MET as a target for treatment of chest tumors

Lung Cancer

Volumn 63, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 169-179

  Cipriani, Nicole A ^a,b   Abidoye, Oyewale O ^c   Vokes, Everett ^a   Salgia, Ravi ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b University of Chicago   (United States)

^c SCRIPPS MEMORIAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Anti MET therapeutics; Chest tumors; HGF; Lung cancer; Mesothelioma; MET

Indexed keywords

3 [1 (2,6 DICHLORO 3 FLUOROPHENYL)ETHOXY] 5 [1 (4 PIPERIDINYL) 1H PYRAZOL 4 YL] 2 PYRIDINYLAMINE; 5 (2,6 DICHLOROBENZYLSULFONYL) 3 [3,5 DIMETHYL 4 [2 (1 PYRROLIDINYLMETHYL) 1 PYRROLIDINYLCARBONYL] 1H PYRROL 2 YLMETHYLENE] 1,3 DIHYDRO 2H INDOL 2 ONE; AMG 102; ANISOMYCIN; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ARQ 197; AV 299; BEVACIZUMAB; ERLOTINIB; GEFITINIB; GELDANAMYCIN; IMATINIB; MGCD 265; MICRORNA; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; MP 470; N (3 CHLOROPHENYL) 3 [3,5 DIMETHYL 4 (4 METHYL 1 PIPERAZINYLCARBONYL) 1H PYRROL 2 YLMETHYLENE] 2,3 DIHYDRO N METHYL 2 OXO 1H INDOLE 5 SULFONAMIDE; PAXILLIN; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR; RAPAMYCIN; RNA; SCATTER FACTOR; SCATTER FACTOR RECEPTOR; SGX 523; SHORT HAIRPIN RNA; TRASTUZUMAB; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; XL 184; XL 880;

ANTIANGIOGENIC ACTIVITY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CHROMOSOME 7Q; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONFUSION; CONSTIPATION; DEHYDRATION; DIARRHEA; DRUG DOSE ESCALATION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG TARGETING; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DYSPNEA; EPIGENETICS; EXPERIMENTAL MOUSE; FATIGUE; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; GENE ACTIVATION; GENE AMPLIFICATION; GENE MUTATION; GENE OVEREXPRESSION; HAND FOOT SYNDROME; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPOXIA; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; INHIBITION KINETICS; LARGE CELL CARCINOMA; LUNG ADENOCARCINOMA; LUNG CANCER; LUNG CARCINOGENESIS; LUNG EMBOLISM; LUNG NON SMALL CELL CANCER; LUNG SMALL CELL CANCER; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; NONHUMAN; OPTIMAL DRUG DOSE; PANCREAS CANCER; PLEURA MESOTHELIOMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SOLID TUMOR; THORAX TUMOR; TUMOR BLEEDING;

CARCINOMA, NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG; CARCINOMA, SMALL CELL; HUMANS; LUNG NEOPLASMS; MESOTHELIOMA; PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-MET; THORACIC NEOPLASMS;

EID: 58049192366     PISSN: 01695002     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2008.06.011     Document Type: Review

References (154)

1. Jemal A., Siegel R., Ward E., Murray T., Xu J., and Thun M.J. Cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 57 (2007) 43-66
2. Peto J., Decarli A., La Vecchia C., Levi F., and Negri E. The European mesothelioma epidemic. Br J Cancer 79 (1999) 666-672
3. Weill H., Hughes J.M., and Churg A.M. Changing trends in US mesothelioma incidence. Occup Environ Med 61 (2004) 438-441
4. Bottaro D.P., Rubin J.S., Faletto D.L., Chan A.M., Kmiecik T.E., Vande Woude G.F., et al. Identification of the hepatocyte growth factor receptor as the c-met proto-oncogene product. Science 251 (1991) 802-804
5. Di Renzo M.F., Narsimhan R.P., Olivero M., Bretti S., Giordano S., Medico E., et al. Expression of the Met/HGF receptor in normal and neoplastic human tissues. Oncogene 6 (1991) 1997-2003
6. Naldini L., Weidner K.M., Vigna E., Gaudino G., Bardelli A., Ponzetto C., et al. Scatter factor and hepatocyte growth factor are indistinguishable ligands for the MET receptor. Embo J 10 (1991) 2867-2878
7. Sonnenberg E., Meyer D., Weidner K.M., and Birchmeier C. Scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor and its receptor, the c-met tyrosine kinase, can mediate a signal exchange between mesenchyme and epithelia during mouse development. J Cell Biol 123 (1993) 223-235
8. Bladt F., Riethmacher D., Isenmann S., Aguzzi A., and Birchmeier C. Essential role for the c-met receptor in the migration of myogenic precursor cells into the limb bud. Nature 376 (1995) 768-771
9. Schmidt C., Bladt F., Goedecke S., Brinkmann V., Zschiesche W., Sharpe M., et al. Scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor is essential for liver development. Nature 373 (1995) 699-702
