Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1), a relevant target for diabetic vasculopathy?

Cardiovascular and Hematological Disorders - Drug Targets

Volumn 8, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 203-211

  Renier, Geneviève ^a  

^a NOTRE DAME HOSPITAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

Diabetes; Endothelial dysfunction; Fatty acids; Hyperglycemia; Inflammation; Lectin like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor 1 (LOX 1)

Indexed keywords

ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCT; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; GLICLAZIDE; GLUCOSE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; METFORMIN; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE P38; OXIDIZED LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; OXIDIZED LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR 1; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; PROTEIN KINASE B; PROTEIN KINASE C; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE OXIDASE; VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR RELATED PROTEIN;

ATHEROGENESIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; DIABETIC ANGIOPATHY; DISEASE COURSE; DOWN REGULATION; DRUG TARGETING; DYSLIPIDEMIA; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INHIBITION KINETICS; LIPID OXIDATION; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UPREGULATION; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM; ANIMAL; DRUG EFFECT; METABOLISM; OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION; PATHOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; DIABETIC ANGIOPATHIES; HUMANS; LDL-RECEPTOR RELATED PROTEIN 1; OXIDATION-REDUCTION;

EID: 54049090379     PISSN: 1871529X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/187152908785849107     Document Type: Review

References (110)

1. Pyörälä, K.; Laakso, M. Uusitupa, M. Diabetes and atherosclerosis: an epidemiologic view. Diabetes Metab. Rev., 1987, 3, 463-524.
2. Haffner, S.M.; Lehto, S.; Ronnemaa, T.; Pyorala, K.; Laakso, M. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med., 1998, 339, 229-234.
3. Hayden, J.M.; Reaven, P,D. Cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus type 2: a potential role for novel cardiovascular risk factors. Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 2000, 11, 519-528.
4. Eckel, R.H.; Wassef, M.; Chait, A.; Sobel, B.; Barrett, E.; King, G.; Lopes-Virella, M.; Reusch, J.; Ruderman, N.; Steiner, G.; Vlassara, H. Prevention conference VI. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Writing Group II: Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in diabetes. Circulation, 2002, 105, e138-43.
5. Grant, PJ. Inflammatory, atherothrombotic aspects of type 2 diabetes. Curr. Med. Res. Opin., 2005, 21, S5-12.
6. Goldberg, I.J.; Dansky, H.M. Diabetic vascular disease. An experimental objective. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2006, 26, 1693-1701.
7. Steinberg, D.; Lewis, A. Conner Memorial Lecture. Oxidative modification of LDL and atherogenesis. Circulation, 1997, 95, 1062-1071.
8. Jakus, V.; Rietbrock, N. Advanced glycation end-products and the progress of diabetic vascular complications. Physiol. Res., 2004, 53, 131-142.
9. Goldin, A.; Beckman, J.A.; Schmidt, A.M.; Creager, M.A. Advanced glycation end products. Sparking the development of diabetic vascular injury. Circulation, 2006, 114, 597-605.
10. Stocker, R.; Keaney, J.F. Role of oxidative modifications in atherosclerosis. Physiol. Rev., 2004, 84, 1381-1478.
11. Jay, D.; Hitom, H.; Griendling, K.K. Oxidative stress and diabetic cardiovascular complications. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 2006, 40, 183-192.
12. Mehta, J.L.; Rasouli, N.; Sinha, A.K.; Molavi, B. Oxidative stress in diabetes: A mechanistic overview of its effect on atherogenesis and myocardial infraction. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 2006, 38, 794-803.
13. Martin-Gallan, P.; Carrascosa, A.; Gussinye, M.; Dominguez, C. Biomarkers of diabetes-associated oxidative stress and antioxidant status in young diabetic patients with or without subclinical complications. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 2003, 34, 1563-1574.
14. Tsimikas, S.; Glass, C.; Steinberg, D. In: Molecular basis of cardiovascular disease: A comparison to Braunwald's heart disease. Chien KR, Ed.; Saunders W.B. Co: Philadelphia, 2004; pp. 385-413.
15. Van Berkel, T.J.C.; Out R.; Hoekstra M.; Kuiper J.; Biessen E.; van Eck M. Scavenger receptors: friend or foe in atherosclerosis. Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 2005, 16, 525-535.
