Prevention and management of hypertrophic scars and keloids after burns in children

Journal of Craniofacial Surgery

Volumn 19, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 989-1006

  Berman, Brian ^a   Viera, Martha H ^a   Amini, Sadegh ^a   Huo, Ran ^a   Jones, Isaac S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI MILLER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Hypertrophic scars; Keloids; Postburn scars; Prevention and management

Indexed keywords

ALPHA2B INTERFERON; BLEOMYCIN; CALCINEURIN INHIBITOR; COLCHICINE; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOSPORIN A; CYTOKINE; FLUDROXYCORTIDE; FLUOROURACIL; GROWTH FACTOR; IMIQUIMOD; INTERFERON; METHOTREXATE; MITOMYCIN C; PENICILLAMINE; PENTOXIFYLLINE; PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITOR; PLACEBO; QUERCETIN; RAPAMYCIN; RESIQUIMOD; RETINOIC ACID; RETINOID; RETINOL DERIVATIVE; SILICON; TACROLIMUS; TAMOXIFEN CITRATE; TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VERAPAMIL;

ACNE; ADJUVANT THERAPY; ARTICLE; ARTIFICIAL SKIN; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; BURN; BURN SCAR; BURNING SENSATION; CHILL; CLINICAL TRIAL; CRYOSURGERY; CUSHING SYNDROME; CYST; DRUG FEVER; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; EDUCATION; FATIGUE; FLU LIKE SYNDROME; GENE THERAPY; GINGIVA HYPERPLASIA; HUMAN; HYPERPIGMENTATION; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTRICHOSIS; HYPERTROPHIC SCAR; HYPOPIGMENTATION; INJECTION SITE PAIN; IRRITANT DERMATITIS; KELOID; KERATOSIS; KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION; LASER SURGERY; LIVER TOXICITY; LUNG FIBROSIS; MYALGIA; NECROSIS; NIGHT SWEAT; PAIN; PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY; PHOTOSENSITIVITY; PILAR KERATOSIS; PLASTIC SURGERY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PRURITUS; RADIATION; SKIN ATROPHY; SKIN IRRITATION; TELANGIECTASIA; TREMOR; ULCER; ADOLESCENT; CHILD; CONTRACTURE; INFANT; INJURY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; REVIEW; SKIN; WOUND HEALING;

ADOLESCENT; BURNS; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC; CONTRACTURE; HUMANS; INFANT; KELOID; SKIN; WOUND HEALING;

EID: 55449114249     PISSN: 10492275     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/SCS.0b013e318175f3a7     Document Type: Article

References (299)

1. Ketchum LD. Hypertrophic scars and keloids. Clin Plast Surg 1977;4:301-310
2. Niessen FB, Spauwen PH, Schalkwijk J, et al. On the nature of hypertrophic scars and keloids: a review. Plast Reconstr Surg 1999;104:1435-1458
3. Peacock EE Jr, Madden JW, Trier WC. Biologic basis for the treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars. South Med J 1970;63:755-760
4. Zurada JM, Kriegel D, Davis IC. Topical treatments for hypertrophic scars. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;55:1024-1031
5. Baisch A, Riedel F. Hyperplastic scars and keloids. Part I: basics and prevention. HNO 2006;54:893-904
6. Robles DT, Berg D. Abnormal wound healing: keloids. Clin Dermatol 2007;25:26-32
7. Chang CW, Ries WR. Nonoperative techniques for scar management and revision. Facial Plast Surg 2001;17:283-288
8. Parsons RW. Scar prognosis. Clin Plast Surg 1977;4:181-186
9. Peacock EE Jr. Future trends in wound healing research. Plast Surg Nurs 1984;4:32-35
10. Muir IF. On the nature of keloid and hypertrophic scars. Br J Plast Surg 1990;43:61-69
11. Chodon T, Sugihara T, Igawa HH, et al. Keloid-derived fibroblasts are refractory to Fas-mediated apoptosis and neutralization of autocrine transforming growth factor-beta1 can abrogate this resistance. Am J Pathol 2000;157:1661-1669
12. Sayah DN, Soo C, Shaw WW, et al. Downregulation of apoptosis-related genes in keloid tissues. J Surg Res 1999;87:209-216
13. Ghazizadeh M. Essential role of IL-6 signaling pathway in keloid pathogenesis. J Nippon Med Sch 2007;74:11-22
14. Liu W,Wang DR, Cao YL. TGF-beta: a fibrotic factor in wound scarring and a potential target for anti-scarring gene therapy. Curr Gene Ther 2004;4:123-136
15. Gao Z, Wang Z, Shi Y, et al. Modulation of collagen synthesis in keloid fibroblasts by silencing Smad2 with siRNA. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006;118:1328-1337
16. Massague J. How cells read TGF-beta signals. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2000;1:169-178
17. Ferguson MW, O'Kane S. Scar-free healing: from embryonic mechanisms to adult therapeutic intervention. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2004;359:839-850
18. Meier K, Nanney LB. Emerging new drugs for scar reduction. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2006;11:39-47
19. Raju DR, Shaw TE. Results of simple scar excision and layered repair with elevation in facial scars. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1979;148:699-702
20. Tredget EE, Nedelec B, Scott PG, et al. Hypertrophic scars, keloids, and contractures. the cellular and molecular basis for therapy. Surg Clin North Am 1997;77:701-730
21. Hogg NJ, Horswell BB. Soft tissue pediatric facial trauma: a review. J Can Dent Assoc 2006;72:549-552
22. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Available at: http://www.nfpa.org/index.asp. Accessed August 3, 2007
23. U.S. Fire Administration for Kids (USFA Kids). Available at: http://www.usfa.dhs.gov/kids/flash.shtm. Accessed August 3, 2007
24. Fire and Burns Safety Tips. Safe KidsWorldwide. Available at: http://www.safekids.org/skwHome.html. Accessed August 3, 2007
25. Argivora M, Hadjiski O, Victorova A. Non-operative treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids after burns in children. Annals of Burns and Fire Disasters. 2006;XIX(2). Available at: http://www.medbc.com/annals/review/vol- 19/num-2/text/vol19n2p80.asp. Accessed August 3, 2007
26. Koulermou G, Yiallouros C. Post-burn scars in children: a common problem. Therapeutic assessment in general. Annals of Burns and Fire Disasters. 2004;XVII (2). Available at: http://www.medbc.com/annals/review/vol-17/num-2/ text/vol17n2p103.asp. Accessed on August 3, 2007
27. Prutkin L. Wound healing and vitamin A acid. Acta Derm Venereol 1972;52:489-492
28. Christophers E. Growth stimulation of cultured postembryonic epidermal cells by vitamin A acid. J Invest Dermatol 1974;63:450-455
29. Christophers E, Wolff HH. Differential formation of desmosomes and hemidesmosomes in epidermal cell cultures treated with retinoic acid. Nature 1975;256:209-210