10. Tsarfaty I., Rong S., Resau J.H., Rulong S., da Silva P.P., and Vande Woude G.F. The Met proto-oncogene mesenchymal to epithelial cell conversion. Science 263 (1994) 98-101
11. Comoglio P.M., and Boccaccio C. Scatter factors and invasive growth. Semin Cancer Biol 11 (2001) 153-165
12. Jiang W., Hiscox S., Matsumoto K., and Nakamura T. Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor, its molecular, cellular and clinical implications in cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 29 (1999) 209-248
13. Christensen J.G., Burrows J., and Salgia R. c-Met as a target for human cancer and characterization of inhibitors for therapeutic intervention. Cancer Lett 225 (2005) 1-26
14. Ma P.C., Maulik G., Christensen J., and Salgia R. c-Met: structure, functions and potential for therapeutic inhibition. Cancer Metastasis Rev 22 (2003) 309-325
15. Maulik G., Shrikhande A., Kijima T., Ma P.C., Morrison P.T., and Salgia R. Role of the hepatocyte growth factor receptor, c-Met, in oncogenesis and potential for therapeutic inhibition. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 13 (2002) 41-59
16. Sattler M., and Salgia R. c-Met and hepatocyte growth factor: potential as novel targets in cancer therapy. Curr Oncol Rep 9 (2007) 102-108
17. Comoglio P.M., and Boccaccio C. The HGF receptor family: unconventional signal transducers for invasive cell growth. Genes Cells 1 (1996) 347-354
18. Maestrini E., Tamagnone L., Longati P., Cremona O., Gulisano M., Bione S., et al. A family of transmembrane proteins with homology to the MET-hepatocyte growth factor receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93 (1996) 674-678
19. Gandino L., Longati P., Medico E., Prat M., and Comoglio P.M. Phosphorylation of serine 985 negatively regulates the hepatocyte growth factor receptor kinase. J Biol Chem 269 (1994) 1815-1820
20. Abella J.V., Peschard P., Naujokas M.A., Lin T., Saucier C., Urbe S., et al. Met/Hepatocyte growth factor receptor ubiquitination suppresses transformation and is required for Hrs phosphorylation. Mol Cell Biol 25 (2005) 9632-9645
21. Petrelli A., Gilestro G.F., Lanzardo S., Comoglio P.M., Migone N., and Giordano S. The endophilin-CIN85-Cbl complex mediates ligand-dependent downregulation of c-Met. Nature 416 (2002) 187-190
22. Soubeyran P., Kowanetz K., Szymkiewicz I., Langdon W.Y., and Dikic I. Cbl-CIN85-endophilin complex mediates ligand-induced downregulation of EGF receptors. Nature 416 (2002) 183-187
23. Rodrigues G.A., and Park M. Autophosphorylation modulates the kinase activity and oncogenic potential of the Met receptor tyrosine kinase. Oncogene 9 (1994) 2019-2027
24. Fournier T.M., Kamikura D., Teng K., and Park M. Branching tubulogenesis but not scatter of madin-darby canine kidney cells requires a functional Grb2 binding site in the Met receptor tyrosine kinase. J Biol Chem 271 (1996) 22211-22217
25. Furge K.A., Zhang Y.W., and Vande Woude G.F. Met receptor tyrosine kinase: enhanced signaling through adapter proteins. Oncogene 19 (2000) 5582-5589
26. Ponzetto C., Bardelli A., Zhen Z., Maina F., dalla Zonca P., Giordano S., et al. A multifunctional docking site mediates signaling and transformation by the hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor receptor family. Cell 77 (1994) 261-271
27. Weidner K.M., Sachs M., Riethmacher D., and Birchmeier W. Mutation of juxtamembrane tyrosine residue 1001 suppresses loss-of-function mutations of the met receptor in epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92 (1995) 2597-2601
28. Stella M.C., and Comoglio P.M. HGF: a multifunctional growth factor controlling cell scattering. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 31 (1999) 1357-1362
29. Hammond D.E., Urbe S., Vande Woude G.F., and Clague M.J. Down-regulation of MET, the receptor for hepatocyte growth factor. Oncogene 20 (2001) 2761-2770
30. Peruzzi B., and Bottaro D.P. Targeting the c-Met signaling pathway in cancer. Clin Cancer Res 12 (2006) 3657-3660
31. Teis D., and Huber L.A. The odd couple: signal transduction and endocytosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 60 (2003) 2020-2033
32. Fournier T.M., Lamorte L., Maroun C.R., Lupher M., Band H., Langdon W., et al. Cbl-transforming variants trigger a cascade of molecular alterations that lead to epithelial mesenchymal conversion. Mol Biol Cell 11 (2000) 3397-3410
33. Naldini L., Vigna E., Ferracini R., Longati P., Gandino L., Prat M., et al. The tyrosine kinase encoded by the MET proto-oncogene is activated by autophosphorylation. Mol Cell Biol 11 (1991) 1793-1803
