Guidelines for the treatment on infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus;Guía de tratamiento de la infección producida por Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina

Revista Espanola de Quimioterapia

Volumn 21, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 234-258

  Mensa, Josep ^a,d   Barberan J ^a   Llinares, P ^a   Picazo, J J ^a   Bouza, E ^a   Lerma, F Álvarez ^a   Borges, M ^a   Serrano, R ^a   Leon C ^a   Guirao, X ^b   Arias, J ^b   Carreras, E ^c   Sanz, M A ^c   Rodríguez, J A García ^a  

^a Sociedad Española de Quimioterapia ^*

^b Asociación Española de Cirujanos AEC   (Spain)

^c Asociación Española de Hematología y Hemoterapia

^d HOSPITAL CLÍNIC   (Spain)

Author keywords

Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA); MRSA guidelines; New antibiotics

Indexed keywords

AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; BETA LACTAM ANTIBIOTIC; CEFTRIAXONE; CLINDAMYCIN; CLOXACILLIN; COTRIMOXAZOLE; DAPTOMYCIN; DOXYCYCLINE; FUSIDIC ACID; GENTAMICIN; LINEZOLID; METICILLIN; RIFAMPICIN; TEICOPLANIN; TIGECYCLINE; VANCOMYCIN;

ARTICLE; BACTEREMIA; BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS; COMMUNITY; DRUG CHOICE; DRUG EFFICACY; HOSPITAL; HUMAN; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; MONOTHERAPY; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; OSTEOARTHROPATHY; PHARMACODYNAMICS; PNEUMONIA; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; STAPHYLOCOCCUS INFECTION;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; DECISION TREES; HUMANS; METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS;

EID: 58149088998     PISSN: 02143429     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (276)

1. Gross PA, Barrett TL, Dellinger EP, Krause PJ, Martone WJ, McGowan JE Jr., et al. Purpose of quality standards for infectious diseases. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 1994;18:421.
2. http://www.sempsph.com/Epine08/Informe_EPINE-2007_Espana.pdf. http. 2008.
3. Alvarez-Lerma F, Palomar M, Gracia M. Aspectos epidemiologicos de la infeccion por microorganismos multirresistentes en las unidades de cuidados intensivos españolas. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2006;5 monografia: 24-29.
4. Trallero EP, Arenzana JG, Castaneda AA, Grisolia LP. Unusual multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus in a newborn nursery. Am J Dis Child 1981;135:689-92.
5. Bouza E, Martinez-Beltran J. Multicentric study of Staphylococci prevalence in Spain. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 1988;6:68-79.
6. Rodriguez CM. Evolution of antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus isolated in Spanish hospitals. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 1992;10 Suppl 3:24-9.
7. Cercenado E, Sanchez-Carrillo C, Alcala L, Bouza E. Current status of resistance of Staphylococcus in Spain. 4th National Study (1996). Work Group on the Study of Staphylococcus. Rev Clin Esp 1997;197 Suppl 2:12-8.
8. Cuevas O, Cercenado E, Vindel A, Guinea J, Sanchez-Conde M, Sanchez-Somolinos M, et al. Evolution of the antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus spp. in Spain: five nationwide prevalence studies, 1986 to 2002. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:4240-5.
9. Cuevas O, Cercenado E, Goyanes MJ, Vindel A, Trincado P, Boquete T, et al. Staphylococcus spp. in Spain: present situation and evolution of antimicrobial resistance (1986-2006). Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2008;26:269-77.
10. Asensio A, Canton R, Vaque J, Rossello J, Calbo F, Garcia-Caballero J, et al. Nosocomial and community-acquired meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in hospitalized patients (Spain, 1993-2003). J Hosp Infect 2006;63:465-71.
11. Diekema DJ, Pfaller MA, Schmitz FJ, Smayevsky J, Bell J, Jones RN, et al. Survey of infections due to Staphylococcus species: frequency of occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates collected in the United States, Canada, Latin America, Europe, and the Western Pacific region for the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 1997-1999. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32 Suppl 2:S114-S132.
12. Oteo J, Cruchaga S, Campos J, Saez JA, Baquero F. Antibiotic resistance in blood isolates of Staphylococcus aureus in 31 Spanish hospitals participating in the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (2000). Med Clin (Barc) 2002;119:361-65.
13. Dominguez MA, de Lencastre H, Linares J, Tomasz A. Spread and maintenance of a dominant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clone during an outbreak of MRSA disease in a Spanish hospital. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32:2081-7.
14. Kallen AJ, Hageman J, Gorwitz R, Beekmann SE, Polgreen PM. Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus Community-Acquired Pneumonia during the 2006-2007 Influenza Season. Clin Infect Dis 2007;45:1655.
15. Vindel A, Trincado P, Gomez E, Cabrera R, Boquete T, Sola C, et al. Prevalence and Evolution of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Spanish Hospitals between 1996 and 2002. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:266-70.
16. Perez-Roth E, Lorenzo-Diaz F, Batista N, Moreno A, Mendez-Alvarez S. Tracking Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clones during a 5-Year Period (1998 to 2002) in a Spanish Hospital. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:4649-56.
17. Zetola N, Francis JS, Nuermberger EL, Bishai WR. Community-acquired meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an emerging threat. Lancet Infect Dis 2005;5:275-86.
18. Gordon R, Lowy F. Pathogenesis of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46: S350-S359.
19. Boucher H, Corey GR. Epidemiology of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:S344-S349.
20. Gillet Y, Issartel B, Vanhems P, Fournet JC, Lina G, Bes M, et al. Association between Staphylococcus aureus strains carrying gene for Panton-Valentine leukocidin and highly lethal necrotising pneumonia in young immunocompetent patients. Lancet 2002;359:753-9.
21. Gillet Y, Vanhems P, Lina G, Bes M, Vandenesch F, Floret D, et al. Factors predicting mortality in necrotizing community-acquired pneumonia caused by staphylococcus aureus containing Panton-Valentine leukocidin. Clin Infect Dis 2007;45:315-21.
22. Francis JS, Doherty MC, Lopatin U, Johnston CP, Sinha G, Ross I, et al. Severe community-onset pneumonia in healthy adults caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying the Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:100-7.
23. Deurenberg RH, Vink C, Kalenic S, Friedrich AW, Bruggeman CA, Stobberingh EE. The molecular evolution of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007;13:222-35.
24. Broseta A, Chaves F, Rojo P, Otero JR. Emergence of a single clone of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in southern Madrid children. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2006;24:31-5.
25. Manzur A, Dominguez AM, Pujol M, Gonzalez MP, Limon E, Hornero A, et al. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: an emerging threat in Spain. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008; 14:377-80.
26. Cercenado E, Cuevas O, Marin M, Bouza E, Trincado P, Boquete T, et al. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Madrid, Spain: transcontinental importation and polyclonal emergence of Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive isolates. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2008;61:143-9.
27. Vandenesch F, Naimi T, Enright MC, Lina G, Nimmo GR, Heffernan H, et al. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes: worldwide emergence. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:978-84.
