. S., Dawson, K., & Tessier, D. (1993) Alterations in glucose metabolism in the elderly patient with diabetes. Diabetes Care, 16: 1241-1248.
61. Mojet, J., Heidema, J., & Christ-Hazelhof, E. (2004) Effect of concentration on taste-taste interactions in foods for elderly and young subjects. Chemical Senses, 29 (8): 671-681.
62. Morais, J. A., & Chevalier, S. (1999) Le besoin protéique et le métabolisme des protéines chez la personne âgée. L'Année Gérontologique, Supplément "Nutrition et vieillissement", 113-130.
63. Morais, J. A., Gougeon, R., Pencharz, P. B., Jones, P. J. H., Ross, R., & Marliss, E. B. (1997) Whole-body protein turnover in the healthy elderly. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 66: 880-889.
64. Morley, J. E. (1986) Nutritional status of the elderly. American Journal of Medecine, 81: 679-695.
65. Morley, J. E. (1997) Anorexia of aging: physiologic and pathologic. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 66: 760-763.
66. Morley, J. E. (2001) Decreased food intake with aging. Journal of Gerontology: Series A, 56A, (Special Issue II): 81-88.
67. Morley, J. E., & Thomas, D. R. (1999) Anorexia and aging: Pathophysiology. Nutrition, 5 (6): 499-503.
68. Murphy, B. M., Worcester, M. U., Elliott, P. C., Le Grande, M. R., Higgins, R. O., & Goble, A. J. (2006) Change in women's dietary fat intake following an acute cardiac event: Extent, predictors and comparison with non-cardiac Australian women and older adults. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 5 (3): 206-213.
69. Nourhashémi, F., Andrieu, S., Gillette-Guyonnet, S., Vellas, B., Albarede, J. L., & Grandjean, H. (2001) Instrumental activities of daily living as a potential marker of frailty: A study of 7364 community-dwelling elderly women (the EPIDOS study). Journal of Gerontology and Medical Science, 56 (7): M448-M453.
70. Owen, R., Krondl, M., & Csima, A. (1992) Contribution of consumed homedelivered meals to dietary intake of elderly women. Journal of Canadian Dietetic Association, 52: 24-29.
71. Pannemans, D. L. E., Halliday, D., Westerterp, K., & Kester, A. D. M. (1995) Effects of variable protein intake on whole-body protein turnover in young men and women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 61: 69-74.
72. Patterson, R. E., Neuhouser, M. L., Hedderson, M. M., Schwartz, S. M., Standish, L. J., & Bowen, D. J. (2003) Changes in diet, physical activity, and supplement use among adults diagnosed with cancer. Journal of American Dietetic Association, 103 (3): 323-328.
73. Payette, H., Gray-Donald, K., Cyr, R., & Boutier, V. (1995) Predictors of dietary intakes in a functionally dependent elderly population in the community. American Journal of Public Health, 85 (5): 677-683.
74. Payette, H., & Shatenstein, B. (2005) Determinants of healthy eating in communitydwelling elderly people. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 96 (Suppl 3): S27-31, S30-S35.
75. Poehlman, E. T. (1998) Effect of exercise on daily energy needs in older individuals. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 68: 997-998.
76. Poehlman, E. T., & Toth, M. J. (1996) Energy dysregulation in menopause. Menopause Management, 5: 18-21.
77. Poskiparta, M., Kasila, K., & Kiuru, P. (2006) Dietary and physical activity counselling on type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance by physicians and nurses in primary healthcare in Finland. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care, 24 (4): 206-210.
78. Posner, B. E., Smigelske, C. G., & Krachenfesl, M. M. (1987) Dietary characteristics and nutrient intake in a urban homebound population. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 87: 452-456.
79. Priefer, B. A., & Robbins, J. (1997) Eating changes in mild-stage Alzheimer's disease: A pilot study. Dysphagia, 12: 212-221.
80. Reedy, J., Haines, P. S., Steckler, A., & Campbell, M. K. (2005) Qualitative comparison of dietary choices and dietary supplement use among older adults with and without a history of colorectal cancer. Journal of Nutrition Educational and Behavior, 37 (5): 252-258.
81. Roberts, S. B. (2000) Regulation of energy intake in older adults: Recent findings and implications. Journal of Nutritional Health and Aging, 4: 170-171.