16. Sawamura, T.; Kume, N.; Aoyama, T.; Moriwaki, H.; Hoshikawa, H.; Aiba, Y.; Tanaka, T.; Miwa, S.; Katsura, Y.; Kita, T.; Masaki, T. An endothelial receptor for oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Nature, 1997, 386, 73-77.
17. Cominacini, L.; Pasini, A. F.; Garbin, U.; Davoli, A.; Tosetti, M. L.; Sawamura, T. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) binding to ox-LDL receptor-1 in endothelial cells induces the activation of NF-kappaB through an increased production of intracellular reactive oxygen species. J. Biol. Chem., 2000, 275, 12633-12638.
18. Li D.; Mehta, J. L. Antisense to LOX-1 inhibits oxidized LDL-mediated upregulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and monocyte adhesion to human coronary artery endothelial cells. Circulation, 2000, 101, 2889-2895.
19. Li, D.; Mehta, J.L. Upregulation of endothelial receptor for oxidized LDL (LOX-1) by oxidized LDL and implications in apoptosis of human coronary artery endothelial cells: evidence from use of antisense LOX-1 mRNA and chemical inhibitors. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2000, 20, 1116-1122.
20. Li, D.; Liu, L.; Chen, H.; Sawamura, T.; Ranganathan, S.; Mehta, J.L. LOX-1 mediates oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinases in human coronary artery endothelial cells. Circulation, 2003, 107, 612-617.
21. Chen, M.; Nagase, M.; Fujita, T.; Narumiya, S.; Masaki, T.; Sawamura, T. Diabetes enhances lectin-oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) expression in the vascular endothelium: possible role of LOX-1 ligand and AGE. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2001, 287, 962-968.
22. Jono, T.; Miyazaki, A.; Nagai, R.; Sawamura, T.; Kitamura, T.; Horiuchi, S. Lectin-like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) serves as an endothelial receptor for advanced glycation end products (AGE). FEBS Lett., 2002, 511, 170-174.
23. Kume, N.; Sawamura, T.; Moriwaki, H.; Aoyama, T.; Sawamura, T.; Masaki, T.; Kita, T. Inducible expression of lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 in vascular endothelial cells. Circ. Res., 1998, 83, 322-327.
24. Minami, M.; Kume, N.; Kataoka, H.; Morimoto, M.; Hayashida, K.; Sawamura, T.; Masaki, T.; Kita, T. Transforming growth factor-beta (1) increases the expression of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2000, 272, 357-361.
25. Murase, T.; Kume, N.; Korenaga R.; Ando, J.; Sawamura, T.; Masaki, T.; Kita, T. Fluid shear stress transcriptionaily induces lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 in vascular endothelial cells. Circ. Res., 1998, 83, 328-33.
26. Nagase, M.; Ando, K.; Nagase, T.; Kaname, S.; Sawamura, T.; Fujita, T. Redox-sensitive regulation of LOX-1 gene expression in vascular endothelium. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2001, 282, 720-725.
27. Aoyama, T.; Fujiwara, H.; Masaki, T.; Sawamura, T. Induction of lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor by oxidized LDL and lysophosphatidylcholine in cultured endothelial cells. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol., 1999, 31, 2101-2114.
28. Li, D.Y.; Sawamura, T.; Mehta, J.L. Upregulation of endothelial receptor for oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LOX-1) in cultured human coronary endothelial cells by angiotensin II type 1 receptor activation. Circ. Res., 1999, 84, 1043-1049.
29. Morawietz, H.; Duerrschmidt, N.; Niemann, B.; Galle, J.; Sawamura, T.; Holtz, J. Induction of the oxLDL receptor LOX-1 by endothelin-1 in human endothelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2001, 284, 961-965.
30. Nagase, M.; Hirose, S.; Sawamura, T.; Masaki, T.; Fujita, T. Enhanced expression of endothelial oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor (LOX-1) in hypertensive rats. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1997, 237, 496-498.