28. Gonzalez C, Rubio M, Romero-Vivas J, Gonzalez M, Picazo JJ. Bacteremic pneumonia due to Staphylococcus aureus: A comparison of disease caused by methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible organisms. Clin Infect Dis 1999;29:1171-7.
29. Khatib R, Johnson LB, Fakih MG, Riederer K, Khosrovaneh A, Shamse TM, et al. Persistence in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: incidence, characteristics of patients and outcome. Scand J Infect Dis 2006;38:7-14.
30. Siegman-Igra Y, Reich P, Orni-Wasserlauf R, Schwartz D, Giladi M. The role of vancomycin in the persistence or recurrence of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. Scand J Infect Dis 2005;37:572-8.
31. Fortun J, Navas E, Martinez-Beltran J, Perez-Molina J, Martin-Davila P, Guerrero A, et al. Short-course therapy for right-side endocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus in drug abusers: cloxacillin versus glycopeptides in combination with gentamicin. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33:120-5.
32. Fowler VG Jr., Kong LK, Corey GR, Gottlieb GS, McClelland RS, Sexton DJ, et al. Recurrent Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: pulsed-field gel electrophoresis findings in 29 patients. J Infect Dis 1999;179:1157-61.
33. Chang FY, Peacock JE, Jr., Musher DM, Triplett P, MacDonald BB, Mylotte JM, et al. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: recurrence and the impact of antibiotic treatment in a prospective multicenter study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2003;82:333-9.
34. Chang FY, MacDonald BB, Peacock JE, Jr., Musher DM, Triplett P, Mylotte JM, et al. A prospective multicenter study of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: incidence of endocarditis, risk factors for mortality, and clinical impact of methicillin resistance. Medicine (Baltimore) 2003; 82:322-32.
35. Stryjewski ME, Szczech LA, Benjamin DK Jr., Inrig JK, Kanafani ZA, Engemann JJ, et al. Use of vancomycin or first-generation cephalosporins for the treatment of hemodialysis-dependent patients with methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44:190-6.
36. Small PM, Chambers HF. Vancomycin for Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in intravenous drug users. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990;34:1227-31.
37. Kim SH, Kim KH, Kim HB, Kim NJ, Kim EC, Oh Md, et al. Outcome of vancomycin treatment in patients with methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52: 192-7.
38. Khatib R, Johnson LB, Sharma M, Fakih MG, Ganga R, Riederer K. Persistent Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: Incidence and outcome trends over time. Scand J Infect Dis 2008;1-6.
39. Moise PA, Forrest A, Bhavnani SM, Birmingham MC, Schentag JJ. Area under the inhibitory curve and a pneumonia scoring system for predicting outcomes of vancomycin therapy for respiratory infections by Staphylococcus aureus. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2000;57 Suppl 2:S4-S9.
40. Moise-Broder PA, Forrest A, Birmingham MC, Schentag JJ. Pharmacodynamics of vancomycin and other antimicrobials in patients with Staphylococcus aureus lower respiratory tract infections. Clin Pharmacokinet 2004;43:925-42.
41. Lodise TP, Lomaestro B, Graves J, Drusano GL. Larger vancomycin doses (at least four grams per day) are associated with an increased incidence of Nephrotoxicity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52:1330-6.
42. Lodise TP, McKinnon PS, Swiderski L, Rybak MJ. Outcomes analysis of delayed antibiotic treatment for hospital-acquired Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36:1418-23.
43. Schramm GE, Johnson JA, Doherty JA, Micek ST, Kollef MH. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus sterile-site infection: The importance of appropriate initial antimicrobial treatment. Crit Care Med 2006;34:2069-74.
44. Pea F, Viale P, Furlanut M. Antimicrobial therapy in critically ill patients: a review of pathophysiological conditions responsible for altered disposition and pharmacokinetic variability. Clin Pharmacokinet 2005;44:1009-34.
45. Roberts JA, Lipman J. Antibacterial dosing in intensive care: pharmacokinetics, degree of disease and pharmacodynamics of sepsis. Clin Pharmacokinet 2006;45:755-73.
46. Fernandez MM, García O, Garcia M, Revilla N, Calvo MV, Dominguez-Gil A, Sánchez Navarro A. Pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic analysis of vancomycin in ICU patients. Intensive Care Med 2007;33:279-85.
47. Soriano A, Marco F, Martinez JA, Pisos E, Almela M, Dimova VP, et al. Influence of vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration on the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:193-200.
48. Maclayton DO, Suda KJ, Coval KA, York CB, Garey KW. Case-control study of the relationship between MRSA bacteremia with a vancomycin MIC of 2 [mu]g/mL and risk factors, costs, and outcomes in inpatients undergoing hemodialysis. Clin Ther 2006;28:1208-16.
49. Lodise TP, Graves J, Evans A, Graffunder E, Helmecke M, Lomaestro BM, et al. Relationship between Vancomycin MIC and Failure among Patients with MRSA Bacteremia Treated with Vancomycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52:3315-20.
50. Howden BP, Ward PB, Charles PG, Korman TM, Fuller A, du CP, et al. Treatment outcomes for serious infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with reduced vancomycin susceptibility. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:521-8.
51. Sakoulas G, Moise-Broder PA, Schentag J, Forrest A, Moellering RC, Jr., Eliopoulos GM. Relationship of MIC and bactericidal activity to efficacy of vancomycin for treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:2398-402.
52. Moise-Broder PA, Sakoulas G, Eliopoulos GM, Schentag JJ, Forrest A, Moellering RC Jr. Accessory gene regulator group II polymorphism in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is predictive of failure of vancomycin therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:1700-5.
53. Moise PA, Sakoulas G, Forrest A, Schentag JJ. Vancomycin in vitro bactericidal activity and its relationship to efficacy in clearance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51:2582-6.
54. Hidayat LK, Hsu DI, Quist R, Shriner KA, Wong-Beringer A. High-dose vancomycin therapy for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: efficacy and toxicity. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:2138-44.
55. Chua T, Moore CL, Perri MB, Donabedian SM, Masch W, Vager D, et al. Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream isolates in urban Detroit. J Clin Microbiol 2008;46:2345-52.
56. Lodise TP, Miller CD, Graves J, Evans A, Graffunder E, Helmecke M, et al. Predictors of high vancomycin MIC values among patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008;62:1138-41.
57. Moise PA, Smyth DS, El Fawal N, Robinson DA, Holden PN, Forrest A, et al. Microbiological effects of prior vancomycin use in patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008;61:85-90.
58. Ortega M, Marco F, Soriano A, Almela M, Martinez J, Muñoz A, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Predictor factors for an isolate with a vancomycin minimal inhibitory concentration ≥2 mg/l. Rev Esp Quimioter 2008;21:93-8.
59. Picazo JJ, Betriu C, Rodriguez-Avial I, Culebras E, Gómez M, López F. Antimicrobial resistance surveillance: VIRA STUDY 2006. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2006;24:617-28.
60. Picazo JJ, Betriu C, Rodriguez-Avial I, Culebras E, Lopez F, Gomez M, et al. Actividad comparativa de daptomicina frente a Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina y estafilococos coagulasa negativa. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2008;26:489-494
61. Harding I, Macgowan AP, White LO, Darley ESR, Reed V. Teicoplanin therapy for Staphylococcus aureus septicaemia: relationship between pre-dose serum concentrations and outcome. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000;45:835-41.