30. Cruz NI, Korchin L. Inhibition of human keloid fibroblast growth by isotretinoin and triamcinolone acetonide in vitro. Ann Plast Surg 1994;33:401-405
31. Abergel RP, Meeker CA, Oikarinen H, et al. Retinoid modulation of connective tissue metabolism in keloid fibroblast cultures. Arch Dermatol 1985;121:632-635
32. Daly TJ, Weston WL. Retinoid effects on fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis in vitro and on fibrotic disease in vivo. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986;15:900-902
33. Panabiere-Castaings MH. Retinoic acid in the treatment of keloids. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1988;14:1275-1276
34. Hansen DA. Treatment of hypertrophic scars with retinoic acid. S Afr Med J 1979;56:1114
35. Janssen de Limpens AM. The local treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids with topical retinoic acid. Br J Dermatol 1980;103:319-323
36. Daly TJ, Golitz LE, Weston WL. A double-blind placebocontrolled efficacy study on tretinoin cream 0.05% in the treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars. J Invest Dermatol 1986;86:470
37. Stege H, Hofmann B, Ruzicka T, et al. Topical application of tazarotene in the treatment of nonerythrodermic lamellar ichthyosis. Arch Dermatol 1998;134:640
38. Rubeiz N, Kibbi AG. Management of ichthyosis in infants and children. Clin Dermatol 2003;21:325-328
39. Silverberg N. Pediatric molluscum contagiosum: optimal treatment strategies. Paediatr Drugs 2003;5:505-512
40. Louro ID, McKie-Bell P, Gosnell H, et al. The zinc finger protein GLI induces cellular sensitivity to the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. Cell Growth Differ 1999;10:503-516
41. Kim A, DiCarlo J, Cohen C, et al. Are keloids really "gli- loids"?: High-level expression of gli-1 oncogene in keloids. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45:707-711
42. Liu J, Farmer JD Jr, Lane WS, et al. Calcineurin is a common target of cyclophilin-cyclosporin A and FKBP-FK506 complexes. Cell 1991;66:807-815
43. Fruman DA, Wood MA, Gjertson CK, et al. FK506 binding protein 12 mediates sensitivity to both FK506 and rapamycin in murine mast cells. Eur J Immunol 1995;25:563-571
44. Wera S, Zheng L, Hooghe-Peters EL, et al. Cyclosporin A, rapamycin and FK506 decrease prolactin release from rat pituitary cells in primary culture. Endocr Res 1995;21:623-633
45. Berman B, Villa A, Ramirez C. Novel opportunities in the treatment and prevention of scarring. J Cutan Med Surg 2005; 8:32-36
46. Duncan JI, Thomson AW, Muir IF. Topical cyclosporin and T lymphocytes in keloid scars. Br J Dermatol 1991;124:109
47. Carnero L, Silvestre JF, Guijarro J, et al. Nuchal acne keloidalis associated with cyclosporin. Br J Dermatol 2001;144:429-430
48. Shivaswamy KN, Thappa DM. Extensive keloids following cyclosporin therapy in a pemphigus vulgaris patient. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007;21:111-112
49. Edwards AD, Diebold SS, Slack EM, et al. Toll-like receptor expression in murine DC subsets: Lack of TLR7 expression by CD8 alpha+ DC correlates with unresponsiveness to imidazoquinolines. Eur J Immunol 2003;33:827-833
50. Imbertson LM, Beaurline JM, Couture AM, et al. Cytokine induction in hairless mouse and rat skin after topical application of the immune response modifiers imiquimod and S-2846 J Invest Dermatol 1998;110:734-739
51. Wagner TL, Ahonen CL, Couture AM, et al. Modulation of TH1 and TH2 cytokine production with the immune response modifiers, R-848 and imiquimod. Cell Immunol 1999;191:10-19
52. Hemmi H, Kaisho T, Takeuchi O, et al. Small anti-viral compounds activate immune cells via the TLR7 MyD88-dependent signaling pathway. Nat Immunol 2002;3:196-200
53. Hengge UR, Benninghoff B, Ruzicka T, et al. Topical immunomodulatorsVprogress towards treating inflammation, infection, and cancer. Lancet Infect Dis 2001;1:189-198
54. Kono T, Kondo S, Pastore S, et al. Effects of a novel topical immunomodulator, imiquimod, on keratinocyte cytokine gene expression. Lymphokine Cytokine Res 1994;13:71-76
55. Arany I, Tyring SK, Stanley MA, et al. Enhancement of the innate and cellular immune response in patients with genital warts treated with topical imiquimod cream 5%. Antiviral Res 1999;43:55-63
56. Berman B, Villa A. Imiquimod 5% cream for keloid management. Dermatol Surg 2003;29:1050-1051
57. Jimenez SA, Freundlich B, Rosenbloom J. Selective inhibition of human diploid fibroblast collagen synthesis by interferons. J Clin Invest 1984;74:1112-1116
58. Williams AC, Klein E. Experiences with local chemotherapy and immunotherapy in premalignant and malignant skin lesions. Cancer 1970;25:450-462
59. Baca LM, Genis P, Kalvakolanu D, et al. Regulation of interferon-alpha-inducible cellular genes in human immunodeficiency virus-infected monocytes. J Leukoc Biol 1994;55:299-309
60. Burns RP Jr, Ferbel B, Tomai M, et al. The imidazoquinolines, imiquimod and R-848, induce functional, but not phenotypic, maturation of human epidermal Langerhans' cells. Clin Immunol 2000;94:13-23
61. Suzuki H, Wang B, Shivji GM, et al. Imiquimod, a topical immune response modifier, induces migration of Langerhans cells. J Invest Dermatol 2000;114:135-141
62. Tomai MA, Imbertson LM, Stanczak TL, et al. The immune response modifiers imiquimod and R-848 are potent activators of B lymphocytes. Cell Immunol 2000;203:55-65
63. Testerman TL, Gerster JF, Imbertson LM, et al. Cytokine induction by the immunomodulators imiquimod and S-27609. J Leukoc Biol 1995;58:365-372
64. Tomai MA, Gibson SJ, Imbertson LM, et al. Immunomodulating and antiviral activities of the imidazoquinoline S-28463. Antiviral Res 1995;28:253-264
65. Jones T. Resiquimod 3M. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2003;4:214-218
66. Berman B, Kaufman J. Pilot study of the effect of postoperative imiquimod 5% cream on the recurrence rate of excised keloids. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47:S209YS211
67. Berman B, Bieley HC. Keloids. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;33:117-123
68. Rockwell WB, Cohen IK, Ehrlich HP. Keloids and hypertrophic scars: a comprehensive review. Plast Reconstr Surg 1989;84:827-837
69. Darzi MA, Chowdri NA, Kaul SK, et al. Evaluation of various methods of treating keloids and hypertrophic scars: a10-year follow up study. Br J Plast Surg 1992;45:374-379