31. Kataoka, H.; Kume, N.; Miyamoto, S.; Minami, M.; Moriwaki, H.; Murase, T.; Sawamura, T.; Masaki, T.; Hashimoto, N.; Kita, T. Expression of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 in human atherosclerotic lesions. Circulation, 1999, 99, 3110-3117.
32. Kakutani, M.; Masaki, T.; Sawamura, T. A platelet-endothelium interaction mediated by lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2000, 97, 360-364.
33. Hayashida K.; Kume N.; Minami M.; Kita T. Lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) supports adhesion of mononuclear leukocytes and a monocyte-like cell THP-1 cells under static and flow conditions. FEBS Lett., 2002, 511,133-138.
34. Chen, M.; Masaki, T.; Sawamura, T. LOX-1, the receptor for oxidized low-density lipoprotein identified from endothelial cells: implications in endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Pharmacol. Ther., 2002, 95, 89-100.
35. Smirnova, I.V.; Kajstura, M.; Sawamura, T.; Goligorsky, M.S. Asymmetric dimethylarginine upregulates LOX-1 in activated macrophages: role in foam cell formation. Am. J. Physiol. Heart. Circ. Physiol., 2004, 287, H782-790.
36. Li, L.; Sawamura, T.; Renier, G. Glucose enhances human macrophage LOX-1 expression: role for LOX-1 in glucose-induced foam cell formation. Circ. Res., 2004, 94, 892-901.
37. Hinagata, J.; Kakutani, M.; Fujii, T.; Naruko, T.; Inoue, N.; Fujita, Y.; Mehta, J.L.; Ueda, M.; Sawamura, T. Oxidized LDL receptor LOX-1 is involved in neointimal hyperplasia after balloon arterial injury in a rat model. Cardiovasc. Res., 2006, 69, 263-271.
38. Kataoka, H.; Kume, N.; Miyamoto, S.; Minami, M.; Morimato, M.; Hayashida, K.; Hashimoto, N.; Kita, T. Oxidized LDL modulates Bax/Bcl-2 through the lectin-like Ox-LDL receptor-1 in vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2001, 21, 955-960.
39. Kume, N.; Kita, T. Apoptosis of vascular cells by oxidized LDL: involvement of caspases and LOX-1 and its implication in atherosclerotic plaque rupture. Circ. Res., 2004, 94, 269-270.
40. Hayashida, K.; Kume, N.; Murase, T.; Minami, M.; Nakagawa, D.; Inada, T.; Tanaka, M.; Ueda, A.; Kominami, G.; Kambara, H.; Kimura, T.; Kita, T.; Serum soluble lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 levels are elevated in acute coronary syndrome: a novel marker for early diagnosis. Circulation, 2005, 112, 812-818.
41. Inoue, K.; Arai, Y.; Kurihara, H.; Kita, T.; Sawamura, T. Overexpression of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 induces intramyocardial vasculopathy in apolipoprotein E-null mice. Circ. Res., 2005, 97, 176-184.
42. Xu, X.; Potter, J.B.; Cao, J.M.; Zhang, C. Anti-LOX-1 rescues endothelial function in coronary arterioles in atherosclerotic apoE knockout mice. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2007, 27, 871-877.
43. Brownlee, M. Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications. Nature, 2001, 414, 813-820.
44. Tan, K.C.; Shiu, S.W.M.; Wong, Y.; Leng, L.; Bucala, R. Soluble lectin-like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor-1 in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J. Lipid Res., 2008.
45. Kamezaki, F.; Yamashita, K.; Tasaki, H.; Kume, N.; Mitsuoka, H.; Kita, T, Adachi.; T, Otsuji. Y. Serum soluble lectin-like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor-1 correlates with oxidative stress markers in stable coronary artery disease. Int. J. Cardiol., 2008.
46. Hattori, Y.; Hattori, S.; Wang, X.; Satoh, H.; Nakanishi, N.; Kasai, K. Oral administration of tetrahydrobiopterin slows the progression of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2007, 27, 865-870.
47. Zhou, M.S.; Jaimes, E.A.; Raij, L. Inhibition of oxidative stress and improvement of endothelial function by amlodipine in angiotensin II-infused rats. Am. J. Hypertens., 2004, 17, 167-171.