62. Lewis PJ, Martino P, Mosconi G, Harding I. Teicoplanin in endocarditis: a multicentre, open European study. Chemotherapy 1995;41:399-411.
63. Whitehouse T, Cepeda JA, Shulman R, Aarons L, Nalda-Molina R, Tobin C, et al. Pharmacokinetic studies of linezolid and teicoplanin in the critically ill. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005;55:333-40.
64. Kontoyiannis DP, Lewis RE. Caspofungin versus liposomal amphotericin B for empirical therapy. N Engl J Med 2005;352:410-4.
65. Menichetti F, Martino P, Bucaneve G, Gentile G, D'Antonio D, Liso V, et al. Effects of teicoplanin and those of vancomycin in initial empirical antibiotic regimen for febrile, neutropenic patients with hematologic malignancies. Gimema Infection Program. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994;38:2041-6.
66. Rolston KV, Nguyen H, Amos G, Elting L, Fainstein V, Bodey GP. A randomized double-blind trial of vancomycin versus teieoplanin for the treatment of gram-positive bacteremia in patients with cancer. J Infect Dis 1994;169:350-5.
67. Smith SR, Cheesbrough J, Spearing R, Davies JM. Randomized prospective study comparing vancomycin with teicoplanin in the treatment of infections associated with Hickman catheters. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989;33:1193-7.
68. Rayner CR, Forrest A, Meagher AK, Birmingham MC, Schentag JJ. Clinical pharmacodynamics of linezolid in seriously ill patients treated in a compassionate use programme. Clin Pharmacokinet 2003;42:1411-23.
69. Andes D, van Ogtrop ML, Peng J, Craig WA. In vivo pharmacodynamics of a new oxazolidinone (Linezolid). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46:3484-9.
70. Adembri C, Fallani S, Cassetta MI, Arrigucci S, Ottaviano A, Pecile P, et al. Linezolid pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile in critically ill septic patients: intermittent versus continuous infusion. Internat J Antimicrob Agents 2008;31:122-9.
71. Macgowan AP. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of linezolid in healthy volunteers and patients with Gram-positive infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003;51 Suppl 2:ii17-ii25.
72. Thallinger C, Buerger C, Plock N, Kljucar S, Wuenscher S, Sauermann R, et al. Effect of severity of sepsis on tissue concentrations of linezolid. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008;61:173-6.
73. Dehghanyar P, Burger C, Zeitlinger M, Islinger F, Kovar F, Muller M, et al. Penetration of linezolid into soft tissues of healthy volunteers after single and multiple doses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49:2367-71.
74. Kollef MH, Rello J, Cammarata SK, Croos-Dabrera RV, Wunderink RG. Clinical cure and survival in Gram-positive ventilator-associated pneumonia: retrospective analysis of two double-blind studies comparing linezolid with vancomycin. Intensive Care Med 2004;30:388-94.
75. Wunderink RG, Rello J, Cammarata SK, Croos-Dabrera RV, Kollef MH. Linezolid vs vancomycin: analysis of two double-blind studies of patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nosocomial pneumonia. Chest 2003;124:1789-97.
76. Shorr AF, Kunkel MJ, Kollef M. Linezolid versus vancomycin for Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: pooled analysis of randomized studies. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005;56:923-9.
77. Falagas ME, Siempos II, Vardakas KZ. Linezolid versus glycopeptide or beta-lactam for treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet Infect Dis 2008;8: 53-66.
78. Gomez J, Garcia-Vazquez E, Banos R, Canteras M, Ruiz J, Banos V, et al. Predictors of mortality in patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteraemia: the role of empiric antibiotic therapy. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2007;26:239-45.
79. Wilcox M, Nathwani D, Dryden M. Linezolid compared with teicoplanin for the treatment of suspected or proven Gram-positive infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004;53:335-44.
80. Sharpe JN, Shively EH, Polk HC Jr. Clinical and economic outcomes of oral linezolid versus intravenous vancomycin in the treatment of MRSA-complicated, lower-extremity skin and soft-tissue infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Am J Surg 2005;189:425-8.
81. Itani KM, Weigelt J, Li JZ, Duttagupta S. Linezolid reduces length of stay and duration of intravenous treatment compared with vancomycin for complicated skin and soft tissue infections due to suspected or proven methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Int J Antimicrob Agents 2005;26:442-8.
82. Weigelt J, Itani K, Stevens D, Lau W, Dryden M, Knirsch C. Linezolid versus vancomycin in treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:2260-6.
83. Lipsky BA, Itani K, Norden C. Treating foot infections in diabetic patients: a randomized, multicenter, open-label trial of linezolid versus ampicillinsulbactam/amoxicillin-clavulanate. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:17-24.
84. Weigelt J, Kaafarani HM, Itani KM, Swanson RN. Linezolid eradicates MRSA better than vancomycin from surgical-site infections. Am J Surg 2004;188:760-6.
85. Rupprecht TA, Pfister HW. Clinical experience with linezolid for the treatment of central nervous system infections. Eur J Neurol 2005;12:536-42.
86. Ntziora F, Falagas ME. Linezolid for the treatment of patients with central nervous system infection. Ann Pharmacother 2007;41:296-308.
87. Kallweit U, Harzheim M, Marklein G, Welt T, Pohlau D. Successful treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus meningitis using linezolid without removal of intrathecal infusion pump. Case report. J Neurosurg 2007;107:651-3.
88. Kessler AT, Kourtis AP. Treatment of meningitis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with linezolid. Infection 2007;35:271-4.
89. Myrianthefs P, Markantonis SL, Vlachos K, Anagnostaki M, Boutzouka E, Panidis D, et al. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of linezolid in neurosurgical patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:3971-6.
90. Rayner CR, Baddour LM, Birmingham MC, Norden C, Meagher AK, Schentag JJ. Linezolid in the treatment of osteomyelitis: results of compassionate use experience. Infection 2004;32:8-14.
91. Soriano A, Gomez J, Gomez L, Azanza JR, Perez R, Romero F, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of prolonged linezolid therapy in the treatment of orthopedic implant infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2007;26:353-6.
92. Bassetti M, Vitale F, Melica G, Righi E, Di Biagio A, Molfetta L, et al. Linezolid in the treatment of Gram-positive prosthetic joint infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005;55:387-90.
93. Razonable RR, Osmon DR, Steckelberg JM. Linezolid therapy for orthopedic infections. Mayo Clin Proc 2004;79:1137-44.
94. Senneville E, Legout L, Valette M, Yazdanpanah Y, Beltrand E, Caillaux M, et al. Effectiveness and tolerability of prolonged linezolid treatment for chronic osteomyelitis: A retrospective study. Clin Ther 2006;28: 1155-63.
95. Oussedik SIS, Haddad FS. The Use of Linezolid in the Treatment of Infected Total Joint Arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 2008;23:273-8.
96. Vercillo M, Patzakis MJ, Holtom P, Zalavras CG. Linezolid in the treatment of implant-related chronic osteomyelitis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2007; 461:40-3.