70. Arellano I, Leon G, Peniche J, et al. Alpha Interferon vs. Tropical imiquimod to prevent keloid recurrence after surgical excision. Interactive Session at the 20th World Congress of Dermatology; July 1-5, 2002: Paris, France
71. Martin-Garcia RF, Busquets AC. Postsurgical use of imiquimod 5% cream in the prevention of earlobe keloid recurrences: results of an open-label, pilot study. Dermatol Surg 2005;31:1394-1398
72. Stashower ME. Successful treatment of earlobe keloids with imiquimod after tangential shave excision. Dermatol Surg 2006;32:380-386
73. Al-Attar A, Mess S, Thomassen JM, et al. Keloid pathogenesis and treatment. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006;117:286-300
74. Ahn ST, Monafo WW, Mustoe TA. Topical silicone gel for the prevention and treatment of hypertrophic scar. Arch Surg 1991;126:499-504
75. Fulton JE Jr. Silicone gel sheeting for the prevention and management of evolving hypertrophic and keloid scars. Dermatol Surg 1995;21:947-951
76. Cruz-Korchin NI. Effectiveness of silicone sheets in the prevention of hypertrophic breast scars. Ann Plast Surg 1996;37:345-348
77. Chang CC, Kuo YF, Chiu HC, et al. Hydration, not silicone, modulates the effects of keratinocytes on fibroblasts. J Surg Res 1995;59:705-711
78. Sawada Y, Sone K. Hydration and occlusion treatment for hypertrophic scars and keloids. Br J Plast Surg 1992;45:599-603
79. Li-Tsang CW, Lau JC, Choi J, et al. A prospective randomized clinical trial to investigate the effect of silicone gel sheeting (Cica-Care) on post-traumatic hypertrophic scar among the Chinese population. Burns 2006;32:678-683
80. Gold MH, Foster TD, Adair MA, et al. Prevention of hypertrophic scars and keloids by the prophylactic use of topical silicone gel sheets following a surgical procedure in an office setting. Dermatol Surg 2001;27:641-644
81. Gibbons M, Zuker R, Brown M, et al. Experience with silastic gel sheeting in pediatric scarring. J Burn Care Rehabil 1994;15:69-73
82. Van den Kerckhove E, Stappaerts K, Boeckx W, et al. Silicones in the rehabilitation of burns: a review and overview. Burns 2001;27:205-214
83. Gerow FJ, Hardy SB, Spira M, et al. Immersion treatment for burns, and experimental study. Surg Forum 1963;14:32-33
84. Miller J, Hardy SB, Spira M. Treatment of burns of the hand with silicone dressing and early motion. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1965;47:938-943
85. Linares HA, Larson DL, Willis-Galstaun BA. Historical notes on the use of pressure in the treatment of hypertrophic scars or keloids. Burns 1993;19:17-21
86. Ward RS. Pressure therapy for the control of hypertrophic scar formation after burn injury. A history and review. J Burn Care Rehabil 1991;12:257-262
87. Haq MA, Haq A. Pressure therapy in treatment of hypertrophic scar, burn contracture and keloid: the Kenyan experience. East Afr Med J 1990;67:785-793
88. Rose MP, Deitch EA. The clinical use of a tubular compression bandage, Tubigrip, for burn-scar therapy: a critical analysis. Burns Incl Therm Inj 1985;12:58-64
89. Kischer CW. The microvessels in hypertrophic scars, keloids and related lesions: a review. J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol 1992;24:281-296
90. Page RE, Robertson GA, Pettigrew NM. Microcirculation in hypertrophic burn scars. Burns Incl Therm Inj 1983;10:64-70
91. Clark JA, Cheng JC, Leung KS, et al. Mechanical characterisation of human postburn hypertrophic skin during pressure therapy. J Biomech 1987;20:397-406
92. Berman B, Bieley HC. Adjunct therapies to surgical management of keloids. Dermatol Surg 1996;22:126-130
93. Brent B. The role of pressure therapy in management of earlobe keloids: preliminary report of a controlled study. Ann Plast Surg 1978;1:579-581
94. Pierce HE. Postsurgical acrylic ear splints for keloids. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1986;12:583-585
95. Kelly AP. Medical and surgical therapies for keloids. Dermatol Ther 2004;17:212-218
96. Sherris DA, Larrabee WF Jr, Murakami CS. Management of scar contractures, hypertrophic scars, and keloids. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1995;28:1057-1068
97. Kischer CW, Shetlar MR, Shetlar CL. Alteration of hypertrophic scars induced by mechanical pressure. Arch Dermatol 1975;111:60-64
98. Costa AM, Peyrol S, Por̂to LC, et al. Mechanical forces induce scar remodeling study in nonYpressure-treated versus pressure-treated hypertrophic scars. Am J Pathol 1999;155:1671-1679
99. Esselman PC, Thombs BD, Magyar-Russell G, et al. Burn rehabilitation: state of the science. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2006;85:383-413
100. Mustoe TA, Cooter RD, Gold MH, et al. International Advisory Panel on Scar Management. International clinical recommendations on scar management. Plast Reconstr Surg 2002;110:560-571
101. Nedelec B, Ghahary A, Scott P, et al. Control of wound contraction: basic and clinical features. Hand Clin 2000;16:289-302
102. Rayner K. The use of pressure therapy to treat hypertrophic scarring. J Wound Care 2000;9:151-153
103. Ward RS. Pressure therapy for the control of hypertrophic scar formation after burn injury: a history and review. J Burn Care Rehabil 1991;12:257-262
104. Saulis AS, Mogford JH, Mustoe TA. Effect of Mederma on hypertrophic scarring in the rabbit ear model. Plast Reconstr Surg 2002;110:177-183
105. Clarke LF, Baker B, Trahan C, et al. A prospective doubleblinded study of Mederma skin care vs. placebo for posttraumatic scar reduction. Cosmetic Dermatol 1999;12:19-22,25-26
106. Chung VQ, Kelley L, Marra D, et al. Onion extract gel versus petrolatum emollient on new surgical scars: prospective double-blinded study. Dermatol Surg 2006;32:193-197
107. Jackson BA, Shelton AJ. Pilot study evaluating topical onion extract as treatment for postsurgical scars. Dermatol Surg 1999;25:267-269
108. Lee DA. Antifibrosis agents and glaucoma surgery. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1994;35:3789-3791
109. Sanders KW, Gage-White L, Stucker FJ. Topical mitomycin C in the prevention of keloid scar recurrence. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2005;7:172-175
110. Stewart CE 4th, Kim JY. Application of mitomycin-C for head and neck keloids. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006;135:946-950