34. Sachs M., Brohmann H., Zechner D., Muller T., Hulsken J., Walther I., et al. Essential role of Gab1 for signaling by the c-Met receptor in vivo. J Cell Biol 150 (2000) 1375-1384
35. Weidner K.M., Di Cesare S., Sachs M., Brinkmann V., Behrens J., and Birchmeier W. Interaction between Gab1 and the c-Met receptor tyrosine kinase is responsible for epithelial morphogenesis. Nature 384 (1996) 173-176
36. Day R.M., Cioce V., Breckenridge D., Castagnino P., and Bottaro D.P. Differential signaling by alternative HGF isoforms through c-Met: activation of both MAP kinase and PI 3-kinase pathways is insufficient for mitogenesis. Oncogene 18 (1999) 3399-3406
37. Fan S., Ma Y.X., Wang J.A., Yuan R.Q., Meng Q., Cao Y., et al. The cytokine hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor inhibits apoptosis and enhances DNA repair by a common mechanism involving signaling through phosphatidyl inositol 3′ kinase. Oncogene 19 (2000) 2212-2223
38. Nakanishi K., Fujimoto J., Ueki T., Kishimoto K., Hashimoto-Tamaoki T., Furuyama J., et al. Hepatocyte growth factor promotes migration of human hepatocellular carcinoma via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Clin Exp Metastasis 17 (1999) 507-514
39. Potempa S., and Ridley A.J. Activation of both MAP kinase and phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase by Ras is required for hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor-induced adherens junction disassembly. Mol Biol Cell 9 (1998) 2185-2200
40. Xiao G.H., Jeffers M., Bellacosa A., Mitsuuchi Y., Vande Woude G.F., and Testa J.R. Anti-apoptotic signaling by hepatocyte growth factor/Met via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 (2001) 247-252
41. Boccaccio C., Ando M., Tamagnone L., Bardelli A., Michieli P., Battistini C., et al. Induction of epithelial tubules by growth factor HGF depends on the STAT pathway. Nature 391 (1998) 285-288
42. Chen H.C., Chan P.C., Tang M.J., Cheng C.H., and Chang T.J. Tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase stimulated by hepatocyte growth factor leads to mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. J Biol Chem 273 (1998) 25777-25782
43. Gual P., Giordano S., Williams T.A., Rocchi S., Van Obberghen E., and Comoglio P.M. Sustained recruitment of phospholipase C-gamma to Gab1 is required for HGF-induced branching tubulogenesis. Oncogene 19 (2000) 1509-1518
44. Kodama A., Takaishi K., Nakano K., Nishioka H., and Takai Y. Involvement of Cdc42 small G protein in cell-cell adhesion, migration and morphology of MDCK cells. Oncogene 18 (1999) 3996-4006
45. Lai J.F., Kao S.C., Jiang S.T., Tang M.J., Chan P.C., and Chen H.C. Involvement of focal adhesion kinase in hepatocyte growth factor-induced scatter of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. J Biol Chem 275 (2000) 7474-7480
46. Lamorte L., Kamikura D.M., and Park M. A switch from p130Cas/Crk to Gab1/Crk signaling correlates with anchorage independent growth and JNK activation in cells transformed by the Met receptor oncoprotein. Oncogene 19 (2000) 5973-5981
47. Lamorte L., Rodrigues S., Sangwan V., Turner C.E., and Park M. Crk associates with a multimolecular Paxillin/GIT2/beta-PIX complex and promotes Rac-dependent relocalization of Paxillin to focal contacts. Mol Biol Cell 14 (2003) 2818-2831
48. Lamorte L., Royal I., Naujokas M., and Park M. Crk adapter proteins promote an epithelial-mesenchymal-like transition and are required for HGF-mediated cell spreading and breakdown of epithelial adherens junctions. Mol Biol Cell 13 (2002) 1449-1461
49. Ridley A.J., Comoglio P.M., and Hall A. Regulation of scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor responses by Ras, Rac, and Rho in MDCK cells. Mol Cell Biol 15 (1995) 1110-1122
50. Royal I., Lamarche-Vane N., Lamorte L., Kaibuchi K., and Park M. Activation of cdc42, rac, PAK, and rho-kinase in response to hepatocyte growth factor differentially regulates epithelial cell colony spreading and dissociation. Mol Biol Cell 11 (2000) 1709-1725
51. Sakkab D., Lewitzky M., Posern G., Schaeper U., Sachs M., Birchmeier W., et al. Signaling of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF) to the small GTPase Rap1 via the large docking protein Gab1 and the adapter protein CRKL. J Biol Chem 275 (2000) 10772-10778