97. Rao N, Hamilton CW. Efficacy and safety of linezolid for Gram-positive orthopedic infections: a prospective case series. Diag Microbiol Infect Dis 2007;59:173-9.
98. Louie A, Kaw P, Liu W, Jumbe N, Miller MH, Drusano GL. Pharmacodynamics of Daptomycin in a murine thigh model of Staphylococcus aureus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45:845-51.
99. Safdar N, Andes D, Craig WA. In vivo pharmacodynamic activity of daptomycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:63-8.
100. Dandekar PK, Tessier PR, Williams P, Zhang C, Nightingale CH, Nicolau DP. Determination of the pharmacodynamic profile of daptomycin against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates with varying susceptibility to penicillin in a murine thigh infection model. Chemotherapy 2004;50:11-6.
101. Dandekar PK, Tessier PR, Williams P, Nightingale CH, Nicolau DP. Pharmacodynamic profile of daptomycin against Enterococcus species and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a murine thigh infection model. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003;52:405-11.
102. Benvenuto M, Benziger DP, Yankelev S, Vigliani G. Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of daptomycin at doses up to 12 milligrams per kilogram of body weight once daily in healthy volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006;50:3245-9.
103. Dvorchik BH, Brazier D, DeBruin MF, Arbeit RD. Daptomycin pharmacokinetics and safety following administration of escalating doses once daily to healthy subjects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:1318-23.
104. Dvorchik B. Moderate liver impairment has no influence on daptomycin pharmacokinetics. J Clin Pharmacol 2004;44:715-22.
105. Enoch DA, Bygott JM, Daly ML, Karas JA. Daptomycin. J Infect 2007; 55:205-13.
106. Denis O, Deplano A, Nonhoff C, Hallin M, De Ryck R, Vanhoof R, et al. In Vitro Activities of Ceftobiprole, Tigecycline, Daptomycin, and 19 Other Antimicrobials against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains from a National Survey of Belgian Hospitals. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006;50:2680-5.
107. Katz DE, Lindfield KC, Steenbergen JN, Benziger DP, Blackerby KJ, Knapp AG, et al. A pilot study of high-dose short duration daptomycin for the treatment of patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by gram-positive bacteria. Int J Clin Pract 2008;62:1455-64.
108. Baltch AL, Ritz WJ, Bopp LH, Michelsen PB, Smith RP. Antimicrobial activities of daptomycin, vancomycin, and oxacillin in human monocytes and of daptomycin in combination with gentamicin and/or rifampin in human monocytes and in broth against Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51:1559-62.
109. Credito K, Lin G, Appelbaum PC. Activity of daptomycin alone and in combination with rifampin and gentamicin against Staphylococcus aureus assessed by time-kill methodology. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51:1504-7.
110. Tsuji BT, Rybak MJ. Short-course gentamicin in combination with daptomycin or vancomycin against Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model with simulated endocardial vegetations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49:2735-45.
111. Rose WE, Leonard SN, Rybak MJ. Evaluation of daptomycin pharmacodynamics and resistance at various dosage Regimens against Staphylococcus aureus isolates with reduced susceptibilities to daptomycin in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model with simulated endocardial vegetations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52:3061-7.
112. Rand KH, Houck HJ. Synergy of Daptomycin with oxacillin and other beta-lactams against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:2871-5.
113. Scheetz M, Reddy P, Postelnick M, Flaherty J. In vivo synergy of daptomycin plus a penicillin agent for MRSA? J Antimicrob Chemother 2005;55:398-9.
114. Arbeit RD, Maki D, Tally FP, Campanaro E, Eisenstein BI. The safety and efficacy of daptomycin for the treatment of complicated skin and skin-structure infections. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:1673-81.
115. Lipsky BA, Stoutenburgh U. Daptomycin for treating infected diabetic foot ulcers: evidence from a randomized, controlled trial comparing daptomycin with vancomycin or semi-synthetic penicillins for complicated skin and skin-structure infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 55:240-5.
116. Fowler VG Jr., Boucher HW, Corey GR, Abrutyn E, Karchmer AW, Rupp ME, et al. Daptomycin versus standard therapy for bacteremia and endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med 2006;355:653-65.
117. McCalla C, Smyth DS, Robinson DA, Steenbergen J, Luperchio SA, Moise PA, et al. Microbiological and Genotypic Analysis of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52:3441-3.
118. Levine DP, Lamp KC. Daptomycin in the treatment of patients with infective endocarditis: experience from a registry. Am J Med 2007; 120:S28-S33.
119. EUCAST technical note on tigecycline. Clin Microbiol Infect 2006; 12:1147-9.
120. MacGowan AP. Tigecycline pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic update. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008;62:i11-i16.
121. Meagher AK, Passarell JA, Cirincione BB, Van Wart SA, Liolios K, Babinchak T, et al. Exposure-Response Analyses of Tigecycline Efficacy in Patients with Complicated Skin and Skin-Structure Infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51:1939-45.
122. Conte JE Jr., Golden JA, Kelly MG, Zurlinden E. Steady-state serum and intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tigecycline. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2005;25:523-9.
123. Meagher AK, Ambrose PG, Grasela TH, Ellis-Grosse EJ. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of tigecycline. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41 Suppl 5:S333-S340.
124. Betriu C, Rodriguez-Avial I, Sanchez BA, Gomez M, Alvarez J, Picazo JJ. In vitro activities of tigecycline (GAR-936) against recently isolated clinical bacteria in Spain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:892-5.
125. Bradford PA, Weaver-Sands DT, Petersen PJ. In vitro activity of tigecycline against isolates from patients enrolled in phase 3 clinical trials of treatment for complicated skin and skin-structure infections and complicated intra-abdominal infections. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41 Suppl 5:S315-S332.
126. Fritsche TR, Jones RN. Antimicrobial activity of tigecycline (GAB-936) tested against 3498 recent isolates of Staphylococcus aureus recovered from nosocomial and community-acquired infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2004;24:567-71.
127. Breedt J, Teras J, Gardovskis J, Maritz FJ, Vaasna T, Ross DP, et al. Safety and efficacy of tigecycline in treatment of skin and skin structure infections: results of a double-blind phase 3 comparison study with vancomycin-aztreonam. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49:4658-66.
128. Sacchidanand S, Penn RL, Embil JM, Campos ME, Curcio D, Ellis-Grosse E, et al. Efficacy and safety of tigecycline monotherapy compared with vancomycin plus aztreonam in patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections: Results from a phase 3, randomized, double-blind trial. Int J Infect Dis 2005;9:251-61.
129. Florescu I, Beuran M, Dimov R, Razbadauskas A, Bochan M, Fichev G, et al. Efficacy and safety of tigecycline compared with vancomycin or linezolid for treatment of serious infections with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or vancomycin-resistant enterococci: a Phase 3, multicentre, double-blind, randomized study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008;62:i17-i28.
130. Oliva ME, Rekha A, Yellin A, Pasternak J, Campos M, Rose GM, et al. A multicenter trial of the efficacy and safety of tigecycline versus imipenem/cilastatin in patients with complicated intra-abdominal infections. Study ID Numbers: 3074A1-301-WW; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00081744. BMC Infect Dis 2005;5:88.