82. Roberts, S. B., & Rosenberg, I. (2006) Nutrition and aging: Changes in the regulation of energy metabolism with aging. Physiological Reviews, 86 (2): 651-667.
83. Rosenberg, I. H., & Miller, J. W. (1992) Nutritional factors in physical and cognitive functions of elderly people. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 55: S1237-S1243.
84. Rudman, D. (1989) Nutrition and fitness in elderly people. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 49: 1090-1098.
85. Russell, R. M., Jacob, R. A, Samloff, I. M., & Krasinski, S. D. (1983) The effect of atrophic gastritis on serum vitamin levels in an elderly population. Gastroenterology, 84 (5 Part II): 1291.
86. Sacks, F. M., Svetkey, L. P., Vollmer, W. M., Appel, L. J., Bray, G. A., Harsha, D., et al. (2001) Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. New England Journal of Medicine, 344: 3-10.
87. Salminen, E., Bishop, M., Poussa, T., Drummond, R., & Salminen, S. (2004) Dietary attitudes and changes as well as use of supplements and complementary therapies by Australian and Finnish women following the diagnosis of breast cancer. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 58 (1): 137-144.
88. Salminen, E. K., Lagstrom, H. K., Heikkila, S., & Salminen, S. (2000) Does breast cancer change patients' dietary habits? European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 54 (11):844-848.
89. Satia, J. A., Campbell, M. K., Galanko, J. A., James, A., Carr, C., & Sandler, R. S. (2004) Longitudinal changes in lifestyle behaviors and health status in colon cancer survivors. Cancer Epidemiological Biomarkers Preview, 13 (6): 1022-1031.
90. Schiffman, S. S. (1997) Taste and smell losses in normal aging and disease. Journal of American Medical Association, 278 (16): 1357-1362
91. Schiffman, S. S. (1999) Chemosensory impairment and appetite commentary on "Impaired sensory functioning in elders: the relation with its potential determinants and nutritional intake." The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Science & Medical Sciences, 54 (8): B332-B335.
92. Schiffman, S. S., & Graham, B. G. (2000) Taste and smell perception affect appetite and immunity in the elderly. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 54 (Suppl. 3): S54-S63.
93. Schiffman, S. S., & Zervakis, J. (2002) Taste and smell perception in the elderly: Effect of medications and disease. Advances in Food & Nutrition Research, 44: 247-346.
94. Schroll, K., Carbajal, A., Decarli, B., Martins, J., Grunenberger, F., Blauw, Y. H., De Groot, C. P., & SENECA Investigators. (1996) Food patterns of elderly Europeans. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 50 (Suppl. 2): S86-S100.
95. Schultz, S. E., & Kopec, J. A. (2002) "Impact of chronic conditions." Ottawa. Health Reports, Statistics Canada. Catalogue no. 82-003, 14 (4): 41-53.
96. Schwartz, M. W., Woods, S. C., Porte, D. Jr, Seeley, R. J., & Baskin, D. (2000) Central nervous system control of food intake. Nature, 404: 661-671.
97. Selhub, J., Bagley, L. C., Miller, J., & Rosenberg, J. H. (2000) B vitamins, homocysteine, and neurocognitive function in the elderly. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 71: 614S-620S.
98. Sem, S. W., Nes, M., Engedal, K., Pedersen, J. I., & Trygg, K. (1988) An attempt to identify and describe a group of non-institutionalised elderly with the lowest nutrient score. Comprehensive Gerontology, 2: 60-66.
99. Seoane, N. A. (1989) Les habitudes alimentaires des ânés québécois. Ministère de l'Agriculture, des Pêcheries et de l'Alimentation du Québec.
100. Sharkey, J. R., Branch, L. G., Zohoori, N., Giuliani, C., Busby-Whitehead, J., & Haines, P. S. (2002) Inadequate nutrient intakes among homebound elderly and their correlation with individual characteristics and health-related factors. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 76 (6): 1435-1445.
101. Shatenstein, B., Nadon, S., & Ferland, G. (2004) Determinants of diet quality among Quebecers aged 55-74. Journal of Nutritional Health & Aging, 8 (2): 83-91.
102. Shatenstein, B., Kergoat, M. J., & Reid, I. (2007) Poor nutrient intakes over a oneyear follow-up in community-dwelling older adults with early-stage Alzheimer dementia compared to cognitively-intact matched controls. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 107 (12): 2091-2099.