52. Birchmeier C., Birchmeier W., Gherardi E., and Vande Woude G.F. Met, metastasis, motility and more. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 4 (2003) 915-925
53. Giordano S., Corso S., Conrotto P., Artigiani S., Gilestro G., Barberis D., et al. The semaphorin 4D receptor controls invasive growth by coupling with Met. Nat Cell Biol 4 (2002) 720-724
54. Trusolino L., Bertotti A., and Comoglio P.M. A signaling adapter function for alpha6beta4 integrin in the control of HGF-dependent invasive growth. Cell 107 (2001) 643-654
55. van der Voort R., Taher T.E., Wielenga V.J., Spaargaren M., Prevo R., Smit L., et al. Heparan sulfate-modified CD44 promotes hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor-induced signal transduction through the receptor tyrosine kinase c-Met. J Biol Chem 274 (1999) 6499-6506
56. Furge K.A., Kiewlich D., Le P., Vo M.N., Faure M., Howlett A.R., et al. Suppression of Ras-mediated tumorigenicity and metastasis through inhibition of the Met receptor tyrosine kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 (2001) 10722-10727
57. Moghul A., Lin L., Beedle A., Kanbour-Shakir A., DeFrances M.C., Liu Y., et al. Modulation of c-MET proto-oncogene (HGF receptor) mRNA abundance by cytokines and hormones: evidence for rapid decay of the 8 kb c-MET transcript. Oncogene 9 (1994) 2045-2052
58. Pennacchietti S., Michieli P., Galluzzo M., Mazzone M., Giordano S., and Comoglio P.M. Hypoxia promotes invasive growth by transcriptional activation of the met protooncogene. Cancer Cell 3 (2003) 347-361
59. Ma P.C., Jagadeeswaran R., Jagadeesh S., Tretiakova M.S., Nallasura V., Fox E.A., et al. Functional expression and mutations of c-Met and its therapeutic inhibition with SU11274 and small interfering RNA in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 65 (2005) 1479-1488
60. Ichimura E., Maeshima A., Nakajima T., and Nakamura T. Expression of c-met/HGF receptor in human non-small cell lung carcinomas in vitro and in vivo and its prognostic significance. Jpn J Cancer Res 87 (1996) 1063-1069
61. Olivero M., Rizzo M., Madeddu R., Casadio C., Pennacchietti S., Nicotra M.R., et al. Overexpression and activation of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor in human non-small-cell lung carcinomas. Br J Cancer 74 (1996) 1862-1868
62. Takanami I., Tanana F., Hashizume T., Kikuchi K., Yamamoto Y., Yamamoto T., et al. Hepatocyte growth factor and c-Met/hepatocyte growth factor receptor in pulmonary adenocarcinomas: an evaluation of their expression as prognostic markers. Oncology 53 (1996) 392-397
63. Tsao M.S., Liu N., Chen J.R., Pappas J., Ho J., To C., et al. Differential expression of Met/hepatocyte growth factor receptor in subtypes of non-small cell lung cancers. Lung Cancer 20 (1998) 1-16
64. Ma P.C., Jagdeesh R., Jagadeeswaran E.A., Fox J.G., Christensen J.G., Maulik G., et al. c-Met expression/activation, functions, and mutations in non-small cell lung cancer. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 44 (2004) 1875
65. Jagadeeswaran R., Ma P.C., Seiwert T.Y., Jagadeeswaran S., Zumba O., Nallasura V., et al. Functional analysis of c-Met/hepatocyte growth factor pathway in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Cancer Res 66 (2006) 352-361
66. Follenzi A., Bakovic S., Gual P., Stella M.C., Longati P., and Comoglio P.M. Cross-talk between the proto-oncogenes Met and Ron. Oncogene 19 (2000) 3041-3049
67. Jo M., Stolz D.B., Esplen J.E., Dorko K., Michalopoulos G.K., and Strom S.C. Cross-talk between epidermal growth factor receptor and c-Met signal pathways in transformed cells. J Biol Chem 275 (2000) 8806-8811
68. Kuniyasu H., Yasui W., Kitadai Y., Yokozaki H., Ito H., and Tahara E. Frequent amplification of the c-met gene in scirrhous type stomach cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 189 (1992) 227-232
69. Oh R.R., Park J.Y., Lee J.H., Shin M.S., Kim H.S., Lee S.K., et al. Expression of HGF/SF and Met protein is associated with genetic alterations of VHL gene in primary renal cell carcinomas. Apmis 110 (2002) 229-238
70. Park M., Dean M., Cooper C.S., Schmidt M., O'Brien S.J., Blair D.G., et al. Mechanism of met oncogene activation. Cell 45 (1986) 895-904
71. Prat M., Crepaldi T., Gandino L., Giordano S., Longati P., and Comoglio P. C-terminal truncated forms of Met, the hepatocyte growth factor receptor. Mol Cell Biol 11 (1991) 5954-5962