131. Babinchak T, Ellis-Grosse E, Dartois N, Rose GM, Loh E. The efficacy and safety of tigecycline for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections: analysis of pooled clinical trial data. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41 Suppl 5:S354-S367.
132. Wertheim HF, Verveer J, Boelens HA, van Belkum A, Verbrugh HA, Vos MC. Effect of mupirocin treatment on nasal, pharyngeal, and perineal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in healthy adults. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49:1465-7.
133. Huang SS, Platt R. Risk of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection after Previous Infection or Colonization. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36:281-5.
134. Cepeda JA, Whitehouse T, Cooper B, Hails J, Jones K, Kwaku F, et al. Linezolid versus teicoplanin in the treatment of Gram-positive infections in the critically ill: a randomized, double-blind, multicentre study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004;53:345-55.
135. Liu Y, Cui J, Wang R, Wang X, Drlica K, Zhao X. Selection of rifampicin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus during tuberculosis therapy: concurrent bacterial eradication and acquisition of resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005;56:1172-5.
136. Weber SG, Gold HS, Hooper DC, Karchmer AW, Carmeli Y. Fluoroquinolones and the risk for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospitalized patients. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:1415-22.
137. Dziekan G, Hahn A, Thune K, Schwarzer G, Schafer K, Daschner FD, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a teaching hospital: investigation of nosocomial transmission using a matched case-control study. J Hosp Infect 2000;46:263-70.
138. Graffunder EM, Venezia RA. Risk factors associated with nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection including previous use of antimicrobials. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002;49:999-1005.
139. Harbarth S, Liassine N, Dharan S, Herrault P, Auckenthaler R, Pittet D. Risk factors for persistent carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis 2000;31:1380-5.
140. Begier EM, Frenette K, Barrett NI, Mshar P, Petit S, Boxrud DJ, et al. A high-morbidity outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among players on a college football team, facilitated by cosmetic body shaving and turf burns. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:1446-53.
141. Dancer SJ. The effect of antibiotics on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008;61:246-53.
142. Stevens DL, Ma Y, Salmi DB, McIndoo E, Wallace RJ, Bryant AE. Impact of antibiotics on expression of virulence-associated exotoxin genes in methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Infect Dis 2007;195:202-11.
143. Dumitrescu O, Boisset S, Badiou C, Bes M, Benito Y, Reverdy ME, et al. Effect of antibiotics on Staphylococcus aureus producing Panton-Valentine leukocidin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51:1515-9.
144. Bernardo K, Pakulat N, Fleer S, Schnaith A, Utermohlen O, Krut O, et al. Subinhibitory concentrations of linezolid reduce Staphylococcus aureus virulence factor expression. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:646-55.
145. Stevens DL, Wallace RJ, Hamilton SM, Bryant AE. Successful treatment of staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome with linezolid: a case report and in vitro evaluation of the production of toxic shock syndrome toxin type 1 in the presence of antibiotics. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42:729-30.
146. Stevens DL, Yan S, Bryant AE. Penicillin-binding protein expression at different growth stages determines penicillin efficacy in vitro and in vivo: an explanation for the inoculum effect. J Infect Dis 1993;167:1401-5.
147. English BK, Maryniw EM, Talati AJ, Meals EA. Diminished macrophage
148. Grandgirard D, Schurch C, Cottagnoud P, Leib SL. Prevention of brain injury by the nonbacteriolytic antibiotic daptomycin in experimental pneumococcal meningitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51:2173-8.
149. 3H]choline release in the cerebrospinal fluid, in experimental meningitis due to a penicillin-resistant pneumococcal Strain without lysing its cell wall. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51:2249-52.
150. Lewis JS, Jorgensen JH. Inducible clindamycin resistance in Staphylococci: should clinicians and microbiologists be concerned? Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:280-5.
151. Gauduchon V, Cozon G, Vandenesch F, Genestier AL, Eyssade N, Peyrol S, et al. Neutralization of Staphylococcus aureus Panton Valentine leukocidin by intravenous immunoglobulin in vitro. J Infect Dis 2004;189:346-53.
152. Salliot C, Zeller V, Puechal X, Manceron V, Sire S, Varache N, et al. Panton-Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus infections: report of 4 French cases. Scand J Infect Dis 2006;38:192-5.
153. Darenberg J, Soderquist B, Henriques Normark B, Norrby-Teglund A. Differences in potency of intravenous polyspecific immunoglobulin G against streptococcal and staphylococcal superantigens: implications for Therapy of toxic shock syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:836-42.
154. Schlievert PM. Use of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of staphylococcal and streptococcal toxic shock syndromes and related illnesses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;108:S107-S110.
155. Ringberg H, Thoren A, Lilja B. Metastatic Complications of Staphylococcus aureus Septicemia. To Seek is to Find. Infection 2000;28:132-6.
156. Fowler VG Jr., Li J, Corey GR, Boley J, Marr KA, Gopal AK, et al. Role of echocardiography in evaluation of patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: experience in 103 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 30:1072-8.
157. El Ahdab F, Benjamin DK Jr., Wang A, Cabell CH, Chu VH, Stryjewski ME, et al. Risk of endocarditis among patients with prosthetic valves and Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Am J Med 2005;118:225-9.
158. Kaech C, Elzi L, Sendi P, Frei R, Laifer G, Bassetti S, et al. Course and outcome of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: a retrospective analysis of 308 episodes in a Swiss tertiary-care centre. Clin Microbiol Infect 2006;12:345-52.
159. Fowler VG, Jr., Olsen MK, Corey GR, Woods CW, Cabell CH, Reller LB, et al. Clinical identifiers of complicated Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:2066-72.
160. Pigrau C, Rodriguez D, Planes AM, Almirante B, Larrosa N, Ribera E, et al. Management of catheter-related Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: when may sonographic study be unnecessary? Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2003;22:713-9.
161. Raad II, Sabbagh MF. Optimal duration of therapy for catheter-related Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a study of 55 cases and review. Clin Infect Dis 1992;14:75-82.
162. Malanoski GJ, Samore MH, Pefanis A, Karchmer AW. Staphylococcus aureus catheter-associated bacteremia. Minimal effective therapy and unusual infectious complications associated with arterial sheath catheters. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:1161-6.
163. Thomas MG, Morris AJ. Cannula-associated Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: outcome in relation to treatment. Intern Med J 2005;35:319-30.
164. Fowler VG Jr., Sanders LL, Sexton D J, Kong L, Marr KA, Gopal AK, et al. Outcome of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia according to compliance with recommendations of infectious diseases specialists: experience with 244 patients. Gin Infect Dis 1998;27:478-86.
165. Marr KA, Kong L, Fowler VG, Gopal A, Sexton DJ, Conlon PJ, et al. Incidence and outcome of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 1998;54:1684-9.
166. Hartstein AI, Mulligan ME, Morthland VH, Kwok RY. Recurrent Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. J Clin Microbiol 1992;30:670-4.
167. Martinez JA, Pozo L, Almela M, Marco F, Soriano A, Lopez F, et al. Microbial and clinical determinants of time-to-positivity in patients with bacteraemia. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007;13:709-16.