111. Talmi YP, Orenstein A, Wolf M, et al. Use of mitomycin C for treatment of keloid: a preliminary report. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005;132:598-601
112. Wallace CA. The use of methotrexate in childhood rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41:381-391
113. Onwukwe MF. Treating keloids by surgery and methotrexate. Arch Dermatol 1980;116:158
114. Muzaffar AR, Rafols F, Masson J, et al. Keloid formation after syndactyly reconstruction: associated conditions, prevalence, and preliminary report of a treatment method. J Hand Surg [Am] 2004;29:201-208
115. Duncan MR, Hasan A, Berman B. Pentoxifylline, pentifylline, and interferons decrease type I and III procollagen mRNA levels in dermal fibroblasts: evidence for mediation by nuclear factor 1 down-regulation. J Invest Dermatol 1995;104:282-286
116. Berman B, Duncan MR. Pentoxifylline inhibits normal human dermal fibroblast in vitro proliferation, collagen, glycosaminoglycan, and fibronectin production, and increases collagenase activity. J Invest Dermatol 1989;92:605-610
117. Berman B, Duncan MR. Pentoxifylline inhibits the proliferation of human fibroblasts derived from keloid, scleroderma and morphoea skin and their production of collagen, glycosaminoglycans and fibronectin. Br J Dermatol 1990;123:339-346
118. Rawlins JM, Lam WL, Karoo RO, et al. Pentoxifylline inhibits mature burn scar fibroblasts in culture. Burns 2006;32:42-45
119. Wong TW, Lee JY, Sheu HM, et al. Relief of pain and itch associated with keloids on treatment with oxpentifylline. Br J Dermatol 1999;140:771-772
120. Ely H. Pentoxifylline therapy in dermatology. A review of localized hyperviscosity and its effects on the skin. Dermatol Clin 1988;6:585-608
121. Visser J, Groen H, Klatter F, et al. Timing of pentoxifylline treatment determines its protective effect on diabetes development in the Bio Breeding rat. Eur J Pharmacol 2002;445:133-140
122. Tilg H, Eibl B, Pichl M, et al. Immune response modulation by pentoxifylline in vitro. Transplantation 1993;56:196-201
123. Neuner P, Klosner G, Schauer E, et al. Pentoxifylline in vivo down-regulates the release of IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Immunology 1994;83:262-267
124. Staak K, Prosch S, Stein J, et al. Pentoxifylline promotes replication of human cytomegalovirus in vivo and in vitro. Blood 1997;89:3682-3690
125. Voisin L, Breuille D, Ruot B, et al. Cytokine modulation by PX differently affects specific acute phase proteins during sepsis in rats. Am J Physiol 1998;275:R1412-R1419
126. Platzer C, Meisel C, Vogt K, et al. Up-regulation of monocytic IL-10 by tumor necrosis factorYalpha and cAMP elevating drugs. Int Immunol 1995;7:517-523
127. MacDonald MJ, Shahidi NT, Allen DB, et al. Pentoxifylline in the treatment of children with new-onset type I diabetes mellitus. JAMA 1994;271:27-28
128. Mancoll JS, Zhao J, McCauley RL, et al. The inhibitory effect of tamoxifen on keloid fibroblasts. Surg Forum 1996;47:718-720
129. Hu D, Hughes MA, Cherry GW. Topical tamoxifenVa potential therapeutic regime in treating excessive dermal scarring? Br J Plast Surg 1998;51:462-469
130. Mikulec AA, Hanasono MM, Lum J, et al. Effect of tamoxifen on transforming growth factor beta1 production by keloid and fetal fibroblasts. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2001;3:111-114
131. Chau D, Mancoll JS, Lee S, et al. Tamoxifen downregulates TGF-beta production in keloid fibroblasts. Ann Plast Surg 1998;40:490-493
132. Lawrence WT. In search of the optimal treatment of keloids: report of a series and a review of the literature. Ann Plast Surg 1991;27:164-178
133. Boyadjiev C, Popchristova E, Mazgalova J. Histomorphologic changes in keloids treated with kenacort. J Trauma 1995;38:299-302
134. Tang YW. Intra- and postoperative steroid injections for keloids and hypertrophic scars. Br J Plast Surg 1992;45:371-373
135. Kiil J. Keloids treated with topical injections of triamcinolone acetonide (kenalog). Immediate and long-term results. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 1977;11:169-172
136. Berman B, Flores F. Recurrence rates of excised keloids treated with postoperative triamcinolone acetonide injections or interferon alfa-2b injections. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;37:755-757
137. Urioste SS, Arndt KA, Dover JS. Keloids and hypertrophic scars: review and treatment strategies. Semin Cutan Med Surg 1999;18:159-171
138. Ritota PC, Lo AK. Cushing's syndrome in postburn children following intralesional triamcinolone injection. Ann Plast Surg 1996;36:508-511
139. Teelucksingh S, Balkaran B, Ganeshmoorthi A, et al. Prolonged childhood Cushing's syndrome secondary to intralesional triamcinolone acetonide. Ann Trop Paediatr 2002;22:89-91
140. Alaish SM, Yager DR, Diegelmann RF, et al. Hyaluronic acid metabolism in keloid fibroblasts. J Pediatr Surg 1995;30:949-952
141. Gadson PF, Russell JD, Russell SB. Glucocorticoid receptors in human fibroblasts derived from normal dermis and keloid tissue. J Biol Chem 1984;259:11236-11241
142. Krusche T,Worret WI. Mechanical properties of keloids in vivo during treatment with intralesional triamcinolone acetonide. Arch Dermatol Res 1995;287:289-293
143. McCoy BJ, Diegelmann RF, Cohen IK. In vitro inhibition of cell growth, collagen synthesis, and prolyl hydroxylase activity by triamcinolone acetonide. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1980;163:216-222
144. Diegelmann RF, Bryant CP, Cohen IK. Tissue alpha-globulins in keloid formation. Plast Reconstr Surg 1977;59:418-423
145. Kauh YC, Rouda S, Mondragon G, et al. Major suppression of pro-alpha1(I) type I collagen gene expression in the dermis after keloid excision and immediate intrawound injection of triamcinolone acetonide. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;37:586-589
146. Jenkins M, Alexander JW, MacMillan BG, et al. Failure of topical steroids and vitamin E to reduce postoperative scar formation following reconstructive surgery. J Burn Care Rehabil 1986;7:309-312
147. Ratzer MA. A clinical trial of flurandrenolone tape. Br J Clin Pract 1970;24:185-189
148. Rauscher GE, Kolmer WL. Treatment of recurrent earlobe keloids. Cutis 1986;37:67-68
149. Apikian M, Goodman G. Intralesional 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of keloid scars. Australas J Dermatol 2004;45:140-143