72. Wallenius V., Hisaoka M., Helou K., Levan G., Mandahl N., Meis-Kindblom J.M., et al. Overexpression of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor (Met) and presence of a truncated and activated intracellular HGF receptor fragment in locally aggressive/malignant human musculoskeletal tumors. Am J Pathol 156 (2000) 821-829
73. Wang R., Ferrell L.D., Faouzi S., Maher J.J., and Bishop J.M. Activation of the Met receptor by cell attachment induces and sustains hepatocellular carcinomas in transgenic mice. J Cell Biol 153 (2001) 1023-1034
74. Lee J.H., Han S.U., Cho H., Jennings B., Gerrard B., Dean M., et al. A novel germ line juxtamembrane Met mutation in human gastric cancer. Oncogene 19 (2000) 4947-4953
75. Ma P.C., Kijima T., Maulik G., Fox E.A., Sattler M., Griffin J.D., et al. c-MET mutational analysis in small cell lung cancer: novel juxtamembrane domain mutations regulating cytoskeletal functions. Cancer Res 63 (2003) 6272-6281
76. Park W.S., Dong S.M., Kim S.Y., Na E.Y., Shin M.S., Pi J.H., et al. Somatic mutations in the kinase domain of the Met/hepatocyte growth factor receptor gene in childhood hepatocellular carcinomas. Cancer Res 59 (1999) 307-310
77. Schmidt L., Duh F.M., Chen F., Kishida T., Glenn G., Choyke P., et al. Germline and somatic mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of the MET proto-oncogene in papillary renal carcinomas. Nat Genet 16 (1997) 68-73
78. Schmidt L., Junker K., Weirich G., Glenn G., Choyke P., Lubensky I., et al. Two North American families with hereditary papillary renal carcinoma and identical novel mutations in the MET proto-oncogene. Cancer Res 58 (1998) 1719-1722
79. Tanyi J., Tory K., Rigo Jr. J., Nagy B., and Papp Z. Evaluation of the tyrosine kinase domain of the Met proto-oncogene in sporadic ovarian carcinomas*. Pathol Oncol Res 5 (1999) 187-191
80. Di Renzo M.F., Olivero M., Martone T., Maffe A., Maggiora P., Stefani A.D., et al. Somatic mutations of the MET oncogene are selected during metastatic spread of human HNSC carcinomas. Oncogene 19 (2000) 1547-1555
81. Lorenzato A., Olivero M., Patane S., Rosso E., Oliaro A., Comoglio P.M., et al. Novel somatic mutations of the MET oncogene in human carcinoma metastases activating cell motility and invasion. Cancer Res 62 (2002) 7025-7030
82. Zeng Z., Weiser M.R., D'Alessio M., Grace A., Shia J., and Paty P.B. Immunoblot analysis of c-Met expression in human colorectal cancer: overexpression is associated with advanced stage cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis 21 (2004) 409-417
83. Siegfried J.M., Weissfeld L.A., Singh-Kaw P., Weyant R.J., Testa J.R., and Landreneau R.J. Association of immunoreactive hepatocyte growth factor with poor survival in resectable non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 57 (1997) 433-439
84. Koochekpour S., Jeffers M., Rulong S., Taylor G., Klineberg E., Hudson E.A., et al. Met and hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor expression in human gliomas. Cancer Res 57 (1997) 5391-5398
85. Natali P.G., Nicotra M.R., Di Renzo M.F., Prat M., Bigotti A., Cavaliere R., et al. Expression of the c-Met/HGF receptor in human melanocytic neoplasms: demonstration of the relationship to malignant melanoma tumour progression. Br J Cancer 68 (1993) 746-750
86. Ng E.H., Pey H.B., Law H.Y., Ng I., Ji C.Y., Lin V., et al. Loss of c-met protooncogene in primary and metastatic sites of breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 4 (1997) 499-502
87. Siegfried J.M., Weissfeld L.A., Luketich J.D., Weyant R.J., Gubish C.T., and Landreneau R.J. The clinical significance of hepatocyte growth factor for non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 66 (1998) 1915-1918
88. Taniguchi Y., Yorioka N., Yamashita K., Xue-Feng Y., Nishiki T., Ogawa T., et al. Localization of hepatocyte growth factor and tubulointerstitial lesions in IgA nephropathy. Am J Nephrol 17 (1997) 413-416
89. Uchida D., Kawamata H., Omotehara F., Nakashiro K., Kimura-Yanagawa T., Hino S., et al. Role of HGF/c-met system in invasion and metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells in vitro and its clinical significance. Int J Cancer 93 (2001) 489-496
90. Ueki T., Fujimoto J., Suzuki T., Yamamoto H., and Okamoto E. Expression of hepatocyte growth factor and its receptor, the c-met proto-oncogene, in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 25 (1997) 619-623
91. Yamashita J., Ogawa M., Yamashita S., Nomura K., Kuramoto M., Saishoji T., et al. Immunoreactive hepatocyte growth factor is a strong and independent predictor of recurrence and survival in human breast cancer. Cancer Res 54 (1994) 1630-1633