168. Khatib R, Riederer K, Saeed S, Johnson LB, Fakih MG, Sharma M, et al. Time to positivity in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: possible correlation with the source and outcome of infection. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41:594-8.
169. Crowley AL, Peterson GE, Benjamin DK Jr., Rimmer SH, Todd C, Cabell CH, et al. Venous thrombosis in patients with short- and long-term central venous catheter-associated Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Crit Care Med 2008;36:385-90.
170. Tornos P, Almirante B, Mirabet S, Permanyer G, Pahissa A, Soler-Soler J. Infective Endocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus: deleterious effect of anticoagulant therapy. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:473-5.
171. von Eiff C. Staphylococcus aureus small colony variants: a challenge to microbiologists and clinicians. Internat J Antimicrob Agents 2008;31: 507-10.
172. Proctor RA, von Eiff C, Kahl BC, Becker K, McNamara P, Herrmann M, et al. Small colony variants: a pathogenic form of bacteria that facilitates persistent and recurrent infections. Nat Rev Micro 2006;4:295-305.
173. Sendi P, Rohrbach M, Graber P, Frei R, Ochsner PE, Zimmerli W. Staphylococcus aureus small colony variants in prosthetic joint infection. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43:961-7.
174. Barcia-Macay M, Seral C, Mingeot-Leclereq MP, Tulkens PM, Van Bambeke F. Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of the Intracellular Activities of Antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus in a Model of THP-1 Macrophages. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006;50:841-51.
175. Seral C, Barcia-Macay M, Mingeot-Leclercq MP, Tulkens PM, Van Bambeke F. Comparative activity of quinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin and garenoxacin) against extracellular and intracellular infection by Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus in J774 macrophages. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005;55:511-7.
176. Lemaire S, Van Bambeke F, Mingeot-Leclercq MP, Glupezynski Y, Tulkens PM. Role of acidic pH in the susceptibility of intraphagocytic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains to meropenem and cloxacillin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51:1627-32.
177. Sabath LD, Wallace SJ, Gerstein DA. Suppression of intrinsic resistance to methicillin and other penicillins in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1972;2:350-5.
178. Baudoux P, Bles N, Lemaire S, Mingeot-Leclercq MP, Tulkens PM, Van Bambeke F. Combined effect of pH and concentration on the activities of gentamicin and oxacillin against Staphylococcus aureus in pharmacodynamic models of extracellular and intracellular infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007;59:246-53.
179. Lemaire S, Olivier A, Van Bambeke F, Tulkens PM, Appelbaum PC, Glupezynski Y. Restoration of susceptibility of intracellular methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to beta-lactams: comparison of strains, cells, and antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:2797-805.
180. Tsuji BT, von Eiff C, Kelchlin PA, Forrest A, Smith PF. Attenuated vancomycin bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus hemB mutants expressing the small-colony-variant phenotype. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52:1533-7.
181. Krut O, Sommer H, Kronke M. Antibiotic-induced persistence of cytotoxic Staphylococcus aureus in non-phagocytic cells. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004;53:167-73.
182. Hawkins C, Huang J, Jin N, Noskin GA, Zembower TR, Bolon M. Persistent Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: an analysis of risk factors and outcomes. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:1861-7.
183. Fowler VG Jr., Justice A, Moore C, Benjamin DK Jr., Woods CW, Campbell S, et al. Risk factors for hematogenous complications of intravascular catheter-associated Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:695-703.
184. Pagano PJ, Buchanan LV, Dailey CF, Haas JV, Van Enk RA, Gibson JK. Effects of linezolid on staphylococcal adherence versus time of treatment. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2004;23:226-34.
185. Labthavikul P, Petersen PJ, Bradford PA. In vitro activity of tigecycline against Staphylococcus epidermidis growing in an adherent-cell biofilm model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:3967-9.
186. Aslam S, Trautner BW, Ramanathan V, Darouiche RO. Combination of tigecycline and N-acetylcysteine reduces biofilm-embedded bacteria on vascular catheters. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51:1556-8.
187. Raad II, Hanna HA, Boktour M, Chaiban G, Hachem RY, Dvorak T, et al. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium: catheter colonization, esp gene, and decreased susceptibility to antibiotics in biofilm. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005;49:5046-50.
188. Edmiston J, Goheen MP, Seabrook GR, Johnson CP, Lewis BD, Brown KR, et al. Impact of selective antimicrobial agents on staphylococcal adherence to biomedical devices. Am J Surg 2006; 192:344-54.
189. Raad I, Hanna H, Jiang Y, Dvorak T, Reitzel R, Chaiban G, et al. Comparative activities of daptomycin, linezolid, and tigecycline against catheter-related methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus bacteremic isolates embedded in biofilm. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:1656-60.
190. Laplante KL, Mermel LA. In vitro activity of daptomycin and vancomycin lock solutions on staphylococcal biofilms in a central venous catheter model. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007;22:2239-46.
191. Mascio CTM, Alder JD, Silverman JA. Bactericidal action of daptomycin against stationary-phase and nondividing Staphylococcus aureus cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51:4255-60.
192. Poole CV, Carlton D, Bimbo L, Allon M. Treatment of catheter-related bacteraemia with an antibiotic lock protocol: effect of bacterial pathogen. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004;19:1237-44.
193. Fernandez-Hidalgo N, Almirante B, Calleja R, Ruiz I, Planes AM, Rodriguez D, et al. Antibiotic-lock therapy for long-term intravascular catheter-related bacteraemia: results of an open, non-comparative study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006;57:1172-80.
194. Maya ID, Carlton D, Estrada E, Allon M. Treatment of dialysis catheter-related Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia with an antibiotic lock: a quality improvement report. Am J Kidney Dis 2007;50:289-95.
195. Fortun J, Grill F, Martin-Davila P, Blazquez J, Tato M, Sanchez-Corral J, et al. Treatment of long-term intravascular catheter-related bacteraemia with antibiotic-lock therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006;58: 816-21.
196. Soriano A, Bregada E, Marques JM, Ortega M, Bove A, Martinez JA, et al. Decreasing gradient of antibiotic concentration in the lumen of catheters locked with vancomycin. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 26:659-61.
197. Sinha B, Herrmann M. Mechanism and consequences of invasion of endothelial cells by Staphylococcus aureus. Thromb Haemost 2005;94:266-77.
198. Lowy FD. Is Staphylococcus aureus an intracellular pathogen? Trends Microbiol 2000;8:341-3.
199. Huang SS, Diekema DJ, Warren DK, Zuccotti G, Winokur PL, Tendolkar S, et al. Strain-relatedness of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from patients with repeated infection. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:1241-7.
200. Cui L, Tominaga E, Neoh Hm, Hiramatsu K. Correlation between Reduced Daptomycin susceptibility and vancomycin resistance in vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006;50:1079-82.
201. Patel JB, Jevitt LA, Hageman J, McDonald LC, Tenover FC. An association between reduced susceptibility to daptomycin and reduced susceptibility to vancomycin in Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42:1652-3.