150. Fitzpatrick RE. Treatment of inflamed hypertrophic scars using intralesional 5-FU. Dermatol Surg 1999;25:224-232
151. Uppal RS, Khan U, Kakar S, et al. The effects of a single dose of 5-fluorouracil on keloid scars: a clinical trial of timed wound irrigation after extralesional excision. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001;108:1218-1224
152. ManuskiattiW, Fitzpatrick RE. Treatment response of keloidal and hypertrophic sternotomy scars: comparison among intralesional corticosteroid, 5-fluorouracil, and 585-nm flashlamp-pumped pulsed-dye laser treatments. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:1149-1155
153. Oh CK, Son HS, Kwon YW, et al. Intralesional fluorouracil injection in infantile digital fibromatosis. Arch Dermatol 2005;141:549-550
154. Weiss E, Amini S. A novel treatment for knuckle pads with intralesional 5-fluorouracil. Arch Dermatol 2007;143:1458-1460
155. Larrabee WF Jr, East CA, Jaffe HS, et al. Intralesional interferon gamma treatment for keloids and hypertrophic scars. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1990;116:1159-1162
156. Pittet B, Rubbia-Brandt L, Desmouliere A, et al. Effect of gamma-interferon on the clinical and biologic evolution of hypertrophic scars and Dupuytren's disease: an open pilot study. Plast Reconstr Surg 1994;93:1224-1235
157. Yokozeki M, Baba Y, Shimokawa H, et al. Interferon-gamma inhibits the myofibroblastic phenotype of rat palatal fibroblasts induced by transforming growth factor-beta1 in vitro. FEBS Lett 1999;442:61-64
158. Rumalla VK, Borah GL. Cytokines, growth factors, and plastic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001;108:719-733
159. Tredget EE, Wang R, Shen Q, et al. Transforming growth factor-beta mRNA and protein in hypertrophic scar tissues and fibroblasts: antagonism by IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma in vitro and in vivo. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2000;20:143-151
160. Wong TW, Chiu HC, Yip KM. Intralesional interferon alpha-2b has no effect in the treatment of keloids. Br J Dermatol 1994;130:683-685
161. al-Khawajah MM. Failure of interferon-alpha 2b in the treatment of mature keloids. Int J Dermatol 1996;35:515-517
162. Espinassouze F, Heid E, Grosshans E. Treatment of keloid by intralesional injections of interferon alfa-2B. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1993;120:629-630
163. Conejo-Mir JS, Corbi R, Linares M. Carbon dioxide laser ablation associated with interferon alfa-2b injections reduces the recurrence of keloids. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;39:1039-1040
164. Granstein RD, Rook A, Flotte TJ, et al. A controlled trial of intralesional recombinant interferon-gamma in the treatment of keloidal scarring. Clinical and histologic findings. Arch Dermatol 1990;126:1295-1302
165. Broker BJ, Rosen D, Amsberry J, et al. Keloid excision and recurrence prophylaxis via intradermal interferon-gamma injections: a pilot study. Laryngoscope 1996;106:1497-1501
166. Tredget EE, Shankowsky HA, Pannu R, et al. Transforming growth factorYbeta in thermally injured patients with hypertrophic scars: effects of interferon alpha-2b. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998;102:1317-1328
167. Brissett AE, Sherris DA. Scar contractures, hypertrophic scars, and keloids. Facial Plast Surg 2001;17:263-272
168. Poochareon VN, Berman B. New therapies for the management of keloids. J Craniofac Surg 2003;14:654-657
169. Crooke ST, Bradner WT. Bleomycin, a review. J Med 1976;7:333-428
170. Shumer SM, O'Keefe EJ. Bleomycin in the treatment of recalcitrant warts. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;9:91-96
171. Sollitto RJ, Napoli RC, Gazivoda PL, et al. A perspective study using bleomycin sulfate in the treatment of plantar verrucae. J Foot Surg 1989;28:141-144
172. Hendricks T, Martens MF, Huyben CM, et al. Inhibition of basal and TGF betaYinduced fibroblast collagen synthesis by antineoplastic agents. Implications for wound healing. Br J Cancer 1993;67:545-550
173. Yeowell HN, Marshall MK, Walker LC, et al. Regulation of lysyl oxidase mRNA in dermal fibroblasts from normal donors and patients with inherited connective tissue disorders. Arch Biochem Biophys 1994;308:299-305
174. Tounekti O, Pron G, Belehradek J Jr, et al. Bleomycin, an apoptosis-mimetic drug that induces two types of cell death depending on the number of molecules internalized. Cancer Res 1993;53:5462-5469
175. HamiltonRF Jr,LiL, FelderTB, et al.Bleomycin induces apoptosis inhumanalveolarmacrophages.AmJPhysiol1995;269:L318-L325
176. Vernole P, Tedeschi B, Caporossi D, et al. Induction of apoptosis by bleomycin in resting and cycling human lymphocytes. Mutagenesis 1998;13:209-215
177. Espana A, Solano T, Quintanilla E. Bleomycin in the treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars by multiple needle punctures. Dermatol Surg 2001;27:23-27
178. Bodokh I, Brun P. Treatment of keloid with intralesional bleomycin. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1996;123:791-794
179. Saray Y, Gulec AT. Treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars with dermojet injections of bleomycin: a preliminary study. Int J Dermatol 2005;44:777-784
180. Naeini FF, Najafian J, Ahmadpour K. Bleomycin tattooing as a promising therapeutic modality in large keloids and hypertrophic scars. Dermatol Surg 2006;32:1023-1029
181. D'Andrea F, Brongo S, Ferraro G, et al. Prevention and treatment of keloids with intralesional verapamil. Dermatology 2002;204:60-62
182. Lawrence WT. Treatment of earlobe keloids with surgery plus adjuvant intralesional verapamil and pressure earrings. Ann Plast Surg 1996;37:167-169
183. Skaria AM. Prevention and treatment of keloids with intralesional verapamil. Dermatology 2004;209:71
184. Copcu E, Sivrioglu N, Oztan Y. Combination of surgery and intralesional verapamil injection in the treatment of the keloid. J Burn Care Rehabil 2004;25:1-7
185. Cosman B, Wolff M. Correlation of keloid recurrence with completeness of local excision. A negative report. Plast Reconstr Surg 1972;50:163-166
186. Salasche SJ, Grabski WJ. Keloids of the earlobes: a surgical technique. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1983;9:552-556