92. Yi S., and Tsao M.S. Activation of hepatocyte growth factor-met autocrine loop enhances tumorigenicity in a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line. Neoplasia 2 (2000) 226-234
93. Cooper C.S., Park M., Blair D.G., Tainsky M.A., Huebner K., Croce C.M., et al. Molecular cloning of a new transforming gene from a chemically transformed human cell line. Nature 311 (1984) 29-33
94. Siddiqui S.S., Loganathan S., Krishnaswamy S., Faoro L., Jagadeeswaran R., and Salgia R. C. elegans as a model organism for in vivo screening in cancer: effects of human c-Met in lung cancer affect C. elegans vulva phenotypes. Cancer Biol Ther (2008) 7
95. Maulik G., Kijima T., Ma P.C., Ghosh S.K., Lin J., Shapiro G.I., et al. Modulation of the c-Met/hepatocyte growth factor pathway in small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 8 (2002) 620-627
96. Goshima Y., Ito T., Sasaki Y., and Nakamura F. Semaphorins as signals for cell repulsion and invasion. J Clin Invest 109 (2002) 993-998
97. Kagoshima M., and Ito T. Diverse gene expression and function of semaphorins in developing lung: positive and negative regulatory roles of semaphorins in lung branching morphogenesis. Genes Cells 6 (2001) 559-571
98. Roche J., Boldog F., Robinson M., Robinson L., Varella-Garcia M., Swanton M., et al. Distinct 3p21.3 deletions in lung cancer and identification of a new human semaphoring. Oncogene 12 (1996) 1289-1297
99. Ma P.C., Tretiakova M.S., Nallasura V., Jagadeeswaran R., Husain A.N., and Salgia R. Downstream signalling and specific inhibition of c-MET/HGF pathway in small cell lung cancer: implications for tumour invasion. Br J Cancer 97 (2007) 368-377
100. Lutterbach B., Zeng Q., Davis L.J., Hatch H., Hang G., Kohl N.E., et al. Lung cancer cell lines harboring MET gene amplification are dependent on Met for growth and survival. Cancer Res 67 (2007) 2081-2088
101. Engelman J.A., Zejnullahu K., Mitsudomi T., Song Y., Hyland C., Park J.O., et al. MET amplification leads to gefitinib resistance in lung cancer by activating ERBB3 signaling. Science 316 (2007) 1039-1043
102. Bean J., Brennan C., Shih J.Y., Riely G., Viale A., Wang L., et al. MET amplification occurs with or without T790M mutations in EGFR mutant lung tumors with acquired resistance to gefitinib or erlotinib. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104 (2007) 20932-20937
103. Jagadeeswaran R., Surawska H., Krishnaswamy S., Janamanchi V., Mackinnon A.C., Seiwert T.Y., et al. Paxillin is a target for somatic mutations in lung cancer: implications for cell growth and invasion. Cancer Res 68 (2008) 132-142
104. Cassinelli G., Lanzi C., Petrangolini G., Tortoreto M., Pratesi G., Cuccuru G., et al. Inhibition of c-Met and prevention of spontaneous metastatic spreading by the 2-indolinone RPI-1. Mol Cancer Ther 5 (2006) 2388-2397
105. Shinomiya N., Gao C.F., Xie Q., Gustafson M., Waters D.J., Zhang Y.W., et al. RNA interference reveals that ligand-independent met activity is required for tumor cell signaling and survival. Cancer Res 64 (2004) 7962-7970
106. Kuhn D.E., Martin M.M., Feldman D.S., Terry Jr. A.V., Nuovo G.J., and Elton T.S. Experimental validation of miRNA targets. Methods 44 (2008) 47-54
107. Ross J.S., Carlson J.A., and Brock G. miRNA: the new gene silencer. Am J Clin Pathol 128 (2007) 830-836
108. Calin G.A., Dumitru C.D., Shimizu M., Bichi R., Zupo S., Noch E., et al. Frequent deletions and down-regulation of micro-RNA genes miR15 and miR16 at 13q14 in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99 (2002) 15524-15529
109. Takamizawa J., Konishi H., Yanagisawa K., Tomida S., Osada H., Endoh H., et al. Reduced expression of the let-7 microRNAs in human lung cancers in association with shortened postoperative survival. Cancer Res 64 (2004) 3753-3756
110. Dalmay T., and Edwards D.R. MicroRNAs and the hallmarks of cancer. Oncogene 25 (2006) 6170-6175
111. Abounader R., Ranganathan S., Lal B., Fielding K., Book A., Dietz H., et al. Reversion of human glioblastoma malignancy by U1 small nuclear RNA/ribozyme targeting of scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor and c-met expression. J Natl Cancer Inst 91 (1999) 1548-1556
112. Kim S.J., Johnson M., Koterba K., Herynk M.H., Uehara H., and Gallick G.E. Reduced c-Met expression by an adenovirus expressing a c-Met ribozyme inhibits tumorigenic growth and lymph node metastases of PC3-LN4 prostate tumor cells in an orthotopic nude mouse model. Clin Cancer Res 9 (2003) 5161-5170