202. Perlroth J, Kuo M, Tan J, Bayer AS, Miller LG. Adjunctive use of rifampin for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections: a systematic review of the Literature. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:805-19.
203. Yamaoka T. The bactericidal effects of anti-MRSA agents with rifampicin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim against intracellular phagocytized MRSA. J Infect Chemother 2007;13:141-6.
204. Levine DP, Fromm BS, Rediae BR. Slow response to vancomycin or vancomycin plus rifampin in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. Ann Intern Med 1991;115:674-80.
205. Riedel DJ, Weekes E, Forrest GN. Addition of rifampin to standard therapy for treatment of native valve Staphylococcus aureus infective endocarditis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52:2463-7.
206. Boucher HW, Sakoulas G. Perspectives on daptomycin resistance, with emphasis on resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45:601-8.
207. Jones T, Yeaman MR, Sakoulas G, Yang SJ, Proctor RA, Sahl HG, et al. Failures in clinical treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infection with daptomycin are associated with alterations in surface charge, membrane phospholipid asymmetry and Drug Binding. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52:269-78.
208. Mariani PG, Sader HS, Jones RN. Development of decreased susceptibility to daptomycin and vancomycin in a Staphylococcus aureus strain during prolonged therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006;58:481-3.
209. Marty FM, Yeh WW, Wennersten CB, Venkataraman L, Albano E, Alyea EP, et al. Emergence of a clinical daptomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate during treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and osteomyelitis. J Clin Microbiol 2006;44:595-7.
210. Skiest DJ. Treatment failure resulting from resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to daptomycin. J Clin Microbiol 2006;44:655-6.
211. Besier S, Ludwig A, Zander J, Brade V, Wichelhaus TA. Linezolid resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: gene dosage effect, stability, fitness costs, and cross-resistances. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:1570-2.
212. Kim SH, Park WB, Lee KD, Kang CI, Kim HB, Oh Md, et al. Outcome of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in patients with eradicable foci versus noneradicable Foci. Clin Infect Dis 2003;37:794-9.
213. Shorr AFM, Micek STP, Kollef MHM. Inappropriate therapy for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: resource utilization and cost implications. Crit Care Med 2008;36:2335-40.
214. Kaye K, Anderson D, Choi Y, Link K, Thacker P, Sexton D. The deadly toll of invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection in community hospitals. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:1568-77.
215. Soriano A, Martinez JA, Mensa J, Marco F, Almela M, Moreno-Martinez A, et al. Pathogenic significance of methicillin resistance for patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:368-73.
216. Tacconelli E, De Angelis G, Cataldo MA, Pozzi E, Cauda R. Does antibiotic exposure increase the risk of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolation? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008;61:26-38.
217. Lucet JC, Chevret S, Durand-Zaleski I, Chastang C, Regnier B, for the Multicenter Study Group. Prevalence and risk factors for carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at admission to the intensive care unit: results of a multicenter study. Arch Intern Med 2003;163: 181-8.
218. Thompson RL, Cabezudo I, Wenzel RP. Epidemiology of nosocomial infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Ann Intern Med 1982;97:309-17.
219. LeBlanc L, Pepin J, Toulouse K, Ouellette MF, Coulombe MA, Corriveau MP, et al. Fluoroquinolones and risk for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12:1398-405.
220. Moellering RC, Jr. Current treatment options for community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:1032-7.
221. Stryjewski M, Chambers H. Skin and soft-tissue infections caused by community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:S368-S377.
222. Hmouda H, Ben Salem C, Bouraoui K, Jemni L. Comment on: Bactericidal activity of orally available agents against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006;58:1307.
223. Kaka AS, Rueda AM, Shelburne SA, III, Hulten K, Hamill PJ, Musher DM. Bactericidal activity of orally available agents against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006;58:680-3.
224. Patel M, Waites KB, Moser SA, Cloud GA, Hoesley CJ. Prevalence of inducible clindamycin resistance among community- and hospital-associated Staphylococcus aureus isolates. J Clin Microbiol 2006;44:2481-4.
225. Rajendran PM, Young D, Maurer T, Chambers H, Perdreau-Remington F, Ro P, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of cephalexin for treatment of uncomplicated skin abscesses in a population at Risk for community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51:4044-8.
226. Ruhe JJ, Smith N, Bradsher RW, Menon A. Community-onset methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft-tissue infections: impact of antimicrobial therapy on outcome. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44:777-84.
227. Cenizal MJ, Skiest D, Luber S, Bedimo R, Davis P, Fox P, et al. Prospective randomized trial of empiric therapy with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or Doxycycline for outpatient skin and soft tissue infections in an area of high prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51:2628-30.
228. Ruhe JJ, Menon A. Tetracyclines as an oral treatment option for patients with community onset skin and soft tissue infections caused by methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51:3298-303.
229. Domaracki BE, Evans AM, Venezia RA. Vancomycin and oxacillin synergy for methicillin-resistant staphylococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:1394-6.
230. Rochon-Edouard S, Pestel-Caron M, Lemeland JF, Caron F. In vitro synergistic effects of double and triple combinations of beta-lactams, vancomycin, and netilmicin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:3055-60.
231. Climo MW, Patron RL, Archer GL. Combinations of vancomycin and beta-lactams are synergistic against staphylococci with reduced susceptibilities to vancomycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999;43:1747-53.
232. Komatsuzawa H, Suzuki J, Sugai M, Miyake Y, Suginaka H. Effect of combination of oxacillin and non-beta-lactam antibiotics on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother 1994;33: 1155-63.
233. Seibert G, Isert D, Klesel N, Limbert M, Markus A, Schrinner E. The in-vitro antibacterial activity of a combination of cefpirome or cefoperazone with vancomycin against enterococci and Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother 1992;29 Suppl A:25-30.
234. Sieradzki K, Roberts RB, Haber SW, Tomasz A. The development of vancomycin resistance in a patient with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. N Engl J Med 1999;340:517-23.
235. Aritaka N, Hanaki H, Cui L, Hiramatsu K. Combination effect of vancomycin and beta-lactams against a Staphylococcus aureus strain, Mu3, with heterogeneous resistance to vancomycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45:1292-4.
236. Brown DF, Edwards DI, Hawkey PM, Morrison D, Ridgway GL, Towner KJ, et al. Guidelines for the laboratory diagnosis and susceptibility testing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). J Antimicrob Chemother 2005;56:1000-18.
237. Renwick L, Hardie A, Girvan E, Smith M, Leadbetter G, Claas E, et al. Detection of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Panton-Valentine leukocidin directly from clinical samples and the development of a multiplex assay using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2008;27:791-6.
238. Lodise TP, Jr., McKinnon PS, Levine DP, Rybak MJ. Impact of empirical-therapy selection on outcomes of intravenous drug users with infective endocarditis caused by methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51:3731-3.
239. Chambers HF, Miller RT, Newman MD. Right-sided Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in intravenous drug abusers: two-week combination therapy. Ann Intern Med 1988;109:619-24.
240. Korzeniowski O, Sande MA. Combination antimicrobial therapy for Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in patients addicted to parenteral drugs and in nonaddicts: a prospective study. Ann Intern Med 1982; 97:496-503.