103. Sheiham, A., & Steele, J. (2001) Does the condition of the mouth and teeth affect the ability to eat certain foods, nutrient and dietary intake and nutritional status amongst older people? Public Health Nutrition, 4 (3): 797-803.
104. Skeie, G., Hjartaker, A., & Lund, E. (2006) Diet among breast cancer survivors and healthy women. The Norwegian Women and Cancer Study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 60 (9): 1046-1054
105. Statistics Canada. (2007) "A Portrait of Seniors in Canada." http://www. statcan.ca/english/ads/89-519-XPE/index.htm (accessed on April 16, 2007).
106. Stevens, D. A., Grivetti, L. E., & McDonald, R. B. (1992) Nutrient intake or urban and rural elderly receiving home-delivered meals. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 92 (6): 714-718.
107. Stipanuk, M. H. (2000) Biochemical and physiological aspects of human nutrition. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Company.
108. Stunkard, A. J., & Messick, S. (1985) The three-factor eating questionnaire to measure dietary restraint, disinhibition, and hunger. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 29: 71-83.
109. Thomson, C. A., Flatt, S. W., Rock, C. L., Ritenbaugh, C., Newman, V., & Pierce, J. P. (2002) Increased fruit, vegetable and fiber intake and lower fat intake reported among women previously treated for invasive breast cancer. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 102 (6): 801-808.
110. Toth, M. J., Sites, C.K., & Poehlman, E. T. (1999)Hormonal and physiological correlates of energy expenditure and substrate oxidation in middle-aged, premenopausal women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 84: 2771-2774.
111. Trichopoulou, A., Kouris-Blazos, A., Wahlqvist, M. L., Gnardellis, C., Lagiou, P., Polychronopoulos, E., et al. (1995) Diet and overall survival in elderly people. British Medical Journal, 311 (7018): 1457-1460.
112. U.S. National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2007). http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/agingact.htm (accessed on April 16, 2007).
113. Vasan, R. S., Beiser, A., Seshadri, S., Larson, M. G., Kannel, W. B., D'Agostino, R. B., & Levy, D. (2002) Residual lifetime risk for developing hypertension in middle-aged women and men. The Framingham Heart Study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 287 (8): 1003-1010.
114. Vellas, B., Garry, P. J., & Albarede, J. L. (1994) Nutritional assessment as part of the geriatric evaluation: The Mini Nutritional Assessment. Facts & Research in Gerontology. (Suppl: Nutrition): 11-13.
115. Visser, M., Langlois, J., Guralnik, J. M., Cauley, J. A., Kronmal, R. A., Robbins, J., Williamson, J. D., & Harris, T. B. (1998) High body fatness, but not low fat-free mass, predicts disability in older men and women: The Cardiovascular Health Study. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 68: 584-590.
116. Wakimoto, P., & Block, G. (2001) Dietary intake, dietary patterns, and changes with age: an epidemiological perspective. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Science and Medical Sciences, 56 (2): 65-80.
117. Walls, A. W., & Steele, J. G. (2004) The relationship between oral health and nutrition in older people. Mechanical Ageing Development, 125 (12): 853-857.
118. Wayne, S. J., Lopez, S. T., Butler, L. M., Baumgartner, K. B., Baumgartner, R. N., & Ballard-Barbash, R. (2004) Changes in dietary intake after diagnosis of breast cancer. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 104 (10): 1561-1568.
119. Welle, S., Thornton, C., Jozefowicz, R., & Statt, M. (1993) Myofibrillar protein synthesis in young and old men. American Journal of Physiology, 264: E693-E698.
120. Westenhoefer, J. (2005) Age and gender dependent profile of food choice. Forum on Nutrition, (57): 44-51.
121. World Health Organization (WHO). (2003) Joint WHO=FAO Expert Consultation on Diet, Nutrition and the prevention of Chronic Diseases 2002. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
122. World Health Organization (WHO). (2007) Nutrition for older persons. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. http://who.int/nutrition/topics/ ageing/en/print.html (accessed on April 9, 2007).
123. Willett, W. (1998) Nutritional Epidemiology (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
124. Winkler, S., Garg, A. K., Mekayarajjananonth, T., Bakaeen, L. G., & Khan, E. (1999) Depressed taste and smell in geriatric patients. Journal of the American Dental Association, 130 (12): 1759-1765.
125. Yeh, S. S., & Schuster, M. W. (1999) Geriatric cachexia: The role of cytokines. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 70: 183-197.