48. Muscoli, C.; Sacco, I.; Alecce, W.; Palma, E.; Nisticò, R.; Costa, N.; Clementi, F.; Rotiroti, D.; Romeo, F.; Salvemini, D.; Mehta, J.L.; Mollace, V. The protective effect of superoxide dismutase mimetic M40401 on balloon injury-related neointima formation: role of the lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2004, 311, 44-50.
49. Sakurai, K.; Sawamura, T. Stress and vascular responses: endothelial dysfunction via lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1: close relationships with oxidative stress. J. Pharmacol. Sci., 2003, 91, 182-186.
50. Li, L.; Sawamura, T.; Renier, G. Glucose enhances endothelial LOX-1 expression. Role for LOX-1 in glucose-induced human monocyte adhesion to endothelium. Diabetes, 2003, 52, 1843-1850.
51. Evans, J.L.; Goldfine, I.D.; Maddux, B.A.; Grodsky, G.M. Oxidative stress and stress-activated signaling pathways: a unifying hypothesis of type 2 diabetes. Endocr. Rev., 2002, 23, 599-622.
52. Nagase, M.; Abe, J.; Takahashi, K.; Ando, J.; Hirose, S.; Fujita, T. Genomic organization and regulation of expression of the lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor (LOX-1) gene. J. Biol. Chem., 1998, 273, 33702-33707.
53. Pieper, G.M.; Riaz-ul-Haq. Activation of nuclear factor-κB in cultured endothelial cells by increased glucose concentrations: prevention by calphostin C. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol., 1997, 30, 528-532.
54. Chen, J.; Liu, H.; Hermonat, PL.; Mehta, J.L. Molecular dissection of angiotensin II-activated human LOX-1. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2006, 26, 1163-1168.
55. Desfaits A.C.; Serri O.; Renier G. Normalization of plasma lipid peroxides, monocyte adhesion, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in NIDDM patients after gliclazide treatment. Diabetes Care, 1998, 21, 487-493.
56. Manduteanu, I.; Voinea, M.; Serban, G.; Simionescu, M. High glucose induces enhanced monocyte adhesion to valvular endothelial cells via a mechanism involving ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and CD18. Endothelium, 1999, 6, 315-324.
57. Srinivasan, S.; Ye, M.; Danziger, E.C.; Hatley, M.E.; Riggan, A.E.; Leitinger, N.; Berliner, J.A.; Hedrick, C.C. Glucose regulates monocyte adhesion through endothelial production of interleukin-8. Circ. Res., 2003, 92, 371-377.
58. Park, S.Y.; Lee, J.H.; Kim, Y.K.; Kim, C.D.; Rhim, B.Y.; Lee, W.S.; Hong, K.W. Cilostazol prevents remnant lipoprotein particle-induced monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells by suppression of adhesion molecules and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression via lectin-like receptor for oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor activation. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2005, 312, 1241-1248.
59. Otsuka, A.; Azuma, K.; Lesaki, T.; Sato, F.; Hirose, T.; Shimizu, T.; Tanaka, Y.; Daida, H.; Kawamori, R.; Watada, H. Temporary hyperglycaemia provokes monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells in rat thoracic aorta. Diabetologia, 2005, 48, 2667-2674.
60. Azuma, K.; Kawamori, R.; Toyofuku, Y.; Kitahara, Y.; Sato, F.; Shimizu, T.; Miura, K.; Mine, T.; Tanaka, Y.; Mitsumata, M.; Watada, H. Repetitive fluctuations in blood glucose enhance monocyte adhesion to the endothelium of rat thoracic aorta. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2006, 26, 2275-2280.
61. Hayek, T.; Hussein, K.; Aviram, M.; Coleman, R.; Keidar, S.; Pavolzki, E.; Kaplan, M. Macrophage foam-cell formation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice; stimulatory effect of glucose. Atherosclerosis, 2005, 183, 25-33.
62. Tsukamoto, K.; Kinoshita, M.; Kojima, K.; Mikuni, Y.; Kudo, M.; Mori, M.; Fujita, M.; Horie, E.; Shimazu, N.; Teramoto, T. Synergically increased expression of CD36, CLA-I and CD68 but not of SR-A and LOX-1, with the progression to foam cells from macrophages. J. Atheroscler. Thromb., 2002, 9, 57-64.