187. Engrav LH, Gottlieb JR, Millard SP, et al. A comparison of intramarginal and extramarginal excision of hypertrophic burn scars. Plast Reconstr Surg 1988;81:40-45
188. Apfelberg DB, Maser MR, Lash H. The use of epidermis over a keloid as an autograft after resection of the keloid. J Dermatol Surg 1976;2:409-411
189. Anate M. Skin closure of laparotomy wounds: absorbable subcuticular sutures vs. non-absorbable interrupted sutures. West Afr J Med 1991;10:150-157
190. Niessen FB, Spauwen PH, Kon M. The role of suture material in hypertrophic scar formation: Monocryl vs. Vicryl-rapide. Ann Plast Surg 1997;39:254-260
191. English RS, Shenefelt PD. Keloids and hypertrophic scars. Dermatol Surg 1999;25:631-638
192. Borges AF. The W-plastic versus the Z-plastic scar revision. Plast Reconstr Surg 1969;44:58-62
193. Housinger TA, Hills J, Warden GD. Management of pediatric facial burns. J Burn Care Rehabil 1994;15:408-411
194. Zhang G, Sun Y, Yan R. Management of deep facial burn with early postburn debridement and delayed skin grafting. Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi 2001;17:327-329
195. Luo S, Benathan M, Raffoul W, et al. Abnormal balance between proliferation and apoptotic cell death in fibroblasts derived from keloid lesions. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001;107:87-96
196. Lee KS, Jung JB, Ro YJ, et al. Effects of x-irradiation on survival and extracellular matrix gene expression of cultured keloid fibroblasts. J Dermatol Sci 1994;8:33-37
197. Borok TL, Bray M, Sinclair I, et al. Role of ionizing irradiation for 393 keloids. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1988;15:865-870
198. Levy DS, Salter MM, Roth RE. Postoperative irradiation in the prevention of keloids. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1976;127:509-510
199. Klumpar DI, Murray JC, Anscher M. Keloids treated with excision followed by radiation therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;31:225-231
200. Ragoowansi R, Cornes PG, Moss AL, et al. Treatment of keloids by surgical excision and immediate postoperative single-fraction radiotherapy. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003;111:1853-1859
201. Brown LA Jr, Pierce HE. Keloids: scar revision. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1986;12:51-56
202. Hoffman S. Radiotherapy for keloids. Ann Plast Surg 1982;9:265
203. Ogawa R, Mitsuhashi K, Hyakusoku H, et al. Postoperative electron-beam irradiation therapy for keloids and hypertrophic scars: retrospective study of 147 cases followed for more than 18 months. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003;111:547-553
204. Kovalic JJ, Perez CA. Radiation therapy following keloidectomy: a 20-year experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1989;17:77-80
205. Norris JE. Superficial x-ray therapy in keloid management: a retrospective study of 24 cases and literature review. Plast Reconstr Surg 1995;95:1051-1055
206. Van Den Brenk HA, Minty CC. Radiation in the management of keloids and hypertrophic scars. Br J Surg 1960;47:595-605
207. Layton AM, Yip J, Cunliffe WJ. A comparison of intralesional triamcinolone and cryosurgery in the treatment of acne keloids. Br J Dermatol 1994;130:498-501
208. Shepherd JP, Dawber RP. The response of keloid scars to cryosurgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 1982;70:677-682
209. Zouboulis CC, Blume U, Buttner P, et al. Outcomes of cryosurgery in keloids and hypertrophic scars. A prospective consecutive trial of case series. Arch Dermatol 1993;129:1146-1151
210. Rusciani L, Rossi G, Bono R. Use of cryotherapy in the treatment of keloids. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1993;19:529-534
211. Har-Shai Y, Amar M, Sabo E. Intralesional cryotherapy for enhancing the involution of hypertrophic scars and keloids. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003;111:1841-1852
212. Stratigos AJ, Dover JS. Overview of lasers and their properties. Dermatol Ther 2000;13:2-16
213. Lee KK, Mehrany K, Swanson NA. Surgical revision. Dermatol Clin 2005;23:141-150
214. Nowak KC, McCormack M, Koch RJ. The effect of superpulsed carbon dioxide laser energy on keloid and normal dermal fibroblast secretion of growth factors: a serum-free study. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000;105:2039-2048
215. Norris JE. The effect of carbon dioxide laser surgery on the recurrence of keloids. Plast Reconstr Surg 1991;87:44-49
216. Henderson DL, Cromwell TA, Mes LG. Argon and carbon dioxide laser treatment of hypertrophic and keloid scars. Lasers Surg Med 1984;3:271-277
217. Apfelberg DB, Maser MR, White DN, et al. Failure of carbon dioxide laser excision of keloids. Lasers Surg Med 1989;9:382-388
218. Cheng ET, Nowak KC, Koch RJ. Effect of blended carbon dioxide and erbium:YAG laser energy on preauricular and ear lobule keloid fibroblast secretion of growth factors: a serumfree study. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2001;3:252-257
219. Cheng ET, Pollard JD, Koch RJ. Effect of blended CO2 and erbium:YAG laser irradiation on normal and keloid fibroblasts: a serum-free study. J Clin Laser Med Surg 2003;21:337-343
220. Jordan R, Cummins C, Burls A. Laser resurfacing of the skin for the improvement of facial acne scarring: a systematic review of the evidence. Br J Dermatol 2000;142:413-423
221. Tanzi EL, Alster TS. Treatment of atrophic facial acne scars with a dual-mode Er:YAG laser. Dermatol Surg 2002;28:551-555
222. Jeong JT, Park JH, Kye YC. Resurfacing of pitted facial acne scars using Er:YAG laser with ablation and coagulation mode. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2003;27:130-134
223. Eberlein A, Schepler H, Spilker G, et al. Erbium:YAG laser treatment of post-burn scars: potentials and limitations. Burns 2005;31:15-24
224. Kuo YR, Wu WS, Jeng SF, et al. Activation of ERK and p38 kinase mediated keloid fibroblast apoptosis after flashlamp pulsed-dye laser treatment. Lasers Surg Med 2005;36:31-37
225. Kuo YR, Wu WS, Jeng SF, et al. Suppressed TGF-beta1 expression is correlated with up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-13 in keloid regression after flashlamp pulsed-dye laser treatment. Lasers Surg Med 2005;36:38-42
226. Bouzari N, Davis SC, Nouri K. Laser treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars. Int J Dermatol 2007;46:80-88