241. Abrams B, Sklaver A, Hoffman T, Greenman R. Single or combination therapy of staphylococcal endocarditis in intravenous drug abusers. Ann Intern Med 1979;90:789-91.
242. Markowitz N, Quinn EL, Saravolatz LD. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole compared with vancomycin for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infection. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:390-8.
243. Munoz P, Rodriguez-Creixems M, Moreno M, Marin M, Ramallo V, Bouza E. Linezolid therapy for infective endocarditis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007;13:211-5.
244. Sheftel TG, Mader JT, Pennick JJ, Cierny G, III. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1985; 231-9.
245. Fitzpatrick DJ, Cafferkey MT, Toner M, Beattie T, Keane CT. Osteomyelitis with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Nosp Infect 1986; 8:24-30.
246. Dombrowski JC, Winston LG. Clinical failures of appropriately-treated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. J Infect 2008; 57:110-115.
247. Soriano A, Ortega M, Garcia S, Penarroja G, Bove A, Marcos M, et al. Comparative study of the effects of pyridoxine, rifampin, and renal function on hematological adverse events induced by linezolid. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51:2559-63.
248. Egle H, Trittler R, Kummerer K, Lemmen SW. Linezolid and rifampin: drug interaction contrary to expectations? Clin Pharmacol Ther 2005; 77:451-3.
249. Holtom PD, Zalavras CG, Lamp KC, Park N, Friedrich LV. Clinical experience with daptomycin treatment of foot or ankle osteomyelitis: a preliminary study. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2007;461:35-9.
250. Lalani T, Boucher HW, Cosgrove SE, Fowler VG, Kanafani ZA, Vigliani GA, et al. Outcomes with daptomycin versus standard therapy for osteoarticular infections associated with Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008;61:177-82.
251. Lamp KC, Friedrich LV, Mendez-Vigo L, Russo R. Clinical experience with daptomycin for the treatment of patients with osteomyelitis. Am J Med 2007;120:S13-S20.
252. Aboltins CA, Page MA, Buising KL, Jenney AW, Daffy JR, Choong PF, et al. Treatment of staphylococcal prosthetic joint infections with debridement, prosthesis retention and oral rifampicin and fusidic acid. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007;13:586-91.
253. Barberan J, Aguilar L, Carroquino G, Gimenez MJ, Sanchez B, Martinez D, et al. Conservative treatment of staphylococcal prosthetic joint infections in elderly patients. Am J Med 2006; 119:993.
254. Rubinstein E, Kollef M, Nathwani D. Pneumonia Caused by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:S378-S385.
255. Lamer C, de B, V, Soler P, Calvat S, Fagon JY, Dombret MC, et al. Analysis of vancomycin entry into pulmonary lining fluid by bronchoalveolar lavage in critically ill patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993; 37:281-6.
256. Cruciani M, Gatti G, Lazzarini L, Furlan G, Broccali G, Malena M, et al. Penetration of vancomycin into human lung tissue. J Antimicrob Chemother 1996;38:865-9.
257. Morgan MS. Diagnosis and treatment of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-associated staphylococcal pneumonia. Intern J Antimicrob Agents 2007;30:289-96.
258. Silverman JA, Mortin LI, Vanpraagh AD, Li T, Alder J. Inhibition of daptomycin by pulmonary surfactant: in vitro modeling and clinical impact. J Infect Dis 2005;191:2149-52.
259. Pertel P, Bernardo P, Fogarty C, Matthews P, Northland R, Benvenuto M, et al. Effects of prior effective therapy on the efficacy of daptomycin and ceftriaxone for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:1142-51.
260. Rodriguez GA, Maradona Hidalgo JA, Perez GF, Carton Sanchez JA, Blanco A, Rial JC, et al. Postsurgery meningitis by Staphylococcus aureus: comparison between methicillin-sensitive and resistant strains. Med Clin (Barc) 2005;124:102-3.
261. Pintado V, Meseguer MA, Fortun J, Cobo J, Navas E, Quereda C, et al. Clinical study of 44 cases of Staphylococcus aureus meningitis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2002;21:864-8.
262. Arda B, Yamazhan T, Sipahi OR, Islekel S, Buke C, Ulusoy S. Meningitis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): review of 10 cases. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2005; 25:414-18.
263. Chang WN, Lu CH, Wu JJ, Chang HW, Tsai YC, Chen FT, et al. Staphylococcus aureus meningitis in adults: a clinical comparison of infections caused by methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive strains. Infection 2001;29:245-50.
264. Rybak MJ. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of vancomycin. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42 Suppl 1:S35-S39.
265. Albanese J, Leone M, Bruguerolle B, Ayem ML, Lacarelle B, Martin C. Cerebrospinal fluid penetration and pharmacokinetics of vancomycin administered by continuous infusion to mechanically ventilated patients in an intensive care unit. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:1356-8.
266. Cabellos C, Martinez-Lacasa J, Martos A, Tubau F, Fernandez A, Viladrich PF, et al. Influence of dexamethasone on efficacy of ceftriaxone and vancomycin therapy in experimental pneumococcal meningitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995;39:2158-60.
267. Viale P, Pagani L, Cristini F, Stefini R, Bergomi R, Colombini P, et al. Linezolid for the treatment of central nervous system infections in neurosurgical patients. Scand J Infect Dis 2002;34:456-9.
268. Maure B, Martínez-Vázquez C, Perez-Veloso M, Rodríguez Fernández M, Sopeña B. Linezolid in postneurosurgical infections. Infection 2008; 36:82-3.
269. Amod F, Moodley I, Peer AKC, Sunderland J, Lovering A, Wootton M, et al. Ventriculitis due to a hetero strain of vancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (hVISA): successful treatment with linezolid in combination with intraventricular vancomycin. J Infect 2005;50:252-7.
270. Cook AM, Ramsey CN, Martin CA, Pittman T. Linezolid for the treatment of a heteroresistant Staphylococcus aureus shunt infection. Pediatr Neurosurg 2005;41:102-4.
271. Castro P, Soriano A, Escrich C, Villalba G, Sarasa M, Mensa J. Linezolid treatment of ventriculoperitoneal shunt infection without implant removal. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2005;24:603-6.
272. Gerber P, Stucki A, Acosta F, Cottagnoud M, Cottagnoud P. Daptomycin is more efficacious than vancomycin against a methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in experimental meningitis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006;57:720-3.
273. Rodvold KA, Gotfried MH, Cwik M, Korth-Bradley JM, Dukart G, Ellis-Grosse EJ. Serum, tissue and body fluid concentrations of tigecycline after a single 100 mg dose. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006;58:1221-9.
274. Ostergaard C, Yieng-Kow RV, Knudsen JD, Frimodt-Moller N, Espersen F. Evaluation of fusidic acid in therapy of experimental Staphylococcus aureus meningitis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003;51:1301-5.
275. Peppard WJ, Johnston CJ, Urmanski AM. Pharmacologic options for CNS infections caused by resistant Gram-positive organisms. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2008;6:83-99.
276. Ritchie SR, Rupali P, Roberts SA, Thomas MG. Flucloxacillin treatment of Staphylococcus aureus meningitis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2007;26:501-4.