63. Hofnagel, O.; Luechtenborg, B.; Eschert H.; Wessen-Plenz, G.; Severs, N.J.; Robenek, H. Pravastatin inhibits expression of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) in Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipidemic rabbits. A new pleiotropic effect of statins. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2006, 26, 604-610.
64. Naito, T.; Oikawa, S.; Kotake, H.; Hayasaka, K.; Toyota, T. Effect of glucose concentration on foam cell formation in THP-1 cells. J. Atheroscler. Thromb., 2001, 8, 55-62.
65. Fukuhara-Takaki, K.; Sakai, M.; Sakamoto, Y.; Takeya, M.; Horiuchi, S. Expression of class A scavenger receptor is enhanced by high glucose in vitro and under diabetic conditions in vivo. J. Biol. Chem., 2005, 280, 3355-3364.
66. Griffin, E.; Re, A.; Hamel, N.; Fu, C.; Bush, H.; McCaffrey, T.; Asch, A.S. A link between diabetes and atherosclerosis: glucose regulates expression of CD36 at the level of translation. Nat. Med., 2001, 7, 840-846.
67. Kunjathoor, V.V.; Febbraio, M.; Podrez, E.A.; Moore, K.J.; Andersson, L.; Koehn, S.; Rhee, J.S.; Silverstein, R.; Hoff, H.F.; Freeman, M.W. Scavenger receptors class A-I/II and CD36 are the principal receptors responsible for the uptake of modified low density lipoprotein leading to lipid loading in macrophages. J. Biol. Chem., 2002, 277, 49982-49988.
68. Prescott, J.; Owens, D.; Collins, P.; Johnson, A.; Tomkin, G.H. The fatty acid distribution in low density lipoprotein in diabetes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1999, 1439, 110-116.
69. Young, V.M.; Toborek, M.; Yang, F.; McClain, C.J.; Hennig, B. Effect of linoleic acid on endothelial cell inflammatory mediators. Metabolism, 1998, 47, 566-572.
70. Hennig B.; Meerarani P.; Ramadass P.; Watkins B.A.; Toborek M. Fatty acid-mediated activation of vascular endothelial cells. Metabolism, 2000, 49,1006-1013.
71. Toborek, M.; Lee, Y.W.; Garrido, H.; Kaiser, S.; Hennig, B. Unsaturated fatty acids selectively induce an inflammatory environment in human endothelial cells. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2002, 75, 119-125.
72. Kwok, C.F.; Shih, K.C.; Hwu, C.M.; Ho, L.T. Linoleic acid and oleic acid increase the endothelin-1 binding and action in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Metabolism, 2000, 49, 1386-1389.
73. Maingrette, F.; Renier, G. Linoleic acid increases lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) expression in human aortic endothelial cells. Diabetes, 2005, 54, 1503-1513.
74. Calles-Escandon, J.; Cipolla, M. Diabetes and endothelial dysfunction: a clinical perspective. Endocr. Rev., 2001, 22, 36-52.
75. Hennig, B.; Lei, W.; Arzuaga, X.; Ghosh, D.D.; Saraswathi, V.; Toborek, M. Linoleic acid induces proinflammatory events in vascular endothelial cells via activation of PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 signaling. J. Nutr. Biochem., 2006, 17, 766-772.
76. Mukai, E.; Kume, N.; Hayashida, L.; Minami, M.; Yamada, Y.; Seino, Y.; Kita, T. Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor induces expression of lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 in vascular smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis, 2004, 176, 289-296.
77. Hennig, B.; Toborek, M.; Joshi-Barve, S.; Barger, S.W.; Barve, S.; Mattson, M.P.; McClain, C.J. Linoleic acid activates nuclear transcription factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) and induces NF-kappa B-dependent transcription in cultured endothelial cells. Am J. Clin. Nutr., 1996, 63, 322-328.
78. Kuroda, R.; Hirata, K.; Kawashima, S.; Yokoyama, M. Unsaturated free fatty acids inhibit Ca2+ mobilization and NO release in endothelial cells. Kobe J. Med. Sci., 2001, 47, 211-219.