227. Alster TS. Improvement of erythematous and hypertrophic scars by the 585-nm flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser. Ann Plast Surg 1994;32:186-190
228. Goldman MP, Fitzpatrick RE. Laser treatment of scars. Dermatol Surg 1995;21:685-687
229. Shaffer JJ, Taylor SC, Cook-Bolden F. Keloidal scars: a review with a critical look at therapeutic options. JAmAcad Dermatol 2002;46(Suppl):S63YS97
230. Alster TS, Williams CM. Treatment of keloid sternotomy scars with 585 nm flashlamp-pumped pulsed-dye laser. Lancet 1995;345:1198-1200
231. Alster T. Laser scar revision: comparison study of 585-nm pulsed dye laser with and without intralesional corticosteroids. Dermatol Surg 2003;29:25-29
232. Abergel RP, Meeker CA, Lam TS, et al. Control of connective tissue metabolism by lasers: recent developments and future prospects. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984;11:1142-1150
233. Sherman R, Rosenfeld H. Experience with the Nd:YAG laser in the treatment of keloid scars. Ann Plast Surg 1988;21:231-235
234. Kumar K, Kapoor BS, Rai P, et al. In-situ irradiation of keloid scars with Nd:YAG laser. J Wound Care 2000;9:213-215
235. Bowes LE, Nouri K, Berman B, et al. Treatment of pigmented hypertrophic scars with the 585 nm pulsed dye laser and the 532 nm frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser in the Q-switched and variable pulse modes: a comparative study. Dermatol Surg 2002;28:714-719
236. Asilian A, Darougheh A, Shariati F. New combination of triamcinolone, 5-fluorouracil, and pulsed-dye laser for treatment of keloid and hypertrophic scars. Dermatol Surg 2006;32:907-915
237. Chvapil M, Peacock EE Jr, Carlson EC, et al. Colchicine and wound healing. J Surg Res 1980;28:49-56
238. Harris ED Jr, Krane SM. Effects of colchicine on collagenase in cultures of rheumatoid synovium. Arthritis Rheum 1971;14:669-684
239. Haney AF, Peacock EE Jr, Madden JW. The effect of multiple lathyrogenic agents upon wound healing in rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1973;142:289-292
240. Peacock EE Jr. Pharmacologic control of surface scarring in human beings. Ann Surg 1981;193:592-597
241. Moynahan EJ. Penicillamine in the treatment of morphoea and keloid in children. Postgrad Med J 1974;50(Suppl 2):39-41
242. Moynahan EJ. Penicillamine and disorders affecting dermal collagen. Proc R Soc Med 1977;70(Suppl 3):73-74
243. Mayou BJ. D-Penicillamine in the treatment of keloids. Br J Dermatol 1981;105:87-89
244. Burke JF, Yannas IV, Quinby WC Jr, et al. Successful use of a physiologically acceptable artificial skin in the treatment of extensive burn injury. Ann Surg 1981;194:413-428
245. Ismail A, Jarvi K, Canal AC. Successful resurfacing of scars from previous deliberate self-harm using Integra dermal matrix substitute. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2007 April 2 [Epub ahead of print]
246. Groos N, Guillot M, Zilliox R, et al. Use of an artificial dermis (Integra) for the reconstruction of extensive burn scars in children. About 22 grafts. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2005;15:187-192
247. Kampfer H, Brautigam L, Geisslinger G, et al. Cyclooxygenase-1Ycoupled prostaglandin biosynthesis constitutes an essential prerequisite for skin repair. J Invest Dermatol 2003;120:880-890
248. Muller-Decker K, Hirschner W, Marks F, et al. The effects of cyclooxygenase isozyme inhibition on incisional wound healing in mouse skin. J Invest Dermatol 2002;119:1189-1195
249. Talwar M, Moyana TN, Bharadwaj B, et al. The effect of a synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2 on wound healing in rats. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1996;26:451-457
250. Lundberg C, Gerdin B. The inflammatory reaction in an experimental model of open wounds in the rat. The effect of arachidonic acid metabolites. Eur J Pharmacol 1984;97:229-238
251. Wilgus TA, Bergdall VK, Tober KL, et al. The impact of cyclooxygenase-2 mediated inflammation on scarless fetal wound healing. Am J Pathol 2004;165:753-761
252. Bitterman PB, Wewers MD, Rennard SI, et al. Modulation of alveolar macrophage-driven fibroblast proliferation by alternative macrophage mediators. J Clin Invest 1986;77:700-708
253. Lama V, Moore BB, Christensen P, et al. Prostaglandin E2 synthesis and suppression of fibroblast proliferation by alveolar epithelial cells is cyclooxygenase-2Ydependent. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002;27:752-758
254. Sandulache VC, Parekh A, Li-Korotky H, et al. Prostaglandin E2 inhibition of keloid fibroblast migration, contraction, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1Yinduced collagen synthesis. Wound Repair Regen 2007;15:122-133
255. Varga J, Diaz-Perez A, Rosenbloom J, et al. PGE2 causes a coordinate decrease in the steady state levels of fibronectin and types I and III procollagen mRNAs in normal human dermal fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1987;147:1282-1288
256. Riquet FB, Lai WF, Birkhead JR, et al. Suppression of type I collagen gene expression by prostaglandins in fibroblasts is mediated at the transcriptional level. Mol Med 2000;6:705-719
257. Yeh FL, Shen HD, Lin MW, et al. Keloid-derived fibroblasts have a diminished capacity to produce prostaglandin E2.Burns 2006;32:299-304
258. Hayashi T, Nishihira J, Koyama Y, et al. Decreased prostaglandin E2 production by inflammatory cytokine and lower expression of EP2 receptor result in increased collagen synthesis in keloid fibroblasts. J Invest Dermatol 2006;126:990-997
259. Ono I, Yamashita T, Hida T, et al. Local administration of hepatocyte growth factor gene enhances the regeneration of dermis in acute incisional wounds. J Surg Res 2004;120:47-55
260. Gohda E, Okauchi H, Iwao M, et al. Induction of apoptosis by hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor and its augmentation by phorbol esters in meth A cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998;245:278-283
261. Akita S, Akino K, Imaizumi T, et al. The quality of pediatric burn scars is improved by early administration of basic fibroblast growth factor. J Burn Care Res 2006;27:333-338
262. Wrana JL, Attisano L,Wieser R, et al. Mechanism of activation of the TGF-beta receptor. Nature 1994;370:341-347
263. Juvista. Products in Development. Available at: www.renovo. com. Accessed July 30, 2007