113. Herynk M.H., Stoeltzing O., Reinmuth N., Parikh N.U., Abounader R., Laterra J., et al. Down-regulation of c-Met inhibits growth in the liver of human colorectal carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 63 (2003) 2990-2996
114. Stabile L.P., Lyker J.S., Huang L., and Siegfried J.M. Inhibition of human non-small cell lung tumors by a c-Met antisense/U6 expression plasmid strategy. Gene Ther 11 (2004) 325-335
115. Webb C.P., Hose C.D., Koochekpour S., Jeffers M., Oskarsson M., Sausville E., et al. The geldanamycins are potent inhibitors of the hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor-met-urokinase plasminogen activator-plasmin proteolytic network. Cancer Res 60 (2000) 342-349
116. Bowers D.C., Fan S., Walter K.A., Abounader R., Williams J.A., Rosen E.M., et al. Scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor protects against cytotoxic death in human glioblastoma via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase- and AKT-dependent pathways. Cancer Res 60 (2000) 4277-4283
117. Burgess T., Coxon A., Meyer S., Sun J., Rex K., Tsuruda T., et al. Fully human monoclonal antibodies to hepatocyte growth factor with therapeutic potential against hepatocyte growth factor/c-Met-dependent human tumors. Cancer Res 66 (2006) 1721-1729
118. Matsumoto K., and Nakamura T. NK4(HGF-antagonist/angiogenesis inhibitor) in cancer biology and therapeutics. Cancer Sci 94 (2003) 321-327
119. Zhang Y.W., and Vande Woude G.F. HGF/SF-met signaling in the control of branching morphogenesis and invasion. J Cell Biochem 88 (2003) 408-417
120. Date K., Matsumoto K., Kuba K., Shimura H., Tanaka M., and Nakamura T. Inhibition of tumor growth and invasion by a four-kringle antagonist (HGF/NK4) for hepatocyte growth factor. Oncogene 17 (1998) 3045-3054
121. Davies G., Mason M.D., Martin T.A., Parr C., Watkins G., Lane J., et al. The HGF/SF antagonist NK4 reverses fibroblast- and HGF-induced prostate tumor growth and angiogenesis in vivo. Int J Cancer 106 (2003) 348-354
122. Kuba K., Matsumoto K., Date K., Shimura H., Tanaka M., and Nakamura T. HGF/NK4, a four-kringle antagonist of hepatocyte growth factor, is an angiogenesis inhibitor that suppresses tumor growth and metastasis in mice. Cancer Res 60 (2000) 6737-6743
123. Martin T.A., Parr C., Davies G., Watkins G., Lane J., Matsumoto K., et al. Growth and angiogenesis of human breast cancer in a nude mouse tumour model is reduced by NK4, a HGF/SF antagonist. Carcinogenesis 24 (2003) 1317-1323
124. Tomioka D., Maehara N., Kuba K., Mizumoto K., Tanaka M., Matsumoto K., et al. Inhibition of growth, invasion, and metastasis of human pancreatic carcinoma cells by NK4 in an orthotopic mouse model. Cancer Res 61 (2001) 7518-7524
125. Kushibiki T., Matsumoto K., Nakamura T., and Tabata Y. Suppression of tumor metastasis by NK4 plasmid DNA released from cationized gelatin. Gene Ther 11 (2004) 1205-1214
126. Martens T., Schmidt N.O., Eckerich C., Fillbrandt R., Merchant M., Schwall R., et al. A novel one-armed anti-c-Met antibody inhibits glioblastoma growth in vivo. Clin Cancer Res 12 (2006) 6144-6152
127. Parr C., Hiscox S., Nakamura T., Matsumoto K., and Jiang W.G. Nk4, a new HGF/SF variant, is an antagonist to the influence of HGF/SF on the motility and invasion of colon cancer cells. Int J Cancer 85 (2000) 563-570
128. Michieli P., Mazzone M., Basilico C., Cavassa S., Sottile A., Naldini L., et al. Targeting the tumor and its microenvironment by a dual-function decoy Met receptor. Cancer Cell 6 (2004) 61-73
129. Cao B., Su Y., Oskarsson M., Zhao P., Kort E.J., Fisher R.J., et al. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) display antitumor activity in animal models. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 (2001) 7443-7448
130. Gordon M.S., Mendelson D.S., Sweeney C., Erbeck N., Patel R., Kakkar T., et al. Interim results from a first-in-human study with AMG102, a fully human monoclonal antibody that neutralizes hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), the ligand to c-Met receptor, in patients (pts) with advanced solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 25 (2007) 18Sa3551
131. AVEO Pharmaceuticals I. AVEO enters into worldwide license and development agreement with Schering-Plough for AV-299, AVEO's novel anti-HGF antibody.