79. Kim, F.; Tysseling, K.A.; Rice, J.; Pham, M.; Haji, L.; Gallis, B.M.; Baas, A.S.; Paramsothy, P.; Giachelli, C.M.; Corson, M.A.; Raines, E.W. Free fatty acid impairment of nitric oxide production in endothelial cells is mediated by IKKβ. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2005, 25, 989-994.
80. Wang, X.L.; Zhang, L.; Youker, K.; Zhang, M.X.; Wang, J.; Le-Maire, S.A.; Coselli, J.S.; Shen, Y.H. Free fatty acids inhibit insulin signaling-stimulated endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation through upregulating PTEN or inhibiting Akt kinase. Diabetes, 2006, 55, 2301-2310.
81. Cominacini, L.; Rigoni, A.; Pasini, A.F.; Garbin, U.; Davoli, A.; Campagnola, M.; Pastorino, A.M.; Lo, Cascio, V.; Sawamura, T. The binding of oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) to oxLDL receptor-1 reduces the intracellular concentration of nitric oxide in endothelial cells through an increased production of superoxide. J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276, 13750-13755.
82. Plutzki, J. Inflammation in atherosclerosis and diabetes. Rev. Endocr. Metab. Dis., 2004, 5, 255-259.
83. Fernandez-Real, J.M.; Pickup, J.C. Innate immunity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Trends Endocrinol. Metab., 2008, 19, 10-16.
84. Pasceri, V.; Willerson, J.T.; Yeh, E.T. Direct proinflammatory effect of C-reactive protein on human endothelial cells. Circulation, 2000, 102, 2165-2168.
85. Pasceri V.; Cheng J.S.; Willerson J.T.; Yeh E.T. Modulation of C-reactive protein-mediated monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 induction in human endothelial cells by anti-atherosclerosis drugs. Circulation, 2001, 103, 2531-2534.
86. Wang, Q.; Zhu, X.; Xu, Q.; Ding, X.; Chen, Y.E.; Song, Q. Effect of C-reactive protein on gene expression in vascular endothelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 2005, 288, H1539-1545.
87. Venugopal, S.K.; Devaraj, S.; Jialal, I. Effect of C-reactive protein on vascular cells: evidence for a proinflammatory, proatherogenic role. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens., 2005, 14, 33-37.
88. Devaraj, S.; Xu, D.Y.; Jialal, I. C-reactive protein increases plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression and activity in human aortic endothelial cells: Implications for the metabolic syndrome and atherothrombosis. Circulation, 2003, 107, 398-404.
89. Devaraj, S.; Kumaresan, P.R.; Jialal, I. Effect of C-reactive protein on chemokine expression in human aortic endothelial cells. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol., 2004, 36, 405-410.
90. Huang, A.L.; Vita, J.A. Effects of systemic inflammation on endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Trends Cardiovasc. Med., 2006, 16, 15-20.
91. Rodriguez-Moran, M.; Guerrero-Romero, F. Increased levels of C-reactive protein in noncontrolled type II diabetic subjects. J. Diabetes Complicat., 1999, 13, 211-215.
92. Li, L.; Roumeliotis, N.; Sawamura, T.; Renier, G. C-reactive protein enhances LOX-1 expression in human aortic endothelial cells. Relevance of LOX-1 to C-reactive protein-induced endothelial dysfunction. Circ. Res., 2004, 95, 877-883.
93. Verma, S.; LI, S.H.; Badiwala, M.V.; Weisel, R.D.; Fedak, P.W.; Li, R.K.; Dhillon, B.; Mickle, D.A. Endothelin antagonism and interleukin-6 inhibition attenuate the proatherogenic effects of C-reactive protein. Circulation, 2002, 105, 1890-1896.
94. Verma, S, Badiwala, M.V, Weisel, R.D, Li, S.H, Wang, C.H, Fedak, P.W, Li, R.K, Mickle, D.A. C-reactive protein activates the nuclear factor-kappaB signal transduction pathway in saphenous vein endothelial cells: implications for atherosclerosis and restenosis. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 2003,126, 1886-1891.