264. Cordeiro MF, Mead A, Ali RR, et al. Novel antisense oligonucleotides targeting TGF-beta inhibit in vivo scarring and improve surgical outcome. Gene Ther 2003;10:59-71
265. Choi BM, Kwak HJ, Jun CD, et al. Control of scarring in adult wounds using antisense transforming growth factorYbeta 1 oligodeoxynucleotides. Immunol Cell Biol 1996;74:144-150
266. Shah M, Foreman DM, Ferguson MW. Control of scarring in adult wounds by neutralising antibody to transforming growth factor beta. Lancet 1992;339:213-214
267. Shah M, Foreman DM, Ferguson MW. Neutralising antibody to TGF-beta 1,2 reduces cutaneous scarring in adult rodents. J Cell Sci 1994;107(Pt 5):1137-1157
268. Robson MC. Proliferative scarring. Surg Clin North Am 2003;83:557-569
269. Schonherr E, Broszat M, Brandan E, et al. Decorin core protein fragment Leu155-Val260 interacts with TGF-beta but does not compete for decorin binding to type I collagen. Arch Biochem Biophys 1998;355:241-248
270. Zhao J, Sime PJ, Bringas P Jr, et al. Adenovirus-mediated decorin gene transfer prevents TGF-betaYinduced inhibition of lung morphogenesis. Am J Physiol 1999;277(2 Pt 1):L412-L422
271. Abdel-Wahab N,Wicks SJ,Mason RM, et al. Decorin suppresses transforming growth factor-beta-induced expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in human mesangial cells through a mechanism that involves Ca2+-dependent phosphorylation of Smad2 at serine-240. Biochem J 2002;362:643-639. Erratum in: Biochem J 2002 Sep 15;366(Pt 3):999
272. Kolb M, Margetts PJ, Sime PJ, et al. Proteoglycans decorin and biglycan differentially modulate TGF-betaYmediated fibrotic responses in the lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2001;280:L1327-L1334
273. Roberts AB. Transforming growth factor-beta: activity and efficacy in animal models of wound healing. Wound Repair Regen 1995;3:408-418
274. Brown PD, Wakefield LM, Levinson AD, et al. Physicochemical activation of recombinant latent transforming growth factors-beta's 1, 2, and 3. Growth Factors 1990;3:35-43
275. Harpel JG, Metz CN, Kojima S, et al. Control of transforming growth factorYbeta activity: latency vs. activation. Prog Growth Factor Res 1992;4:321-335
276. O'Kane S, Ferguson MW. Transforming growth factor beta s and wound healing. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1997;29:63-78
277. Juvidex. Products in Development. Available at: www. renovo.com. Accessed July 30, 2007
278. Tan PL, Farmiloe S, Yeoman S, et al. Expression of the interleukin 6 gene in rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts. J Rheumatol 1990;17:1608-1612
279. Feghali CA, Bost KL, Boulware DW, et al. Control of IL-6 expression and response in fibroblasts from patients with systemic sclerosis. Autoimmunity 1994;17:309-318
280. Gurram M, Pahwa S, Frieri M. Augmented interleukin-6 secretion in collagen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with systemic sclerosis. Ann Allergy 1994;73:493-496
281. Xue H, McCauley RL, Zhang W. Elevated interleukin-6 expression in keloid fibroblasts. J Surg Res 2000;89:74-77
282. Feghali CA, Bost KL, Boulware DW, et al. Mechanisms of pathogenesis in scleroderma. I. Overproduction of interleukin 6 by fibroblasts cultured from affected skin sites of patients with scleroderma. J Rheumatol 1992;19:1207-1211
283. Prevascar. Products in Development. Available at: www. renovo.com. Accessed July 30, 2007
284. Azuma H, Banno K, Yoshimura T. Pharmacological properties of N-(3',4'-dimethoxycinnamoyl) anthranilic acid (N-5'), a new anti-atopic agent. Br J Pharmacol 1976;58:483-488
285. Tanaka K, Honda M, Kuramochi T, et al. Prominent inhibitory effects of tranilast on migration and proliferation of and collagen synthesis by vascular smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis 1994;107:179-185
286. Miyazawa K, Hamano S, Ujiie A. Antiproliferative and c-myc mRNA suppressive effect of tranilast on newborn human vascular smooth muscle cells in culture. Br J Pharmacol 1996;118:915-922
287. Suzawa H, Kikuchi S, Arai N, et al. The mechanism involved in the inhibitory action of tranilast on collagen biosynthesis of keloid fibroblasts. Jpn J Pharmacol 1992;60:91-96
288. Shigeki S, Murakami T, Yata N, et al. Treatment of keloid and hypertrophic scars by iontophoretic transdermal delivery of tranilast. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg 1997;31:151-158
289. Yamada H, Tajima S, Nishikawa T, et al. Tranilast, a selective inhibitor of collagen synthesis in human skin fibroblasts. J Biochem 1994;116:892-897
290. Mang R, Krutmann J. UVA-1 Phototherapy. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2005;21:103-108
291. Asawanonda P, Khoo LS, Fitzpatrick TB, et al. UV-A1 for keloid. Arch Dermatol 1999;135:348-349
292. Bellew SG, Weiss MA, Weiss RA. Comparison of intense pulsed light to 595-nm long-pulsed pulsed dye laser for treatment of hypertrophic surgical scars: a pilot study. J Drugs Dermatol 2005;4:448-452
293. Cartier H. Use of intense pulsed light in the treatment of scars. J Cosmet Dermatol 2005;4:34-40
294. Chiu LL, Sun CH, Yeh AT, et al. Photodynamic therapy on keloid fibroblasts in tissue-engineered keratinocyte-fibroblast co-culture. Lasers Surg Med 2005;37:231-244
295. Torkian BA, Yeh AT, Engel R, et al. Modeling aberrant wound healing using tissue-engineered skin constructs and multiphoton microscopy. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2004;6:180-187
296. Fire Deaths and Injuries: Fact Sheet. Department of Health and Human Services. Centers For Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/factsheets/fire.htm. Accessed August 10, 2007
297. Fatal Injuries: Mortality Reports. Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting (WISQARS). Department of Health and Human Services. Centers For Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Available at: http://webappa.cdc.gov/ sasweb/ncipc/mortrate.html. Accessed August 10, 2007
298. Nonfatal Injuries: Nonfatal Injury Reports. Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting (WISQARS). Department of Health and Human Services. Centers For Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Available at: http://webappa.cdc.gov/ sasweb/ncipc/nfirates.html. Accessed August 10, 2007
299. Management of Burns. WHO Surgical Care at the District Hospital 2003. Available at: https://www.who.int/surgery/publications/Burns-management.pdf. Accessed August 10, 2007