132. Mazzone M., Basilico C., Cavassa S., Pennacchietti S., Risio M., Naldini L., et al. An uncleavable form of pro-scatter factor suppresses tumor growth and dissemination in mice. J Clin Invest 114 (2004) 1418-1432
133. Laird A.D., and Cherrington J.M. Small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors: clinical development of anticancer agents. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 12 (2003) 51-64
134. Sattler M., Pride Y.B., Ma P., Gramlich J.L., Chu S.C., Quinnan L.A., et al. A novel small molecule met inhibitor induces apoptosis in cells transformed by the oncogenic TPR-MET tyrosine kinase. Cancer Res 63 (2003) 5462-5469
135. Puri N., Khramtsov A., Ahmed S., Nallasura V., Hetzel J.T., Jagadeeswaran R., et al. A selective small molecule inhibitor of c-Met, PHA665752, inhibits tumorigenicity and angiogenesis in mouse lung cancer xenografts. Cancer Res 67 (2007) 3529-3534
136. Ma P.C., Schaefer E., Christensen J.G., and Salgia R. A selective small molecule c-MET Inhibitor, PHA665752, cooperates with rapamycin. Clin Cancer Res 11 (2005) 2312-2319
137. Mukohara T., Civiello G., Davis I.J., Taffaro M.L., Christensen J., Fisher D.E., et al. Inhibition of the met receptor in mesothelioma. Clin Cancer Res 11 (2005) 8122-8130
138. Zou H.Y., Li Q., Lee J.H., Arango M.E., McDonnell S.R., Yamazaki S., et al. An orally available small-molecule inhibitor of c-Met, PF-2341066, exhibits cytoreductive antitumor efficacy through antiproliferative and antiangiogenic mechanisms. Cancer Res 67 (2007) 4408-4417
139. Garcia A., Rosen L., Cunninhgam C.C., Nemunaitis J., Li C., Rulewski N., et al. Phase I study of ARQ 197, a selective inhibitor of the c-Met RTK in patients with metastatic solid tumors reaches recommended phase 2 dose. J Clin Oncol 25 (2007) 18Sa3525
140. Rosen L., Garcia A., Mulay M., Cunningham C., Nemunaitis J., Senzer N., et al. A phase 1 dose escalation of ARQ 197, a selective inhibitor of the cMet receptor in patients with metastatic solid tumors. Eur J Cancer (2006) 196
141. Eder J.P., Heath E., Appleman L., Shapiro G., Wang D., Malburg L., et al. Phase I experience with c-MET inhibitor XL880 administered orally to patients (pts) with solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 25 (2007) 18Sa3526
142. Ross R.W., Stein M., Sarantopoulos J., Eisenberg P., Logan T., Srinivas S., et al. A phase II study of the c-Met RTK inhibitor XL880 in patients (pts) with papillary renal-cell carcinoma (PRC). J Clin Oncol 25 (2007) 18Sa15601
143. Shapiro G., Heath E., Malburg L., DeZube B., Miles D., Keer H., et al. A phase I dose-escalation study of the safety, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics of XL880, a VEGFR and MET kinase inhibitor, administered daily to patients (pts) with advanced malignancies. Presented at the AACR-NCI-EORTC International conference on molecular targets and cancer therapeutics: discovery, biology, and clinical applications. October 22-26, 2007, San Francisco, CA (2007)
144. Ross R., Srinivasan R., Vaishampayan U., Bukowski R., Rosenberg J., Eisenberg P., et al. A phase 2 study of the dual MET/VEGFR2 inhibitor XL880 in patients (pts) with papillary renal carcinoma (PRC). Presented at the AACR-NCI-EORTC International conference on molecular targets and cancer therapeutics: discovery, biology, and clinical applications. October 22-26, 2007, San Francisco, CA (2007)
145. Salgia R., Hong D.S., Camacho L.H., Ng C.S., Janisch L., Ratain M.J., et al. A phase I dose escalation study of the safety and pharmacokinetics (PK) of XL184, a VEGFR and MET kinase inhibitor, administered orally to patients (pts) with advanced malignancies. J Clin Oncol 25 (2007) 18Sa14031
146. Salgia R., Hong D., Sherman S., Ng C., Frye J., Janisch L., et al. A phase I dose escalation study of the safety and pharmacokinetics (PK) of XL184, a VEGFR and MET kinase inhibitor, administered orally to patients (pts) with advanced malignancies. Presented at the AACR-NCI-EORTC international conference on molecular targets and cancer therapeutics: discovery, biology, and clinical applications. October 22-26, 2007, San Francisco, CA (2007)
147. Froning K.J., Felce J.D., Jessen K.A., Leonard S., Gutierrez A., Tang C., et al. SGX523: a potent and highly selective small molecule inhibitor of the MET receptor tyrosine kinase. Presented at the AACR centennial annual meeting. April 14-18, 2007, Los Angeles, CA (2007)
148. SGX initiates phase I trials for SGX523. SGX Pharmaceuticals Inc. Accessed February 14, 2008. http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/94211.php.
149. Welsh J., Mahadevan G., Dougherty G., and Stea B. 2626 c-MET inhibition radiosensitizes melanoma by inhibiting double strand DNA repair. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 66 (2006) S557-S558
150. Morotti A., Mila S., Accornero P., Tagliabue E., and Ponzetto C. K252a inhibits the oncogenic properties of Met, the HGF receptor. Oncogene 21 (2002) 4885-4893
151. Bardelli A., Longati P., Williams T.A., Benvenuti S., and Comoglio P.M. A peptide representing the carboxyl-terminal tail of the met receptor inhibits kinase activity and invasive growth. J Biol Chem 274 (1999) 29274-29281
152. Morton P.A., Joy W.D., Bono C.P., Arbuckle A., Evans M.L., Huyng M.S., et al. In vitro and in vivo activity of fully-human monoclonal antibody antagonists to c-Met protein tyrosine kinase. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 43 (2003) 5604
153. Schwall R., Adams C.W., Zheng Z., Romero M., Mai E., Moffat B., et al. Inhibition of cmet activation by a one-armed antibody. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 44 (2004) 1424
154. Zheng Z., Adams C., Moffat B., and Schwall R. A chimeric Fab antibody serves as an antagonist to the HGF/SF receptor c-Met. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 43 (2003) 5717