95. Liang, Y.J.; Shyu, K.G.; Wang, B.W.; Lai, L.P. C-reactive protein activates the nuclear factor-kappaB pathway and induces vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression through CD32 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and aortic endothelial cells. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol., 2006, 40, 412-420.
96. Devaraj, S.; Davis, B.; Simon, S.L.; Jialal, I. CRP promotes monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion via Fcgamma receptors in human aortic endothelial cells under static and shear flow conditions. Am. J.Pysiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 2006, 291, H1170-1176.
97. Chen, X.P.; Zhamg, T.T.; Du, G.H. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1, a new promising target for the therapy of atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc. Drugs Rev., 2007, 25, 146-161.
98. Draude, G.; Hrboticky, N.; Lorenz, R.L. The expression of lectin-like oxidized low- density lipoprotein receptor (LOX-1) on human vascular smooth muscle cells and monocytes and its down-regulation by lovastatin. Biochem. Pharmacol., 1999, 57, 383-386.
99. Li, D.Y.; Chen, H.J.; Mehta, J.L. Statins inhibit oxidized-LDL-mediated LOX-1 expression, uptake of oxidized-LDL and reduction in PKB phosphorylation. Cardiovasc. Res., 2001, 52, 130-135.
100. Li, D.; Chen, H.; Romeo, F.; Sawamura, T.; Saldeen, T.; Mehta, J.L. Statins modulate oxidized low-density lipoprotein-mediated adhesion molecule expression in human coronary artery endothelial cells: Role of LOX-1. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2002, 302, 601-605.
101. Mehta, J.L.; Li, D.Y.; Chen, H.J.; Joseph, J.; Romeo, F. Inhibition of LOX-1 by statins may relate to upregulation of eNOS. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2001, 289, 857-861.
102. Li, D.; Singh, R.M.; Liu, L.; Chen, H.; Singh, B.M.; Kazzaz, N.; Mehta, J.L. Oxidized-LDL through LOX-1 increases the expression of angiotensin converting enzyme in human coronary artery endothelial cells. Cardiovasc Res., 2003, 57, 238-243.
103. Chen, J.; Li, D.; Schaefer, R.; Mehta, J.L Cross-talk between dyslipidemia and renin-angiotensin system and the role of LOX-1 and MAPK in atherogenesis. Studies with the combined use of rosuvastatin and candesartan. Atherosclerosis, 2006, 184, 295-301.
104. Morawietz, H.; Rueckschloss, U.; Niemann, B.; Duerrschmidt, N.; Galle, J.; Hakim, K.; Zerkowski, H.R.; Sawamura, T.; Holtz, J. Angiotensin II induces LOX-1, the human endothelial receptor for oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Circulation, 1999, 100, 899-902.
105. Kobayashi, N.; Honda, T.; Yoshida, K.; Nakano, S.; Ohno, T.; Tsubokou, Y.; Matsuoka, H. Critical role of bradykinin-eNOS and oxidative stress-LOX-1 pathway in cardiovascular remodeling under chronic angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. Atherosclerosis, 2006, 187, 92-100.
106. Chen, D.; Li, D.; Sawamura, T.; Inoue, K.; Mehta, J.L. Upregulation of LOX-1 expression in aorta of hypercholesterolemic rabbits: modulation by losartan. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2000, 276, 1100-1104.
107. Chiba, Y.; Ogita, T.; Ando, K.; Fujita, T. PPAR gamma ligands inhibit TNF-alpha-induced LOX-1 expression in cultured endothelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Rev. Commun., 2001, 286, 541-546.
108. Mehta, J.L.; Hu, B.; Chen, J.; Li, D. Pioglitazone inhibits LOX-1 expression in human coronary artery endothelial cells by reducing intracellular superoxide radical generation. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2003, 23, 2203-2208.
109. Ouslimani, N.; Mahrouf, M.; Peynet, J.; Bonnefont-Rousselot, D.; Cosson, C.; Legrand, A.; Beaudeux, J.L. Metformin reduces endothelial cell expression of both the receptor for advanced glycation end products and lectin-like oxidized receptor 1. Metabolism, 2007, 56, 308-313.
110. Jennings, P.E. Vascular benefits of gliclazide beyond glycemic control. Metabolism, 2000, 49, 17-20.